Progress 07/01/13 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Project Director has retired from the University, this Final Report is submitted to close the Project.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes beef producers in Ohio; national and international animal scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing Extension education; feed industry nutritionists. All of these have been reached during this reporting period through manuscripts in the Journal of Animal Science, Small Ruminant Research, S. African Journal of Agricultural Research, and the Professional Animal Scientist, presentations at the American Society of Animal Science Midwest and National meetings, the 63rd International Congress of Meat Science and Technology in Cork, Ireland, and the Nordic International Society for Applied Ethology Winter Symposium in Bredsten, Denmark Extension programming in Ohio, and a at beef feedlot seminars throughout Argentina. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Four master's students: Danielle Coleman, Allison Pullin, Braden Campbell, and Jerad Jaborek completed their degrees, and all four are pursuing doctoral degrees. In addition, an undergraduate student, Kirsten Nickles, graduated with research experiences and has begun studies for her master's degree at The Ohio State University. From an international perspective, fourteen beef producers and feed industry personnel from Argentina came to The Ohio State University for a two week duration beef management short course designed specifically for them by Alejandro Relling and Francis Fluharty. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results from this project have been disseminated through producer talks throughout Ohio, the U.S., and Argentina. Scientific presentations have been given at Animal Science meetings in the United States, applied ethology presentations have been given at an international symposium in Bresden, Denmark, and a paper on the impact of diet on meat characteristics was given at the63rd International Congress of Meat Science and Technology inCork, Ireland. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We are revising submitted manuscripts, which will be in press in the remainder of 2017 and 2018. We are continuing to train graduate students, and they will be presenting papers at scientific meetings throughout the year.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Several research projects were conducted, resulting in eight refereed publications with nine more submissions under review. The findings of these studies impact animal welfare regarding how we manage animals in pasture settings, the nutritional recommendations of receiving cattle into feedlots, and have added to the knowledge of the timing and amount of feed delivered to feedlot cattle being fed whole shelled corn based diets. Publications to date in 2017 include: Allison Pullin (Co-Advisor) graduated May, 2017 Brady Campbell (Co-Advisor) graduated May, 2017 Jerad Jaborek (Advisor) graduated December, 2016 The net result of these findings (from Pullin and Campbell) were that weaning lambs at 60 days of age versus 120 days of age, while on pasture, reduces both the health and daily gain of the animals, as milk is an important nutritional component that cannot simply be supplemented. In addition, from a behavior standpoint, having weaned lambs graze with non-parent mature ewes will not result in a more productive grazing experience, and that the health and daily gain of these lambs in not different from those weaned lambs grazing pastures without an adult ewe present. The major finding of the Jaborek research was that restricting the intake of a corn-based diet results in greater efficiency of feed utilization, with less negative flavor components in the meat, compared with lambs grown on an alfalfa-based diet. In addition, a major negative component if grain fed lamb is the accumulation of fat, which is deemed to be a negative by U.S. consumers. The use of restricted intakes of a corn-based diet reduces the accumulation of fat, which occurs with ad libitum feeding of corn, and reduces off-flavors associated with grasses and legumes.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., H. N. Zerby, S. J. Moeller, and F. L. Fluharty. 2017. Effect of energy source and level, and sex on growth, performance, and carcass characteristics of lambs. Small Ruminant Research 151: 117-123.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Relling, Alejandro, Gary Lowe, Francis Fluharty. 2017. Effect of oscillating time of feeding and oscillating diet formulation on performance and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. 33:160165.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Campbell, B. J., M.D. Pairis-Garcia, M.R. Campler, L.E. Moraes, J.S. McCutcheon, F.L. Fluharty. 2017. An investigation of oral moxidectin carryover to nursing lambs via milk. Small Ruminant Research. 154:9-12.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Fluharty, F. L., H. N. Zerby, G. D. Lowe, D. D. Clevenger, and A. E. Relling. 2017. Effects of feeding corn silage, pelleted, ensiled, or pelleted and ensiled alfalfa on growth and carcass characteristics of lamb. S. African J. Animal Science. 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i5.14
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Campbell, B. N., A. N. Pullin, M. D. Pairis-Garcia, and F. L. Fluharty. 2017. The effects of alternative weaning strategies on lamb health and performance. Small Ruminant Research. (In Press).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., H. N. Zerby, S. J. Moeller and F. L. Fluharty. 2017. Effect of energy source and animal age on flavor intensity of sheep meat. 63rd International Congress of Meat Science and Technology. August 13-18, 2017. Cork, Ireland
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., H. N. Zerby, S. J. Moeller and F. L. Fluharty. 2017. Effects of energy source, level, sex and age on meat quality characteristics of lambs. ASAS Annual Meetings, Baltimore, MD. Journal of Animal Science
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Ahn, J., H, Wua, Y Suh, A. C. Carranza, A. E. Relling, S. Shind, S. S. Lee, and K. Lee. 2017. Comparative sequence analysis and adipose-specific expression of G0S2 and ATGL in sheep. Small Ruminant Research 153, 14
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Freitas T. B., A. E. Relling, M. S. Pedreira, W. J. B. Rocha, A. R. Schroeder, and T. L.Felix. 2017 Effects of increasing inclusion of sodium hydroxide treatment on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of steers fed 50% DDGS. J. Anim. Sci 95:371-378
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Pullin, Allison N., Monique D. Pairis-Garcia, Francis L. Fluharty. 2017. Shearing as a treatment for wool biting behavior in confined sheep. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. (In Press).
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes beef producers in Ohio; national and international animal scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing Extension education; feed industry nutritionists. All of these have been reached during this reporting period through manuscripts in the Journal of Animal Science, presentations at the American Society of Animal Science Midwest meeting, Extension programming in Ohio, and a feedlot management short course taught at the University of La Plata in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This study trained an undergraduate student intern. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this study are going to be presented at the American Society of Animal Science Midwest Meetings in Omaha, Nebraska in March, 2017. A manuscript will be submitted to The Professional Animal Scientist in 2017. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will write and submit the manuscript.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A two year study was completed, using 336 newly weaned steers allotted to a total of 48 replicate pens, with each pen containing 7 steers. The receiving period for feedlot cattle is crucial for the latter performance of the animal. This phase is characterized by high stress in the animals due to the change of environment and diet. This has been associated with a decrease in feed intake and performance. Amaferm, (Biozyme Inc.)a product derived from a patented process ofAspergillus oryzae fermentation,has been shown to increase the rate and extent of digestion, as well as reducing the time that animals require to resume consumption during diet transition. Therefore, the objective of the present experiment was to determine the effect of 0, 1.5 or 3.0 grams per day of Amaferm in feedlot receiving diets. The experiment was replicated in two years, and in both years one hundred sixty eight Angus crossbreed Steers (240 ±0.66 kg) were blocked by body weight and allocated in 24 pens with seven animals per pen. The 24 pens were equally distributed and assigned to one of the following 3 treatments, control (0A) that receive a diet with 0 g per day of Amaferm, or 1.5 g per day of Amaferm (1.5A) or 3 g per day of Amaferm (3A). The diet containing 60% corn silage, 15% DDGS, 15% whole shelled corn, and 10% protein/vitamin/mineral supplement. Animals were weighed at D 1 and d7, DMI was measure daily. Data were analyzed as a complete block design with a mixed model (SAS 9.4). The model include treatment as a fix variable, and pen, year and BW block as random variables. Mean separation for animal performance on d7 was evaluated using linear and quadratic polynomial contrast. Increasing dose of Amaferm inclusion improve linearly (P=0.04) BW, ADG and G:F without changing DMI (P>0.1) on the first week of feeding The improvement in performance may be due to the ability of Amaferm to reduce rumen lactic acid concentration by stimulating the development of Megasphaera elsdenii, decreasing the risk of a decrease in pH. We conclude that inclusion of increasing dose of Amaferm in the receiving diet improves performance of calves during the feedlot receiving period. Item Treatments SEM P value 0 1.5 3 Linear Quadratic BW, Kg 241 242 244 0.7 0.04 0.69 ADG, Kg 0.28 0.33 0.56 0.180 0.04 0.39 DMI, Kg 4.5 4.5 4.5 0.02 0.64 0.98 G:F 0.030 0.033 0.061 0.019 0.04 0.93
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., G. D. Lowe, and F. L. Fluharty. 2016. Effects of pen flooring type and bedding on lamb growth and carcass characteristics. Small Ruminant Research. 144: 28-34.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., H. N. Zerby, S. J. Moeller and F. L. Fluharty. 2016. Effects of energy source and level, and sex on carcass and meat characteristics in lambs. Reciprocal Meats Conference. San Angelo, Texas.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Jaborek, J. R., H. N. Zerby, and F. L. Fluharty. 2016. Effect of energy source, level, and sex on growth and performance of lambs. ASAS Midwest Meetings, Des Moines, IA. Journal of Animal Science. 94: Suppl. 2: 179.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Nickles, K., J. S. McCutcheon, D. Clevenger, G. Lowe, M. Sword and F. L. Fluharty. 2016. Comparison of delayed weaning on lamb growth and parasitism while grazing red clover. ASAS Midwest Meetings, Des Moines, IA. Journal of Animal Science 94: Suppl. 2: 191.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Pullin, Allison, N., Braden J. Campbell, Francis L. Fluharty, and Monique D. Pairis-Garcia. 2016. Alternative weaning strategies influence behavior of lambs. Nordic International Society for Applied Ethology Winter Symposium in Bredsten, Denmark.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Campbell, Braden J., Allison N. Pullin, Monique D. Pairis-Garcia, and Francis L. Fluharty. 2016. Alternative weaning strategies affect parasitic infection in pasture raised lambs. Nordic International Society for Applied Ethology Winter Symposium in Bredsten, Denmark
