Progress 02/01/07 to 01/31/12
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience for this research includes professionals working in the area of mycotoxins, poultry producers, and companies that produce and sell mineral mixes and adsorbents Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The projects provided training for one undergraduate student and 5 graduate students. Data gennerated were used in the theses of these students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes, the results have all been disseminated via presentation of abstracts at scientific meetings, in theses, at invited presentations around the world, and by publications in refereed journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Five studies were conducted to determine the additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of mycotoxins (Fusaric Acid & T-2; FB1 and moniliformin; AF & FB1; FB & OTA) and results reported in 5 pubications. Three studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of various interventions to ameliorate the toxic effects of mycotoxins, and results reported in 3 publications Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of fumonisin in poultry, and results reported in 2 publications Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of aflatoxin on gene expression in poultry, and results reported in 2 publications. One study was conducted to determine the effects of low phytic acid bar;ey on zinc utilization in broilers, and results were reported in 1 publication..
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Ogunbo, S. O., J. N. Broomhead, D. R. Ledoux, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2007. The individual and combined effects of fusaric acid and T-2 toxin in broilers and turkeys. Int. J. Poultry Science 6(7):484-488.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Deshmukh, S., R. K. Asrani, V. K. Gupta, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and A. J. Bermudez, 2007. Pathological changes in extrahepatic organs and agglutinin response to Salmonella gallinarum infection in Japanese quail fed Fusarium vertcillioides culture material containing known levels of fumonisin B1. Avian Disease 51:705-712.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2008
Citation:
Sharma, D., R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, N. Jindal, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and V. K. Gupta, 2008. Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin toxicity on clinicopathological and cell mediated immune response in Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 87:1039-1051.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2008
Citation:
Gowda, N.K.S., D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and Y. C. Chen, 2008. Efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 87:1125-1130.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2008
Citation:
Gupta, S., N. Jindal, R. S. Khokhar, R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2008. Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infection on pathological changes in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 37:3, 265-272.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2008
Citation:
Dakovic, A., S. Matijasevic, G. E. Rottinghaus, D. R. Ledoux, P. Butkeraitis, and Z. Sekulic. 2008. Aflatoxin B1 adsorption by natural and copper modified montmorillonite. Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces 66:20-25.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2008
Citation:
Gowda, N.K.S. and D. R. Ledoux. 2008. Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity: A Review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 8:1-11.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2009
Citation:
Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, E. Antoniou, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2009. Toxicological and gene expression analysis of the impact of aflatoxin on hepatic function of male broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 88:360-371.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2009
Citation:
Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, N.K.S. Gowda, G. E. Rottighaus, E. Antoniou, and D. R. Ledoux, 2009. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa)on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in young broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. 88:2620-2627.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2009
Citation:
Gowda, N.K.S., D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and Y. C. Chen, 2009. Antioxidant efficacy of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L) powder in broiler chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin B1. Brit. J. Nutrition 102:1629-1634.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Tessari, E. N., E. Kobishigawa, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and C.A.F. Oliveira. 2010. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on blood biochemical parameters in broilers. Toxins 2:453-460.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Khan, M.A., R. K. Asrani, A. Iqbal, R. D. Patil, G. E. Rottinghaus, and D. R. Ledoux. 2012. Fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity in Japanese quail: an ultrastructural assessment. Comp. Clin. Pathol. DOI 10.1007/s00580-012-1486-6.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Sharma, D., R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and V. K. Gupta. 2012. Toxic interaction between fumonisin B1 and moniliformin for cardiac lesions in Japanese quail. (Avian Diseases. 56(3):545-554.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Oliveira, C.A.F., P. Butkeraitis, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2007. Effect of fumonisin B1 on body weight and histopathology of Japanese quail. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, v37, n.1, p284-287.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Dakovic, A., M. Kragovic, G. E. Rottinghaus, D. R. Ledoux, P. Butkeraitis, D. Vojislavljevic, S. Zaric, and L. Stamenic. 2012. Preparation and characterization of zinc-exchanged montmorillonite and its effectiveness as aflatoxin B1 adsorbent. Materials Chemistry and Physics 137:213-220.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Oliveira, C.A.F., R. Ogido, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, B. Correa, T. A. Reis, and E. Goncalez, 2007. The quality of eggs from Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, fed rations containing aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. J. Poult. Sci. (Japanese) 44:29-33.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Linares, L. B., J. N. Broomhead, E. A. Guaiume, D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, and V. Raboy, 2007. Effects of low phytic acid barley on zinc utilization in young broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 86:299-308.
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences for this research includes professionals working in the area of mycotoxins, poultry producers, and companies that produce and sell mineral mixes and adsorbents. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?These studies provided training foe 1 undergraduate and 2 graduate students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes, the results for the first study was published in a referred journal. Results of the other study are being prepared for publication in a referred journal. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Plans are to conduct studies as outlined in the major goals of the project.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Onestudy was conducted todetermine the additive effects of aflatoxin and fumonisn B1 on blood biochemical parameters in broilers, and results reported in 1 publication. One study was conducted to determine the additive effects of FB and OTA in Japanese quail. Results are being summarized for publication.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2010
Citation:
Tessari, E. N., E. Kobishigawa, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and C.A.F. Oliveira. 2010. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on blood biochemical parameters in broilers. Toxins 2:453-460.
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of different levels of two adsorbents, in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF) in broiler chicks. Two hundred and fifty day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to a 2 X 4 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments plus a positive control (PC) treatment containing no AFB1 or adsorbent, and negative control (NC) treatment containing 3 mg AFB1/kg diet but no adsorbent. Factors were LEVEL of adsorbent (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.0%) and two adsorbents (ADSB-1 or ADSB-2). All 8 diets contained 3 mg AFB1/kg diet. Compared with chicks fed the PC diet, chicks fed the NC consumed 36% less feed (703 vs 1112 g; P< 0.05), gained 39% less weight (523 vs 868 g; P < 0.05), were less efficient (1.42 vs 1.31 g:g; P < 0.05), had heavier (P < 0.05) relative liver (4.50 vs 2.90 g) and kidney weights (1.84 vs 0.86 g), lower (P < 0.05) carcass pigmentation scores (1.80 vs 3.73), and more severe (P < 0.05) liver lesions (3.2 vs 1.0). No ADSB by LEVEL interaction or main effects of adsorbent were observed for any of the response variables (P > 0.05). There were, however, significant main effect differences for level of adsorbent. The addition of adsorbents to the AF diet increased feed intake from a low of 847g at 0.25% to a high of 979 g at 1.0%, and body weight gain from a low of 656 g at 0.25% to a high of 758 g at 1.0%. Liver lesion scores decreased from a high of 3.0 at 0.25% adsorbent to a low of 2.1 at 1.0%. In summary, both adsorbents were equally effective in reducing the toxic effects of AF; however both adsorbents were more effective at higher dietary concentrations. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in this project included the following faculty, staff, and students. R. A. Murarolli - PhD, Graduate student. D. Moon - Summer intern, South Korea. C. L. Dreyer - Student intern, Brazil. G. E. Rottinghaus - Chemist, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri and A. J. Bermudez - Avian Pathologist, College of veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri. Student and interns all received training in the planning, conduct and analyses of an experiment evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents to reduce or prevent the toxic effects of aflatoxin. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target adience for this research will include professionals working in the area of mycotoxins, poultry producers, and companies that produce and sell adsorbents. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Results indicate that 3 mg AFB1/kg diet reduced bird performance, caused increased organ weights, and liver lesions. Both adsorbents were equally effective in reducing the toxic effects of AF. Both adsorbents, however, were more effective in reducing the toxic effects of AFB1 at higher dietary concentrations. These data indicate that the level of adsorbent used in the diet must be high enough if they are to be effective.
