Progress 07/01/99 to 06/30/06
Outputs
A series of experiments examined the ability of bovine immunoglobulin to bind high affinity iron receptors of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli isolated from bovine intramammary infections each expressed the ferric enterobacterin receptor (FepA) when cultured in iron-deplete conditions and the ferric citrate receptor (FecA) when cultured in iron-deplete media containing citrate. Both FepA and FecA were immunogenic in cows. Escherichia coli incubated in iron-deplete media containing anti-FepA IgG or anti-FecA IgG had reduced iron uptake and extended generation intervals compared with growth in iron-deplete media with IgG from unvaccinated cows. Culturing E. coli in iron-deplete media containing both anti-FepA IgG and anti-FecA IgG had a synergistic effect on reducing iron uptake. However, the accumulative results of trials on blocking iron uptake and growth of E. coli by bovine antibody specific for high affinity ferric receptors indicates that this approach may not be
feasible in lessening the incidence or severity of coliform mastitis. The concentrations of purified antibody used for in vitro iron uptake and growth inhibition trials far exceeded the concentrations of antibody in mammary secretions. Cows immunized with FecA had increased antibody titers to FecA, but vaccination showed minimal effect on clinical severity of mastitis compared with unimmunized control cows. The myriad of high affinity and low affinity iron acquisition systems of E. coli appear to allow for the pathogen to acquire iron and replicate despite the presence of IgG specific for one or more iron regulated outer membrane proteins.
Impacts
Clinical coliform mastitis costs Ohio dairy farmers $21,000,000 annually in lost milk production, veterinary expenses, discarded milk, and drug costs. Bacterial growth can be controlled by preventing the uptake of essential nutrients. An essential element for growth of coliform bacteria is iron. Mammary secretion often contains very low concentrations of available iron. Coliforms have unique mechanisms for sequestering iron from the environment and internalizing it for use in metabolic processes needed for multiplication. Bacteria can alter the their external surface in iron limiting environments to express outer membrane proteins that act as receptors for allowing iron into the cell. Antibody that binds with these outer membrane proteins may block the uptake of iron, resulting in death of the bacterial cell. Experiments in this project described the pathogenesis of coliform mastitis in cows by providing detailed information on the molecular interactions between
pathogens and host defenses during bacterial multiplication within iron deplete tissues. Specifically, the ability of antibody that blocks binding of the high affinity iron acquisition systems inhibited growth of Escherichia coli in iron limited environments, but did not prevent mastitis in vivo. The paramount goal was to discover information that will result in applicable technologies sustaining the health and well-being dairy cows by reducing infectious diseases.
Publications
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 1999. Growth responses of coliform bacteria to purified immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric enterobactin receptor FepA. J. Dairy Sci. 82:86.
- Sordillo, L.M., H.SooHoo, K.M. Aherne, C.C. Reddy, and J.S. Hogan. 1999. A method to reduce glutathione peroxidase levels in primary endothelial cell cultures. Met. Cell Sci. 19:243.
- Hogan, J.S., V.L. Bogacz, L.M. Thompson, S. Romig, P.S. Schoenberger, W.P. Weiss, and K.L. Smith. 1999. Bacterial counts associated with sawdust and recycled manure bedding treated with commercial conditioners. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1690.
- Hogan, J.S., V.L. Bogacz, M. Aslam, and K.L. Smith. 1999. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin administered to primigravid heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 82:939.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 1999. Antigenic homology of the inducible ferric citrate receptor (FecA) of coliform bacteria isolated from herds with naturally occurring bovine intramammary infections. J. Clinic. Diagnost. Lab. Immunol. 6:966.
- Smith, J.L., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 1999. Efficacy of intramammary immunizations with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2582.
- Takemura, K., J.S. Hogan, J. Lin, and K.L. Smith. 2002. Efficacy of immunization with ferric citrate receptor FecA from Escherichia coli on induced coliform mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 85:774.
- Wise, A. J., J. S. Hogan, V. B. Cannon, and K. L. Smith. 2002. Phagocytosis and serum susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultured in iron-deplete and iron-replete media. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1454.
- Takemura, K., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2003. Effect of immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor (FecA) on iron uptake by Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci. 86:133.
- Wise, A.J., J.S. Hogan, K. Takemura, and K.L. Smith. 2003. Opsonic activity of serum and whey from cows immunized with the ferric citrate receptor. J. Dairy Sci. 86:146.
- Aslam, M., J. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2003. Development of a PCR-based assay to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella in milk. Food Microbiol. 20:345.
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2003. Coliform mastitis: review article. Vet. Res. 34:507.
- Weiss, W.P., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2004. Changes in vitamin C concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 32.
- Takemura, K., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2004. Growth responses of Escherichia coli to immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor, FecA. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 316.
- Wolf, S.L., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2004. Iron uptake by Escherichia coli cultured with antibodies from cows immunized with high-affinity ferric receptors. J. Dairy Sci. 87:2103.
- Rajala-Schultz, P.J.; Smith, K.L.; Hogan, J.S.; Love, B.C. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens from first lactation and older cows. Vet. Microbiol. 102:33.
- Murinda, S. E., L. T. Nguyen, T. L. Landers, F. A. Draughon, A. G. Mathew, J. S. Hogan, K. L. Smith, D. D. Hancock, and S. P. Oliver. 2004. Comparison of Escherichia coli isolates from humans, food, farm and companion animals for presence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli virulence markers. Foodborne Path. Dis. 1:178.
- Hogan, J.S., V. B. Cannon, K. L. Smith, C. Rinehart, and S. Miller. 2005. Effects of adjuvants on safety and efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin. J. Dairy Sci. 88:534.
