Progress 01/12/04 to 11/30/09
Outputs
Field and laboratory investigations evaluated various acidic peat moss products for controlling turfgrass diseases caused by ectotrophic root infecting fungi. This project was an extension of the success we have had with a similar program used on Dallas area homelawns to control Take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass. Research cooperators from five states were selected to determine benefits of peat moss topdressings in different turf situations and on three turfgrass species during 2005 and 2006. Field trials were conducted on golf courses, city parks, sod farms, and home lawns in using the topdressing method for fungal disease control. Observations and results with fall or spring topdressing applications were finalized during the fall of 2006. Research trials in Texas, Colorado, Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama indicated varying success in the control of different types of ETRIF diseases depending on how the treatments were applied and also on the turfgrass species
and pathogen combination under study. The use of sphagnum peat moss performed better than fungicide treatment on several locations. Best use of this program is to incorporate the topdressing into the root zone but several stages are presumed necessary to convert diseased areas to healthy turf to be sustained by the acidic peat moss treatments.
Impacts
Research on the use of acidic peatmoss for turfgrass disease control has been completed in five states on various turfgrass field plots, gold courses, city parks and turfgrass sod farms. We have given good evidence that applications of the acidic peat can overcome many types of diseases caused by ectotrophic root infecting fungi. This program impacts lawngrasses used throughout the Southern States and also golf courses using using ultradwarf bermudagrass greens.
Publications
- Publications: Colbaugh P. F. and Emily Williams. 2006. Final report Environmental Protection Agency Region 6. Use of Sphagnum Peatmoss to control ETRI diseases of turfgrasses. 24 p.
- M.A. Fidanza, F.P. Wong , P.F., Colbaugh, S.J. Kostka, and M. Franklin . 2006. Innovative delivery of fungicides for control of fairy ring disease in turfgrass. 27th Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems. October, Atlanta, GA (Abstr.).
- Emily Williams, Colbaugh, P.F.,. 2006. Low allergy Mulches and ground covers for gardens and landscapes. (Submit to Hort Science)
- Colbaugh, P. F. 2007. Brown spots in the lawn and solutions. TCE featured research on Aggie horticulture series. http://www.plantanswers.com/brown_spots.htm
- Colbaugh, P. F., Emily Williams and J. A. McAfee. 2006. Peat moss helps control root rot on St. Augustinegrass. EnviroSmart Newsletter. Fall 2006 http://www.Rockmga.org/newsletters/Envirosmart
- Colbaugh, P. F. 2006. Sphagnum peat moss topdressing on St. Augustinegrass reduces take all root rot disease symptoms. http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pdfC891.pdf
- Colbaugh, P. F., Emily Williams, Megan Mullens 2006. Comparison of fungal spore populations on decomposing bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass turfgrass debris. (prepared for submission)
- Colbaugh, P. F. and Emily Williams. 2006. Fungal spore production on common landscape plants in the Southwest. (In preparation for submission).
- Colbaugh, Xikui Wei, and James McAfee. 2006. Take-All Root Rot Disease on St. Augustinegrass. http://bladeslawncare.com/grass/takeallrootrotdisease.html
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Fungicide use on golf courses and various amenity landscapes is extensive. In 1982, U.S. golf courses alone spent $56 million on turfgrass fungicides, which was by far the largest chemical category expenditure for the golf course industry. Root and crown rot diseases caused by ectotrophic root infecting fungi (ETRIF) are among the most important turfgrass diseases in the South. Fungicides used to prevent these diseases are generally not effective for control and many contain active ingredients considered to be harmful to human health. ETRIF incited turfgrass diseases are generally known to be suppressed by applications of acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate. Previous research explored the use of acidic topdressing products for controlling ETRIF incited diseases on homelawns in Dallas Texas. Applications of sphagnum peat moss (pH 4.3) gave excellent results in controlling Take-all root rot of St Augustinegrass without the use of fungicides. Current research
investigations are centered on the use of peat moss topdressing programs on Ultradwarf bermudagrass golf greens to control bermudagrass decline caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis. Field studies on Texas golf courses have used peat moss in conjunction with annual aerification programs to organically acidify the root zone on golf greens. These studies demonstrated a progressive reversal of the root decline condition and resumption of normal root and stolon growth on Ultradwarf bermudagrass greens. The use of acidic sphagnum peat moss topdressing treatments on golf course greens has markedly improved turfgrass growth which has resulted in a significant reduction in both fungicide and fertilizer use during the year.
Impacts
Ectotrophic root infecting fungi (ETRIF) cause destructive patch diseases on bermudagrass golf greens. Fungicide treatments recommended and implemented to prevent these kinds of diseases on Southern golf courses are expensive and generally ineffective. In order to demonstrate the cost and impact of these fungicides on Southern bermudagrass golf courses, we estimated the total acres of golf course putting greens planted in bermudagrass within the South, using figures supplied by the Golf Course Superintendents. From this number, we were able to extrapolate the annual amount of fungicides recommended by industry professionals for the control of ETRI and related Curvularia foliar diseases on bermudagrass golf greens. For comparison, we calculated the same amount and cost of the TEXTOP non-chemical peat moss topdressing program recommended for control of ETRI and Curvularia turf diseases by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Dallas. The material cost of
fungicide treatments is shown to be 6 times the cost of the peat moss topdressing treatments which is a staggering 31.6 million dollars, as compared to the 5 million dollar cost of sphagnum peat moss.