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience includes beef producers in Ohio; national and international animal scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing Extension education; feed industry nutritionists. All of these have been reached during this reporting period through manuscripts in the Journal of Animal Science, presentations at the American Society of Animal Science Midwest meeting, Extension programming in Ohio, and a feedlot management short course taught at the Nutrefeed SA annual conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The graduate programs of Dr. Jefferson McCutcheon and Ms. Allison Pulling, Mr. Brady Campbell, and Mr. Jerad Jaborek were benefitted through their work on this project. In addition a summer intern, Ms. Kirsten Nickles, was trained during the summer of 2015. These individuals learned about the impact of nutrition on the growth, visceral organ mass accretion, and carcass characteristics of cattle and sheep reared under different nutrition and management systems. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through articles in refereed scientific publications, presentations at scientific meetings, Extension programs, and international outreach training courses. Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. These include 23 producer meetings and schools (over 2000 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentations at American Society of Animal Science meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?A beef study looking at the impact of Amaferm, and all-natural prebiotic that has been shown to improve diet digestibility and reduce acidosis is underway. This study is being conducted with newly-arrived feedlot cattle that have been pre-weaned, and which are expected to have a high level of feed intake potential upon feedlot arrival. A study investigating the use of Wagyu, Angus, and SimAngus crossed with Jersey cows is underway to determine the possibility of developing terminal cross animals destined for a high-marbling meat market. The rationale is that modern dairy operations using sexed semen do not need the lower 1/2 to 1/3 of their herd for replacement animals, and these cows should be directed toward having offspring with the potential to be high-marbling and have improved growth rates relative to straightbred Jersey calves. A feedlot study aimed at smaller-scale producers in the Eastern corn belt is being conducted. This study looks at the impacts on animal health, growth rate, efficiency of gain, feed utilization, and carcass characteristics when feed is delivered at alternating hours versus the same time every day, as occurs in commercial feedlots. Additionally, the impact of a 5% alteration in daily feed intake is being evaluated. The purpose of this study is to determine any detrimental animal health, or economic impacts, that arise from the lack of timeliness and accuracy that occurs with many small-scale beeffarmer-feeders who have off-farm jobs, or other farming duties that take emphasis away from the feedlot operation.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The growth of the ethanol industry in the U.S. has increased in the amount of corn co-products being used in feedlot diets in recent years, and most beef feedlot finishing diets contain 20% to 50% distillers grains and solubles (DDGS), which can contain .7% to greater than 1% sulfur (S). Sulfur has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of copper (Cu) (Underwood and Suttle, 1999). Spears et al. (2004) found that copper from tribasic copper chloride was more bioavailable than copper from copper sulfate when fed in the presence of the antagonists molybdenum (Mo) and S. However, Arthington and Spears (2007) found no differences in copper status of cattle supplemented with either hydroxy or sulfate forms of copper, however, the diets were not as high in S as those fed in diets containing high levels of DDGS. In a study conducted at The Ohio State University in 2014, comparing IntelliBond minerals with sulfate forms of Cu, Mn, and Zn fed at either NRC or Texas Tech (Vasconcelos and Galyean, 2007) levels, steers receiving IntelliBond mineral treatment consumed less feed daily (P < .03) than those being fed either of the sulfate forms of mineral. This was not expected. However, there were no differences in ADG (P = .32) or G/F (P = .41) due to treatment. There was a decrease in total feed intake for the steers receiving IntelliBond minerals compared with those fed at the Texas Tech levels (P < .03), with the steers being fed IntelliBond consuming 47 kg less total feed. All diets resulted in a G/F between .181 for the NRC treatment to .185 for the IntelliBond treatment. However, the levels of Cu, Zn, and Mn on the IntelliBond treatment were much lower than the Texas Tech levels. Objectives: To determine the effect of source and level of supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency (FE) of cattle fed a corn silage-based receiving diet, and corn-based growing and finishing diets with a .35% S concentration. Experimental Procedures: Receiving Study Two hundred steers with an initial weight of 244 kg were used in a 33 day duration receiving experiment with a completely randomized design. Calves were weaned at approximately 170 days of age and remained on their respective research farm for approximately 6 weeks before they were transported to the OARDC Feedlot in Wooster, Ohio on October 22, 2014. Upon arrival calves were given Inforce 3 and dewormed with Ivomec pour on. Cattle were weighed on arrival, and allotted to one of two treatments (IntelliBond versus Texas Tech Sulfate) with 12 replicate pens per treatment. Two dietary treatments were investigated in all three studies: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn in a hydroxy form; 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn in sulfate form formulated to achieve the average level fed in commercial feedlots as determined by Vasconcelos and Galyean (2007). Basal ration ingredients were allowed 65% of their assayed level of Cu, Mn and Zn to contribute toward the final ration concentration of the trace minerals in Treatments 1 and 2. Sulfate forms of Cu, Mn and Zn were added to the diet of Treatment 2 to match the Texas Tech recommendations (Tables 1 and 2). Diets were 45% corn silage, 20% DDGS, 15% cracked corn, 10% soybean hulls, and 10% supplement on a Dry Matter basis (Table 1). Diets were equal in protein and energy content (1.86 Megacalories of Net Energy/kg of feed) and were formulated to be 16% CP and meet cattle nutrient requirements according to NRC (2000). The trial began on October 22, 2014. Cattle were weighed every week throughout the trial, with a single weight used as the on-test and off-test weight. Cattle were offered feed ad libitum throughout, using slick bunk management, and any refusals were recorded. Average daily gain and intake were measured, and feed efficiency was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedures of SAS for a completely randomized design. Growing and Finishing Study One hundred forty-four steers, initial weight 268 kg, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. There were 18 pens total with 3 initial size blocks (6 pens/block). Thus, there were 9 pens per treatment, with eight steers per replicate pen. Cattle were weighed on 2 consecutive days at the beginning of the trial and every 28 days throughout the trial, with a single weight used as an off-test weight prior to transportation to the abattoir. Cattle were offered feed ad libitum throughout, using slick bunk management, and any refusals were recorded. The experiment was conducted from November 25, 2014 to June 8, 2015. Cattle were implanted with Component ES on March 12, 2015. The growing phase lasted 56 days, and cattle were fed diets containing 50% corn silage, 20% ddgs, and 20% rolled corn (Tables 3 and 4). At the end of the growing phase, cattle were switched to their finishing diet, which consisted of 50% rolled corn, 20% ddgs, and 20% corn silage. Due to the weight blocks, the length of the finishing study varied by weight block. Cattle were slaughtered, by weight block, when the average back fat depth of at least 90% of the cattle within a block reached 1.2 cm in depth. No cattle were selected for slaughter earlier than the weight block it resided in. All carcass data was obtained from the abattoir, using data generated by USDA graders and trained personnel from the abattoir. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedures of SAS for a randomized complete block design. Average daily gain and intake were measured, and feed efficiency was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedures of SAS for a randomized complete block design. Results and Discussion: There were no differences in DMI (P = .14), ADG (P = .81), or G/F (P = .84) due to treatment. There was a slight decrease in percent morbidity with the Intellibond treatment (13.1%) compared with the sulfate form of minerals treatment (19.9%), however the difference was not significant (P = .28). There were no differences in overall DDMI (P = .42), ADG (P = .39), or G/F (P = .95). However, there were some interesting trends in DDMI during the growing phase, with steers being fed the Intellibond treatment consuming .1 kg/d less (P = .17) than the steers consuming sulfate form of minerals, and steers consuming the sulfate form of minerals consuming .16 kg/d less than steers consuming the Intellibond minerals during the finishing phase (P = .26). The growing diet had 39% NDF compared with 20% NDF in the finishing diet. The potential impact that this difference has on rumen pH, and the interactions of different mineral forms in the rumen may deserve future research consideration. The effects of form of minerals on carcass characteristics are shown in Table 9. There was a significant increase in backfat with steers fed the Intellibond treatment compared with steers fed the sulfate form of minerals (P = .004). This resulted in a trend (P = .07) for a higher USDA Yield Grade for steers fed the Intellibond minerals, and a greater percentage of Yield Grade 1 and 2 carcasses from steers fed sulfate minerals (78%) compared with those fed Intellibond minerals (67%) (P = .0548). The increase in back fat with the Intellibond minerals could be related to the greater numerical increase in feed intake during the finishing phase, as steers fed the Intellibond minerals consumed 21 kg more feed during the finishing phase than steers fed the sulfate form of minerals (Table 8). In summary, there were no differences in overall DMI, ADG or G/F due to mineral treatment in the receiving, growing, or finishing phases. There were no differences in USDA Quality grade or marbling score due to the form of mineral, however, there were differences in backfat that were not expected, but which may be associated with an increase in feed intake with Intellibond minerals during the finishing phase.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McCutcheon, J. S., L. W. Morton, H. N. Zerby, S. C. Loerch, L. Miller & F. L. Fluharty 2015. Ohio Livestock Producers Perceptions of Producing and Marketing Grass-Based Beef and Lamb, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39:4, 367-390.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Esselburn, K. M., T. M. Hill, H. G. Bateman, F. L. Fluharty, S. J. Moeller, K. M. O'Diam, and K. M. Daniels. 2015. Examination of weekly mammary parenchymal area by ultrasound, mammary mass, and composition in Holstein heifers reared on 1 of 3 diets from birth to 2 months of age. J. Dairy Sci. 98: 5280-5293.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Hoffman, Travis W., Keith E. Belk, Dale R. Woerner, J. D. Tatum, Robert J. Delmore, R. K. Peel, Stephen B. LeValley, Dustin L. Pendell, Henry N. Zerby, Lorraine F. English, Steven J. Moeller, Francis L. Fluharty. 2015. Preferences associated with American lamb quality in retail and foodservice markets. AMSA Annual Meetings.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kawas-Garza J.R., R. Alvarado-Avila, M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil, and F. L. Fluharty. 2015. Effects of including virginiamycin in feedlot diets containing monensin under commercial conditions in Mexico. Journal of Animal Science. ASAS Annual Meetings, Orlando, FL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McCutcheon, J. S., and F. L. Fluharty. 2015. Ewe Preference for Giant Ragweed and Lambs Quarter Based on Cafeteria Trial. Annual Meeting, American Forage & Grasslands Council Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McCutcheon, J. S., S.C. Loerch, H.N. Zerby and F.L.Fluharty. 2015. Warm Season Forages for Lamb Grazing. Annual Meeting, American Forage & Grasslands Council Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McCutcheon, J. S., H.N. Zerby, S.C. Loerch, F.L. Fluharty. 2015. Three Summer Forage Finishing Systems Effect on Lamb Growth and Carcass Characteristics. Journal of Animal Science. Midwest Meetings.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
McCutcheon, J.S., L.W. Morton, H.N. Zerby, S.C. Loerch, L. Miller, F.L. Fluharty. 2015. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Grazing Systems and Grass-Based Management by Beef and Sheep Producers in Ohio. Journal of Animal Science. Midwest Meetings.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience includes beef producers in Ohio; national and international animal scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing Extension education; feed industry nutritionists. All of these have been reached during this reporting period through manuscripts in the Journal of Animal Science, presentations at the American Society of Animal Science Midwest meeting, Extension programming in Ohio, and a feedlot management short course taught at the University of La Plata, Argentina. Changes/Problems: Dr. Francis L. Fluharty,, Research Professor in the Department of Animal Sciences, and the Co-PI on this research is assuming the duties of the P.I., as Dr. Steven C. Loerch has moved to the University of Illinois as Chairman of the Animal Sciences Department. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The graduate programs of Dr. Jefferson McCutcheon and Mr. Jerad Jaborek were benefitted through their work on this project. In addition two summer interns were trained during the summer of 2014. these interns learned about the use of distillers grains in sheep diets, and participated in weaning age studies aimed at reducing the overall use of harvested grains for lamb production. The information in this project was used in a Feedlot Short-Course held at the University of La Plata and Conicet (National Scientific and Technical Research Council in La Plata, Argentina from April 21-25, 2014. Industry personnel from Argentiana, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay were in attendance. Topics covered included: 1. U.S. Beef Industry 2. Feeding for marbling and feed efficiency 3. Grain Processing and Feedlot Diet Roughage Sources and Levels 4. Improving Forage Digestibility 5. Feeding Corn Coproducts 6. Cow and Heifer Nutrition: The 4 Stages of Production and Colostrum Production Late Gestation Nutrition and Fetal Programming 7. Feeder Calf Management: Weaning and Nutrition 8. Feedlot Growing Systems to Enhance Lean Growth How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results have been disseminated through articles in refereed scientific publications, presentations at scientific meetings, Extension programs, and international outreach training courses. Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. These include 23 producer meetings and schools (over 2000 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentations at American Society of Animal Science meetings, What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Beef feeding studies with diets containing distillers grains, and minerals in the sulfate and hydroxy forms, are being conducted, and sheep studies with distillers grains will be conducted in the summer of 2015.