Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:Lack of pest pressure (and thus lack of egg masses to collect and hatch) hampers research on western bean cutworm and corn borer, but low populations are a benefit to farmers. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?An extension agent is working on a non-thesis Masters degree on western bean cutworm in 2015. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2015, western bean cutworm flight was moderate in a few places in central Michigan and the Upper Peninsula, and very low elsewhere, based on the limited trapping. A recommendation was made to treat fields (including dry beans, which are the alternate host besides corn) in the areas with the highest cumulative trap catches, resulting in only a few fields being sprayed to date for larvae. This is in contrast to blanket sprays made in previous seasons, potentially saving growers the cost of a late-season insecticide application and preserving natural enemies in these fields. However, flights continue and ratings of damage in 2015 are not yet available to determine if the recommendation was correct, as harvest has not started. In extension programming, the 'Handy Bt Trait Table', the regional extension bulletin which provides information on the specific proteins, pest spectrum, and refuge requirements for commercially available Bt traits in corn, was significantly updated and reformatted in winter 2015. The table is provided gratis upon request for use and/or republication by other universities and agribusinesses, and posted electronically. Also in 2015, a separate trait table for the southern cotton-growing region - which has different refuge requirements - was developed in cooperation with a colleague from Texas A&M. This document was also provided gratis and posted electronically, expanding the usefulness of the table to corn growers in the southern states.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
DiFonzo, C.D., M.M. Chludzinski, M.R. Jewett, and F. Springborn. 2015. Impact of western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation and insecticide treatments on damage and marketable yield of Michigan dry beans. J. Econ. Entomol. 108(2): 583-591 (doi: 10.1093/jee/tov037)
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems: Western bean cutworm populations are extremely low, and egg masses when found are generally parasitized or infected with entomopathogens. This precludes most field studies under natural hevay infestations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A weed science graduate student is completing a PhD in organic dry bean production; she is using some of the western bean cutworm trap data in her thesis. An extension agent started a non-thesis Masters degree on dry bean entomology, including western bean cutworm, in 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Extension bulletins, web site, Fast Fonz Facts email blast, extension meetings, and one-on-one personal contacts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Looking for funding to examine the impact of seed treatments on western bean cutworm damage. Results of a previous study suggested that seed-treated dry bean plots actually had more pod damage than plots planted to naked seed. This could be the result of moths preferring to lay in a demnser canopy in treated plots, or perhaps a reduction in important predators such as Orius spp..
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
IMPACTS: Based on the trapping in 2014, a very limited spray recommendation for western bean cutworm was made only for dry beans in the upper peninsula of Michigan. This is in contrast to blanket spray recommendations made in previous seasons, potentially saving growers the cost and environmental impact of a late-season insecticide application. The Handy Bt Trait Table continues to be the most widely-used and cited list of Bt traits in the Midwest. OUTPUTS: 2 & 3.In the past two years, western bean cutworm populations have declined throughout Michigan. Egg masses are difficult to find, and damage has decreased except in dry beans in the Upper Peninsula (UP) of Michigan. Thus in 2014, interest in trapping much more limited that in previous seasons. Flight began in early July and, with the cool summer, extended into September. Peak flight was difficult to determine. A recommendation was made in late August for UP dry bean producers to scout fields for pod-feeding to determine the need for treatment; spraying was suggested only for these producers, and not for dry bean growers elsewhere in the state. Information on actual damage this season is not yet available to determine if the spray recommendation was correct, as harvest is ongoing. 4. The Handy Bt Trait Table, the regional extension bulletin which keeps track of the commercially available Bt traits in corn, was revised in April 2014. The table was provided gratis upon request for use by other universities and agribusinesses, and posted electronically.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
DiFonzo, C.D. 2014. Bt resistance: Identifying and Managing. Michigan Corn Growers Between the Rows. Summer issue, pp 8-10. http://www.micorn.org/mcga/newsletters.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A graduate student recently completed a Masters degree working on western bean cutworm. Several undergraduates also helped with summer field work. An extension agent assisted in aspects of cutworm field work in corn; he has started coursework towards an MS degree in field crops entomology beginning in fall 2013. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Extension bulletins, web site, Fast Fonz Facts email blast, extension meetings, and one-on-one personal contacts. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? A big educational push is planned for the winter of 2014, starting with a special meeting for corn growers and agribusinesses in the area where rootworm problem fields were discovered. The hope is that some growers will make a decision to rotate in 2014, and begin to think about planting schemes to reduce the spread of rootworm Bt resistance into Michigan. Although rootworm is not a focus of this particular project, rootworm Bts are stacked with Lepidopteran Bts, thus changes in the use or efficacy of one toxin affects the use of the other. In the summer of 2014, field surveys will be increased to identify other problem fields early to confirm damage and Bt expression, and to collect beetles for egg production.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the previous (2012) season, a drought year, western bean cutworm trap catches dropped throughout Michigan. Egg masses were difficult to find, and many of those collected showed signs of predation or were parasitized. Research plots in 2012 had a low rate of, or no, infestation, and data on efficacy and biology were difficult to collect. Thus the overwintering population of cutworms entering the 2013 field season was expected to be low. In spring 2013, a trapping network was again created with volunteers. At least 98 unique sites in 25 Michigan counties were provided with pheromone. Trap catch in lower, central, and the Thumb of Michigan was extremely low at most locations, often only one to two moths per trap per week. By mid-August, only 37 sites continued to report weekly. Twenty-three locations trapped corn; these average only 10 moths total per trap for the nine-week trapping period. In contrast, traps in Montcalm County and Delta County (MI upper peninsula) trapped dry beans, and averaged 189 and 265 moths total, respectively. However, in past seasons, traps at these locations averaged hundreds of moths per week, so moth flight overall was still very low. As a result, only a handful of eggs masses and no larvae were found in the field and no data could be collected on biology or management. There were also no reports of damage to field corn or dry bean loads for the first time in several seasons. On the educational side, the so-called Handy Bt Trait Table - an extension bulletin which keeps track of the commercially available Bt traits in corn - was revised in 2013 include several new trait packages and to drop single-event Bts. The table was given gratis to other universities and agribusiness for use in extension education during the year. Ket Outcomes: The trapping network showed that WBC catch decreased for a second year in Michigan, to very low levels, although populations near dry beans remain slightly higher than populations near corn. As a result of the trapping data, rather than a blanket spray recommendation as in previous seasons, in 2013 dry bean growers were told not to spray, unless they were in the upper peninsula of Michigan. This potentially saved growers the cost and time of an August insecticide application. The Handy Bt Trait Table is the most widely used and cited list of Bt traits in the Midwest.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
DiFonzo, C.D. 2013. Adoption and management of Bt transgenic maize in the northern United States. Invited presentation for the Foro Nacional Biotecnologia Agricola (National Forum for Ag Biotechnology), Mexico City, Mexico, 20 August
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
MSU Field Crops Entomology website: www.msuent.com
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
DiFonzo and Cullen. Handy Bt Trait Table at http://msuent.com/assets/pdf/28BtTraitTable2013.pdf
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Chludzinski, M. 2013. Biology and management of western bean cutworm in Michigan dry beans. Thesis submitted to Michigan State University in fulfillment of a masters degree.