Publications
- Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, E. Antoniou, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2009. Toxicological and gene expression analysis of the impact of aflatoxin on hepatic function of male broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 88:360-371. Kutz, R. E., J. Sampson, D. R. Ledoux, J. Spain, M. Vazquez-Anon, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2009. Efficacy of Solis, NovasilPlus, and MTB-100 to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3959-3963. Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, N.K.S. Gowda, G. E. Rottighaus, E. Antoniou, and D. R. Ledoux, 2009. The effects of aflatoxin and turmeric, containing known levels of curcuminoids, on the expression of hepatic genes involved in biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems of young broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 88:2620-2627. Gowda, N.K.S., D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and Y. C. Chen, 2009. Antioxidant efficacy of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L) powder in broiler chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin B1. Brit. J. Nutrition 102:1629-1634. Ledoux, D. R., G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and J. N. Broomhead. 2009. Efficacy of the adsorbent Calibrin-A in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):169.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of the adsorbent Calibrin A (CA), in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF) in broiler chicks. A second objective was to determine if Calibrin A at 0.5% of the diet would negatively affect chick performance. Three hundred and twenty day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to 8 dietary treatments, with 8 replicate pens of 5 chicks per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) 0 AF, O CA; 2) 0 AF, 0.50% CA; 3) 2 mg/kg AF, 0 CA; 4) 2 mg/kg AF, 0.25% CA; 5) 2 mg/kg AF, 0.50% CA; 6) 3 mg/kg AF, 0 CA; 7) 3 mg/kg AF, 0.25% CA; and 8) 3 mg/kg AF, 0.50% CA. The addition of CA to chick diets at a level of 0.50% did not negatively affect (P > 0 .05) chick performance or relative liver weight or cause any liver lesions. Compared with controls, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were depressed (P < 0.05) in chicks fed AF, with greater reductions in FI and BWG observed in birds fed 3 mg/kg AF compared with those fed 2 mg/kg AF. The addition of 0.25% or 0.50% CA to the AF-contaminated diets significantly (P < 0.05) improved FI and BWG. Compared with controls, relative liver weights were higher in chicks fed AF (P < 0.05), and the addition of CA (0.25% or 0.5%) to the AF diet containing 2 mg/kg AF reduced (P < .05) the increase in liver weight. Compared to controls with a lesion score of 1 (no lesions), liver lesion scores in birds fed AF averaged 2.69 (moderate aflatoxicosis). The addition of 0.25 or 0.50% CA to the 2 mg/kg AF diet reduced the lesion scores to 2.25 and 1.63, respectively. An experiment evaluated the effects of Avizyme 1500 and Phyzyme XP on nutrient utilization by broilers fed diets containing graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The 12 dietary treatments fed from day 8 to 21 included a 4 X 3 factorial arrangement of 4 levels of DDGS (0, 6, 12 and 18%) and 3 enzyme treatments (No enzymes, Phyzyme XP, Phyzyme XP plus Avizyme 1500). Phyzyme XP phytase was added at 500 FTU /kg diet and replaced 0.12% Available P and 0.1% Ca from dicalcium phosphate. Avizyme 1500 was added at 0.1% and supplied 300 U xylanase, 400 U amylase and 4000 U protease/kg diet. Six pen replicates of five Cobb 500 broiler chicks were assigned to each dietary treatment. Compared with controls, ileal Ca digestibility, and Ca and P retention were higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed enzymes and were not affected (P > 0.05) by DDGS. Compared with controls, ileal P digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed Phyzyme and was even higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed both Phyzyme and Avizyme. Ileal P digestibility was also higher (P < 0.05) when chicks were fed diets with 18% DDGS versus 0 or 6% DDGS. Ileal digestibility of all amino acids (AA) (including tryptophan) were lower (P < 0.05) in chicks fed DDGS compared with those not fed DDGS. Ileal digestibility of 17 amino acids were higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed enzymes compared with those fed no enzymes. Combining Phyzyme and Avizyme also consistently resulted in a higher AA digestibility versus Phyzyme added on its own. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Results indicate that CalibrinA at 0.50% of the diet did not negatively affect chick performance, relative liver weight, or cause any liver lesions indicating that this level of CA did not negatively affect nutrient content of the diet. CalibrinA at 0.25 or 0.5% of the diet significantly ameliorated the toxic effects of 2 and 3 mg/kg AF in young growing chicks. These data provide information on a product that could be used by producers to reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin. Results indicate that a combination of Phyzyme and Avizyme was more effective than Phyzyme alone in improving nutrient utilization in chicks fed diets containing variable concentrations (0, 6, 12 and 18%) of DDGS. These data provide information that can be used by producers that are interested in using or are would like to increase the concentrations of DDGS in poultry diets.
Publications
- Sharma, D., R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, N. Jindal, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and V. K. Gupta, 2008. Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 and moniliformin toxicity on clinicopathological and cell mediated immune response in Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 87:1039-1051.
- Gowda, N.K.S., D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez, and Y. C. Chen, 2008. Efficacy of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 87:1125-1130.
- Gupta, S., N. Jindal, R. S. Khokhar, R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2008. Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infection on pathological changes in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 37:3, 265-272.
- Dakovic, A., S. Matijasevic, G. E. Rottinghaus, D. R. Ledoux, P. Butkeraitis, and Z. Sekulic. 2008. Aflatoxin B1 adsorption by natural and copper modified montmorillonite. Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces 66:20-25.
- Gowda, N.K.S. and D. R. Ledoux. 2008. Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity: A Review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 8:1-11.
- Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, E. Antoniou, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2008. Genomic analysis of the impact of aflatoxin on hepatic function of male broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):140.
- Yarru, L. P., R. S. Settivari, E. Antoniou, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2008. Effects of aflatoxin, curcumin, and their combination on the expression of liver antioxidant, immune, and biotransformation genes in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 87(Suppl. 1):170.
|
Progress 02/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a modified adsorbent (Cu-MONT)in ameliorating the toxic effects of AF. A completely randomized design was used with 5 pens of 5 chicks assigned to each of 6 treatments that included: (i) basal diet containing neither adsorbent nor mycotoxins; (ii) basal diet (BD) supplemented with 0.5% MONT; (iii) BD supplemented with 0.5% Cu-MONT; (iv) BD supplemented with 2 mg AF/kg diet; (v) BD supplemented with 0.5% MONT and 2 mg AF/kg diet; and (vi) BD supplemented with 0.5% Cu-MONT and 2 mg AF/kg diet. Compared to controls, feed intake and body weight gain were reduced (P < 0.05) by 20% and 22%, respectively in birds fed AF (P < .05). Addition of Cu-MONT to feed of chicks fed AF reduced the growth depressing effect of AF from 22% to 13%. MONT was not effective in ameliorating the growth depressing effect of AF. Compared to controls, relative liver and kidney weights increased (P < .05) by 34% and 68%, respectively in birds fed AF.