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In the U.S., corn was planted on 95.4 million acres in 2013, and over 13.9 billion bushels of corn were harvested. Ethanol production used approximately 36% of the 2013 corn crop. When ethanol is made, the corn's starch is turned into ethanol, but the protein, minerals,fiber, and some of the fat are concentrated during the production process to produce distillers grains. Most of this is dried to produce Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). A modern dry-mill ethanol refinery produces approximately 2.8 gallons of ethanol and more than 17 pounds of distillers grains from a bushel of corn. In 2013, ethanol biorefineries produced 39.14 million tons of DDGS, compared with only 2.97 million tons in 2000, and beef cattle consumed 48% of the distillers grains fed to livestock in the U.S., more than any other species. This has led to much less corn being fed to feedlot cattle, and more DDGS. However, DDGS are high in the element Sulfur (S), which is toxic to cattle if fed at more than .4% of the diet dry matter. Additionally, DDGS are high in fat and protein, which should not be fed at levels greater than 6% and 14% of the diet, respectively. The long-term goal of this proposed research is to increase the sustainability of the U.S. beef industry by identifying alternative feeding systems and strategies that decrease input costs. A study was conducted to determine performance outcomes associated with feedlot cattle diets by comparing the effects of supplemental copper, manganese, and zinc in hydroxy form versus copper, manganese, and zinc in sulfate form fed at two levels of intake. Beef feedlot finishing diets commonly contain 20% to 50% distillers grains and solubles (DDGS), which can contain .7% to greater than 1% sulfur (S). In addition to DDGS, the increasingly common practice of adding condensed solubles, or syrup, to finishing diets has the potential to significantly increase the S concentration of diets, as S can be present in the solubles at levels in excess of 2%. Sulfur has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of copper (Cu) (Underwood and Suttle, 1999). Spears et al. (2004) found that copper from tribasic copper chloride was more bioavailable than copper from copper sulfate when fed in the presence of the antagonists molybdenum (Mo) and S. However, Arthington and Spears (2007) found no differences in copper status of cattle supplemented with either hydroxy or sulfate forms of copper, however, the diets were not as high in S as those fed in diets containing high levels of DDGS. Objectives: To determine the effect of source and level of supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency (FE) of cattle fed a corn- based finishing diet with 20% DDGS and a .35% S concentration. Experimental Procedures: One hundred and thirty steers weighing approximately 357 kg were used in an experiment with a randomized complete block design. Calves were born in the spring of 2013 on Ohio State University research farms. Approximately 6 weeks before weaning calves were vaccinated with Bovi-Shield Gold FP 5L5 and Ultrabac 7/Somubac. Approximately 2 weeks before weaning calves were vaccinated with Bovi-Shield Gold FP 5L5, Ultrabac 7/Somubac and One Shot Ultra. Calves were weaned at approximately 170 days of age and remained on their respective research farm for approximately 6 weeks before they were transported to the OARDC Feedlot in Wooster, Ohio on October 17, 2013. Upon arrival calves were given Inforce 3 and dewormed with Ivomec pour on. Cattle were implanted with Component ES on November 12, 2013 and re-implanted with Component T-ES on February 4, 2014. Cattle were grouped into small, medium, large, and extra-large body weight outcome groups. Cattle were weighed on February 4, 2014 and allotted to one of the four weight blocks with six pens per block. Cattle within a block were allotted, by weight to achieve an approximately equal pen weight. Two of the weight blocks, small and extra-large, contained five animals per pen, the large weight block contained six animals per pen, and the medium weight block had three pens with five animals and three pens with six animals. Three dietary treatments were investigated: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn in a hydroxy form; 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn in a sulfate form formulated to 100% of NRC concentration; 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn in sulfate form formulated to achieve the average level fed in commercial feedlots as determined by Vasconcelos and Galyean (2007). Basal ration ingredients were allowed 65% of their assayed level of Cu, Mn and Zn to contribute toward the final ration concentration of the trace minerals in Treatments 1 and 2. Sulfate forms of Cu, Mn and Zn were added to the diet of Treatment 2 to match NRC recommendations. Fifty percent of the sulfate form of Cu, Mn and Zn added to Treatment 2 was added to Treatment 1 diets in the form of IntelliBond C, M or Z. Sulfate forms were used to increase the basal levels of treatment 3 diets. The following table describes the treatments and added levels of trace minerals. Copper Manganese Zinc NRC Recommended, ppm 10 20 30 NRC Sulfate Treatment Basal, ppm 2.5 10.0 29.6 Added, ppm 8.4 13.5 10.7 Total, ppm 10.9 23.5 40.3 IntelliBond Treatment Basal, ppm 2.5 10.0 29.6 Added, ppm 4.2 6.75 5.4 Total, ppm 6.7 16.75 35.0 Texas Tech Sulfate Treatment Basal, ppm 2.5 10.0 29.6 Added, ppm 15.5 38.0 63.4 Total, ppm 18.0 48.0 93.0 Diets were 50% dry rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 20% DDGS, and 10% supplement on a Dry Matter basis (Table 1). Diets were equal in protein and energy content (2.01 Megacalories of Net Energy/kg of feed) and were formulated to meet cattle nutrient requirements according to NRC (2000) Protein was fed to achieve 13.4% total dietary crude protein. A 50 gram sample of each supplement was taken every 14 days throughout the study, dried, composited, and analyzed for mineral content. The trial began on February 5, 2014. Cattle were weighed on 2 consecutive days at the beginning of the trial and every 28 days throughout the trial, with a single weight used as an off-test weight prior to transportation to the abattoir. Cattle were offered feed ad libitum throughout, using slick bunk management, and any refusals were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedures of SAS for a randomized complete block design. Average daily gain and intake were measured, and feed efficiency was calculated. Results and Discussion: Steers receiving the hydroxy mineral treatment consumed less feed daily (P < .03) than those being fed either of the sulfate forms of mineral. This was not expected. However, there were no differences in ADG (P = .32) or G/F (P = .41) due to treatment. There was a decrease in total feed intake for the steers receiving hydroxy minerals compared with those fed at the Texas Tech levels (P < .03), with the steers being fed hydroxy minerals consuming 47 kg less total feed. All diets resulted in a G/F between .181 for the NRC treatment to .185 for the hydroxy treatment. There were no differences in carcass characteristics due to mineral treatment in this study. In summary, there were no differences in ADG or G/F due to mineral treatment. There were differences in DMI that were not expected. However, these resulted in less total feed intake for the steers receiving the hydroxy form of minerals. There were no differences in carcass characteristics due to mineral treatment. The levels of Cu, Zn, and Mn on the hydroxy treatment were much lower than the Texas Tech levels, based on the supplement composite. A follow-up study with higher levels of hydorxy minerals is being conducted, as the level used in this study were slightly lower than that required to elicit a performance response, since the hydroxy treatment had the numerically lowest DMI, ADG, and final weight, but was within acceptable levels of performance.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Relling AE, Crompton LA, Loerch SC, Reynolds CK. 2014. Short communication: Plasma concentration of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide may regulate milk energy production in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 97(4):2440-3.
Kim M, Felix TL, Loerch SC, Yu Z. 2014. Effect of haylage and monensin supplementation on ruminal bacterial communities of feedlot cattle. Curr Microbiol 69(2):169-75.
Felix TL, Loerch SC, Fluharty FL. Protein supplementation for growing cattle fed a corn silagebased die. Professional Animal Scientist June 2014 vol. 30 no. 3 327-332.
McCutcheon, J., Morton, L.W., Zerby, H.N., Loerch, S.C., Miller, L. and Fluharty, F.L. 2014. Ohio livestock producer perceptions of producing and marketing of grass-based beef and lamb. Journal of Animal Science. 92 (Supp 2):280.
McCutcheon, J.S., Zerby, H.N., Loerch, S.C., and Fluharty, F.L. 2014. Comparison of four perennial forage finishing systems and a limit-fed corn-based finishing system on lamb growth and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science. 92 (Supp 2):97.
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Progress 07/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Beef producers in Ohio; national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing extension education; feed industry nutritionists. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. For 2013, these include 23 producer meetings and schools (over 2000 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentation at American Society of Animal Science meetings, and through journal article publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Research is ongoing and experiments are planned for 2014 to accomplish project goals during the upcoming reporting period.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We discovered that increased dietary forage and supplemental monensin can attenuate negative effects og high dietary inclusion of distillers grains. In addition, we developed several strategies to neutralize this acid load by treatment with alkalis. With these discoveries and the ready availability of distillers grains from the growing ethanol industry in Ohio, profitability potential for livestock, grain, and biofuels industries are enhanced. We discovered that distillers grains is a more effective protein supplement in a corn silage based diet than soybean meal or urea based on cattle performance and economic metrics.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Morrow, L. A., T. L. Felix, F. L. Fluharty, K. M. Daniels, and S. C. Loerch. 2013. Effects of sulfur and acidity on performance and digestibility in feedlot lambs fed dried distillers grains with solubles. J. Anim. Sci. 91:2211-2218; doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5866
Morrow, L. A., T. L. Felix, F. L. Fluharty, K. M. Daniels, and S. C. Loerch. 2013. Effects of hay supplementation in corn and dried distillers grains with solubles-based diets on performance and ruminal metabolism in feedlot cattle. Professional Animal Scientist.29:124-132
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. For 2012, these include 38 producer meetings and schools (over 2000 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentation at American Society of Animal Science meetings, and through journal article publications. PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators: S. Loerch, F. Fluharty, H. Zerby, J. LeJeune, J. Grimes, J. McCutcheon, I. Susin, D. Gibb, S. Moeller. Project Support Personnel:G. Lowe, S. Metzger, D. Clevenger, R. Shearer, M. Warren, T. Felix, L. Morrow, J. Fox, J. Karr, W. Shriver. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include: Beef producers in Ohio; national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing extension education; feed industry nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our research has discovered strategies to increase utilization of DGS in cattle and sheep diets, to reduce production costs, reduce manure output, and potentially improve meat quality (palatability and human nutritional characteristics). These discoveries benefit producers, the biofuels industry, Ohio corn growers, and consumers. The exploding ethanol and biofuel industry creates unique opportunities and challenges for Ohio agriculture. For ethanol production to be sustainable, the distillers grain co-products (DGS) must generate revenue from the livestock industry. Both the biofuels and livestock industries are jeopardized unless discoveries are made to allow increased use of DGS in cattle rations as a viable and cost effective substitute for corn grain. Our research has shown that pregnant beef cows and sheep can be fed DGS at up to 80% of the diet utilizing the Prescription Intake nutrition strategy we developed. This more than doubles the potential use of this co-product by the beef industry in Ohio. We discovered that a major barrier to increased dietary inclusion is the acid content of DGS. We have developed multiple strategies to mitigate this problem. We discovered that increased dietary forage and supplemental monensin can attenuate these negative effects. In addition, we developed several strategies to neutralize this acid load by treatment with alkalis. With these discoveries and the ready availability of DGS from the growing ethanol industry in Ohio, profitability potential for livestock, grain, and biofuels industries are enhanced. In Ohio, these strategies have the potential to save cattle producers over $100 annually per cow ($20 million total), while supporting demand and value of an important biofuel co-product. Project evaluation was used to identify key focus areas to maximize impacts. Facility and personnel resources were focused to achieve project objectives and design and implementation of appropriate experiments was performed.