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies in 2012 addressed western bean cutworm biology and management in Michigan. At least 109 unique sites in Michigan were pheromone trapped. Volunteers entered trap counts at their convenience on a web site. At the end of each week, trap catch was summarized and mapped, and the data made available on the web, on the radio, and through email lists. Increasing trap catch alerted growers to scout corn at the proper time. Trap catch peaked during the second week of July, two to three earlier than previous seasons. This was because 2012 was the hottest summer on record in central Michigan. Fewer moths were caught per trap in 2012. At the peak, an average of only 20 moths was caught per trap in 2012 compared to 102 in 2010 and 110 in 2011. Biological control of egg masses increased dramatically in 2012. We were able to track the fate of egg masses over time because we collect hundreds per year for research. In 2008, 2009, and 2010, percent hatch was at or very close to 100%. In 2011, many more predators consumed egg masses in the field, and percent hatch dropped to 85%. This past season, parasitoid wasps attacked many of the masses we collected, and it was common to see wasps emerging from every egg in masses kept in the laboratory. Percent egg hatch dropped to only 40%. In a previous study done on a known alternate host for WBC - dry beans - egg masses were pinned on plants and larvae were followed from 1 to 28 days after hatch(DAH). From 1 to 5 DAH, larvae were found on leaves and in blossoms. Thereafter, larvae were difficult to recover on plants and instead were on the ground during the day. In 2012 at several locations, once-per-hour observations showed that larvae only climbed up on plants between dusk (9:00pm) and dawn (6:00 AM), remaining on the ground otherwise. This reconfirmed similar observations in 2011 and explained why it was impossible to scout for larvae on plants during the day. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The trapping network showed that WBC catch decreased in Michigan for the first time in 5 years. Biological control at the egg stage accounts for some of this drop. The trap network provided an early-warning system for growers to time scouting for egg masses in corn, and for spray treatments in dry beans. A second year of observations on dry beans illuminated WBC development and feeding behavior. For the most part, WBC on beans feed in blossoms when they are small, and spend their time on the ground when are older, only climbing up on the plant to feed at night This information explained why scouting beans for larvae is ineffective to time spray applications, and reiterated the importance of the trapping network.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C., E. Grafius, D.E. Hilger, C.D. Lee, and J.J. Kells. 2011. Pest Resistance to Pesticides and Genetically Modified Crop Plants: Theory and Management. Pp. 105-122 In R. Grumet, J.F. Hancock , K.M. Maredia, and C. Weebadde (eds). Environmental Safety of Genetically Engineered Crops. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies in 2011 addressed western bean cutworm biology and management in Michigan. At least 208 unique sites in Michigan were pheromone trapped. A web site allowed volunteers to enter trap counts at their convenience. At the end of each week, trap catch was summarized and mapped, and the data made available on the web, on the radio, and through email lists. Increasing trap catch alerted growers to scout corn at the proper time. A total of 42,783 moths were trapped in 2011. Overall trap catch peaked during the third week of July; this is the same week as in all previous seasons, except 2010 (hottest year on record in Michigan). Egg hatch and larvae survival were impacted by entomopathogenic fungus, and for the first time, egg parasitoids were observed in WBC egg masses. Despite the natural biological control, trap catch continued to increase in 2011, with 206 moths on average per trap. For comparison, average trap catch was less than 20 between 2006 and 2008, 102 in 2009 and 110 in 2010. In a study done in a known alternate host for WBC - dry beans - egg masses were pinned on plants and larvae were followed from 1 to 28 days after hatch (DAH). From 1 to 5 DAH, larvae were found on leaves and in blossoms. From 10 to 14 DAH, larvae were difficult to recover on plants. After 14 DAH no larvae were recovered, but pod feeding continued to increase, indicating larvae were still present. In hourly observations of WBC larvae, continued for 24 hours, larvae fed on pods in the early hours of the morning, and remained on the ground otherwise. This helped to explain why it was difficult to scout for larvae on plants during the day. Building on a host range test focusing on crops in 2010, a host range test was done in 2011 focusing on weed species common in Michigan corn fields. Weed seeds were planted in small plots as a source of leaf tissue. In the lab, newly-hatched WBC larvae were placed on foliage in dishes, and survivors were counted daily. No larvae survived on leaf tissue after 14 days. In efficacy trials, Bt hybrids differed widely in WBC control based on the Cry toxin expressed by the plants. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Project has shifted away from European corn borer, which is rarely an issue in Michigan, and focuses instead on western bean cutworm, an emerging pest problem.
Impacts
The trapping network showed that WBC catch continues to increase in Michigan, despite an observed increase in egg and larval control by natural enemies. The trap network provided an early-warning system for growers to time scouting for egg masses in corn, and for treatments in dry beans. Observations on dry beans generated the further information on WBC development and feeding behavior. This information explained why scouting beans for larvae has been ineffective to time spray applications in Michigan, and reiterated the importance of the trapping network. Small plot studies on corn show a dramatic difference in damage between non Bt and Bt corn, and among different types of Bt. This information is critical for growers making seed selection for 2012.
Publications
- Onstad, D.W., P.D. Mitchell, T.M. Hurley, J.G. Lundgren, R. P. Porter, C.H. Krupke, J.L. Spencer, C.D. DiFonzo, T.S. Baute, R.L. Hellmich, L.L. Buschman, W.D. Hutchison, and J.F. Tooker. 2011. Seeds of change: corn seed mixtures for resistance management and integrated pest management. J. Econ. Entomol. 104 (2): 343-352.