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F. and Janet Gregg. 2005. Relationship between lawns, allergies and asthma studied. AgNews, Texas A&M University System Agriculture Program. http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/Hort/Aug0205a.htm
- Colbaugh, P. F. and Janet Gregg. 2005. research evaluates the allergenicity of lawns. Allergy Health Online. http://allergy.healthcentersonline.com/newsstories/researchevaluatesa llergenicitylawns.cfm
- Stanford, R.L., R.H. White, J.P. Krausz, P. F. Colbaugh, and S. A. Abernathy. 2005. Temperature, Nitrogen and Light Effects on Hybrid Bermudagrass Growth and Development. Crop Science 45:2491-2496.
- Publication List: Colbaugh, P. F., Emily A. Williams, J. A. McAfee, and J. J. Heitholt. 2005. Use of sphagnum peat moss topdressing to control take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) International Turfgrass Society Research Journal Volume 10, pp: 170-174.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass (TARR) caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis is a major disease problem on landscapes in Texas and other states along the United States Gulf Coast. In a 1999 survey of St. Augustinegrass lawns in Dallas, TX, we observed TARR yellow patch symptoms on 61% of 70 lawns observed during the month of September. Lack of TARR resistance among commercial St. Augustinegrass varieties prompted this 2001-2003 study of TARR disease occurrence and methods of disease control on St. Augustinegrass lawns. The number of lawns with TARR yellow patch symptoms was increased by higher levels of shade intensity and/or St. Augustine Decline Virus infection during the survey period. Fungicide disease control studies using azoxystrobin were successful for control of TARR following repeated applications of the fungicide in spring and fall. Repeated applications of propiconazole , however, provided no benefit for disease control when used alone or
in combination with azoxystrobin. A second approach to disease control explored the use of commercial turf topdressing products, including finely ground manure, and sphagnum peat moss. Little or no long-term disease suppression was observed following applications of non-composted or composted manure products or a bacterial amended manure compost on TARR infected lawns. Similar field experiments using acidic peat moss, however, demonstrated effective control of the disease during two successive years in field studies on residential lawns. Success in TARR disease control was attributed to long term effects of peat moss to provide acidic microenvironments on St. Augustinegrass stolons, which was effective in reducing saprophytic and parasitic activities by the pathogen.
Impacts
The use of topdressing treatments for turfgrass diseases offers a natural approach to augment disease control on urban landscapes. Various types of topdressing treatments can also be useful for their fertility value and water saving potential as well as disease control augmentation on landscapes. This research is applicable to urban lawns throughout the South where St. Augustinegrass is grown extensively on urban landscapes
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F., Xikui Wei, J. A. McAfee, and J. Heitholt. 2005. Control of take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass on urban lawns using sphagnum peatmoss topdressing. Intnl Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 10. Paper P-0156. (In Press).
- Unruh, J. B., Steve Davis, P. F. Colbaugh, B. J. Brecke, and D. O. Stephenson. 2005. Impact of various chemical and nutrient inputs and cultural treatments on Tifeagle bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x transvaalensis). International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 10. (In Press)
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W. A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to powdery mildew. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Disseases. Vol. 18 (In Press)
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W. A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to Alternaria petal blight. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Disseases. Vol. 18 (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F., W.T. Crow, W. A. Mackay and S. W. George. 2005. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to black spot. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Disseases. Vol. 18 (In Press)
- Colbaugh, P. F. Roger Havlak. 2004. Texas Turf Tips: A new approach in controlling take-all root rot. November 04. http://aggie-turf.tamu.edu (news/publications).
- Fidanza, M. A., P. F. Colbaugh, M. C. Engelke, S. D. Davis, and Kevin Kenworthy. 2005. Use of high pressure injection to alleviate type-1 fairy ring symptoms in turfgrass. HortTechnology Jan-Mar 15(1). pp. 1-4.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Take-all root rot (TARR) disease of St Augustinegrass, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, has emerged as a major problem on landscapes in Texas and other southern states along the Gulf Coast. This disease kills the stolons and produces patches of dead grass ranging from 3-10 feet in diameter. There is no indication of varietal resistance to the disease among commercial selections. Our September 1999 survey of St. Augustinegrass lawns in north Dallas indicated take-all root rot disease symptoms on 61% of the 70 lawns surveyed. We used two approaches to control the TARR disease on area lawns during the past three years. One approach utilized conventional fungicide sprays with Terraguard, Bayleton, Heritage, and Banner Maxx. Although there is evidence that fungicides are capable of controlling the disease, environmental conditions and vigor of the turf may pose limitations on the effectiveness of fungicide treatments. A second approach used a low pH (pH =
4.4) topdressing with sphagnum peat moss. This topdressing approach has consistently demonstrated TARR disease suppression in field studies. Our field comparisons of manure compost vs. peat moss topdressings indicated peat moss to be a more effective long-term approach for reducing symptoms of the TARR disease. The use of organic topdressing treatments is a relatively new approach to controlling turfgrass diseases. We have good evidence that the acid peat moss topdressing treatments can control ectotrophic root infecting fungi causing TARR on St. Augustinegrass on Dallas area homelawns. The acidity of peat-moss could explain how the peat moss controls the fungus.