Publications
- Owens, L. B., D.J. Barker, S.C. Loerch, M.J. Shipitalo, J.V. Bonta, and R.M. Sulc. 2012. Nitrate leaching from pastures as impacted by continuous or frequent rotational grazing. J. Environ. Quality. 41:106-113.
- Relling, A. E., K. Lee, S. C. Loerch, and C. K. Reynolds. 2012. Effects of Glucose, Propionate and Splanchnic Hormones on Neuropeptide mRNA concentrations in the Ovine Hypothalamus. J. Anim. Physiol. and Anim. Nutr. 96:648-654.
- Felix, T. L. , W. P. Weiss, F. L. Fluharty, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Effects of copper supplementation on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and rumen sulfur metabolism of growing cattle fed diets containing 60% dried distillers grains. J. Anim. Sci. 90:2710-2716.
- Pickworth, C. L., S. C. Loerch , and F. L. Fluharty. 2012. Restriction of vitamin A and D in beef cattle finishing diets on feedlot performance and adipose accretion. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1866-1878.
- Pickworth, C. L., S. C. Loerch , R. E. Kopec, S. J. Schwartz, and F. L. Fluharty. 2012. Concentration of pro-vitamin A carotenoids in common beef cattle feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1553-1561.
- Felix, T. L., H. N. Zerby, S. J. Moeller, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Effects of increasing dried distillers grains with solubles on performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility of feedlot lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1356-1363.
- Arnett, E. J., F. L. Fluharty, S. C. Loerch, H. N. Zerby, R. A. Zinn, and P. S. Kuber. 2012. Effects of forage level in feedlot finishing diets on carcass characteristics and palatability of Jersey beef. J. Anim. Sci. 90:960-972.
- Felix, T. L. , I. Susin, L. M. Shoup, A. E. Radunz, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Effects of supplemental dried distillers grains or soybean hulls on growth and internal parasite status of grazing lambs. Sheep and Goat Res. J. 27:1-8.
- Pickworth, C. L., S. C. Loerch , and F. L. Fluharty. 2012. Effects of timing and duration of dietary vitamin A reduction on carcass quality of finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 90:2677-2691.
- Felix, T. L., T. A. Murphy, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Effects of dietary inclusion and NaOH treatment of dried distillers grains with solubles on ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. published ahead of print July 24, 2012, doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4736.
- Radunz, A. E., F. L. Fluharty, A. E. Relling, T. L. Felix, L. M. Shoup, H. N. Zerby, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Prepartum dietary energy source fed to beef cows: II. Effects on progeny postnatal growth, glucose tolerance, and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. published ahead of print September 5, 2012, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5098.
- Felix, T. L., N. A. Pyatt, and S. C. Loerch. 2012. Effects of monensin supplementation on ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle fed diets containing dried distillers grains. J. Anim. Sci. 90:3905-3913.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. For 2011, these include 32 producer meetings and schools (2357 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentation at American Society of Animal Science meetings, and through journal article publications. PARTICIPANTS: Worked on project: G. Lowe, S. Metzger, D. Clevenger, R. Shearer, M. Warren, T. Felix, L. Morrow, J. Fox, J. Karr, W. Shriver. Collaborators: S. Loerch, F. Fluharty, H. Zerby, J. LeJeune, J. Grimes, J. McCutcheon, I. Susin, D. Gibb, S. Moeller TARGET AUDIENCES: Beef producers in Ohio; national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing extension education; feed industry nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No modifications occurred.
Impacts
Our research has discovered strategies to increase utilization of DGS in cattle and sheep diets, to reduce production costs, reduce manure output, and potentially improve meat quality (palatability and human nutritional characteristics). These discoveries benefit producers, the biofuels industry, Ohio corn growers, and consumers. The exploding ethanol and biofuel industry creates unique opportunities and challenges for Ohio agriculture. For ethanol production to be sustainable, the distillers grain co-products (DGS) must generate revenue from the livestock industry. Both the biofuels and livestock industries are jeopardized unless discoveries are made to allow increased use of DGS in cattle rations as a viable and cost effective substitute for corn grain. Our research has shown that pregnant beef cows and sheep can be fed DGS at up to 80% of the diet utilizing the Prescription Intake nutrition strategy we developed. This more than doubles the potential use of this co-product by the beef industry in Ohio. Utilizing DGS instead of hay or corn to meet calorie requirements of breeding stock reduced daily feed costs by 20% and resulted in a 50% reduction in manure output. We have also discovered that DGS can be used at up to 60% of the diet for growing heifers and feedlot steers. We discovered that a major barrier to increased dietary inclusion is the acid content of DGS. We discovered that increased dietary forage and supplemental monensin can attenuate these negative effects. We are now pursuing strategies to neutralize this acid load by treatment with alkalis. With these discoveries and the ready availability of DGS from the growing ethanol industry in Ohio, profitability potential for livestock, grain, and biofuels industries are enhanced. In Ohio, these strategies have the potential to save cattle producers over $100 annually per cow ($20 million total), while supporting demand and value of an important biofuel co-product. Project evaluation was used to identify key focus areas to maximize impacts. Facility and personnel resources were focused to achieve project objectives and design and implementation of appropriate experiments was performed.
Publications
- Radunz, A. E., F. L. Fluharty, H. N. Zerby, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Winter feeding systems for gestation sheep: I. Effects on pre- and postpartum ewe performance and lamb progeny preweaning performance. J. Anim. Sci. 89:467-477.
- Radunz, A. E., F. L. Fluharty, I. Susin, T. L. Felix, H. N. Zerby, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Winter feeding systems for gestation sheep: II. Effects on feedlot performance, glucose tolerance, and carcass composition of lamb progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 89:478-488.
- Zerby, H. N., J. L. Bard, S. C. Loerch, P. S. Kuber, A. E. Radunz, and F. L. Fluharty. 2011. Effects of diet and Aspergillus oryzae extract or Saccharomyces on growth and carcass characteristics of lambs and steers fed to meet requirements of natural markets. J. Anim. Sci. 89:2257-2264.
- Rodriguez-Palacios, A., C. Pickworth, S. Loerch, and J. T. LeJeune. 2011. Clostridium difficile in finishing beef cattle: Transient fecal shedding and limited animal-to-animal transmission in a naturally infected feedlot. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 77:3391-3397.
- Felix, T. L. , A. E. Radunz, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Effects of limit feeding corn or dried distillers grains with solubles at two intakes during the growing phase on the performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 89:2273-2279
- Felix, T. L. and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Effects of haylage and monensin supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal metabolism of feedlot cattle fed diets containing 60% dried distillers grains. J. Anim. Sci. 89:2614-2623.
- Ferreira, E. M., A. V. Pires, I. Susin, C. Q. Mendes, M. A. A. Queiroz, R. C. Araujo, F. S. Urano, G. H. Rodrigues, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and eating behavior of feedlot lambs fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean hulls. J. Anim. Sci. 89:4120-4126.
- Relling, A. E., C. K. Reynolds, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Effect of feeding fat or intra-jugular infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin on dry matter intake, digestibility, and digesta rate of passage in growing wethers. J. Anim. Sci. 89:168-178.
- Ferreira, E. M., A. V. Pires, I. Susin, C. Q. Mendes, M. A. A. Queiroz, R. C. Araujo, F. S. Urano, G. H. Rodrigues, and S. C. Loerch. 2011. Apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and ruminal constituents in ram lambs fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean hulls. J. Anim. Sci. 89:4127-4133.
- Gibb, D. J., F. H. Herk, P. S. Mir, S. C. Loerch, and T. A. McAllister. 2011. Removal of supplemental vitamin A from barley-based diets improves marbling if feedlot heifers. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 91:669-674.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Discoveries from this project are being disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. These include 11 producer meetings and schools (535 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle Newsletter, postings on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific community is through regional research meetings, presentation at American Society of Animal Science meetings, and through journal article publications. PARTICIPANTS: In addition to S. Loerch, PI and F. Fluharty, Co-PI, The Ohio State University were technical assistance from G. Lowe, P. Tirabasso; D. Clevenger, R. Shearer, M. Warren, OARDC Beef and Sheep Research Unit; T. Felix, Graduate Research Associate; J. Fox, J. Karr, W. Shriver, Coshocton Research Center. Collaborators: H. Zerby, OSU Animal Sciences, J. LeJeune, Food Animal Health Research OARDC; J. Grimes, J. McCutcheon TARGET AUDIENCES: Beef producers in Ohio; national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and performing extension education; feed industry nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No modifications occured.
Impacts
Our research has discovered strategies to increase utilization of distiller's grains co-products (DGS) in cattle and sheep diets, to reduce production costs, reduce manure output, and potentially improve meat quality (palatability and human nutritional characteristics). These discoveries benefit producers, the biofuels industry, Ohio corn growers, and consumers. The exploding ethanol and biofuel industry creates unique opportunities and challenges for Ohio agriculture. For ethanol production to be sustainable, DGS must generate revenue from the livestock industry. Both the biofuels and livestock industries are jeopardized unless discoveries are made to allow increased use of DGS in cattle rations as a viable and cost effective substitute for corn grain. Our research has shown that pregnant beef cows and sheep can be fed DGS at up to 80% of the diet utilizing the Prescription Intake nutrition strategy we developed. This more than doubles the potential use of this co-product by the beef industry in Ohio. Utilizing DGS instead of hay or corn to meet calorie requirements reduced daily feed costs by 20 to 50% and resulted in a 50% reduction in manure output. We have also discovered that DGS can be used at up to 70% of the diet for growing heifers and feedlot steers if our Prescription Intake program is utilized. Efficacy to enhance unsaturated fats in meat are being investigated. In a surprising discovery, we found supplementation of grazing lambs with DGS nearly eliminated the need for anthelmentic treatment for internal parasites. This discovery has ramifications for the cattle industries as well. With these discoveries and the ready availability of DGS from the growing ethanol industry in Ohio, profitability potential for livestock, grain, and biofuels industries are enhanced. In Ohio, these strategies have the potential to save cattle producers over $100 annually per cow ($20 million total), while supporting demand and value of an important biofuel co-product. Project evaluation was used to identify key focus areas to maximize impacts. Facility and personnel resources were focused to achieve project objectives and design and implementation of appropriate experiments was performed.