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies in 2010 addressed western bean cutworm (WBC) biology and management in Michigan. Over 300 unique sites in Michigan were pheromone trapped. A web site allowed volunteers to enter trap counts at their convenience. At the end of each week, trap catch was summarized and mapped, and the data made available on the web, on the radio, and through email lists. Increasing trap catch alerted growers to scout corn at the proper time. Overall trap catch peaked during the third week of July, thus growers needed to target scouting in late July/ early August. We also compared two types of traps, the standard milk jug requiring a liquid reservoir and a reusable dry bucket trap at 12 locations. The traps performed equally well, and serious trappers/ scouts are advised to use the bucket in 2011. However, the bucket trap costs $10 per unit compared to the free milk jug. Direct observations of pheromone traps showed that moths fly late, between 1 to 3 AM. Egg hatch dropped to 78%, compared to nearly 98% in 2008 and 2009. Mortality by entomopathogenic fungi appeared to increase. A list of potential alternate hosts for WBC was generated from published reports from western states. These crops were planted in small plots as a source of leaf tissue. In the lab, newly-hatched WBC larvae were placed on leaves in dishes, and survivors were counted daily for a month. Survival on corn was high, as well as on gladiola (a monocot), green beans (a legume), and squash/ cucumber (both cucurbits). Survival on soybean was moderate, although larvae did not grow well. Survival on green pepper and solanaceous crops was poor. Corn plants in pre-tassel and whorl-stage fields were infested with individual egg masses, then sacrificed at intervals to record larval survival, size, location, and movement from the infested point. Larvae were recovered from pre-tassel plants on every date. In whorl-stage corn, larvae were recovered one-day after hatch, but after 5 days, only dead larvae were found in the whorl. Whorl stage corn thus appears to be a poor host; larvae likely could not to survive well on leaf tissue alone without pollen or silk. Growers should still concentrate on pre-tassel corn for scouting. In Bt efficacy trials, Bt hybrids differed widely in WBC control. Ear damage and mold were significantly less, and yield greater, in SmartStax Bt corn compared to Yieldgard-type or non-Bt hybrids. In the efficacy trials, significant egg laying was spread out over three weeks (15%, 53%, and 27% of the egg masses were found on 7, 14, and 20 July, respectively). This means that WBC thresholds may need to be based on cumulative egg mass number, not a single scouting date going over the current 5% threshold. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Project has shifted away from European corn borer and focuses instead on western bean cutworm.
Impacts
The trapping network showed that WBC has moved nearly to the east coast. In Michigan, it provided an early-warning system for growers to time scouting for egg masses in corn, and for treatments in dry beans. This study generated the first information on WBC egg survival, life stages, and degree days in the Great lakes region and proved that WBC life history is different in Michigan than in the west. These differences have implications for scouting, thresholds, and other aspects of WBC management in the Great Lakes region, as thresholds from the west are likely too high.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D. and H. Russell. 2010. Winter cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): An outbreak in emails. J. Integ. Pest Mngmt. 1(1): DOI: 10.1603/IPM10005
- DiFonzo, C.D. and F. Warner. 2010. Insect and nematode control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
- Michel, A.P., C.H. Krupke, T.S. Baute and C.D. DiFonzo. 2010. Ecology and management of the western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn and dry beans. J. Integ. Pest Mngmt. 1(1) DOI: 10.1603/IPM10003.
- Sappington, T. W., K. R. Ostlie, C. DiFonzo, B. E. Hibbard, C. H. Krupke, P. Porter, S. Pueppke, E. J. Shields, J. J. Tollefson. 2010. Conducting public-sector research on commercialized transgenic seed: In search of a paradigm that works. GM Crops. 1 (2): 55-58. DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.1.2.10833).
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Western Bean Cutworm (WBC) continues to be the focus of this project. A WBC trapping network in 2009 used milk-jug pheromone traps at 279 locations in 47 counties. Traps were checked weekly by MSU staff or volunteers, from June to September, and the numbers reported to campus. Moth numbers were mapped weekly, then posted on a web site and emailed to agribusiness contacts. Entomologists in other Great Lakes states ran separate networks, and data from all states was pooled to form an area-wide map with catch by county/ province. Over 28,000 moths were trapped in Michigan, compared to Ontario (1637), Ohio (566), Pennsylvania (93), New York (11) and Quebec (8). Damage in Michigan was reported to corn and dry beans as far east as central Michigan. No damage was reported in eastern Michigan or states to the east. The timing of peak trap catch in Michigan occurred in early August, differing from that reported in the west (mid-July), and moths were caught even in to September. A similar delay in peak and flight was reported by Ontario. Degree-days to 25, 50, and 75% hatch were less in Michigan than reported in the west, particularly in areas with dry beans, an alternate host for WBC. To collect preliminary information on WBC biology in Michigan, a pre-tassel corn field was infested with WBC in late July. Egg masses were collected from an infested field in west Michigan and pinned on plants in East Lansing. Individual plants were infested with a single egg mass. Masses were checked daily for hatch to establish a cohort that hatched on August 1. After hatch, each egg mass was recovered and examined for egg number, percent hatch, and predation. Groups of plants were then sacrificed 1, 5, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after hatch and carefully dissected to record the number and type of potential natural enemies, and the number and distribution of larvae recovered. All larvae were saved and head capsule width measured to determine stage. A probe recorded temperature to calculate degree days of larval development. Egg masses in Michigan had an average of 57 eggs per mass and 98% hatch, similar to the 52 eggs per mass and 97% hatch reported in the literature. The most common potential predator of eggs and small larvae was minute pirate bug, Orius spp., with an average of 15 per plant 1 to 5 days after egg hatch. First instar larvae were found primarily in or near the tassel, but a substantial number were in leaf axils with pollen or on silks. By 10 days after hatch, 2nd and 3rd larvae moved into the ear zone. Many larvae were found between the stalk and the ear 14 and 21 days after hatch. These eventually chewed into the side of the ear. At least 500 DDs were needed to develop to the 6th instar larvae, which drops to the ground to overwinter. Internationally, our focus was on biotech capacity building in Southeast Asia, particularly Sri Lanka. Scientists from MSU, including DiFonzo, visited that country in spring 2009 and gave presentations on transgenic crops at several universities to regulatory officials, university faculty and students. A return trip is scheduled for early 2010 to assist Sri Lanka in cooperating with its neighbors to develop ag biotech. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: PI (DiFonzo) coordinated corn plots for WBC and was responsible for extension recommendations and delivery; Research Associate (Jewett) coordinated dry bean plots and WBC trapping; A graduate student and three undergraduate students assisted in trapping and plot work. Partner Organizations: The Corn Marketing Program of Michigan (grower supported commodity group) provided financial support to purchase pheromone for the trapping network and the Michigan Dry Bean Commission provided a field site. Collaborators: Numerous MSU Extension educators, individual farmers, and agribusiness were part of the WBC trapping network, monitoring one or more traps and reporting moth catches back to the PI's program. MSU Extension Educators provided assistance in the field with locating infested sites to collect egg masses for plot work. University colleagues in Ontario, Quebec, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania contributed data to the regional map. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the field crops industry, including farmers and those who serve farmers (commodity organizations, agribusiness, and extension) in Michigan and surrounding state. Survey and research data are shared with our target audience via print, radio, and the web, as well as through direct contact at numerous agricultural extension meetings in Michigan and the surrounding region. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Project continues to shift away from European corn borer towards western bean cutworm as its key focus.