Impacts
The use of topdressing treatments for turfgrass diseases offers a natural approach to augment disease control on urban landscapes. Various types of topdressing treatments can also be useful for their fertility value and water saving potential as well as disease control augmentation on landscapes. This research is applicable to urban lawns throughout the South where St. Augustinegrass is grown extensively on urban landscapes
Publications
- S. D. Davis, Colbaugh, P. F., M. J. Healy, J. B. Unruh and M. A. Fidanza. 2003. Impact of Fertility and Fungicides on the Management of Curvularia Leaf Blight. American Soc. Agron. Intnl. Ann. Meetings. Seattle, WA. Poster (Abst.) C05 (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F., X. Wei and J. A. McAfee. 2004. Peatmoss topdressing for control of take-all root rot on St. Augustinegrass. XVth International Plant Potection Congress. Beijing, China. Poster (Abst.) Poster (Abst.). (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F. and J. A. Ponder. 2003. Peatmoss topdressing controls TARR on St. Augustinegrass. The Pallet. Turfgrass Producers of Texas. Dec. 2003. pp 6-10.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Turfgrass diseases caused by root-infecting fungi are becoming an increasing problem on residential landscapes and golf courses. In recent years, the Take-all Root Rot disease of St. Augustinegrass has emerged as a major problem on residential lawns in Texas. Take-all root rot is caused by a black mycelial fungus, (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis) that colonizes roots, stolons and shoots of affected turfgrasses. The fungal pathogen causing the disease appears to be widely occurring on Texas lawns. In a 1999 survey of St. Augustinegrass lawns in north Dallas, yellow patch symptoms of the disease were observed on 61% of 70 lawns during the month of September. If this disease progresses it destroys the stolons and roots and can produce patches of dead grass ranging from 3-50 ft in diameter. Because of the widespread nature of this disease, research investigations sought to develop a practical control measure for use on St. Augustinegrass lawns. Two years of field
experiments have shown that spring applications of composted cow manure topdressing was effective to temporarily overcome symptoms of the disease and improve the growth of St. Augustinegrass. Disease control was attributed to increased numbers of fungus-suppressive bacteria on the nutrient-rich manure topdressing. Current field and laboratory experiments with manure compost amended with fungus suppressive Bacillus spp. are being conducted to evaluate the potential for long-term control of several turfgrass diseases.
Impacts
The discovery of bacteria with broad suppressive capabilities against fungal pathogens of tufgrasses carries the potential of developing a natural biological suppression against several different disease organisms. An effective and stable microbiological treatment for urban lawns can minimize the environmental effects of chemical treatment of diseased turfgrass.
Publications
- Read J. C., J. A. Reinert & P. F. Colbaugh. 2002. Registration of SYN 1 Texas bluegrass for forage. Crop Sci. 42: (In Press).
- Sloan, J. J., S. W. George, W. A. Mackay, P. F. Colbaugh, and S. Feagley. 2002. The suitability of expanded shale as an amendment for clay soils. HortTechnology. 12: pp: 646-651.
- Fidanza, M. A., P. F. Colbaugh, H. B. Couch, S. D. Davis and D. L. Sanford. 2002. Conventional and innovative methods for fairy ring management in turfgrasses. Science and Golf IV: 631-642.
- Engelke, M. C., B. A. Ruemmelle, J. A. Reinert, K. B. Marcum, P. F. Colbaugh, S. J. Anderson & A. D. Genovesi. 2002. Registration of 'Royal' zoysiagrass (Reg. no. CV- ). Crop Sci. 42: (In Press).
- Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, P. F. Colbaugh, A. D. Genovesi & S. J. Anderson. 2002. Registration of Zorro (DALZ9601) zoysiagrass (Reg. No. CV- . Crop Sci. 42: (In Press).
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Foliar fungal diseases limit the usefulness of many rose cultivars used on Texas landscapes because of the necessity for continuous spraying for disease control.Common foliar diseases are Black Spot, and Powdery Mildew, which reduce foliar growth and flowering and Alternaria petal blight of rose flowers which often reduces the beauty and usefulness of rose blossoms during the summer months. One hundred fourteen rose cultivars are under evaluation at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Dallas in field performance trials where roses are maintained under pesticide-free growing conditions. Disease incidence recorded monthly during the summer growing season demonstrated 27 rose varieties resistant to Black Spot, 69 varieties resistant to powdery mildew, and 51 varieties resistant to Alternaria petal blight. Eleven rose varieties in the 114 member rose collection demonstrated effective resistance to all three diseases which included the varieties:
Caldwell Pink, Red Cascade, Westerland, Cramoisi Superior, Sea Foam, Easy Going, Marechal Niel, Lafter, Pearl D'or, Red Ribbon, and Comesse du Cayla.
Impacts
Cultivars of rose are among the most popular landscape plants. Most popular rose cultivars need to be sprayed frequently because of diseases that can be overcome genetically. The research should be of widespread interest to all people who grow roses along the Gulf Coast and Southern California. Also the blackspot disease is a problem further north and aspects of this study will be of interest to northern rose growers as well. The research should impact all rose growers in the USA and Europe as well as these are generic diseases with widespread geographic implications.