Publications
- Relling, A. E., J. L. Pate, C. K. Reynolds, and S. C. Loerch. 2010. Effect of feed restriction and supplemental dietary fat on gut peptide and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations in growing wethers. J. Anim. Sci. 88:737-748.
- Relling, A. E., S. C. Loerch, and C. K. Reynolds. 2010. Effects of Abomasal Soybean Oil, Corn Starch and Casein Infusion on Plasma Ghrelin and Oxyntomodulin Concentration in Lactating Dairy Cows. Dom. Anim. Endocr. 38:284-288.
- Pickworth, C. L., S. C. Loerch, S. G. Velleman, J. L. Pate, D. H. Poole, F. L. Fluharty. 2010. Adipogenic differentiation state-specific gene expression as related to bovine carcass adiposity. J. Anim. Sci. 88:3229.
- Radunz, A. E., F. L. Fluharty, M. L. Day, H. N. Zerby, and S. C. Loerch. 2010. Prepartum dietary energy source fed to beef cows: I. Effects on pre- and postpartum cow performance. JAS. 88:2717-2728.
- Smith, S. N., M.E. Davis, and S. C. Loerch. 2010. Residual feed intake of Angus beef cattle divergently selected for feed conversion ratio. Livestock Science. 132:41-47.
- Cernicchiaro, Natalia, David L. Pearl, Scott A. McEwen, Henry N. Zerby, Francis L. Fluharty, Steve C. Loerch, Michael D. Kauffman, Jaime L. Bard, Jeffrey T. LeJeune. 2010. A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of dietary energy sources, feed supplements, and the presence of super-shedders on the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle using different diagnostic procedures. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 7:1071-1081.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Discoveries from this project are being widely disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. These include six producer meetings and schools (550 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle News Letter, posting on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific audience is through regional research meetings, presentation at Amerincan Society of Animal Science meetings and through journal article publications. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS: Worked on Project: Gary Lowe, Research Technician; Patricia Tirabasso, Research Technician; Douglas Clevenger, Animal Manager; Roger Shearer, Animal Caretaker; Marcy Warren, Animal Caretaker; Amy Radunz, PhD student; Carrie Pickworth, PhD student; Tara Felix, PhD student. Collaborators: Francis Fluharty, OSU Professor; Linda Saif, OSU Professor; Henry Zerby, OSU Professor; John Grimes, OSU Extension Educator; Jeff McCutchean, Extension Educator; M. Morrison, OSU Professor; Z. Yu, OSU Professor TARGET AUDIENCES: Beef producers in Ohio, national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and extension education; Feed industry nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our research has shown that pregnant beef cows and sheep can be limit-fed corn instead of hay to meet their calorie needs. With the production of distillers grains as a byproduct of the growing ethanol industry, we have now shown this source of nutrition has excellent efficacy for pregnant beef cows. These alternatives result in a 50 percent reduction in feed cost, a 50 percent reduction in manure output and a 20 percent reduction in manure nitrogen. Our research has shown that extended grazing of pasture regrowth, winter grazing of corn, and utilization of grain processing byproducts also can reduce feed costs substantially without any loss in production. Results generated from this project revealed that vitamin A nutrition of cattle can be manipualted to enhance meat quality and value. These reults benefit livestock producers by lowering production costs and increasing value of their products. Grain and biofules indusrties are benefitted by enhanced demand for their products. The consumer is benefitted by increased quality of beef.
Publications
- Radunz, A. E., H. N. Zerby, S. C. Loerch, G. D. Lowe, and F. L. Fluharty. 2009. Effect of Angus- vs Wagyu-sired calves on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2971-2976.
- Radunz, A. E., L. A. Wickersham, S. C. Loerch, F. L. Fluharty, C. K. Reynolds, and H. N. Zerby. 2009. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. J. Anim. Sci.87:4082-4091.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Discoveries from this project are being widely disseminated in Ohio and the US through our outreach educational efforts. These include four producer meetings and schools (350 total participants), publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle News Letter, posting on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, and publications in the popular press. Dissemination to the scientific audience is through regional research meetings, presentation at Amerincan Society of Animal Science meetings and through journal article publications. PARTICIPANTS: Worked on Project: Gary Lowe, Research Technician; Patricia Tirabasso, Research Technician; Douglas Clevenger, Animal Manager; Lindsay Sprang, Animal Manager; Elmer Myers, Animal Caretaker; Milton Goracica, PhD student; Carrie Pickworth, PhD student. Collaborators: Linda Saif, OSU Professor; Henry Zerby, OSU Professor; John Grimes, OSU Extension Educator; M. Morrison, OSU Professor; Z. Yu, OSU Professor TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences: Beef producers in Ohio, national and international Animal Scientists conducting research, teaching, and extension education; Feed industry nutritionists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Our research has shown that pregnant beef cows and sheep can be limit-fed corn instead of hay to meet their calorie needs. With the production of distillers grains as a byproduct of the growing ethanol industry, we have now shown this source of nutrition has excellent efficacy for pregnant beef cows. These alternatives result in a 50 percent reduction in feed cost, a 50 percent reduction in manure output and a 20 percent reduction in manure nitrogen. Our research has shown that extended grazing of pasture regrowth, winter grazing of corn, and utilization of grain processing byproducts also can reduce feed costs substantially without any loss in production.
Publications
- M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil, F. L. Fluharty, and S. C. Loerch. 2008. Effect of vitamin A restriction on carcass characteristics and immune status of feedlot beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. (86: 1609-1616).
- Grimes, John F., Francis L. Fluharty, Thomas B. Turner, Henry N. Zerby and Gary D. Lowe. 2008. Effect of age-at-weaning and post-weaning management on performance and carcass characteristics of Charolais-Angus Cross Steers. Journal of Extension 46: Article 5RIB8. http://www.joe.org/joe/2008october/rb8.shtml.
- Chen, J., F. Fluharty, N. St-Pierre, M. Morrison, and Z. Yu. 2008. Technical note: Occurrence in fecal microbiota of genes conferring resistance to both macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B and tetracyclines concomitant with feeding of beef cattle with tylosin. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2385-2391.
- Jee, J., Azevedo, M. P., Vlasova, A., Hoet, A., Loerch, S. C., Pickworth, C., Hanson, J., and Saif, L. J. 2008. Effect of vitamin A on bovine coronavirus infection, vaccination and immunity in feedlot calves. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Abst. #116, Chicago, IL, December 7-9. Peer Reviewed.
- Pickworth, C. L., Loerch, S. C., and Fluharty, F. L. 2008. Effect of dietary vitamin A on finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:67 (E-Suppl. 3). Peer Reviewed.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture or dry corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers. Angus-cross steers (n = 165; BW = 295 kg ) were used evaluate the effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture corn (HMC) or dry corn (DC) on marbling and fatty acid composition. Steers were allotted to 24 pens (7 steers each) such that each pen had the same average initial weight. Treatments were then randomly allotted to the pens. The experiment had a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: low vitamin A (Lo, no supplemental vitamin A) and HMC (LoHMC); LoDC; high vitamin A (Hi, supplemented with 2,200 IU/kg DM) - HMC (HiHMC); and, HiDC. Diets contained 76 % corn, 10% corn silage, 11% protein supplement and 3% soybean oil on a DM basis. Samples of feed ingredients were taken for carotenoid analysis. Blood samples were taken for serum retinol determination. Steers were harvested after 145 d on
feed. Carcass characteristics and LM composition were determined. Samples from the s.c. fat depot were analyzed for fatty acid composition.
Impacts
Newly weaned calves are subjected to multiple stressors that result in poor performance, increased illness, mortality and reduced carcass quality and value. This problem costs the US beef Industry over $750 million annually. Discoveries to reduce these problems developed at OSU are being widely adopted in Ohio and the US through project research and outreach educational efforts. These include 4 producer meetings and schools (350 total participants) in 2006, publications in the Ohio BEEF Cattle News Letter, posting on the BEEF Team web page, presentations to feed industry personnel, publications in the popular and scientific press. Increasing beef quality increases carcass value for the producer and increases consumer demand for beef. Nutritional and management strategies based on project research to increase beef quality were presented at 5 producer meetings (570 participants) in 2007. Our recommendations were published in the Ohio BEEF Cattle News Letter, posted on
the BEEF Team web page, presented to feed industry personnel, and published in the popular and scientific press.
Publications
- M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil, F. L. Fluharty, C. K. Reynolds, and S. C. Loerch. 2007. Effect of dietary vitamin concentration and roasted soybean inclusion on marbling, adipose cellularity, and fatty acid composition of beef. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2230-2242.
- M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil, F. L. Fluharty, C. K. Reynolds, and S. C. Loerch. 2007. Effect of vitamin A restriction on marbling and conjugated linoleic acid content in Holstein steers. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2243-2255.
- M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil, F. L. Fluharty, T. Bohn, S. J. Schwartz, and S. C. Loerch. 2007. Effect of low vitamin a diets with high-moisture- or dry-corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 85:3355-3366.
- S. L. Boyles, S. C. Loerch, and G. D. Lowe. 2007. Effects of weaning management strategies on performance and health of calves during feedlot receiving. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23:637-641.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
To determine the effect of dietary vitamin A restriction on the site of fat deposition in beef, 60 Holstein steers (BW = 219.1 kg) were fed a high-moisture corn-based diet containing either 2200 IU supplemental vitamin A/kg DM; a long (243d) duration of vitamin A restriction (LR); or a shorter (131d) duration of vitamin A restriction (SR). No supplemental vitamin A was provided to LR steers; SR steers were fed 2200 IU supplemental vitamin A/kg DM for the first 112d and then no supplemental vitamin A for the final 131d. Restricting vitamin A intake for 243d increased intramuscular fat percentage without affecting subcutaneous or visceral fat deposition, feedlot performance, or carcass weight. A colorimetric procedure was modified to estimate penicillin concentration in rumen fluid. In general, after adding 45 x 106 U of penicillin to the rumen of sheep at 0 hr (approximately 10,000 U / ml), concentrations increased up to 6 hr, and then fell to near zero by 24 hr.
Protozoal concentrations were not affected; however, both total and cellulolytic bacterial concentrations were markedly reduced.
Impacts
Penicillin and neomycin were found to completely inhibit growth of certain rumen protozoal species, whereas streptomycin had little or no effect. These antibiotics may have efficacy for manipulating rumen microbial populations to enhance rumen function. Restricting vitamin A intake for 243d increased intramuscular fat percentage without affecting subcutaneous or visceral fat deposition, feedlot performance, or carcass weight. This discovery could increase carcass value by $50 per animal.
Publications
- Dehority, B. A. 2005. Effect of pH on viability of Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum and Ophryoscolex purkynjei in vitro. J. Eukaryotic Microbiology, 52:339-342.
- Dehority, B. A. 2006. Studies on the variation in caudal spination of Epidinium. Zootaxa,1305:33-39.
- de la Fuente, G., K. Skirnisson and B. A. Dehority. 2006. Rumen ciliate fauna of Icelandic cattle, sheep, goats and reindeer. Zootaxa, 1377:47-60.