Impacts
The trapping network showed that WBC has moved nearly to the east coast. In Michigan, it provided an early-warning system for growers to time scouting for egg masses in corn, and for treatments in dry beans. This study generated the first information on WBC egg survival, life stages, and degree days in the Great lakes region and proved that WBC life history is different in Michigan than in the west. These differences have implications for scouting, thresholds, and other aspects of WBC management in the Great Lakes region, as thresholds from the west are likely too high. The cooperation between Sri Lanka and MSU will build the capacity of Sri Lanka to develop, assess, register and regulate transgenic crops.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2009. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: European corn borer populations were generally low and non-economic across Michigan in 2008. Extension education focused on the increased confusion surrounding stacked transgenic varieties and the resulting mistakes made by growers. An interactive group exercise was designed and used at extension meetings in early 2008 to address these problems. The exercise taught producers about the scope of commercially available corn traits, the advantages and limitations of each trait, and the refuge requirements for stacked-trait hybrids. The Western Bean Cutworm (WBC), detected in large numbers in Michigan for the first time in 2007, continued to move east. To determine the distribution of WBC in Michigan in 2008, we coordinated a WBC pheromone trapping network beginning in early July to late August. Extension, grower, and industry cooperators placed milk jug traps at approximately 110 locations in the state. Traps were checked at least once per week, and moth captures were reported back to the MSU field crops laboratory. Moth numbers were recorded on a WBC web site based at Iowa State University and also reported back to Michigan growers. Moth catch increased dramatically from 2007, with hundreds of adults captured in some counties. Moths were first captured in early July, indicating that the 2007 overwintering population of WBC had overwintered and emerged successfully. During the field season, moths were captured in Sanilac County in eastern Michigan, indicating that WBC had spread across all of lower Michigan to the Canadian border (cooperators in Ontario also reported their first trap catch in 2008). However, WBC larval infestation of corn was reported only from the westernmost counties (Grand Traverse to Oceana) into the middle of the state. Up to 30% of plants had egg masses in some fields. Larval damage was harder to quantify, but plots hand-infested with WBC egg masses at a rate of 22% suffered little damage from WBC feeding. WBC larvae were also found for the first time in commercial dry beans. Larval damage to pods was significantly related to infestation level in plots hand infested with WBC eggs. Internationally, the focus continued on biotechnology capacity building in the Philippines, the first Asian country to plant Bt corn for Asian corn borer, a closely relative of the European corn borer. In 2008, a team from the Philippines Bureau of Plant Industries, the Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS) Asia and Michigan State University designed an in-country training course for local inspectors scouting Bt corn fields. I attended and spoke at the event, held in Isabella Province in the northern Philippines. All the government inspectors from Isabella and surrounding provinces were trained in pest identification, benefits and limitations of biotech crops, and resistance management. These inspectors can in turn extend this knowledge to local growers. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: PI (DiFonzo) coordinated corn plots for WBC and was responsible for extension recommendations and delivery. Technician (Jewett) coordinated dry bean plots and WBC trapping project. Undergraduate students provided labor during the summer months. Partner Organizations: The Corn marketing Program of Michigan (grower supported commodity group) provided financial support to purchase pheromone for the trapping network. Collaborators: MSU Extension educators, individual farmers, and agribusiness were part of the WBC trapping network, monitoring one or more traps and reporting moth catches back to the PI's program. MSU Extension Educators provided assistance in the field with locating infested sites to collect egg masses for plot work. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the field crops industry, including farmers and those who serve farmers (commodity organizations, agribusiness, and extension) in Michigan and surrounding state. Survey and research data are shared with our target audience via print and radio, as well as through direct contact at numerous ag-related meetings in Michigan and the surrounding region. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Education of Michigan growers on Bt technology, particularly on stacked traits, will reduce loss from poor or incorrect seed choice, and reinforce the importance of managing resistance. Pheromone trapping documented the first successful overwintering survival of western bean cutworm (WBC) and statewide infestation. WBC damage to corn and dry beans was economically significant through yield loss and insecticide cost. This new pest will necessitate new recommendations and research in 2009. The link between the Philippines and MSU assisted that country in developing resistance management policies for Asian corn borer, and in building the capacity of government employees tasked with regulating Bt corn. This will help the Philippines use biotechnology more wisely.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2008. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
- DiFonzo, C.D. and R. Hammond. 2008. Range expansion of western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Noctuidae), into Michigan and Ohio. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0519-01-BR.
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: European corn borer populations remained low (non economic) across Michigan, thus no field research was conducted on that pest in 2007. Extension education focused on Bt resistance management, especially the increased confusion about using stacked transgenic varieties and the resulting mistakes made by growers. This educational focus will continue into extension meetings in early 2008, with the field crops weed scientist and entomologists cooperating in delivering programs on stacked traits. Although ECB was low, a new lepidopteron pest - the Western Bean Cutworm (WBC) - was detected in large numbers in Michigan for the first time in 2007. Pheromone traps were placed at 20 locations on a gradient from the SW to the NE part of the state. Traps were checked at least once per week, and moth captures were reported back to the MSU field crops laboratory. Moth numbers were then uploaded onto a WBC web site based at Iowa State University so that trap catches could be displayed on a
Midwest map. Compared to WBC numbers in western states, trap catches were low in Michigan in July (40 moths total across the season in the highest trap, versus hundreds in locations in Iowa). However, compared to 2006, moth captures increased. A single moth was captured in 2006, while 54 were captured in 2007; moths in 2007 were trapped further north and east. In August 2007, storm fronts apparently brought WBC moths from Wisconsin to northwestern MI in large numbers. Heavy infestation of cornfields was discovered in mid August, with numerous reports of economic damage to ears. An extension publication was prepared and distributed across the state. In early 2008, extension activity is planned to alert and educate growers about this new pest. Internationally, the focus was on general biotechnology education, specifically in the Philippines, the first Asian country to adopt Bt technology for Asian corn borer, a pest closely related to European corn borer. In February 2007, in-country
training was provided by MSU scientists, including myself, at the University of the Philippines in Los Banos. The week-long course was hosted by the Philippines Bureau of Plant Protection, SEAsia and the MSU International Program. Speakers included myself as well as an MSU weed science. I provided entomology, IPM, biotechnology and resistance management training to Bureau of Plant Protection employees from 12 regions in the country where Bt corn is grown. In the summer of 2007, a transgenic demonstration garden was planted for the second year on the MSU campus for international visitors. The garden showed transgenic (Bt) and conventional crops side by side, and was used to demonstrate the efficacy of test kits for transgenic proteins.