Both MONT and Cu-MONT were equally effective in ameliorating the effect of AF on relative liver and kidney weights. MONT, but not Cu-MONT, reduced the effects of AF on serum total protein and prevented the reduction in serum P observed in birds fed AF. Studies were also conducted to evaluate mineral (P, Zn, Cu) utilization by poultry. A study was conducted to determine if turkey poults fed a low phytate (LP) diet would more efficiently utilize dietary Zn compared with poults fed a normal diet. One hundred and twenty day-old female turkey poults were assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens of 5 poults/treatment) and fed diets from hatch to day 21. Factors were diet type (normal diet or LP diet) and supplemental Zn (0, 20 or 40 mg/kg of Zn from zinc sulfate). The normal diet contained normal barley and normal soybean meal, and the LP diet contained LP barley and LP soybean meal. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion were not affected (P > 0.05) by
dietary treatments and averaged 648 g, 471 g, and 1.38 g:g, respectively. Percent toe ash was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet type but was affected (P < 0.05) by Zn level, and a significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P < 0.05) was also observed. Phosphorus retention was not affected (P > 0.05) by Zn level but a significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P < 0.05) was observed. Retention of P was higher (P < 0.05) in poults fed the LP diet compared to those fed the normal diet (64% vs 54%). A significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for toe Zn. Toe Zn was higher (P < 0.05) in poults fed the LP diet compared with poults fed the normal diet (86 vs 67 mg/kg), and increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary Zn (65, 77, and 87 mg/kg, respectively). Results indicate that poults fed the LP diet utilized more dietary P and Zn than poults fed the normal diet.
Impacts
Results of research on copper and zinc modified adsorbents indicate that modifying the adsorbents did not reduce their efficacy in ameliorating the toxic effects of AF. in addition to reducing the toxic effects of AF, both copper and zinc modified adsorbents also provided bioavailable sources of copper and zinc.
Publications
- Asrani, R. K., R. C. Katoch, V. K. Gupta, S. Deshmukh, N. Jindal, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, and S. P. Singh, 2006. Effects of feeding Fusarium verticillioides (Formerly Fusarium moniliforme) culture material containing known levels of fumonisin B1 in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Poultry Sci. 85:1129-1135.
- Tessari, E.N.C., C.A.F. Oliveira, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2006. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on body weight, antibody titres, and histology of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 47(3):357-364.
- Tessari, E.N.C., C.A.F. Oliveira, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D. R. Ledoux,and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2006. Hematological parameters of broiler chicks fed rations containing aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. Ciencia Rural 36(3):924-929.
- Butkeraitis, P., A.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2006. Effects of fumonisin B1 on hematology and serum biochemistry of laying Japanese quail. J. Poult. Sci. (Japanese) 43:301-306.
- Scott, J. D. Ledoux, J. Broomhead, C. Walk, and T. Veum, 2006. Effects of normal and low phytate diets on zinc and phosphorus utilization by young turkey poults. Abstracts 2006 International Poultry Scientific Forum Atlanta, GA, January 23-24, 2006. Page 61.
- Walk, C., D. Ledoux, J. Broomhead, E. Guaiume, and I. Kuhn, 2006. Evaluation of the efficacy of high levels of a microbial 6-phytase on broiler performance, bone ash, and litter phosphorus. Abstracts 2006 International Poultry Scientific Forum Atlanta, GA, January 23-24, 2006. Page 9.
- Butkeraitis, P., D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, A. J. Bermudez,A. Dakovic, S. Matijasevic, and Z. Sekulic, 2006. Efficacy of a modified montmorillonite to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Abstracts of Lectures and Posters, The 4th World Mycotoxin Forum, November 6-8, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Page 126.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine if turkey poults fed a low phytate (LP) diet would more efficiently utilize dietary zinc (Zn) compared with poults fed a normal(N)diet. One hundred and twenty day-old female poults were assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens of 5 poults/Trt.) and fed diets from hatch to day 21. Factors were diet type (N or LP diets) and supplemental Zn (0, 20 or 40 mg/kg of Zn from zinc sulfate). The N diet contained N barley and N soybean meal, and the LP diet contained LP barley and LP soybean meal. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion were not affected (P>.05) by dietary treatments. Percent toe ash was not affected (P>.05) by diet type but was affected (P<.05) by Zn level, and a significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P<.05) was also observed. Phosphorus retention was not affected (P>.05) by Zn level but a significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P<.05) was observed. Retention of P was
higher (P<.05) in poults fed the LP diet compared to those fed the N diet (64% vs 54%). A significant diet type by Zn level interaction (P<.05) was observed for toe Zn. Toe Zn was higher (P<.05) in poults fed the LP diet compared with poults fed the N diet (86 vs 67 mg/kg), and increased (P<.05) with increasing levels of dietary Zn (65, 77, and 87 mg/kg, respectively). Results indicate that poults fed the LP diet utilized more dietary Zn than poults fed the N diet. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a microbial 6-Phytase on broiler performance, bone ash, and litter P. Seven hundred day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in floor pens. Treatments for the first 3 weeks were:(1) positive control NRC diet (0.45% npP, 1.00% Ca),(2) industry standard diet with 500 PPU/kg phytase (0.35% npP, 0.90% Ca),(3) negative control basal diet (0.20% npP, 0.85% Ca),(4) 3 + 250 PPU/kg phytase,(5) 3 + 500 PPU/kg phytase,(6) 3 + 10,000 PPU/kg
phytase, and (7) 3 + 20,000 PPU/kg phytase. From 4 to 6 weeks, the Ca and npP levels were reduced by 0.1% in diets 1 and 2, and Ca was decreased by 0.05% in diet 3. Supplemental phytase levels were identical to the starter period. Chicks fed diets 1 and 2 had similar (P>.05) growth performance, whereas chicks fed diet 3 had lower (P<.05) feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) compared with all other dietary treatments. FI, BWG, and tibia ash (TBA)increased (P<.05) with phytase supplementation and birds fed the two highest levels of phytase (diets 6 and 7) had FI, BWG, and TBA ash equivalent to the positive control and industry standard diets (diets 1 and 2, respectively). Litter P was significantly lower (P<.05) for all treatments, compared to treatment 1. Birds fed diets 3, 6, and 7 had significantly lower litter P (P<.05) compared to all other diets, with diets 6 and 7 having a litter P of 0.73% and 0.74%, respectively, compared to 1.56% for diet 1. Phytase was effective in
improving phytate P utilization, and this improvement occurred with the lowest level(250 PPU/kg)of supplemental phytase. Diets containing up to 20,000 PPU phytase had no negative impact on growth performance of broilers.
Impacts
Poults fed LP diets utilized more dietary Zn than poults fed N diets. Diets containing LP grains will not need to be supplemented with as much inorganic P and Zn. Low phytate grains may be useful for improving the Zn staus of human populations consuming high phytate diets marginal in Zn. The novel microbial 6-phytase was effective in improving phytate P utilization, and was safe at levels up to 20,000 PPU/kg diet.