- Gorocica-Buenfil, M. A. 2006 Effects of dietary vitamin A restriction on the site of fat deposition and fatty acid composition of growing cattle. PhD dissertation. The Ohio State Univ.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Antibiotic sensitivity of the rumen ciliate protozoa species Epidinium caudatum and Entodinium caudatum was investigated in vitro. Penicillin and neomycin were found to completely inhibit growth, whereas streptomycin had little or no effect. Chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline were slightly inhibitory. Penicillin was inhibitory at very low concentrations, i.e., 2.5 U or 0.002 mg /ml. Also, physiological differences were observed between clone cultures of Epidinium caudatum from different animals and geographic areas. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of cattle age and dietary forage level on the utilization of corn fed whole or ground to feedlot cattle. In Experiment 1, sixteen steers were used to investigate the effects of cattle age and corn processing on diet digestibility. Cattle age and corn processing did not affect diet digestibility of DM, OM, starch, CP, NDF and ADF, and no interactions between these two factors were detected. In
Experiment 2, the effects of forage level and corn processing on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated with 168 steers. For the high forage diets, steers fed cracked corn had 7% greater DMI than those fed whole corn, whereas for the low forage diets, grain processing did not affect DMI. Total trial ADG and FE, and percentage of carcasses grading Choice, and carcass YG were not affected by corn processing. In experiment 3, the effects of forage level and corn processing on diet digestibility were evaluated. No interactions between forage level and corn processing were detected for starch digestibility. Forage level and corn processing did not affect diet DM, OM, starch, CP, and NDF digestibility. Processing corn did not provide additional benefits to feedlot cattle performance under these experimental conditions.
Impacts
Penicillin and neomycin were found to completely inhibit growth of certain rumen protozoal species, whereas streptomycin had little or no effect. These antibiotics may have efficacy for manipulating rumen microbial populations to enhance rumen function. Processing corn did not provide additional benefits to feedlot cattle performance versus feeding corn whole. For feedlot cattle fed low forage diets for more than 165 days, costs of corn processing may not be justified and may actually reduce gains and feed efficiency.
Publications
- M. A. Gorocica-Buenfil and S. C. Loerch. 2005. Effect of cattle age, forage level and corn processing on diet digestibility and feedlot performance. J. Anim. Sci. 83:705-714.
- R. J. Borton, S. C. Loerch, K. E. McClure, and D. M. Wulf. 2005. Comparison of characteristics of lambs fed concentrate or grazed on ryegrass to traditional or heavy slaughter weights. I. Production, carcass, and organoleptic characteristics. J. Anim Sci. 83: 679-685.
- R. J. Borton, S. C. Loerch, K. E. McClure, and D. M. Wulf. 2005. Characteristics of lambs fed concentrates or grazed on ryegrass to traditional or heavy slaughter weights. II. Wholesale cuts and tissue accretion. J. Anim Sci. 83: 1345-1352.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of cattle age and dietary forage level on the utilization of corn fed whole or ground to feedlot cattle. A possible interaction between days on feed and corn processing on ADG (P < 0.10) and G:F (P < 0.01) was observed. Cattle with fewer days on feed grew faster and more efficiently when cracked corn was fed while cattle with longer days on feed had greater ADG and G:F when corn was fed whole. Forage level, cattle age, and corn processing (grinding) did not affect nutrient digestibilities of the diet.
Impacts
Limit-feeding corn or grazing stockpile fescue is equally efficacious to feeding cows hay during the winter. Therefore, feed choices should be made based on the relaive feed costs of these three strategies. For growing calves, limit-feeding corn based diets at an early age(4 months)improves carcass quality vs the initialtion of grain feeding at 7 months of age.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Samples of rumen contents were obtained from eight species of indigenous wild ruminants in Africa. Percentage species composition of rumen protozoa in the wild ruminants differed from that in domestic ruminants. Several new host records for protozoal species were also observed. Addition of antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) to in vitro cultures of rumen protozoa appears to cause death of the protozoa within 10 to 14 days. A nutrition trial was conducted with gestating beef cows during the winter. Compared with feeding hay, feed costs can be reduced by up to 50% when corn grain or stockpiled forage is used as the principle energy source for cows during the winter. In a feedlot trial, calves were early weaned and placed on several growing diets. Limit-feeding a high grain diet for 100 days did not enhance intramuscular fat deposition at slaughter compared to ad libitum intake of a high-concentrate diet or high-fiber diet.
Impacts
Limit-feeding corn or grazing stockpile fescue is equally efficacious to feeding cows hay during the winter. Therefore, feed choices should be made based on the relaive feed costs of these three strategies. For growing calves, limit-feeding corn based diets at an early age(4 months)improves carcass quality vs the initialtion of grain feeding at 7 months of age.
Publications
- Karnati, S. K. R., Z. Yu, J. T. Sylvester, B. A. Dehority, M. Morrison and J. L. Firkins. 2003. Specific PCR amplification of protozoal 18S rDNA sequences from DNA extracted from rumen samples of cows for ecological analysis of ruminal protozoa. J. Anim. Sci. 81:812-815.
- Gocemen, B., B. A. Dehority and S. Rastgeldi. 2003. Ciliated protozoa in the rumen of Turkish domestic cattle (Bos taurus L.). J. Eukaryot. Micrbiol. 50:104-108.
- Dehority, B. A. and A. A. Odenyo. 2003. Influence of diet on the rumen protozoal fauna of indigenous African wild ruminants. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50:220-223.
- Rossi, J.E. and S. C. Loerch. 2003. Effects of duration of feed restriction on carcass composition of leghorn cockerals. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 24:49-58.
- Schoonmaker, J.P. , S.C. Loerch, J.E. Rossi, and M.L. Borger. 2003. Stock-piled forage or limit-fed corn as alternatives to hay for gestating and lactating beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1099-1105.
- Schoonmaker, J.P., M.J. Cecava, D.B. Faulkner, F.L. Fluharty, H.N. Zerby, and S.C. Loerch. 2003. Effect of source of energy and rate of growth on performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal fermentation, and serum glucose and insulin of early-weaned steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81:843-855.
- Thomas, D.L., D.F. Waldon, G.D. Lowe, D.G. Morrical, H.H. Meyer, R.A. High, Y.M. Berger, D.G. clevenger, G.E. Fogle, R.G. Gottfredson, S.C. Loerch, K.E. McClure, T.D. Willingham, D.L. Zartman, and R.D. Zelinsky. 2003. Length of tail dock and the incidence of rectal prolapse in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:2725-2732.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Seventy beef calves were used to determine the effects of age at feedlot entry and castration on growth, performance and carcass characteristicts. Feedlot placement of calves at 4 months of age accelerated finishing and produced young, highly marbled beef, but with lower carcass weights. Feeding bulls was a viable management option; however, as feedlot entry age increased, intramuscular fat deposition was impeded, and there was an increase in overweight carcasses. In a second experiment, effects of castration status and an agressive implant program on performance, carcass charateristics, and circulating IGF-1 status was determined.The pattern of growth differed between bulls and agressively implanted steers, but the extent of growth was not affected. Bulls acheived their target fat thickness at an older age and had greater muscle growth and more favorable intramuscular fat deposition. Responses were linked to circulating IGF-1 concentrations. The pH tolerance of
several ruminal protozoa was determined. Entodinium were thought to be more pH tolerant than the other genera of ciliates. However, using in vitro cultures, grown and transferred in poorly buffered medium to simulate rumen fluctuations in pH, Entodinium caudatum, E. exiguum, Epidinium caudatum and Ophryoscolex purkynjei were all found to have a minimum pH value between 5.3 and 5.4.
Impacts
Early weaning and feedlot placement of beef calves at a young age produces high quality beef and results in economical feedlot performance. Intact bulls had similar performance and charcass characteristics as agressively implanted steers , without the need for hormone implants.
Publications
- Schoonmaker, J. P., S. C. Loerch, F. L. Fluharty, H. N. Zerby, and T. B. Turner. 2002. Effect of age at feedlot entry on performance and carcass characteristics of bulls and steers. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2247-2254.
- Schoonmaker, J. P., S. C. Loerch, F. L. Fluharty, T. B. Turner, S. J. Moeller, J. E. Rossi, W. R. Dayton, M. R. Hathaway, and D. M. Wulf. 2002. Effect of an accelerated finishing program on performance, carcass characteristics, and circulating insulin-like growth factor I concentration of early-weaned bulls and steers. J. Anim. Sci. 80:900-910.
- Hasoksuz, M., A. E. Hoet, S. C. Loerch, T. E. Wittum, P. R. Nielsen, and L. J. Saif. 2002. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in an Ohio feedlot. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 14:308-313.
- Rossi, J.E. and S. C. Loerch. 2002. Effects of feed restriction on compensatory growth of leghorn cockerals. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 22:273-280.
- Hoet, A.E., K.O. Cho, K.O. Chang, S.C. Loerch, T.E. Wittum, and L.J. Saif. 2002. Enteric and nasal shedding of bovine torovirus(breda virus) in feedlot cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63:342-348.
- Dehority, B. A. 2002. Gastrointestinal tracts of herbivores, particularly the ruminant: anatomy, physiology and microbial digestion of plants. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 21:145-160.
- Gocmen, B., B. A. Dehority and S. Rastgeldi. 2002. The occurrence of the rumen ciliate Metadinium banski Dehority(Ophryoscolecidae, Entodiniomorphida) from domestic goats (Capra hircus L.) in southeastern Turkey. Turk. J. Zool. 26:367-370.
- Persia, M. E., B. A. Dehority and M. S. Lilburn. 2002. The effects of enzyme supplementation of corn- and wheat-based diets on nutrient digestion and cecal microbial populations in turkeys. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:134-145.
- Kubesy, A. A. and B. A. Dehority. 2002. Forestomach ciliate protozoa in Egyptian dromedary camels (Camels dromedarius). Zootaxa 51:1-12.
- Obispo, N. E. and B. A. Dehority. 2002. Factors affecting the concentration and cellulolytic activity of sheep rumen fungi. Livestock Research for Rural Development 14(5):1-6.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of proportion of dietary corn silage during periods of feed restriction on performance of steers. Limit -feeding corn silage-based diets to steers in a programmed intake feeding program resulted in compensatory growth and overall performance responses that were lower and more variable than for steers limit-fed high-concentrate diets. Four experiments were conducted to investigate a feeding regimen in which a programmed amount of feed was offered daily to control growth rate of steers. Programmed intake feeding regimens sustained growth rate and feed efficiency for an extended period of time without detrimental effects on carcass characteristics. Increased ADG and gain efficiency of steers during compensatory growth periods were due to greater fractional accretion rates of skeletal muscle protein. A 2-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of weaning age x implant regimen interaction on steer growth and
performance, organ mass, carcass characteristics, and cooked beef palatability. Early weaning and feeding a high-concentrate diet allowed appreciable amounts of intramuscular fat deposition to occur early in the feeding period. This enhanced quality grade regardless of age a slaughter and implant regimen. Both Entodinium caudatum and E. exiguum appear to require live, as compared to dead, bacteria for extended growth in vitro (after 72 h and 48 h, respectively). A synergistic effect in starch digestion was observed when E. exiguum was cocultured with bacteria in vitro. Feeding sheep a restricted intake, 1, 6, or 12 times per day, had little or no effect on rumen bacterial and fungal concentrations. However, multiple feedings lowered rumen pH and increased ruminal DM.