PARTICIPANTS: This project has a biotechnology training component for International visitors to Michigan, attending a series of summer programs on IPM, Biosafety, Food Safety, and Biotechnology. Lectures and field visits featuring corn hybrids expressing various Bt genes to control European corn borer are a highlight of the summer programs. This program was taken 'on the road' in 2007 to the Philppines, with the following partners: SEAsia, Los Banos, the Philippines Philippines Bureau of Plant Protection MSU International Programs
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences: Michigan corn growers; International visitors p[articipating in MSU summer programs; Philippines Bureau of Plant Protection employees (in 2007).
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: With the discovery of a new lepdopterous corn pest, the Western bean cutworm, in Michigan, this caterpillar will deserve some attention in this project in the future. That will include educational efforts as well as broader surveys for damage in the upcoming year.
Impacts
Education of Michigan growers on Bt technology, particularly on stacked hybrids, is critical to reduce loss from poor or incorrect seed choice, and to reinforce the need for insect resistance management. Pheromone traps and field observations documented the first major infestations of western bean cutworm in Michigan. This new pest will necessitate new educational programs and controls recommendations to growers, as well as an expanded trapping program in 2008. The continued use of a transgenic demonstration garden allows us to provide a unique hands-on field experience, particularly to international visitors from countries purchasing US grain and worried about our use of transgenic crops. The link between the Philippines and MSU assisted that country in developing resistance management policies for Asian corn borer, and in educating government employees tasked with regulating Bt corn. This will help the Philippines use biotechnology more wisely.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2007. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
- DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. Western bean cutworm status in Michigan. CDD #2007-05. MSU Dept of Entomology Bulletin.
- DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. EPA approves a new type of refuge for a Bt crop. MSU Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter. Vol. 22, No. 9. MSU IPM Program
- DiFonzo, C.D. 2007. Western bean cutworm distribution maps available MSU Crop Advisory Team Alert Newsletter. Vol. 22, No. 15. MSU IPM Program
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
For the last several years, European corn borer populations have been extremely low (non economic) across Michigan, thus no field research has been conducted for several years. Extension education focused on Bt resistance management (domestic audience) and general biotechnology education (international audience). In the winter of 2006, resistance management for Bt crops, especially the importance of a refuge, was a focus of regional extension meetings. Internationally, my focus has been on the Philippines, the first Asian country to adopt Bt corn technology for Asian corn borer, a pest closely related to European corn borer. In January 2006, Filipino scientists hosted by the PI attended the annual meeting (in Toronto) of entomologists working on this multi-state project. They made valuable contacts with U.S. scientists as they develop a Bt resistance management plan in their own country. After that visit, planning began for a week-long course on Bt biotechnology in
the Philippines, hosted by the Philippines Department to Agriculture and MSU scientists. This course will take place in February 2007 at the University of the Philippines, Los Banos. In the summer of 2006, a transgenic demonstration garden was planted for the second year on the MSU campus for international visitors. The garden showed transgenic (Bt) and conventional crops side by side, and was used to demonstrate the efficacy of test kits for transgenic proteins.
Impacts
Education of Michigan growers on Bt technology continues to be important, especially to reinforce the purpose of, and need for, insect resistance management for Bt corn. The continued use of a transgenic demonstration garden has given us a way to provide a unique hands-on field experience, particularly to international visitors. The link between the Philippines and MSU will assist that country with its resistance management plan for Asian corn borer, and is expected to lead to an exchange of scientists and students working on borers or Bt corn.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2006. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops, 2006. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
In 2005, work on this project focused on extension/ outreach, because European corn borer populations are generally low in Michigan. In the winter of 2005, resistance management for Bt crops was again a focus of extension education at regional field crops meetings in Michigan. In the summer, a transgenic demonstration garden was planted on the MSU campus to use in educational programs. The garden contained transgenic soybean, potato, squash, as well as Bt and conventional corn. The garden was used to show the morphological similarity between conventional and transgenic corn, and to demonstrate test kits for transgenic protein, to producers, agribusiness and international visitors. In September, a trip to Asia lead to a link between MSU and the Philippines Department of Agriculture, which is currently developing an insect resistance management plan for Bt corn in that country. This link may lead to further visits, cooperative work, or graduate students working on
European corn borer or Asian corn borer, a species closely related to ECB.
Impacts
Education of growers on Bt technology continues to be important, especially to improve adoption of insect resistance management (IRM)in the field. The transgenic demonstration garden provided a hands-on opportunity to use test kits. The link between the Philippines and MSU is expected to assist that country with its IRM of Asian corn borer, and to lead to scientists and graduate students coming to Michigan to work on Bt corn/ ECB.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, F. Warner, D. Brown-Rytlewski, and W. Kirk. 2006. Insect, nematode, and disease control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
|
Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
In 2004, work on this project was limited to extension activity (Objective 5 of the project). European corn borer (ECB) populations were generally low across Michigan, and this insect is generally not currently perceived as a key pest in corn production. However, there were two major activities associated with ECB. Diagnostic field day: ECB scouting was a focus at the annual MSU diagnostic field day in July 2004. Ten different planting of corn were done in the spring of 2004, and by the time of the July field day, ECB pressure (damage) differed in these blocks. Approximately 80 participants in the field day learned to recognize ECB damage and to scout for ECB. Extension talks: The introduction of transgenic Bt corn for corn rootworm control has lead to confusion about Bt technology and refuge requirements mandated by EPA for all types of Bt corn. A slide set comparing resistance management recommendations for Bt corn expressing proteins for ECB and rootworm control
was prepared and delivered at 10 winter extension meetings. A talk on the use of Bt corn in Michigan, as well as a field visit to a Yieldgard corn trial, was also presented at three International Biotech Short Course sponsored by Michigan State University. The 75 participants were scientists, government officials and regulators from countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America.