Publications
- Deshmukh, S., R. K. Asrani, N. Jindal, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, M. Sharma, and S. P. Singh, 2005. Effects of Fusarium moniliforme culture material containing known levels of fumonisin B1 on progress of Salmonella Gallinarum infection in Japanese quail: Clinical signs and hematologic studies. Avian Diseases 49:274-280.
- Gupta, S., N. Jindal, R. S. Khokhar, A. K. Gupta, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2005. Effects of ochratoxin A on broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella gallinarum. British Poultry Science 46(4):443-450.
- Deshmukh, S., R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, N. Jindal, A. J. Bermudez, G. E. Rottinghaus, M. Sharma, and S. P. Singh, 2005. Individual and combined effects of Fusarium moniliforme culture material containing known levels of fumonisin B1 and Salmonella gallinarum infection on liver of Japanese quail. Avian Diseases 49:592-600.
- Tessari, E.N.C., C.A.F. Oliveira, A.L.S.P. Cardoso, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2005. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on the levels of serum aspartate amino-transferase and total protein of broilers. Arq. Inst. Biol. 72(2):185-189.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, N. C. Rasch, C. L. Walk, E. Guaiume, and V. Raboy, 2005. Efficacy of low phytic acid corn and soybean meal in reducing manure phosphorus excretion by broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):135.
- Broomhead, J. N. and D. R. Ledoux, 2005. A simplified in vitro procedure for determining phosphorus release from corn-soybean meal diets. Poultry Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):122.
- Deshmukh, S., R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, M. Sharma, and S. P. Singh, 2005. Gross and histological observations on extra-hepatic organs of Japanese quail fed FB1 and infected with Salmonella gallinarum. Proceedings of the World Veterinary Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, August, p.410.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, and I. Kuhn, 2005. Efficacy and safety of a novel phytase in turkeys fed diets to market weight. Proceedings 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Balatonfured, Hungary, 24-29 September, Pages 198-200.
- Ogunbo, S. O., D. R. Ledoux, J. N. Broomhead, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2005. Effects of fusaric acid in broiler chicks and turkey poults. Int. J. Poultry Sci. 4(6):356-359.
- Bollinger, D. W., A. Tsunoda, D. R. Ledoux, M. R. Ellersieck, and T. L. Veum, 2005. A comparison of the test tube and the dialysis tubing In vitro methods for estimating the bioavailability of phosphorus in feed ingredients for swine J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:3287-3294.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
A six-week floor pen study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Phyzyme XP, in corn-soybean meal-based diets containing different Ca & P levels. A 3 X 4 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments from hatch to week 3 included 3 Ca & non-phytate P (npP) levels (0.80 & 0.25%, 0.85 & 0.30%, and 0.90 & 0.35%) and 4 levels of Phyzyme XP (0, 250, 500, and 750 U/kg diet). From week 3 to 6, dietary phytase levels were kept the same but Ca & npP levels were reduced (0.70 & 0.15%, 0.75 & 0.20%, and 0.80 & 0.25%). Six pens of 25 chicks each were assigned to each dietary treatment from day 1 to 42. Significant (P < 0.05) Ca & npP level by phytase interactions were observed for feed intake (FI)and body weight gain (BWG). Feed intake, BWG, and FCR were also affected (P < 0.05) by phytase treatment, with chicks fed phytase outperforming chicks fed no phytase. Chick performance was affected (P > 0.05) by Ca & npP, with the best performance observed in chicks fed the 0.90% Ca &
0.35% npP combination. Significant interactive and main effects were observed for tibia ash (%), with the response to phytase differing among the Ca & npP levels. Phosphorus retention was improved (P < 0.05) by phytase supplementation. Combination of Ca & npP affected P retention (P < 0.05). No Ca & npP by phytase interaction for P retention was observed. Results indicate that Phyzyme XP was effective in improving phytate P utilization, and efficacy was influenced by Ca & npP level. A floor pen study was conducted to determine the efficacy of vitamin D source and level on performance and bone mineralization of broilers fed dietary treatments for six weeks. Dietary treatments included: 1) Basal diet supplemented with NRC recommended levels of vitamin D3 (200,000 ICU/ton); 2) Basal plus 2.5 million ICU (MICU) D3 /ton; 3) basal plus 2.5 MICU D3/ton plus 62.5 mg Hy-D/ton; 4) basal diet plus 5 MICU D3 /ton diet; and 5) basal plus 62.5 mg Hy-D/ton diet. Diets were fed from day 1 to 42, and
nutrient concentrations were adjusted at the end of week 3 according to NRC recommendations. Four replicate pens of 20 chicks were fed each treatment from day 1 to 21. On day 21, 6 chicks from each pen were removed for sampling, leaving 4 replicate pens of 14 chicks from day 21 to 42. Compared with chicks fed diet 1, chicks fed all other treatments consumed more feed and gained more weight (P < 0.05). Feed intake and body weight gain were similar (P > 0.05) for chicks fed treatments 2 - 4. Feed conversion was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Chicks fed diets 1 and 5 had a lower (P < 0.05) percent tibia ash compared with other dietary treatments. However, on an absolute bone ash weight basis (mg bone ash), bone ash was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Bone breaking strength was also not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Results indicate that supplemental vitamin D3 above NRC recommendations was effective in improving chick performance and bone
mineralization, and 62.5 mg Hy-D/ton feed was as effective as industry vitamin D3 levels in improving chick performance.
Impacts
Results indicate that the phytase product Phyzyme XP was effective in improving phytate P utilization. Results also indicate the importance of both Ca and P levels in maximising the efficacy of phytase. Results indicate that supplemental vitamin D3 above NRC recommendations was effective in improving chick performance and bone mineralization, and 62.5 mg Hy-D/ton feed was as effective as industry vitamin D3 levels in improving chick performance.
Publications
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, and J. S. Sands, 2004. Efficacy of Phyzyme XP phytase in broiler diets containing different levels of calcium and non-phytate phosphorus:nitrogen retention and ileal amino acid digestibility. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):321.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, D. R. Campbell, J. W. Wilson,and N. E. Ward, 2004. Efficacy of vitamin D source and level on performance and bone mineralization of broilers fed dietary treatments for six weeks. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):434.
- Kumar, A., N. Jindal, C. L. Shukla, R. K. Asrani, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2004. Pathological changes in broiler chicks fed ochratoxin A and inoculated with Escherichia coli. Avian Pathology 33(4):413-417.
- Ogido, R., C.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux, G. E. Rottinghaus, B. Correa, P. Butkeraitis, T. A. Reis, E. Goncales, and R. Albuquerque, 2004. Effects of prolonged administration of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in laying Japanese quail. Poultry Science 83:1953-1958.
- Butkeraitis, P., C.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux, R. Ogido, R. Albuquerque, J. F. Rosmaninho, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2004. Effects of fumonisin B1 in laying Japanese quail. British Poultry Science 45(6):798-801.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, and M. R. Bedford, 2004. Efficacy of a novel phytase in improving phytate phosphorus utilization by broilers grown to market weight. IPSF, Atlanta, January 2004.