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F., A. H. Hagan, J. T. Walker, and L. Barnes. 2001. Indian Hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica) diseases. In: R. K. Jones and D. M. Benson. Diseases of Woody Ornamentals and Trees in Nurseries. APS Press. St. Paul Minn. Chapter 50. pp 195-198.
- Tisserat, Ned, G. Moorman, P. F. Colbaugh, & James Sherald. 2001. Elm Diseases. In: R. K. Jones and D. M. Benson. Diseases of Woody Ornamentals and Trees in Nurseries. APS Press. St. Paul Minn. Chapter 35.pp 136-139.
- Peterson, M. T., L. E. Trevathan, P. F. Colbaugh and M. S. Gonzalez. 2001.Gaeumannomyces graminis var graminis isolated from `Emerald' zoysiagrass in Texas. Plant Disease 84. p.1151.
- Abernathy, S. D., R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh and M. C. Engelke. 2001. Dollar spot resistance among blends of creeping bentgrass cultivars. Crop Science 41:806-809.
- Colbaugh, P. F., M. A. Fidanza, S. Davis and M. C. Engelke. 2001. Use of high pressure fungicide injection for fairy ring control on bentgrass greens. Intnl. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. (abstr) p.58.
- Mackay, W.A., W. Crow, P. F. Colbaugh, S.A. George, C. McKenney, S.A. Sloan, and R. Cabrera.2001. Performance of 33 Rose Cultivars in North-Central Texas under minimal input conditions. Southern Region ASHS. HortScience (Abstr.36:841).
- Colbaugh, P. F., L. J. Stowell, S. D. Davis and M. A. Fidanza. 2002. A regional turfgrass disease Identification program through industry, university and private consultant partnership. Agron. Abstr. (In press). Charlotte N. C.
- Engelke, M. C., R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, B. A. Rummelle & S. J. Morton. 2002. Registration of >Crown= zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv - 213 ) Crop Science 42: 303-304.
- Engelke, M. C., R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, B. A. rummelle & S. J. Morton. 2002. Registration of >Palisades= zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv - 215) Crop Science 42: 305-306.
- Engelke, M. C., P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, R. H. White, B. A. Rumelle & S. J. Morton. 2002. Registration of >Diamond= zoysiagrass (Reg. No. cv - 214) Crop Science 42: 304-305.
- Engelke, M.. C., J. A. Reinert, P. F. Colbaugh, R. H. White, B. A. Rummelle, K. Marcum & S. J. Morton. 2002. Registration of >Cavalier= zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv - 212) Crop Science 42: 302-303.
- Colbaugh, P. F., T. D. Davis and W. A Mackay. 2001. Alternaria sp. causing flower and stem blight of Lupinus havardii. Plant Disease 85:231.
- Colbaugh, P. F. and W. A. Mackay. 2001. Alternaria sp. Causing Flower Blight of Zinnia acerosa in Texas. Plant Disease 83: 228.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Field investigations using high pressure fungicide injection of bentgrass greens for control of fairy ring and localized dry spot (LDS) damage were conducted for two years. High pressure injection treatments with Prostar7 and with Heritage7 fungicides were consistently superior to other treatments and application methods. During the second year, three fungicide treatments applied by high pressure injection (HPI) using the Cushman7 Enviroject 160 were compared to a standard aerification treatment for control of LDS on a bentgrass green. Symptoms of LDS were monitored for 4 weeks following treatments. LDS was reduced by treatments with HPI ProStar7 70WP 4.5oz + Primer7 6.0 oz; HPI ProStar7 70WP 4.5 oz + Daconil7 WS 4.5 oz;and HPI Heritage7 50WG 0.4 oz.The HPI treatment with ProStar7 70WP 4.5oz + Primer7 6.0 oz demonstrated a conversion of growth on treatment areas showing a striking green coloration and recovery of bentgrass turf previously showing signs of wilting and
high temperature stress.
Impacts
Conventional breeding efforts for turfgrasses are being used to develop new landscape and recreational turfgrasses with improved insect and disease resistance. Improved technology for chemical controls are being used to reduce present day risks for controlling fungal diseases and algae on golf course greens.