Impacts
Programming growth rate of feedlot cattle by controlling feed intake improved feed efficiency without compromising average daily gains or carcass characteristics. Compensatory growth was characterized by greater fractional accretion rates of skeletal muscle protein. Early weaning and feedlot placement enhanced intramuscular fat deposition at time of harvest.
Publications
- Arakaki, L. C., R. C. Stahringer, J. E. Garrett and B. A. Dehority. 2000. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 84:121-127.
- Dehority, B. A. and P. A. Tirabasso. 2000. Antibiosis between ruminal bacteria and ruminal fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2921-2927.
- Fukushima, R. S. and B. A. Dehority. 2000. Feasibility of using lignin isolated from forages by solubilization in acetyl bromide as a standard for lignin analyses. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3135-3143.
- Dehority, B. A. and P. A. Tirabasso. 2001. Effect of feeding frequency on bacterial and fungal concentrations, pH, and other parameters in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2908-2912.
- Fondevila, M. and B. A. Dehority. 2001. In vitro growth and starch digestion by Entodinium exiguum as influenced by the presence or absence of live bacteria. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2465-2471.
- Fondevila, M. and B. A. Dehority. 2001. Preliminary study on the requirements of Entodinium exiguum and E. caudatum for live or dead bacteria when cultured in vitro. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 41: 41-46.
- Gocmen, B., B. A. Dehority, G. H. Talu and S. Rastgeldy. 2001. The rumen ciliate fauna of domestic sheep (Ovis ammon aires) from the Turkish republic of northern Cyprus. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48:455-459.
- Rossi, J. E. and S. C. Loerch. 2001. Proportion of corn silage in diets of feedlot steers fed to achieve stepwise increases in growth. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1402-1408.
- Rossi, J. E., S. C. Loerch, H. L. Keller and L. B. Willett. 2001. Effects of dietary crude protein concentration during periods of feed restriction on performance, carcass characteristics, and skeletal muscle protein turnover in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79:3148-3157.
- Rossi, J. E., S. C. Loerch, S. J. Moeller and J. P. Schoonmaker. 2001. Effects of days fed and programmed growth rate on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1394-1401.
- Schoonmaker, J. P., F. L. Fluharty, S. C. Loerch, T. B. Turner, S. J. Moeller and D. M. Wulf. 2001. Effect of weaning status and implant regimen on growth, performance and carcass characteristics of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1074-1084.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Four trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of using trainer animals to improve the health and performance of newly arrived feedlot calves. Trainer animals were present with newly received feedlot calves for 14 d after arrival. In these trials, trainer cows had a significant effect on eating behavior of newly received calves, but health and performance benefits were variable. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of diet on growth of steers weaned at approximately 100 vs 205 d of age. Feeding high-concentrate diets to early weaned beef calves accelerated growth rate and fat deposition early in the feeding period and may be a way to provide young cattle for a high-quality beef market. Minimum pH values for four species of rumen protozoa, Entodinium caudatum, E. exiguum, Epidinium caudatum and Ophryoscolex purkynjei, were determined in vitro and found to be almost identical (5.34 - 5.38).
Impacts
Calves housed with trainer cows had improved gains and health status in some trials, but the response was not consistent. Early weaning may be a beneficial alternative in years when pasture is limited late in the summer and may be a way to direct young calves to a high-quality-grade market more quickly than more traditional management strategies.
Publications
- McClure, K.E., M.B. Solomon and S.C. Loerch. 2000. Body weight and tissue gain in lambs fed an all-concentrate diet and implanted with Trenbolone-acetate or grazed on alfalfa. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1117-1124.
- Lathrop, S.L., T.E. Wittum, S.C. Loerch, L. Perino and L.J. Saif. 2000. Bovine coronavirus respiratory shedding and antibody titers in feedlot cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61:1057-1061.
- Lathrop, S.L., T.E. Wittum, K.V. Brock, S.C. Loerch, L.J. Perino, H.R. Bingham, F.T. McCollum, and L.J. Saif. 2000. Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and performance of cattle in feedlots. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61:1062-1067.
- Loerch, S.C. and F.L. Fluharty. 2000. Use of trainer animals to improve performance and health of newly arrived feedlot calves. J. Anim. Sci.78:539-547.
- Fluharty, F.L., S.C. Loerch, T.B. Turner, S.J. Moeller and G.D. Lowe. 2000. Effects of weaning age and diet on growth and carcass characteristics in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1759-1767.
- Rossi, J.E., S.C. Loerch and F.L. Fluharty. 2000. Effects of crude protein concentration in diets of feedlot steers fed to achieve step-wise increases in rate of gain. J. Anim. Sci. 78:3036-3044.
- Dehority, B.A. and P.A. Tirabasso. 2000. Antibiosis between ruminal bacteria and ruminal fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2921-2927.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
In Exp. 1 crossbred steers (n=107, 309.1 +/- 3.03 kg) were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine effects of ad libitum (AL) or prescription intake (PI) and days fed (168 vs 203) on performance and carcass characteristics. Prescription intake steers were fed to achieve a predicted gain of 1.13 kg/d for the first 78 kg of gain, 1.36 kg/d for the next 124 kg of gain, and were offered feed ad libitum for the final 54 and 103 kg of gain before slaughter for PI-168d and PI-203d steers, respectively. Overall ADG from d 0-168 was greater (P<.03) for AL (1.61 kg/d) vs PI (1.50 kg/d) steers. Feed efficiency was improved (P<.02) for PI (.193) vs AL (.183) steers. Increasing days fed increased percentage choice 40% in PI and 9% in AL steers. In Exp. 2 crossbred steers (n=96; 308.2 +/- 3.41 kg) were used to determine effects of programmed growth rate on performance and carcass characteristics. Steers were offered feed ad libitum throughout the experiment
(AL) or were programmed to gain at a high (PIH) or low (PIL) growth rate. For the first 78 kg of gain, intake was restricted to achieve predicted gains of 1.13 kg/d (PIL) or 1.25 kg/d (PIH). For the next 124 kg of gain, intake was restricted to achieve predicted gains of 1.36 kg/d (PIL) or 1.47 kg/d (PIH). Feed was offered ad libitum for the final 58 kg of gain. Overall ADG was similar (P>.37) between treatments. Days fed were the same for AL and PIH steers and 9 days greater for PIL steers. No differences (P<.22) were observed for carcass characteristics.
Impacts
Prescription fed cattle reached final market weight (570 kg) in the same number of days as cattle that were full fed throughout the feeding period. Prescription fed cattle required 136 kg less feed per steer to put on the same amount of weight. This system improved profitability by 33% ($25.00/steer).
Publications
- Loerch, S.C. and F.L. Fluharty. 1999. Physiological changes and digestive capability of newly received feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 77:113-1119.
- Driedger, L.J. and S.C. Loerch. 1999. Limit-feeding corn as an alternative to hay reduces manure and nutrient output by Holstein cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:960-966.
- Driedger, L.J. and S.C. Lowerch. 1999. Effects of protein concentration and source on nutrient digestibility by mature steers limit-fed high-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 77:967-972.
- Hejazi, S., F.L. Fluharty, J.E. Perley, S.C. Loerch and G.D. Lowe. 1999. Effects of corn processing and dietary fiber source on feedlot performance, visceral organ weight, diet digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 77:507-515.
- Rossi, J.E., S.C. Loerch, and M.L. Borger. 1999. Poultry manure as a supplement in high concentrate diets limit-fed to beef cows. Professional Anim. Sci. 15:258-263.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Trial evaluated feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steers prescription-fed to achieve step-wise increases in gain and provided supplemental crude protein either equal in grams per day or percentage of the diet to that of steers offered feed ad libitum. Performance between steers fed equal grams per day or percent crude protein as ad libitum-fed steers was not different when gain was 2.5 or 3.0 pounds per day. Overall average daily gain was lower for prescription-fed than ad libitum-fed steers. Total feed intake was lower (P<.05) for prescription-fed than ad libitum-fed steers despite days on feed being greater (P<.05) than ad libitum steers. Dressing percent, backfat and quality grade were less (P<.01) for prescription-fed than ad libitum-fed steers. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate poultry manure as a crude protein and mineral supplement in high concentrate limit-fed diets fed to gestating and lactating beef cows and heifers. No
differences (P>.10) in performance were observed between cows provided supplemental crude protein and minerals from either poultry manure or a soybean meal-based supplement. Feed costs per day were lower for cows supplemented with poultry manure ($.82) than the soybean meal-based supplement ($1.11) and were much lower than an all-hay diet ($1.46).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Knoblich, H.V., F.L. Fluharty and S.C. Loerch. 1997. Effects of programmed gain strategies on performance and carcass characteristics of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:3094-3102.
- Loerch, S.C. and F.L. Fluharty. 1998. Effects of programming intake on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 76:371-377.
- Stick, D.A., M.E. Davis, S.C. Loerch and R.C.M. Simmen. 1998. Effect of blood serum IGF-1 concentration on postweaning feed efficiency of crossbred cattle at three levels of dietary intake. J. Anim. Sci. 76:498-501.
- Loerch, S.C. and F.L. Fluharty. 1998. Effects of dietary roughage level and timing of roughage inclusion on performance of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 76:681-685.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Trial 1: 161 steer calves were used to determine effects of intake restriction & programmed gain on cattle performance, carcass comp. & characteristics. 5 feeding systems were tested using step-wise increases in feed intake. Initially, steers were fed to gain 1.13 kg/d. Intake was increased to achieve gain of 1.36 kg/d. At end of feed period steers had ad lib access to feed. Feeding steers at restricted intakes & increasing daily gain by increasing feed intake using 4 different schedules all reduced (P<.05) daily feed intake & total feed intake but not ADG compared with ad lib access to feed throughout trial. Trial 2: 108 steer calves were used to determine effects of increasing or decreasing roughage level on feedlot performance & carcass characteristics. 4 dietary treatments were: 1) 85% conc. diet fed for 186 d; 2) 100% conc. diet fed for 186 d; 3) 85% conc. diet fed for 84 d followed by a 100% conc. diet for remaining 102 d; 4) 100% conc. diet for 84 d followed by
85% conc. diet for remaining 102 d. Roughage was added as corn silage. During 1st 84 d, level of dietary conc. did not affect (P>.10) ADG. Steers switched to 85% conc. diet for last 102 d had higher (P<.05) DMI than those fed 100% conc. diet; they did not exhibit an increase in ADG. Finishing phase feed efficiency was highest (P<.05) for steers continually fed 100% conc., lowest (P<.05) for steers continually fed 85% conc. & intermediate for steers whose conc. level was switched during trial.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- FLUHARTY, F.L. & LOERCH, S.C. 1997. Effects of concentration and source of supplemental fat and protein on performance of newly arrived feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:2308-2316.