Impacts
Grower education on scouting and resistance management improves the use of Bt transgenic corn to control ECB. Outreach to international audiences on Bt crops improves the understanding of regulators in other countries about the use of transgenic technology in U.S. agriculture.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C.D., M. Jewett, A. Sommers, F. Warner, G.W. Bird. 2004. Insect and nematode control in field and forage crops. MSU Bulletin E-1582.
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
European corn borer traps plus pheromone lures were provided to extension agents in several counties for the fifth year in a row. Corn borer numbers in general were elevated compared to previous years. Trapping data in northern Michigan clearly showed that populations in the upper peninsula were univoltine, with adult moths flying in early to mid-July, while populations in the southern lower peninsula were clearly bivoltine. ECB populations in the central lower peninsula may be a mixture of both types, as adults are often collected from June through August (as in 2003). In the field, European corn borer populations were evaluated in corn planted into cover crops. A total of eight winter cereal cover crop treatments were tested following either corn or soybean; there were four replicates. The cover crops were no-till planted in early fall of the previous year, and were left to grow throughout the winter. Two treatments (wheat and rye) were burned down with glyphosate
one month before planting, and the residue was left on the field. Corn was planted into the research area in mid-May. Three treatments were left to grow in the field, then harvested green early (wheat or rye, cut at boot stage) or late (wheat, cut at early head stage) as forage. Two other treatments (wheat and rye) were left in the field even later, and harvested for grain in early to mid-July. A final treatment had no cover crop. At the end of the field season, ECB larval number, number of tunnels per plant, and tunnel length was evaluated in five plants per plot. Data is currently being analyzed to assess the impact of the cover crop treatments on corn infestation
Impacts
Gathering information on European corn borer populations and biology will help Michigan growers better manage this insect and avoid economic losses.
Publications
- Jewett, M., C. DiFonzo, F. Warner, and G. Bird. 2004. Insect and nematode control in Michigan field crops. Ext. Bulletin E-1582. Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, MI.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The lead investigator was appointed to this project at the end of the report period, and she has not attended the meeting of NC-205, the regional research committee involved with this project (scheduled for January 2003). Therefore, the lead investigator has no progress to report for the period from November to December 2002, with the exception of a general insecticide bulletin published annually for Michigan field crops.
Impacts
Gathering information on ECB biology, ecology, and control tactics will help Michigan growers better manage this insect, and avoid economic losses.
Publications
- DiFonzo, C., M. Jewett, G. Bird, and F. Warner. 2002. Insect and nematode control in Michigan field crops. Extension Bulletin E-1582, Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, MI.
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The overall goal of the project is to develop management practices for the European corn borer and related stalk boring insects that are environmentally sensitive, ecologically compatible and economically sustainable. In 2000, Michigan participated in the following three objectives. Obj. 3 Evaluate the role of natural enemies of lepidoperan pests in corn cropping systems and agricultural landscapes. Pseudaletia unipuncta parasitoids have been sampled in complex and simple agricultural landscapes every second (even) year from 1994-00. Analysis of this eight year data set in 2000 revealed that parasitoid impact was more stable in complex landscapes. Obj. 4 Assess the impact of management strategies for stalk-boring insects on non-target organisms. A study of the role of refuge habitats on generalist predators in insecticide disturbed agroecosystems was completed and a major review of the practice of habitat management to conserve natural enemies was published. Obj. 5
Develop and disseminate information for use by IPM educators, policy makers and regulators. Several research and extension publications on the conservation of natural enemies in agroecosystems were published.
Impacts
More than 80 M acres of field corn worth more than $20 billion, is annually grown in the United States. European corn borer accounts for more than $1.85 billion in control costs and grain losses each year. The project addresses the use of Bt transgenic corn for ECB management including, approaches to resistance management, economic assessment, and impacts on natural enemies and other non-target organisms.
Publications
- Lee, J.C., F.D. Menalled and D.A. Landis. 2001. Refuge Habitats Modify Impact of Insecticide Disturbance on Carabid Beetle Communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 38: 472-483
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The overall goal of the project is to develop management practices for the European corn borer and related stalk boring insects that are environmentally sensitive, ecologically compatible and economically sustainable. In 2000, Michigan participated in the following three objectives. Obj. 3 Evaluate the role of natural enemies of lepidoperan pests in corn cropping systems and agricultural landscapes. Pseudaletia unipuncta parasitoids have been sampled in complex and simple agricultural landscapes every second (even) year from 1994-00. Analysis of this eight year data set in 2000 revealed that parasitoid impact was more stable in complex landscapes. Obj. 4 Assess the impact of management strategies for stalk-boring insects on non-target organisms. A study of the role of refuge habitats on generalist predators in insecticide disturbed agroecosystems was completed and a major review of the practice of habitat management to conserve natural enemies was published. Obj. 5
Develop and disseminate information for use by IPM educators, policy makers and regulators. Several research and extension publications on the conservation of natural enemies in agroecosystems were published.
Impacts
More than 80 M acres of field corn worth more than $20 billion, is annually grown in the United States. European corn borer accounts for more than $1.85 billion in control costs and grain losses each year. The project addresses the use of Bt transgenic corn for ECB management including, approaches to resistance management, economic assessment, and impacts on natural enemies and other non-target organisms.
Publications
- Lee, J.C., Menalled, F.D., Landis, D.A. 2001. Refuge Habitats Modify Impact of Insecticide Disturbance on Carabid Beetle Communities. J. Appl. Ecol. In Press.
- Orr, D.B., Garcia-Salazar, C., Landis, D.A. 2000. Trichogramma non-target impacts: a method for biological control risk assessment. pp.111-125. In. P.A. Follett and J.J. Duan (eds.) Nontarget Effects of Insect Biological Control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
- Marino, P.C., Landis, D.A. 2000. Parasitoid community structure: implications for biological control in agricultural landscapes. pp. 181-91. In. B. Ekbom (ed.). Interchanges of Insects between Agricultural and Surrounding Habitats. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
- Landis, D.A, Wratten, S.D., Gurr, G. 2000. Habitat Manipulation to Conserve Natural Enemies of Arthropod Pest in Agriculture. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45:173-199.
- Landis, D.A., Menalled, F.D., Lee, J.C., Carmona, D.A., Perez-Valdez, A. 2000. Habitat Modification to Enhance Biological Control in IPM. pp. 226-239. In. Kennedy, G. G. and T. B. Sutton, eds. Emerging technologies for integrated pest management: concepts, research, and implementation. APS Press. St. Paul.
- Mutch, et al. 2000. Michigan Field Crop Pest Ecology and Management. MSUE Bulletin E-2704. 104 pp.