Publications
- S. D. Abernathy, R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, M. C. Engelke, G. R. Taylor, II, and T. C. Hale. 2000. Dollar spot resistance among blends of creeping bentgrass cultivars. Crop Science J. (In Press)
- W. T. Crow, P. F. Colbaugh, S. W. George, W. A. Mackay, and T. L. Carter. 2000. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to black spot disease. Biological and Cultural Test Reports. American Phytopatological Society. (In Press)
- W. T. Crow, P. F. Colbaugh, S. W. George, W. A. Mackay, and T. L. Carter. 2000. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to powdery mildew disease. Biological and Cultural Test Reports. American Phytopatological Society. (In Press)
- W. T. Crow, P. F. Colbaugh, S. W. George, W. A. Mackay, and T. L. Carter. 2000. Varietal reaction of selected rose varieties to Alternaria petal blight disease. Biological and Cultural Test Reports. American Phytopatological Society. (In Press)
- P. F. Colbaugh, W. A. MacKay and T. D. Davis. 2000. Alternaria alternata causing flower stem blight of Lupinus havardii. Plant Disease (In Press)
- P. F. Colbaugh, W. A. MacKay and S. George. 2000. Alternaria alternata flower blight of Zinnia acerosa in Texas. Plant Disease (In Press)
- Fidanza, M. and Phillip Colbaugh. 2000. Fairy ring biology and management in turfgrasses. Turfgrass Trends. April. pp. 6-9.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Algal growth is a familiar and persistent problem on golf greens in temperate climates throughout the world. Blue green terrestrial algae (Cyanobacteria) dominate algal populations found on golf course greens. A field study of algae on Texas golf greens indicated predominant species consisted of Phormidium, Lyngbya and Smyploca spp. Areas of greens with thriving algal mats are often devoid of turfgrasses or contain thin and yellowing stands of grass where algal mats effectively suffocate the turf during the summer months. Repeat applications of turfgrass fungicides were evaluated over a three year period for control of algal crusts on a bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) `Tifgreen' golf green. Treatment effectiveness was determined by assessing color changes of algae mats following fungicide application which was correlated with regrowth experiments in the laboratory. Color changes were rated according to acontrol index (0-4 maximum control) over a
9-week observation period. Effectiveness of fungicide treatments was increased in dry treatment plots compared to continuously moist areas and also improved by the use of high volume applications. Daconil Weatherstickr (chlorothalonil) applied weekly at 9 oz/1000ft2, provided the greatest level of algae control. Kocide 2000r used at 16 oz/1000ft2 also gave control of algal crusts; however, repeated applications of the fungicide were phytotoxic to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seedlings used to maintain green grass during the winter.
Impacts
Conventional breeding efforts for turfgrasses are being used to develop new landscape and recreational turfgrasses with improved insect and disease resistance. Improved technology for chemical controls are being used to reduce present day risks for controlling fungal diseases and algae on golf course greens.
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1999. Chemical control of algal mats on golf course greens. J. Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. University Gent, Belgium 64: (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F. 1999. Influence of turfgrass fungicides on dormant conidia of Bipolaris cynodontis on decomposing bermudagrass debris. J. Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. University Gent, Belgium 64: (In Press).
- Read, J. C., J. A. Reinert, P. F. Colbaugh & W. E. Knoop. 1999. Registration of `Reveille' bluegrass. (Reg. no. cv -53, PI 603946). Crop Science 39: 590.
- Colbaugh, P. F., A. H. Hagan, J. T. Walker, and L. Barnes. 1999. Nursery Crop Diseases ofRaphiolepis indica. In: R. K. Jones and M. Benson. Diseases of Nursery Crops. American Phytopathol. Soc. Press. (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F. and M. Fidanza. 1999. Fairy ring diseases - A Texas Perspective. AgrEvo Chemical Co. publication The 19th Hole. Vol. 8 (1) 1999.
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1999. Chemical control of algal mats on golf course greens. 51st International Symposium on Crop Protection. University Gent, Belgium . Abst. p. 85.
- Colbaugh, P. F. 1999. Influence of turfgrass fungicides on dormant conidia of Bipolaris cynodontis on decomposing bermudagrass debris. 51st International Symposium on Crop Protection.University Gent, Belgium . Abst. p. 68.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Effects of chemical and physical sanitation treatments on production efficiency and post production survival of a typical greenhouse crop was investigated with Chrysanthemum morifolium var. `Surf". Fifty five sanitation treatments including; soil fungicide drenches, cutting soaks, and preplant physical/chemical treatments were applied singly or in combination to rooted cuttings in 20 cm diam. pots containing a peat/perlite (1:1 v/v) growing medium. Plant height measurements after 42 days indicated rapid plant development was achieved with the use of 30 soil fungicide drench treatments while other sanitation treatments resulted in growth rates below untreated controls. The top five chemical drenches favoring plant growth were; fosetyl al/ iprodione, etridiazole 30W, propamocarb/iprodione, etridiazole 30W/iprodione and propamocarb/PCNB. The mean height of plants treated with the combination fungicide drench fosetyl al/iprodione was statistically superior to all other
treatments in the study. After a 75-day growing cycle and the completion of flowering, replicated treatment plants were placed in a low light interior environment for 15 weeks to determine possible effects of sanitation treatments on plant survival. Deteriorating treatment plants were discarded over the course of the study and surviving replicate plants for each treatment were tabulated after 15 weeks. Treatment effects with moderate growth rates during the production phase generally resulted in increased plant survival capabilities. Chrysanthemum survival was highest for test plants receiving PCNB drench or a etridiazole-thiophanate-methyl 40W cutting soak at the beginning of the growing cycle. Sanitation treatments using preplant physical/chemical methods were generally not satisfactory for long term chrysanthemum survival.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1998. Fungicide efficacy for controlling Sclerotinia dollar spot incidence on a modified sand bentgrass green. Texas Turfgrass.Research Reports. Turf-98 (In Press)
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1998. Efficacy of fungicides for algae control. Texas Turfgrass. Research Reports (http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html.)Turf 98- (in press).
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1998. Fungicide efficacy for controlling Rhizoctonia solani brown patch incidence on bentgrass. Texas Turfgrass. Research Reports (http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html.) Turf 98- (in press).
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz, and J. C. Read. 1998. Susceptibility of Texas bluegrass and Texas (x) Kentucky bluegrass hybrids to Puccinia stem rust damage. Texas Turfgrass. Research Reports (http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html.) Turf 98- (in press).
- Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz & J. A. Reinert. 1998. Influence of sanitation treatments on growth and survival of Chrysanthemum morifolium `Surf'. International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent, Belgium. pp. 111.
- Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, J. C. Read, P. F. Colbaugh, S. J. Maranz & B. R. Wiseman. 1998. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, resistance in turfgrass. International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent, Belgium. pp. 47.
- Reinert, J. A. and P. F. Colbaugh. 1998. Zoysiagrass resistance to insects, mites and fungal diseases. Invited Paper. Joint ESA/APS Meetings Las Vegas, NV. (Abst) (in press).
- Engelke, M. C., R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, B. A. Rummelle & S. J. Morton. 1998. Registration of `Crown' zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv ) Crop Science 39: (In Press).
- Engelke, M. C., R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, B. A. rummelle & S. J. Morton. 1998. Registration of `Palisades' zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv - ) Crop Science 39: (In Press).
- Read, J. C., J. A. Reinert, P. F. Colbaugh & W. E. Knoop. 1998. Registration of `Reveille' bluegrass. (Reg. no. cv - ). Crop Science 26: (In Press).
- Colbaugh, P. F., A. H. Hagan, J. T. Walker, and L. Barnes. 1998. Nursery Crop Diseases of Raphiolepis indica. In: R. K. Jones and M. Benson. Diseases of Nursery Crops. American Phytopathol. Soc. Press. (In Press)
- Tisserat, Ned, G. Moorman, P. F. Colbaugh, & James Sherald. 1998. Nursery Crop Diseases of Ulmus spp. In: R. K. Jones and M. Benson. Diseases of Nursery Crops. American Phytopathol. Soc. Press. (In Press)
- Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz & J. A. Reinert. 1998. Influence of sanitation treatments on growth and survival of Chrysanthemum morifolium `Surf'. J. Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. University Gent, Belgium. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 63/3b, 1998. pp1017-1022
- Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, J. C. Read, P. F. Colbaugh, S. J. Maranz & B. R. Wiseman. 1998. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, resistance in turfgrass. J. Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences. University Gent, Belgium. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 63/2b, 1998. pp1467-471.
- Engelke, M. C., P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum, R. H. White, B. A. Rumelle & S. J. Morton. 1998. Registration of `Diamond' zoysiagrass (Reg. No. cv ) Crop Science 39: (In Press).
- Engelke, M.. C., J. A. Reinert, P. F. Colbaugh, R. H. White, B. A. Rummelle, K. Marcum & S. J. Morton. 1998. Registration of `Cavalier' zoysiagrass (Reg. no. cv - ) Crop Science 39: (In Press).
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Laboratory studies were used to determine the influence of turfgrass fungicides on the survival of dormant B. cynodontis conidia on decomposing turfgrass debris. Dormant conidia resting on moist turfgrass debris were exposed to 15 turfgrass fungicides at application rates of 57, 113 and 227g per 93m2 for 48 hrs prior to determining viability in a liquid germination medium following the use of a wet spore recovery technique. Investigations with 15 turfgrass fungicides demonstrated that dithiocarbamate fungicides were consistently more effective in reducing the viability of B. cynodontis conidia than other fungicides tested. Carbamate fungicides reduced viability of conidia by 94% after exposure to the 57g rate while other fungicides tested at the same rate reduced germination by only 17%. Chlorothalonil, captan and thiram which were also effective for reducing spore viability required exposure at the 227g rate for conidial germination to be reduced by 80% or more.
Other turfgrass fungicides used in the study did not effectively reduce viability of conidia at any of the test rates used. Control of surface algae on golf course greens is an important problem around the world. Repeated field applications of five turfgrass fungicides were tested for preventive and curative control of algal crusts on a tiffgreen bermudagrass golf green. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by algae surface color changes following chemical treatment. Observations during chemical application over a nine-week period indicated chlorothalonil Weatherstickr (113g/93m2) applied weekly, provided the greatest algae control. Weekly applications of copper hydroxide, Kocide 2000 (453g), provided control of algae; however, phytotoxicity symptoms on treated turf were also observed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1997. Efficacy of fungicides for control of Rhizoctonia Blight on a modified sand bentgrass green. http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html, Turf 97-01
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1997. Efficacy of fungicides for algae control. http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html, Turf 97-02
- Colbaugh, P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1997. Fungicide efficacy for control of Sclerotinia dollar spot incidence on a modified-sand bentgrass green. http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html, Turf 97-03
- Colbaugh, P. F., J. C. Read and S. P. Metz. 1997. Susceptibility of Texas bluegrass and Texas bluegrass X Kentucky bluegrass hybrids to Puccinia spp. stem rust damage. http://dallas.tamu.edu/pub/ttrr/contents.html, Turf 97-04
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Field investigations determined the influence of municipal clipping recycling practices on Bipolaris leafspot on common bermudagrass. Field plots were subjected to three weekly mowing treatments and used to assess leafspot incidence from April through September over a two-year period. Weekly counts of leafspot lesions were highest in April - May and August - September during the two successive years. Leafspot activity on field plots where clippings were not collected, was 30 to 50% higher than on field plots where clippings were bagged and removed, or on plots where clippings were recycled with a mulching lawnmower. Laboratory investigations examined the relationship between clipping size and numbers of fungal suppressive bacterial populations on decomposing debris. Carbohydrates in leachates from sizes of clippings were inversely related to clipping size. The amount of carbohydrate released in leachates from small clippings (0.3 cm) was three-fold greater than
carbohydrate released from the largest size clippings (4.8 cm). Total bacterial numbers on bermudagrass leaf fragments after 96 hours were seven-fold higher on the 0.3 cm leaf fragments as compared to the 4.8 cm. fragments. These investigations indicate microbiological disease suppression is a benefit of mulching mower use for municipal recycling of common bermudagrass clippings.===.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Vincelli, Paul and Phil Colbaugh. 1995. Disease resistance in creeping bentgrass. Golf Course Management. July, pp. 56-60.