- LOERCH, S.C. & FLUHARTY, F.L. 1997. Effects of programming intake on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press).
- KNOBLICH, H.V., FLUHARTY, F.L. & LOERCH, S.C. 1997. Effects of programmed gain strategies on performance and carcass characteristics of steers. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press).
- STICK, D.A., DAVIS, M.E., LOERCH, S.C. AND SIMMEN, R.C.M. 1997. Effect of blood serum IGF-1 concentration on postweaning feed efficiency of crossbred cattle at three levels of dietary intake. J.
- LOERCH, S.C. 1996. Concentrate based diets for beef cattle. pp 135-159 In: A.M. Peixolo (Ed.) Ninth Annual Animal Production
- DRIEDGER, L.J. 1997. The effects of limit-feeding whole shelled corn-based diets on digestibility, N-metabolism and nutrient excretion of non-lactating Holstein cows and Holstein steers. M.S.
- LOERCH, S.C. & FLUHARTY, F.L. 1997. Effects of dietary roughage level and timing of roughage inclusion on performance of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press)
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of length of feed and waterdeprivation on ruminal microbes and ruminal characteristics. Treatments were: 1) weaned, but not trucked (0 h); 2) weaned, trucked, and fasted for 48 h; and 3) weaned, trucked, and fasted for 72 h. On d 0 (arrival back at the feedlot after treatment), DMI, ruminal volume (P<.05), and weight of ruminal contents (P<.05) decreased as length of feed and water deprivation increased. However, on d 4, there were no longer any differences (P>.10) in DMI or weight of ruminal contents. There were no decreases (P>.10) in the ruminal numbers of cellulolytic or total bacteria due to length of feed and water deprivation. Three experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of limit-feeding corn-based diets as an alternative to hay for beef cows in gestation and early lactation. Seventy or 71 mature, pregnant Simmental crossbred cows (average weight=589+-10 kg) were used in each trial. Each of 29
or 30 cows was fed approximately 5 kg of whole shelled corn, 1.2 kg of a pelletted supplement, and 1 kg of hay daily from November to April to meet nutritional needs for gestation. The remaining 41 cows were fed first-cutting round-baled hay free choice. Limit-feeding the corn-based diet had no detrimental effects on subsequent cow performance or conception rate or on calf weaning weight following summer grazing on pasture. The cost to feed a cow hay was nearly double that of limit-feeding the corn-based diet.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- FLUHARTY, F. L., LOERCH, S.C. and DEHORITY, B.A. 1996. Effects of feed and water deprivation on ruminal characteristics and microbial population of newly weaned and feedlot adapted calves. J. Anim. Sci. 74:465-474.
- FLUHARTY, F.L. and LOERCH, S.C. 1996. Effects of dietary energy source and levelof performance of newly arrived feedlot calves. J. Anim. Sci. 74:504-513.
- LOERCH, S.C. 1996. Limit feeding corn as an alternative to hay for gestating beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1211-1216.
- KNOBLICH, H.V. 1996. The effects of restricted feeding on nitrogen metabolism, performance and carcass composition of growing ruminants. M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
- KNOBLICH, H.V. and LOERCH, S.C. 1996. Effects of energy restriction followed by unrestricted energy intake on nitrogen metabolism of growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 74(Suppl. 1):85.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Fifty-six mature Polypay ewes were used in two experiments to examine the effects of feeding a high-grain diet at a restricted intake on milk production and composition, lamb performance and out-of-season breeding. Ewes were fed either a high-grain diet (85% concentrate and 15% forage) or a high-forage diet. Feed intake of the high-grain diet was restricted by 20% (compared with ewes fed high forage) so that intake of energy was similar for both dietary groups. Daily milk production was 19% higher (P<.05) in Exp. 1 and 8% higher (P<.10) in Exp. 2 for ewes fed high grain than for those fed high forage (2.71 vs 2.28 kg/d and 3.18 vs 2.95 kg/d in Exp. 1 and 2, resp.). Milk protein percentage and daily amount of milk protein were higher (P<.05), and the percentage of milk fat was lower (P<.03) for ewes fed the high-grain diet than for those fed the high-forage diet. Diet did not affect milk fat production (g/d) or lamb growth rate. Limit feeding high-grain diets is an
effective alternative to forage for lactating ewes and may reduce feed costs substantially.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SUSIN, I., LOERCH, S.C. and MCCLURE, K.E. 1995. Effects of feeding a high-grain diet at a restricted intake on lactation performance and rebreeding of ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3199-3205.
- SUSIN, I., LOERCH, S.C., MCCLURE, K.E. and DAY, M.L. 1995. Effects of limit feeding a high-grain diet on puberty and reproductive performance of ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3206-3215.
- FLUHARTY, F.L. and LOERCH, S.C. 1995. Effects of protein concentration and protein source on performance of newly arrived feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1585-1594.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Steers (initial wt, 272 kg) were fed to gain .91, 1.1, 1.4 kg/d or ad libitum. Net energy equations were used to determine intake necessary to achieve these respective growth rates. When steers reached 363 kg they all were switched to the ad libitum diet until slaughter at 535 kg. Steers fed to gain .91, 1.1, 1.4 kg/d or maximum growth actually gained 1.03, 1.21, 1.40 and 1.66 kg/d, respectively. When steers were fed ad libitum from 363 kg body wt to 535 kg body wt, gains were 1.68, 1.60, 1.56 and 1.46 kg/d, respectively, for the above treatments. For the total trial daily gains were lower for steers fed to gain .91 kg/d (initially) vs steers on remaining treatments. Total trial feed efficiency was not affected by dietary regimen. In Trial 2, steers (initial wt, 300 kg) were fed ad libitum throughout the trial, fed for a predicted gain of 1.40 kg/d throughout the trial, fed for increasing rate of gain (1.21 kg/d from 300 to 386 kg body wt; 1.4 kg/d from 386 to 476 kg;
ad libitum to market wt of 520 kg) or fed for decreasing rate of gain (ad libitum intake to 386 kg body wt; 1.4 kg/d from 386 to 476 kg; 1.21 kg/d from 476 to 520 kg). Steers fed for decreasing gains had lower total trial average daily gains vs the other feeding regimens. Steers fed for increasing gains had the highest feed efficiency.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MURPHY, T.A. ET AL. 1994. Effects of feeding high-concentrate diets at restricted intakes on digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci.72:1583.
- MURPHY, T.A. ET AL. 1993. The influence of intake level and corn processing on digestibility and ruminal metabolism in steers fed all concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci.72:1608.
- FLUHARTY, F.L. ET AL. 1994. Effects of energy density and protein source on diet digestibility and performance of calves after arrival at the feedlot. J. Anim. Sci.72:1616.
- MURPHY, T.A. ET AL. 1994. Effects of restricted feeding on growth performance and carcass composition of lambs. J. Anim. Sci.72:3131.
- FLUHARTY, F.L. ET AL. 1994. Ruminal characteristics, microbial populations and digestive capabilities of newly weaned, stressed calves. J. Anim. Sci.72:2969.
- SUSIN, I. 1994. Effects of limit feeding high grain diets on reproductive performance and lactation of ewes. Ph.D. Dissertation, OSU, Columbus.
- MURPHY, T.A. ET AL. 1994. Effects of grain or pasture finishing systems on carcass composition and tissue accretion rates of lambs. J. Anim. Sci.72:3138.
- MURPHY, T.A. AND LOERCH, S.C. 1994. Effects of restricted feeding of growing steers on performance, carcass characteristics and composition. J. Anim. Sci.72:2497.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
In two trials, restricting intake of growing steers by 10 and 20% resulted in slight depressions in daily gain. Feed efficiency was unchanged in the first trial and improved in the second trial when intake was restricted. Carcass fat was decreased 17% and carcass lean was increased when intake was restricted. In two trial, maintenance requirements of gestating cows were met by feeding either hay ad libitum or a high concentrate diet at a limited intake. Weight changes during the 180 day trials were similar for cows fed hay vs those fed the high concentrate diet and reproductive performance was not affected by diet. Daily feed costs were reduced by 40% when the high concentrate diet was fed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LOERCH, S.C., SMITH, F.E., AND FLUHARTY, F.L. 1993. Efficacy of methane fermentor residue as a source of roughage for cattle fed grain based diets. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 4:31-39.
- FLUHARTY, F.L. 1993. Factors affecting ruminal function and performance of newly arrived feedlot calves. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus.
- MURPHY, T.A. 1993. The effects of restricted feeding on diet digestibility, performance and carcass composition of growing ruminants. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State Univ., Columbus.
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
In two growth trials, steer feedlot performance was not improved when roughage was added to all concentrate diets during the last 50 days of the finishing period. Stressed feeder calves were shown to require 23% protein diets the first week upon feedlot arrival in order to meet their gram protein requirement and to maximize performance. Replacement heifers which were limit-fed a high concentrate diet achieved predicted gains of .73 kg/d. Daily feed costs were reduced by 34% compared to feeding forage ad libitum.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SULTAN, J. & LOERCH, S. 1992. Effects of protein and energy supplementation of wheat straw-based diets on site of nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 70:2228-2234.
- SULTAN, J., FIRKINS, J., WEISS, W. & LOERCH, S. 1992. Effects of energy level and protein source on N kinetics in steers fed wheat straw-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3916-3921.
- SULTAN, J., FLUHARTY, F., FIRKINS, J. & LOERCH, S. 1992. Effects of supplemental CP source & alkaline H peroxide trt. of WS on site of nutrient digestion & flow of N compounds to the duodenum of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3909-3915.
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Growth and subsequent reproductive performance did not differ between replacement heifers fed free choice corn silage and those fed corn-based diets at limited feed intake but equal energy intake. Effects on gestating cow performance are being investigated. Stepwise increases in corn silage (up to 30% of the diet) for corn-based finishing diets did not benefit rate of gain and was detrimental to feed efficiency. However, inclusion of 15% corn silage after steers were fed all concentrate diets for 84 days did improve rate of gain. Roughage additions late in the finishing period are being investigated. Extent of N recycling was measured using "N kinetic studies when steers were fed blood meal or soybean meal at two dietary energy levels. N recycling was increased approximately 30% when the ruminal escape protein source (blood meal) or high energy diets were fed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LOERCH, S.C. 1990. Effects of restricting intake of high concentrate diets on the performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3086.
- NGIDI, E.M., LOERCH, S.C., FLUHARTY, F.L. and PALMQUIST, D.L. 1990. Effects of calcium soaps of long chain fatty acids on performance, carcass characteristics and rumen metabolism of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2555.
- LOERCH, S.C. 1991. Effect of plastic pot scrubbers as a replacement for roughage on performance of cattle fed all concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 69:2321.
- OKE, B.O. and LOERCH, S.C. 1991. Effects of chemical treatments of cereal grains on in vitro dry matter disappearance and steer feedlot performance. J. Anim. Feed Sci. and Technol. 34:163.
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Progress 07/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
This project was activated on 25/07/90, and cattle feeding studies are now underway.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- NO PUBLICATIONS REPORTED THIS PERIOD.
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