- Menalled, F., Landis, D., Lee, J., White, S., Renner, K. 2000. Ecology and Management of Weed Seed Predators in Michigan Agroecosystems. MSU Extension Bulletin E 2716. 6 pp.
- Annon. 2000. 'Naturalize' Your Farming System: A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests. Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN). www.sare.org/san/htdocs/pubs/.
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
In 1999, MI participated in two of four objectives of the regional project NC-205, Ecology and management of European corn borers and other stalk boring Lepidoptera. Under Objective #1, the efficacy of transgenic corn producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were evaluated in on-farm trials in Michigan. The ECB infestation levels, yield and return per acre for locally adapted hybrids vs. Bt varieties were contrasted. Tests were conducted with the non-target Lepidoptera Papilio glacus and P. trolius to determine the effect of feeding on leaves coated with Bt and non-Bt pollen. Pollen was applied at two concentrations (10% and 1% fresh weight of the leaf). Both 10% Bt and non-Bt pollen suppressed survival and growth rates for both species (3rd and 4th instar larvae) on their natural tree leaves. At the 1% dusting level there was also suppression of survival and/or growth rates of both Papilio species with transgenic and non-transgenic pollen although the effects
were attenuated for the non-transgenic pollen fed to P. glaucus compared to the transgenic pollen impact. A second study to determine the preference/non-preference of pollen types was conducted for late instar larvae of both Papilio species. In 24-hour bioassays it was found that P. glaucus avoids eating the pollen coated leaves (transgenic or not), whereas P. troilus does not apparently discriminate between pollen-coated and uncoated leaves. The 6-day results of post-experimental rearing on clean host leaves showed very high mortality of P. troilus larvae, while P. glaucus survived and grew normally. Under Objective 3, A manuscript summarizing three years of Trichogramma non-target testing was published. The manuscript outlines a generic methodology for non-target testing that could be modified for any arthropod natural enemy.
Impacts
This research contributes to the development of alternative means of managing European corn borer which reduce reliance on pesticides and enhance the ecological integrity of agricultural landscapes.
Publications
- Orr, D.B., Garcia-Salazar, C., Landis, D.A. 2000. Trichogramma non-target impacts: a method for biological control risk assessment. pp.111-125. In. P.A. Follett and J.J. Duan (eds.) Nontarget Effects of Insect Biological Control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
- Scriber, J.M. 1999. Modern threats to Lepidopteran biodiversity: Monitoring non-target impacts of Btk pesticides relative to generalized natural enemies and competition from other defoliating herbivores. Proc. 2nd International Lepidopterist Conf. of Africa. Kirstenbosch, Capetown, South Africa.(abstract) p37.
|
Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
In 1998, MI participated in two of four objectives of the regional project NC-205, Ecology and management of European corn borers and other stalk boring Lepidoptera. Under Objective #1, the efficacy of transgenic corn producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were evaluated in on-farm trials in Michigan. The ECB infestation levels, yield and return per acre for locally adapted hybrids vs. Bt varieties were contrasted. Under Objective 3, A manuscript summarizing three years of Trichogramma non-target testing was completed. The manuscript outlines a generic methodology for non-target testing that could be modified for any arthropod natural enemy. Cornfields were sampled and stalks sent to collaborators in IA for determination of the rate of infection by Beauvaria bassiana, a fungal pathogen of ECB.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Orr, D. B., C. Garcia-Salazar, and D. A. Landis. 1999. Trichogramma non-target impacts: a model for biological control risk assessment. In P. A. Follett and J. J. Duan (eds.) Nontarget Effects of Insect Biological Control, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. In press.
|
Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
In 1997, MI participated in two of four objectives of the regional project NC-205, Ecology and management of European corn borers and other stalk boring Lepidoptera. Under Objective #1, the efficacy of transgenic corn producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were evaluated in on-farm trials in Michigan. The ECB infestation levels, yield and return per acre for locally adapted hybrids vs. Bt varieties were contrasted. Under Objective 3, the potential non-target impacts of Trichogramma brassicae vs. non-target Lepidoptera were evaluated. Non-crop habitats directly adjacent (20m) and downwind of corn fields where T. brassicae were released had levels of parasitism similar to pre-release background levels. Releases of the parasitoid directly into crop and non-crop habitats showed < 5% parasitism except in corn habitats. A multi-year study to determine the impact of planted natural enemy resource habitats on the efficacy of natural enemies was completed. Corn fields
were sampled and stalks sent to collaborators in IA for determination of the rate of infection by Beauvaria bassiana, a fungal pathogen of ECB.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Orr, D. B., D. A. Landis, D. R. Mutch, G. V. Manley, S. A. Stuby and R. L. King. 1997. Ground-cover influence on microclimate and Trichogramma augmentation in seed corn production. Environ. Entomol. 26: 433-438.
- Orr, D. B., and D. A. Landis. 1997. Oviposition of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and impact of natural enemy populations in transgenic versus isogenic corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 905-909.
- Garcia-Salazar, C., and D. A. Landis. 1997. Marking Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with a fluorescent marker dust and its effect on survival and flight behavior. J. Econ. Entomol. (In press).
|
Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
In 1996, MI participated in two of four objectives of the regional project NC-205, Ecology and management of European corn borers and other stalk boring Lepidoptera. Under Objective #1, the efficacy of transgenic corn producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins were evaluated in five on-farm trials in Michigan. The ECB infestation levels, yield and return per acre for locally adapted hybrids vs. Bt varieties were contrasted. Live ECB larvae were collected from infested corn fields and submitted to MN collaborators for use in studies of the regional genetic heterogeneity of the species. These studies will be used to model and suggest options to manage ECB resistance to transgenic corn incorporating Bt toxin. Under Objective 3, the potential non-target impacts of Trichogramma brassicae vs. non-target Lepidoptera were evaluated. Non-crop habitats directly adjacent (20m) and downwind of corn fields where T. brassicae were released had levels of parasitism similar to
pre-release background levels. Releases of the parasitoid directly into crop and non-crop habitats showed <5% parasitism except in corn habitats. A multi-year study to determine the impact of planted natural enemy resource habitats on the efficacy of natural enemies including Eriborus terebrans was continued. Corn fields were sampled and stalks sent to collaborators in IA for determination of the rate of infection by Beauvaria bassiana, a fungal pathogen of ECB.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- DYER, L. E., LANDIS, D.A. 1996. Effects of habitat, temperature and sugar availability on longevity of Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Environ. Entomol. 25:1192-1201.