- Trimble, K. A. 1995. Influence of turfgrass recycling on Bipolaris cynodontis leafspot disease of common bermudagrass. MSc. Thesis. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX.
- Colbaugh P. F. and S. P. Metz. 1995. Efficacy of Daconil 2787 in controlling Algal Custs on a Bermudagrass golf green. Texas Consolidated Turfgrass reports. Turf 95-18. pp. 86-87.
- Krausz, J. P., P. F. Colbaugh and S. P. Metz. 1995. Fungicide Test for Rhizoctonia blight control on St. Augustinegrass at Bay City, Texas. Texas Consolidated Turfgrass reports. Turf 95-19. pp. 88-89.
- Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz and M. C. Engelke. 1995. Sclerotinia Dollar Spot Incidence on creeping bentgrass variety trial. Texas Consolidated Turfgrass reports. Turf 95-20. pp. 90-91.
- Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz and M. C. Engelke. 1995. Sclerotinia dollar spot incidence on the 1989 NTEP modified-sand bentgrass green. Texas Consolidated Turfgrass reports. Turf 95-21. pp. 91-92.
- Metz, S. P. and P. F. Colbaugh. 1995. Evaluation of natural products for algicide activity using a laboratory bioassay. Texas Consolidated Turfgrass reports. Turf 95-17. pp. 83-84.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Control of surface algae on golf course greens is an important problem around the world. Investigations were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of chemical treatments in eliminating surface algal crusts found on golf greens. Algal growth collected from the surface of infested samples were subjected to 13 chemical treatments in laboratory studies. The most effective treatments were the disinfectants Algaen-X, sodium hypochlorite, formalin and Lysol. Greenhouse and field tests were used to verify results of laboratory investigations with the most effective of the laboratory algicide treatments. Greenhouse tests involving drenches with selected chemical treatments compared the effectiveness of chemical treatments on algae-infested soil cores. Algae samples evaluated seven days after treatment using a visual rating system showed that disinfectants alone were effective in controlling algae growth, with Algaen-X showing the greatest effectiveness of products labeled
for turfgrass use. The addition of the surfactant Latron CS-7 improved the effectiveness of Dithane M-45, CuSo(subscript 4), Agribrom and sodium hypochlorite; however, phytotoxicity attributed to the surfactant was observed. Field investigations comparing repeated weekly sprays with the fungicides Daconil 2787 and Fore demonstrated similar effectiveness as one Algaen-X drench treatment for algae control. Repeated sprays with Algaen-X at recommended foliar application rates were not effective.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- COLBAUGH, P. F., M. A. COTTON and S. P. METZ. 1994. Evaluation of Gliocladium virens protection against Rhizoctonia blight on inoculated bentgrass. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases. A.P.S. Press. vol. 9 p. 143.
- METZ, S. P., P. F. COLBAUGH and M. C. ENGELKE. 1994. Rhizoctonia blight on inoculated zoysiagrasses. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases. A.P.S. Press. vol. 9 p. 158.
- ENGELKE, M. C., V. G. LEHMAN, C. MAYS, P. F. COLBAUGH, J. A. REINERT and W. E. KNOOP. 1995. Registration of "Cato" creeping bentgrass. Crop Science (In Press).
- ENGELKE, M. C., V. G. LEHMAN, W. R. KNEEBONE, P. F. COLBAUGH, J. A. REINERT and W. E. KNOOP. 1995. Registration of Crenshaw creeping bentgrass. Crop Science (in-press).
- COLBAUGH, P. F. and S. P. METZ. 1994. Chemical control of algal crusts on golf greens. Phytopathology (In Press).
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
The progress of selection efforts utilizing bentgrass polycross populations derived from disease resistant parental lines was evaluated in inoculation studies and field evaluations for disease resistance. Twenty bentgrass varieties including nine commercial and 11 experimental germplasm lines in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program were examined in inoculation studies for disease resistance to Rhizoctonia and Pythium foliar blight. Replicate soil cores were removed during the spring summer and fall seasons from an experimental bentgrass green with three completely randomized planting blocks. The cores were inoculated and incubated in a lighted walk-in chamber at 28 C and misted daily with sterile water to maintain excess moisture in the foliar canopy for 5-8 days. Pythium blight infection varied during the seasonal collection periods. Pennlinks, Penncross, National, MSCB-6, SYN3-88 and Cobra were numerically the most resistant genotypes following inoculations.