- Guaiume, E. A., J. N. Broomhead, D. R. Ledoux, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2004. Effects of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide in chicks and poults fed aflatoxin. P 93. Abstracts XI International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bethseda, MD. May 17-21, 2004.
- Ogido, C.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux, G. E.Rottinghaus, B. Correa, P. Butkeraitis, T. A. Reis, and R. Albuquerque, 2004. Effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in laying Japanese quail. P 93. Abstracts XI International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bethseda, MD. May 17-21, 2004.
- Butkeraitis, P., C.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux,R. Ogido, R. Albuquerque, J. F. Rosmaninho, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2004. P 94. Abstracts XI International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bethseda, MD. May 17-21, 2004.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, and J. S. Sands, 2004. Efficacy of Phyzyme XP phytase in broiler diets containing different levels of calcium and non-phytate phosphorus:performance, bone ash and mineral retention. Poultry Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):150.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes poor performance and is hepatotoxic in animals. Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a constituent of cell walls of gram negative bacteria, initiates an inflammatory response in animals. In rodents, nontoxic doses of LPS augment the effects of AFB1. This study was conducted to determine if LPS would augment the effects of AFB1 in chicks and poults. Chicks were fed 0, 2, or 4 mg AFB1/kg diet, whereas poults were fed 0, 100, or 200 ppb AFB1 for 21 days. Beginning on day 7, chicks were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 200, or 400 micrograms LPS/bird, whereas poults were injected with 0, 100, or 200 micrograms LPS/bird on alternate days. Mortality in chicks fed the control diet, 2 mg AFB1/kg, or 4 mg AFB1/kg, was 0, 0, and 37%, respectively. In chicks injected with 200 and 400 micrograms LPS, mortality was 0 and 5%, respectively. Mortality was 35 and 75% in chicks fed 2 and 4 mg AFB1/kg and injected with 200 micrograms LPS, whereas mortality
was 13 and 85% in chicks fed 2 and 4 mg AFB1/kg and injected with 400 micrograms LPS. Mortality in poults fed the control diet, 100 ppb, or 200 ppb AFB1, was 0, 29, and 80%, respectively. In poults injected with 100 and 200 micrograms LPS, mortality was 7 and 10%, respectively. Mortality was 36 and 87% in poults fed 100 and 200 micrograms AFB1/kg and injected with 100 micrograms LPS, whereas mortality was 53 and 93% in poults fed 100 and 200 micrograms AFB1/kg and injected with 200 micrgrams LPS. Results suggest a toxic synergy between AFB1 and LPS in chicks, but only an additive effect in poults. In another study, 288 8-wk-old Japanese quail were randomly distributed into six experimental groups (48 birds per group) and fed the following diets for 140 d: 1) 0 (controls); 2)10 mg fumonisin B1 (FB1); 3) 50 micrograms aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); 4) 50 micrograms AFB1 + 10 mg FB1; 5) 200 micrograms AFB1; and 6) 200 micrograms AFB1 + 10 mg FB1/kg feed. Each treatment consisted of four replicates
of twelve quail. Egg production and individual egg weight were checked daily. Feed intake and feed conversion were determined weekly. Results showed that by the end of the 5th cycle average egg weight was lower (P < 0.05) in groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 micrograms AFB1/kg, 200 micrograms AFB1/kg and 10 mg FB1 + 50 micrograms AFB1/kg. Egg production decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed 10 mg FB1/kg by the 3rd, 4th and 5th cycles. Feed intake was lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed 10 mg FB1/kg, by the 4th and 5th cycles, and in birds fed 50 and 200 micrograms AFB1/kg, in the 5th cycle. Birds fed 10 mg FB1 + 50 micrograms AFB1/kg also consumed less feed (P < 0.05) in the 1st, 2nd and 5th cycles. Results indicated that prolonged administration of FB1 and AFB1, singly or in combination at the levels evaluated, may cause economic losses to quail egg producers.
Impacts
Results suggest a toxic synergy between AFB1 and LPS in chicks, but only an additive effect in poults. Data indicate that prolonged administration of FB1 and AFB1, singly or combined at these dietary concentrations, may cause economic losses to quail producers. Data demonstrated that feeding broilers a combination of Low phytate barley and soybean meal results in a significant decrease in manure P (55%) compared to a combination of wild type barley and soybean meal.
Publications
- Kumar, A., N. Jindal, C. L. Shukla. Y. Pal, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Effects of ochratoxin A on Escherichia coli challenged broiler chicks. Avian Diseases 47:415-424.
- Watts, C. M., Y. C. Chen, D. R. Ledoux, J. N. Broomhead, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Effects of multiple mycotoxins and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate in poultry. Int. J. Poultry Sci. 2(6):372-378.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Individual and combined effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins fumonisin B1 and moniliformin in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases 47:1368-1375.
- Linares, L. B., J. N. Broomhead, E. A. Guaiume, D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, and V. Raboy, 2003. Low phytate barley and phytase reduces phosphorus excretion in broilers fed diets for 42 days. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):94.
- Linares, L. B., J. N. Broomhead, E. A. Guaiume, D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, and V. Raboy, 2003. Effects of autoclaving of wild type and low phytate barley on Zn and P utilization by young broilers. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):128.
- Butkeraitis, P., C.A.F. Oliveira, D. R. Ledoux, R. Ogido, R. Albuquerque, J. F. Rosmaninho, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Effects of fumonisin B1 in laying Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):125.
- Ledoux, D., J. Sands, M. Hruby, J. Remus, and E. Pierson, 2003. The effect of two phytase sources on turkey performance and Ca and P retention. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):133.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. N. Broomhead, Y. C. Chen, A. J. Bermudez, G. E. Rottinghaus, and W. W. Robey, 2003. A turkey model for evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. 82(Suppl. 1):34.
- Gupta, S., N. Jindal, R. S. Khokhar, A. J. Gupta, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Effect of ochratoxin A and S. gallinarum infection on pathological changes in broiler chicks. World Veterinary Poultry Association Meeting Abstracts, July 19-23, Denver, Colorado, USA. Pp.161.