- LANDIS, D. A., HAAS, M.J. 1996. Potential arthropod targets for biological control in the North Central U.S. Research Report, Michigan Ag. Expt. Station, Michigan State University. E. Lansing. RR-546. 12 pp.
|
Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
NC-205, Ecology and management of European corn borers and other stalk boring Lepidoptera was re-approved this year with MI participating in four objectives. Adult ECB were collected in light traps and submitted to MN collaborators for use in studies of the regional genetic heterogeneity of the species (Obj. 1) These studies will be used to model and suggest options to manage ECB resistance to transgenic corn incorporating Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. Improved pheromone blends were used in monitoring of ECB (Obj. 2) Improved blends capture noticeably more ECB than conventional ones and will be evaluated further. The effectiveness of Eriborus terebrans and Trichogramma brassicae were examined in field and laboratory studies (Obj. 3) Conservation of E. terebrans by management of extra-field habitats appears promising. Studies on the potential non-target impacts of T. brassicae were initiated. Studies on alternative cropping practices were initiated (Obj. 4) Natural
enemy resource habitats were established in a soybean, wheat, corn rotation system. Efficacy of selected insecticide vs. O. nubilalis in corn were evaluated. At-planting soil insecticides for Diabrotica spp. control were evaluated for their effect in suppressing ECB. At-planting treatments with registered soil insecticides did not significant reduce total cavities, cavity length or number of damaged plants.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LANDIS, D.A., BIRD, G.W., OLSEN, L.G., WARNER, F. 1995. Insect and Nematode Control in Field and Forage Crops. Michigan State Univ. Coop. Ext. Ser. Bull. E-1582. 85 pp.
|
Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
The ecology of stalk-boring Lepidoptera has been investigated using pheromone traps (Ed Grafius) to determine genotype of European corn borer in various Michigan sites (e.g. L.T.E.R.). Parasites (biological control) have proven to be as effective as pesticides in corn production (D. Landis and D. Orr). Landscape design for managing these pests in sustainable systems is a new approach to be pursued with Mott Foundation, NSF and the USDA (NRI). A revised regional project is being written to include evaluation of B.t. resistance from large numbers of acres of genetically engineered corn (with B.t. products) expected in the midwest.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SCRIBER, J.M. 1994. Climatic legacies & sex chromosomes: latitudinal patterns of voltinism, diapause size & host-plant selection. pp. 131-171 In (H.V. Danks, ed.) Insect life-cycle polymorphism. Kluwer, Netherlands.
- JOHNSON, K. AND SCRIBER, J.M. 1994. Geographic variation in plant allelochemicals of significance to insect herbivores. pp 7-31. In (T.N. Anathakrishnan, ed.) Func. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects. Oxford, New Delhi.
|
Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Our research on the ecology of stalk-boring Lepidoptera has continued, with cooperation from Dr. Grafius in vegetables and Drs. Landis and Orr in field crops and Dr. Gage in the NSF, L.T.E.R. project. Excellent success has been observed with management of European corn borers with egg parasites (Trichogramma). European corn borer impact in vegetables seems related to the specific "ecotype" pheromone strain present. As with the European corn borer, we have determined that diapause and host plant selection is sex-linked in other Lepidoptera. After several years of warmer than usual weather, 1992 was the second coldest on record, drastically affecting many of the second generation insect species that could not successfully complete their second generation before winter. New studies focusing on natural enemies are planned across Michigan.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SCRIBER, J.M. 1993. Climatic legacies & sex chromosomes: Latitudinal patterns of voltinism, diapause, size, & host-plant selection. (In H.Danks, ed. Insect life cycle polymorphism. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht,Netherlands, in press.
- JASINSKI, J. 1993. Using pheromone traps to study the flight activity of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as it relates to oviposition and damage in vegetable crops. Masters thesis, MSU, East Lansing.
|
Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
We have continued our population surveys and genetic analyses of different stalk-boring insects in Michigan (Hydraecia immanis, H. micacea, and Ostrinia nubilalis). The evolution of different ecotypes, biotypes, pheromone types, and host races has been the focus of related studies with Dr. Stuart Gage in the LTER (NSF-sponsored at Kellogg Biological Station). Here and elsewhere Dr. Doug Landis has monitored ECB parasites with a landscape perspective. Our new focus will relate to invasion of other (bivoltive) herbivore and parasite species from the south due to warming of the climate for the last few years. The impact on populations this year that were frozen or ecologically caught in a disastrously short season will be the focus of 1993 studies.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MAREDIA, K.M., GAGE, S.H., LANDIS, D.A., and SCRIBER, J.M. 1992. Habitat use patterns by the Seven-spotted Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a diverse agricultural landscape. Biological Control 2: 159-165.
- SCRIBER, J.M., BOSSART, J.L. and SNIDER, D.M. 1992. Diagnostic alleles from electrophoresis distinguish two noctuid pest species, Hydraecia immanis and H. micacea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Great Lakes Entomologist. 25: 91-98.
- GIEBINK, B.L., SCRIBER, J.M. and WEDBERG, J.L. 1992. Relative suitability of broadleaf weeds for survival and growth of two stalk-boring Hydraecia species (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) Great Lakes Entomol. 25:245-251.
- SCRIBER, J.M. and LEDERHOUSE, R.C. 1992. The thermal environment as a resource dictating geographic patterns of feeding specialization of insect herbivores. Chapter 14, pp. 429-466. In Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-Plant Inter.
|
Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Geographic differences in voltinism, mating preferences, host plant preferences of stalk-boring Lepidoptera have environmental and genetically-based causes. Our efforts have focused on documenting geographic distributions of different ecotypes and monitoring different genotypes. We have found apparently fixed allele differences between hopvine borers (Hydraecia immanis) and potato stem borers (H. micacea) this year. These can serve as indicators of genetic introgression with continued spread of these species in Michigan (and the Midwest) especially if accelerated by global warming trends. We will continue to investigate the array of potential alternate host plant (weed) species for adult oviposition and larvae feeding preferences, and assess differential long-term ecological treatments of corn agriculture on local distribution and damage (the L.T.E.R. project at the Kellogg Biological Station). Additional cooperative efforts in host plant resistance to Lepidoptera in
maize are possible with Mexican, Brazilian and Indonesian scientists and new graduate students. Mechanisms of plant resistance and insect counter-adaptations remain the central focus of our research (e.g., the relative importance of nutritional versus allelochemical factors). The close interaction of insect herbivore and host plant can become uncoupled with variable seasonal thermal unit accumulations and we'll investigate variation in voltinism across the Great Lakes region especially in relation to trends in global warming.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
|