Inoculation studies with Rhizoctonia blight gave similar mean percentages of infection during two Spring sampling periods. Test varieties with consistently good Rhizoctonia blight resistance were SYN3-88, Providence, Penncross, UM8401, MSCB-8 and BR1518. Field disease observations also evaluated Sclerotinia dollar spot symptoms by direct counts of infection centers on replicate field plots. The lowest number of infection centers was observed on the varieties 88 CBE, 88 CBL, SYN4-88, Providence, and Pennlinks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Investigations with mulching rotary lawnmowers have shown promising results in municipal turfgrass clipping recycling programs. The clipping shredding efficiency of 13 mulching rotary lawnmowers was evaluated in field studies on common bermudagrass. The percentage of large (> 10 mm) clipping particles in recovered clipping debris from the test mowers varied greatly. The greatest clipping shredding efficiency was demonstrated by four of the mowers. Differences in shredding efficiency were attributed to the aerodynamic properties and speed of the mower blade during the mowing operation. Field studies determined the influence of recycling shredded tree leaf debris on the spring green-up and growth of common bermudagrass. Leaf deposition rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 kg/m(2) were mulched into test plots in November using a mulching rotary lawnmower. Green leaf counts on the field plots in May did not reflect delayed grass green-up resulting from deposits of the
leaf debris at any of the application rates. Control of surface algae on golf course greens is an important problem around the world. Laboratory and greenhouse investigations determined the effectiveness of 13 chemical treatments in controlling algal crusts found on golf greens. The most effective treatment tested, Consan 20, proved effective without the addition of a surfactant.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- COLBAUGH, P.F. and WILLIAMS, E.A. 1992. Chemical control of a algal crusts. Intnl. Turfgrass Soc. 7_t_h Res. Conf. Proc. Palm Beach, FLa (in press).
- COLBAUGH, P.F., HIPP, B.W. and KNOWLES, T. 1992. Influence of clipping recycling on disease incidence in three turfgrass species. Abstr. Phytopathol. 82:1109.
- COLBAUGH, P.F., COTTON, M.A. and METZ, S.P. 1992. Clipping shredding efficiency of mulching moers on common bermudagrass. Tex. Turfgrass Res. - 1992. Consolid. Prog. Rept. PR-5010:90-91.
- COLBAUGH, P.F., COTTON, M.A. and METZ, S.P. 1992. Influence of tree leaf recycling on emergence and spring green-up of common bermudagrass. Tex. Turfgrass Res. - 1992. Consolid. Prog. Rept. PR-5009:88-99.
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1992. Influence of Hydraflo soil wetting agent on water uptake and visual quality of tifgreen bermudagrass. Tex. Turfgrass Res. - 1992. Consolid. Prog. Rept. PR-4992:47-48.
- HORNE, C.W., KRAUSE, J.P. and COLBAUGH, P.F. 1992. Efficacy of fungicides for controlling Rhizoctonia blight of St. Augustinegrass. Tex. Turfgrass Res. - 1992. Consolid. Prog. Rept. PR-5001:63-64.
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Mowing practices were investigated as a means of recycling turfgass clippings insitu and reducing the burden of municipal clippings disposal. Two types of mowing operations were used on St. Augustinegrass, tall fescuegrass and bermudagrass field plots to determine their influence on fungal disease severity during the summer. Field plots receiving 0, 1.3, 2.7, and 4.0 lb N/1000 M(superscript 2) were mowed weekly using a mulching mower with clippings returned or a standard rotary mower with clippings bagged and removed. Over a three year period, damaging fungal diseases were not observed with either of the mower regimens. Direct counts of Helminthosporium leafspot and rust lesions on bermudagrass and tall fescuegrass and gray leafspot lesions on St. Augustinegrass indicated disease severity was more related to seasonal environmental conditions than mowing practices used on field plots. The number of leafspot disease symptoms on plots mowed with the mulching mower was
generally less than disease symptoms observed on plots where clippings were bagged and removed. Field plots of `Raleigh' St. Augustinegrass were used to determine efficacy of fungicide sprays for controlling the Gray Leaf Spot disease. Symptoms of Gray Leaf Spot were observed 3 weeks after initiation of the study. Of 28 fungicide treatments tested, the highest disease ratings on replicate plots were on the untreated control plots (31%).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- COLBAUGH, P.F., N.E. COWDEN, B.W. HIPP and TIM KNOWLES. 1991. Influence of clippings Recycling on disease incidence in three turfgrass species. TAES Consoid. Report, Texas Turfgrass Research 1991. (in-press).
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1991. Evaluation of fungicides for controlling Rhizoctonia blight of St Augustinegrass. TAES Consoid. Report Texas, Turfgrass Research 1991. (In press).
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1991. Efficacy of fungicides for controlling gray leaf spot on St. Augustinegrass. TAES Consoid., Report Texas Turfgrass Research. 1991. (In press).
- COLBAUGH, P.F. and M.C. ENGELKE. 1991. Efficacy of chemical and biological treatments for controlling Rhizoctonia blight on bentgrass. TAES Consoid. Report, Texas Turfgrass Research 1991. (in-press).
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1991. Influence of soil fungicide regimens on production efficiency of Syngonium podophyllum. Proc. Crib. Div. Am. Phytopthol. Soc., San Jose C. R.
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1991. Seed treatments help establish new turf stands. Gufstafson Turfgrass Tillers 1(1):3.
- COLBAUGH, P.F. 1991. U.S. Golf Association. Annual Research Report. Developing brown patch and Pythium disease resistance in bentgrass and zoysiagrass. 7 pp.
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