- Gupta, S., N. Jindal, R. S. Khokhar, A. J. Gupta, D. R. Ledoux, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2003. Growth response and biochemical alterations in broiler chicks fed ochratoxin A and inoculated with Salmonella gallinarum. World Veterinary Poultry Association Meeting Abstracts, July 19-23, Denver, Colorado, USA. Pp. 162.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
A 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg production and egg quality of young laying Japanese quail fed contaminated rations. To this end, 128 7-wk-old birds were randomly distributed into 4 experimental groups (32 birds per group) and given rations countaining 0 (controls), 10, 50 or 250 mg FB1/kg feed. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 8 quail. Compared with controls, quail fed 50 and 250 mg FB1/kg had reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and lower (P < 0.05) body weight gain. However, feed conversion was only reduced (P < 0.05) in birds fed 250 mg FB1/kg. Average egg production and egg weight were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the group fed 250 mg FB1/kg. Average specific gravity and Haugh units were not affected (P > 0.05) by FB1. Eggshell weight was reduced (P < 0.05) in birds fed 50 and 250 mg FB1/kg. However, percentage eggshell was not affected by FB1. Compared with controls, quail fed 50 and 250 mg FB1/kg had
increased (P < 0.05) relative liver weight. These results suggest that quail are sensitive to the toxic effects of FB1, and at concentrations which have been reported to occur in feedstuff under field conditions. Two 21-day experiments were conducted to determine if the turkey could be used as a model for evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents (hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates, HSCAS) to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF). Dietary treatments fed (5 reps of 5 poults) from day 1 to 21 in Exp. 1 included: (1) 0 ppb AF + 0% of HSCAS-A; (2) 0 ppb AF + 1.0% HSCAS-A; (3) 250 ppb AF + 0% HSCAS-A; (4) 250 ppb AF + 0.25% HSCAS-A; (5) 250 ppb AF + 0.50% HSCAS-A; (6) 250 ppb AF + 0.75% HSCAS-A; and (7) 250 ppb AF + 1.0% HSCAS-A. Exp. 2 was similar to Exp. 1, except a different HSCAS was used (HSCAS-B), the concentration of AF was 200 ppb, and there were 7 reps of 5 poults each. AF was supplied by A. parasiticus culture material that contained 986 mg AFB1/kg. The addition of 1.0
% HSCAS to the diets did not negatively affect (P > .05) poult performance in either experiment. In Exp. 1, compared with controls (P < .05), poults fed 250 ppb AF/kg had lower body weight gains (BWG, 34%), reduced liver weights (LWT, 25%), and increased kidney weights (KWT, 26%). Supplemental HSCAS-A at 0.50 to 1% reduced the growth depressing effects of AF, whereas supplemental HSCAS-A at 0.25 to 1% and at 0.75 and 1% reduced the negative effects of AF on KWT and LWT, respectively (P < .05). In Exp. 2, compared with controls (P < .05), poults fed 200 ppb AF had lower BWG (17%), reduced LWT (29%), and increased KWT (33%). Supplemental HSCAS-B at 0.75 and 1% prevented the growth depressing effect of AF (P < .05). Supplemental HSCAS-B at 0.50 to 1% reduced (P < .05) the negative effects of AF on KWT. Results indicate that both adsorbents were effective in reducing some of the toxic effects of AF in the young turkey. Data also suggest that the turkey is a more sensitive model for
evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents to ameliorate the toxic effects of AF, and at levels reported to cause toxicity under field conditions.
Impacts
Data indicate that exposure to 50 mg FB1/kg could adversely affect laying quail performance, emphasizing the importance of controlling FB1 contamination of quail rations. Results indicate that,compared to the broiler chick, the turkey is a more sensitive model for evaluating the efficacy of adsorbents to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin, and at levels that have been reported to cause toxicity in commercial operations.
Publications
- Veum, T. L., D. R. Ledoux, D. W. Bollinger, V. Raboy, and A. Cook, 2002. Low-phytic acid barley improves calcium and phosphorus utilization and growth performance in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2663-2670.
- Broomhead, J. N., D. R. Ledoux, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2002. Chronic effects of moniliformin in broilers and turkeys fed dietary treatments to market age. Avian Diseases 46:901-908.
- Veum, T. L., D. W. Bollinger, D. R. Ledoux, M. S. Carlson, and V. Raboy, 2002. Low phytate barley cultivars for growing pigs: Growth performance and bone strength. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl. 2):61.
- Veum, T. L., D. W. Bollinger, D. R. Ledoux, M. S. Carlson, and V. Raboy, 2002. Low phytate barley cultivars for growing pigs: Ca, P, and N utilization. J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl. 2):62.
- Broomhead, J. N., D. R. Ledoux, A. J. Bermudez, and G. E. Rottinghaus, 2002. Chronic effects of fumonisin B1 in broilers and turkeys fed dietary treatments to market age. Poultry Science 81:56-61.
- Linares, L. B., 2002. Nutritional value of a genetically modified low phytic acid barley for broiler chicks. M.S. Thesis. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
An in vitro Study was conducted to determine if improved P availability in low phytate barley mutants (MB) is independant of endogenous phytase activity. An in vitro digestion procedure, designed to simulate the physiological conditions in different parts of poultry gastrointestinal tract, was used to determine P release from barley cultivars containing endogenous phytase activity (non-autoclaved) or barley cultivars autoclaved (121 C, 20 kg/cm2, 20 minutes) to destroy endogenous phytase activity. Barleys evaluated included two wild types (hull-less and Harrington Check), and five low phytic acid barley mutants (HM422, M422, M635, M955 and M1070. Autoclaving reduced P release by 57% from wild-type (WT) barley cultivars and by 39% from MB cultivars. In autoclaved barley cultivars, P release from MB averaged 58% compared with 28% for WT barleys. Results indicate that P in MB cultivars is more available than P from WT barley cultivars and this increase in availability
was independent of endogenous phytase activity. A study was conducted to determine if chicks, fed a MB diet from hatch to 21 days, would be able to utilize more of the Zn in the diet compared with chicks fed a diet containing a WT barley. In a 2 x 3 factorial experiment, 96 male broilers (4 pens of 4 chicks/trt) were fed diets containing either WT (HC) or a low phytic acid MB (M955). Each barley diet was supplemented with 0, 10, or 20 mg/kg Zn from zinc sulfate. The HC barley contained 0.30% total P (tP), 0.20% phytate P (pP), and 23 mg/kg Zn, whereas M955 barley contained 0.32% tP, 0.05% pP, and 24 mg/kg Zn. Barley made up 60% of each diet and was the only source of phytic acid in the diets which were formulated to contain 1.0% Ca, 0.45% nonphytate P, and 24 mg/kg Zn. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, and percent tibia ash were not affected (P > .05) by dietary treatments and averaged 837 g, 585 g, 1.43 g:g, and 46.1%, respectively. Zinc concentrations in toe ash (TZ)
and tibia ash (TBZ) were affected (P < .0001) by both barley source and Zn level. Both TZ and TBZ increased with increasing levels of dietary Zn (TZ, 462, 527, 557 mg/kg; TBZ, 333, 401, 440 mg/kg) and were higher in chicks fed M955 compared with those fed HC (TZ, 579 vs 453 mg/kg; TBZ, 456 vs 327 mg/kg). Significant barley source by Zn level interactions (P < .0001) were also observed for both TZ and TBZ. In chicks fed HC, TZ and TBZ increased with increasing Zn supplementation, whereas in chicks fed M955 there was no increase in TZ or TBZ with increasing Zn supplementation. Results indicated that chicks fed MB were able to utilize more dietary Zn than chicks fed the WT barley. Differences in Zn utilization could not be due to endogenous phytase activity since barleys had similar endogenous phytase activities (183 vs 190 U/kg).
Impacts
Results indicate that chicks fed MB were able to utilize more dietary Zn than chicks fed the WT barley. Because of the increased P and Zn availability in MB, diets containing MB will not need to be supplemented with as much inorganic P and Zn. The combination of lower supplementary inorganic P and Zn, and increased availability of both P and Zn in MB will result in a significant reduction in manure P and Zn. Reduction in poultry manure minerals will significantly reduce the potential for environmental pollution.
Publications
- Veum, T. L., D. R. Ledoux, V. Raboy, and D. S. Ertl, 2001. Low-phytic acid corn improves nutrient utilization for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2873-2880.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, K. A. Young, A. Cook, K. Zyla, and A. Wikiera, 2001. Low phytic acid barley improves performance, bone mineralization, and phosphorus retention in turkey poults. J. Applied Poultry Res. 10:178-185.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, K. A. Young, A. Cook, K. Zyla, and A. Wikiera, 2001. Bioavailability of phosphorus in low phytic acid barley. J. Applied Poultry Res. 10:86-91.
- Guaiume, E. A., J. N. Broomhead, P. Butkeraitis, D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, and K. Zyla, 2002. Zinc utilization is improved in broiler chicks fed a diet containing low phytic acid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Abstracts International Poultry Scientific Forum, January 14-15, Atlanta, Georgia, page 32.
- Linares, L. B., D. R. Ledoux, J. N. Broomhead, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, and K. Zyla, 2002. Nutritional evaluation of low phytic acid barley mutants and demonstration of improved P availability that is independent of endogenous phytase activity. Abstracts International Poultry Scientific Forum, January 14-15, Atlanta, Georgia, page 26.
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Progress 01/02/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Conducted several studies to determine P availability in low phytic acid barley mutants showing reductions of 50-95% in phytic acid P with no reductions in total P. P availability in barleys increased as phytic acid P content decreased. Replacing wild-type barleys with low phytic acid barleys caused no adverse effects on growth performance of turkeys or broiler chicks. As a consequence of increased P availability in low phytic acid barleys, diets containing these barleys will not need to be supplemented with as much inorganic P. The combination of increased P availability and lower levels of supplemental inorganic P will result in a reduction in manure P. Reductions in manure P will significantly reduce the potential for environmental pollution caused by P. Demonstrated that a combination of enzymes (cocktails) was more effective than phytase in degrading phytate and releasing P.
Impacts
Results indicated that enzyme cocktails were more effective than phytase alone in degrading phytate and releasing P. Results also indicated that low phytic acid barleys contain more available P than wild-type barleys. The use of enzyme cocktails and the development of low phytic acid grains gives poultry producers additional tools with which to combat the problem of environmental pollution due to P.
Publications
- Zyla, K., J. Koreleski, S. Swiatkiewicz, D. R. Ledoux, and J. Piironen, 2000. Influence of supplemental enzymes on the performance and phosphorus excretion of broilers fed wheat-based diets to six weeks of age. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 89(1/2):113-118.
- Zyla, K., A. Wikiera, J. Koreleski, S. Swiatkiewicz, J. Piironen, and D. R. Ledoux, 2000. Comparison of the efficacy of a novel Aspergillus niger mycelium with seperate and combined effectiveness of phytase, acid phosphatase and pectinase in dephosdphorylating wheat-based feeds fed to growing broilers. Poultry Sci. 79:1434-1443.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, and D. S. Ertl, 2000. Effects of low phytic acid corn on phosphorus utilization, performance, and bone mineralization in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 79:1444-1450.
- Zyla, K., J. Koreleski, S. Swiatkiewicz, A. Wikiera, M. Kujawski, J. Piironen, and D. R. Ledoux, 2000. Effects of phosphorolytic and cell wall degrading enzymes on the performance of growing broilers fed wheat-based diets containing different calcium levels. Poultry Sci. 79:66-76.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, K. Zyla, and J. Piironen, 2000. Effects of supplemental enzymes in wheat-based diets fed to turkey poults. XXI World's Poultry Congress Abstracts and Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, August 20-24, 2000.
- Li, Y. C., V. Badresingh, D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, A. Cook, and K. Zyla, 2000. In vitro prediction of phosphorus availability in low phytate grains. XXI World's Poultry Congress Abstracts and Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, August 20-24, 2000.
- Badresingh, V., D. R. Ledoux, Y. C. Li, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, A. Cook, and K. Zyla, 2000. Replacing wild-type barley hybrids with low phytic acid barley mutants may reduce the potential for P pollution. XXI World's Poultry Congress Abstracts and Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, August 20-24, 2000.
- Badresingh, V., D. R. Ledoux, T. L. Veum, V. Raboy, A. Cook, and K. Zyla, 2000. Effects of low phytic acid barley mutants on performance and bone mineralization in turkeys. XXI World's Poultry Congress Abstracts and Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, August 20-24, 2000.
- Owens, G. M. and D. R. Ledoux, 2000. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the ability of poults to utilize phosphorus from a typical corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):25.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, and K. Zyla, 2000. Simultaneous application of phytase and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in wheat-barley based diets fed to turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):113
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Continued research to determine the efficacy of low phytate corn and barley mutants (several mutants differing in phytate content) in reducing P excretion by poultry. Results indicate that P in low phytic acid mutants of corn and barley is more available than P in wild type cultivars of corn and barley. Furthermore, lower phytic acid in corn and barley mutants did not negatively affect the nutritional value of the two grains. Replacing the wild type cultivars of corn and barley with low phytic acid mutants resulted in significant reductions in excreta P. These results are significant as this represents another approach to reducing environmental problems associated with P pollution as a consequence of applying poultry manure to pastures and cropland. Conducted studies to determine the efficacy of phytase and xylanase when added individually or in combination to turkey diets based on wheat and barley. No phytase by xylanase interactions were observed suggesting that
phytase and xylanase could be fed simultaneously to turkeys fed wheat based diets. In addition, the enzymes were effective in increasing phytate P utilization (phytase) and decreasing intestinal viscosity (xylanase). These results suggest that the use of these enzymes will give poultry producers one more tool with which to reduce the potential for P pollution when feeding wheat or barley based diets.
Impacts
These results are significant as these strategies represent alternative approaches to reducing environmental problems associated with P pollution as a consequence of applying poultry manure to pastures and cropland.
Publications
- Zyla, K., D. Gogol, J. Koreleski, S. Swiatkiewicz, and D. R. Ledoux. 1999. Simultaneous application of phytase and xylanase to broiler feeds based on wheat: In vitro Measurements of phosphorus and pentose release from wheats and wheat-based feeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 79(13):1832-1840.
- Zyla, K., D. Gogol, J. Koreleski, S. Swiatkiewicz, and D. R. Ledoux, 1999. Simultaneous application of phytase and xylanase to broiler feeds based on wheat: feeding experiment with growing broilers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 79(13):1841-1848.
- Li, Y. C., D. R. Ledoux, and K. Zyla, 1999. Simultaneous application of phytase and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in wheat-barley based diets fed to turkey poults. 2000 SPSS Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
- Owens, G. and D. R. Ledoux, 1999. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and vitamin D3 on phosphorus utilization by turkey poults fed a typical corn-soybean meal diet. 2000 SPSS Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. D. Firman, J. N. Broomhead, and Y. C. Li, 1999. Effects of microbial phytase on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in turkey poults fed a corn-soybean meal diet formulated on an ideal protein basis. Poultry Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):74.
- Ledoux, D. R., J. D. Firman, J. N. Broomhead, and Y. C. Li, 1999. Effects of an enzyme product (Ronozyme Wr) containing glucanase and xylanase activities on performance of turkey poults fed a wheat-based diet. Poultry Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):15.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Conducted studies to determine P availability in low phytic acid corn and barley mutants. A second objective was to determine if the nutritional value of low phytic acid corn and barley mutants would be negatively affected by the reduction of phytic acid in these grains. Results indicated that P in low phytic acid corn and barley is more available than non-mutant cultivars of corn and barley. Furthermore, lowering the phytic acid in corn and barley mutants did not negatively affect the nutritional value of the two grains. Conducted research to evaluate the efficacy of endogenous phytase in a cereal grain genetically engineered to increase the endogenous phytase levels. Results indicated that the endogenous phytase in the transgenic grain was just as effective as a commercially available phytase product in promoting phytate degradation and increasing phytate P availability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Li, Y.C., Ledoux, D.R., Veum, T.L., Raboy, V. and Ertl, D.S. 1998. Low phytic acid corn improves performance and bone mineralization in chicks. Poultry Sci. 77(Suppl.1):7.
- Ledoux, D.R., Broomhead, J.N., Firman, J.D. and Bermudez, A.J. 1998. Efficacy of phytaseed, a phytase containing transgenic canola, to improve phytate phosphorus utilization from corn- soybean meal diets fed to turkey poults from day 1 to 35. Poultry Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):54.
- Morris, C.M., Li, Y.C., Ledoux, D.R., Bermudez, A.J. and Rottinghaus, G.E. 1998. Effects of multiple mycotoxins and a calcium aluminosilicate in poults. Poultry Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):141.
- Broomhead, J., Ledoux, D.R., Bermudez, A., Rottinghaus, G.E. and Weathers, Y. 1998. Chronic effects of moniliformin in broilers fed dietary treatments to market age. Poultry Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):152.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
A floor pen study was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of low levels of moniliformin (M) in chicks fed dietary treatments from day 7 to 49. Reduced feed intakes and body weight gains were observed as early as two weeks after chicks began to consume the diet containing 50 mg M/kg diet. Compared with controls or chicks fed 25 mg M/kg diet, chicks fed 50 mg M/kg diet had increased heart weights. The only gross lesion noted was a generalized cardiomegaly observed in chicks fed 50 mg M/kg diet. Results indicate that 50 mg M/kg diet is toxic to broiler chicks and toxic effects (reduced feed intake and body weight gains) occurred as early as two weeks after chicks began to consume the diet containing 50 mg M/kg diet.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MORRIS C. M., D. R. LEDOUX, A. J. BERMUDEZ, G. E. ROTTINGHAUS, and A. LOGAN. 1997. Effects of pelleting on the toxicity of moniliformin in ducklings. Poultry Sci. 76(Suppl. 1):15.
- BERMUDEZ, A. J., D. R. LEDOUX, G. E. ROTTINGHAUS, P. L. STOGSDILL, and G.A. BENNETT. 1997. Effects of feeding Fusarium fujikuroi culture material, containing known levels of moniliformin, in turkey poults. Avian Pathology. 26:565.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Studies were conducted to determine if pelleting of moniliformin (M) contaminated diets would result in an amelioration of the toxic effects of M. Results indicate that pelleting does not result in an amelioration of the toxic effects of M in ducklings. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an adsorbent to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF), fumonisin B1 (FB), and ochratoxin A (OA) in broilers . Results indicate that the adsorbent was effective in reducing the toxic effects of AF but was not effective in reducing the toxic effects of FB or OA.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LEDOUX, D. R. et al. 1996. The effects of feeding Fusarium moniliforme culture material, containing known levels of fumonisin B1, in the young turkey poult. Poultry Sci. 75:1472.
- ZYLA, K. et al. 1996. The efficacy of an enzymic "cocktail" and a fungal mycelium in dephosphorylating corn-soybean meal based feeds fed to growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 75:381.
- BERMUDEZ, A. J. et al. 1996. The chronic effects of Fusarium moniliforme culturematerial, containing known levels of fumonisin B1, in turkeys. Avian Diseases. 40:231.
- KRUMPELMAN, S. L. et al. 1996. Evaluation of the efficacy of magnesium-mica to ameloiorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers. Poultry Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):125.
- BROOMHEAD, J. N. et al. 1996. Effects of Fusarium fujikuroi culture material containing known levels of moniliformin on ducklings. Poultry Sci. 75(Suppl.1):106.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Studies were conducted to characterize moniliformin (M) toxicity in ducklings. Levels of M > 75 mg/kg were toxic to young ducklings. The significance of this mycotoxin to the poultry industry remains to be determined since there are only two reports of naturally occurring levels. Dearth of data due to lack of analytical methodology. A potentially significant finding in this research was that pelleting appeared to ameliorate the toxic effects of M. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of MAGNESIUM-MICA (MM) to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers. Results suggest that MM may be moderately effective in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin that may be present in poultry rations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Zyla, K., D. R. Ledoux, A. Garcia, and T. L. Veum, 1995. An In vitro procedure for studying enzymic dephosphorylation of phytate in maize-soya bean feeds for turkey poults. Brit. J. Nutr. 74:3.
- Ledoux, D. R., K. Zyla, and T. L. Veum, 1995. Substitution of phytase for inorganic phosphorus for turkey hens. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 4:157.
- Zyla, K., D. R. Ledoux, and T. L. Veum, 1995. Complete enzymic dephosphorylation of corn-soybean meal feed under simulated intestinal conditions of the turkey. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:288.
- Ledoux, D. R., E. B. Pott, P. R. Henry, C. B. Ammerman, A. M. Merritt, and J. B.Madison. 1995. Estimation of the relative bioavailability of inorganic copper sources for sheep. Nutr. Res. 15(12):1803.
- Zyla, K., D. R. Ledoux, M. Kujawski, and T. L. Veum, 1995. The efficacy of an enzymatic "cocktail" designed for complete dephosphorylation of phytate phosphorus present in corn-soybean meal based turkey feed. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):187.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Used an in vitro procedure developed for predicting P release from corn-soybean meal diets to demonstrate that all of the phytate P present in corn-soybean meal based diets could be completely released by an enzymatic cocktail that included phytase, protease, pectinase, acid phosphatase and citric acid. Results of a subsequent in vivo study indicated that the enzymatic cocktail was only capable of releasing 80% of the phytate P. However, this level of P release is 25% more than that observed with only phytase supplementation (80 vs 55%), and 50% more than that released without phytase supplementation (80 vs 30%). These data indicate that it is possible by dietary means to increase phytate P utilization thereby reducing the amount of dietary inorganic P required which ultimately will result in decreased P pollution.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ZYLA, K., D. R. LEDOUX, and T. L. VEUM. 1994. Enzymic dephosphorylation of corn-soybean meal feed under simulated intestinal conditions of the turkey. Poultry Sci.73(Suppl. 1):89.
- LEDOUX, D. R., K. ZYLA, and T. VEUM. 1994. Substitution of phytase for inorganic phosphorus in the diets of turkey hens grown to market weight. Poultry Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):145.
- ZYLA, K. and D. R. LEDOUX. 1994. Growth performance and bone mineralization of turkey poults fed microbial phytase added to diets containing different calcium to phosphorus ratios. Poultry Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):167.
- LEDOUX, D. R., K. M. ZYLA, and T. L. VEUM, 1994. Effects of a commercial microbial phytase in turkey poults fed corn-soybean meal diets. pp 90-94. 1994 Animal Sciences Progress Report.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
SEE MO-ASHB0141.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period.
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