- Rajala-Schultz, P.J., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2005. Association between milk yield at dry-off and probability of intramammary infections at calving. J. Dairy Sci. 88:577.
- Kristula, M.A., W. Rogers, J. S. Hogan and M. Sabo. 2005. Comparison of bacteria populations in clean and recycled sand used for bedding in dairy facilities. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4317.
- Weiss, W.P., and J.S. Hogan. 2005. Effect of selenium source on selenium status, neutrophil function, and response to intramammary endotoxin challenge of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 4366.
- Borm, A.A., L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. M. Andrew, K. M. Moyes, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, D. D. Hancock, C. T. Gaskins, W. E. Owens, and C. Norman. 2006. Effects of prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy on udder health, milk production, and reproductive performance in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 89:2090.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Studies to define various parameters of mastitis caused by Enterococcus species were initiated. Enterococcus faecium was the enterococcal species most often isolated from quarter milk samples of cows with high SCC, clinical mastitis, and within seven days of parturition in a large commercial herd. Enterococcus faecium also was the enterococcal species most commonly isolated from dry lot bedding and green chop fed to cows in this herd. Enterococcus faecalis comprised 46% and E. faecium 29% of enterococcal species isolated from quarter milk samples submitted to the OARDC Mastitis Lab for mastitis diagnostics from other herds during a twelve-month interval. Enterococcus faecalis growth responses were greater than E. faecium in cell free fat free secretion collected from mammary glands at 21 days of involution, 200 to 250 days in lactation, and 300 to 400 days in lactation. Growth responses did not differ between species in mammary secretion collected from cows less than
100 days in milk. Intramammary challenge trials have suggested strain differences in virulence among E. faecium, but these differences were not related to ability of isolates to grow in mammary secretion
Impacts
Enterococcal species are emerging pathogens in both human and food animal diseases.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Milk production at dry-off was a significant risk factor for both a cow and a quarter being infected with environmental pathogens at calving. For every 5-kg increase in milk yield at dry-off above 12.5 kg, the odds of a cow having an environmental IMI at calving increased by 77%. Cows fed selenized yeast had higher concentrations of selenium in serum and milk and their newborn calves had higher serum selenium than those fed sodium seleate. The increased concentrations of selenium did not translate into differences in neutrophil function or clinical responses following an intramammary infusion of endotoxin. The use of an oil-in-water adjuvant increased the efficacy of an E. coli J5 bacterin over the use of a water soluble adjuvant. However, the use of the oil-in-water adjuvant also increased the frequency of injection site reactions compared with the water soluble adjuvant. An injection site reaction of greater than 1 cm2 was positively associated with efficacy in cows
vaccinated with the bacterin containing water soluble adjuvant.
Impacts
Management practices found effective will enhance milk quality and safety.
Publications
- Rajala-Schultz, P.J.; Smith, K.L.; Hogan, J.S.; Love, B.C. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens from first lactation and older cows. Vet. Microbiol. 102:33-42.
- Murinda, S. E., L. T. Nguyen, T. L. Landers, F. A. Draughon, A. G. Mathew, J. S. Hogan, K. L. Smith, D. D. Hancock, and S. P. Oliver. 2004. Comparison of Escherichia coli isolates from humans, food, farm and companion animals for presence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli virulence markers. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease 1:178-184.
- Weiss, W.P., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2004. Changes in vitamin C concentrations in plasma and milk from dairy cows after an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 32-37.
- Takemura, K., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2004. Growth responses of Escherichia coli to immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor, FecA. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 316-320.
- Wolf, S.L., J. S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2004. Iron uptake by Escherichia coli cultured with antibodies from cows immunized with high-affinity ferric receptors. J. Dairy Sci. 87:2103-2107.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Plasma and milk concentrations of ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid were measured before and after 21 Holstein cows were given an intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli. Increased severity of clinical signs was associated with large decreases in concentration of vitamin C in milk from the challenged quarter. Similar relationships were observed for changes in plasma vitamin C concentrations and clinical severity. The synergistic effects IgG from cows vaccinated with ferric citrate receptor (FecA) and IgG from cows vaccinated with ferric enterobactin receptor (FepA) were measured in an in vitro iron uptake assay. The combination of anti-FecA IgG and anti-FepA IgG reduced Fe uptake compared with either anti-FecA or anti-FepA alone. Antimicrobial susceptibility of mastitis pathogens isolated at calving from first lactation and older cows were compared. MIC for penicillin was higher among isolates from older cows. Resistance to tetracycline was more common and
MIC higher among isolates from first lactation cows than from older cows.
Impacts
Management practices found effective will enhance milk quality and safety.
Publications
- Takemura, K., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2003. Effect of immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor (FecA) on iron uptake by Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Sci. 86:133-137.
- Wise, A.J., J.S. Hogan, K. Takemura, and K.L. Smith. 2003. Opsonic activity of serum and whey from cows immunized with the ferric citrate receptor. J. Dairy Sci. 86:146-151.
- Aslam, M., J. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2003. Development of a PCR-based assay to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella in milk. Food Microbiol. 20:345-350.
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2003. Coliform mastitis: review article. Vet. Res. 34:507-519.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The results of experiments in this project developed a more complete understanding of the mechanisms used by bacteria to cause mastitis in dairy cows. The proposed approach to controlling coliform mastitis during lactation was based on the knowledge that bacterial growth can be inhibited by preventing the uptake of essential nutrients. Iron is such a limiting nutritional factor and is essential for all coliform bacteria to fulfill normal metabolic processes. Specifically, we measured the effectiveness of antibodies isolated from cows immunized with the ferric citrate receptor to inhibit iron uptake and growth of Escherichia coli in conditions similar to the mammary gland. The antibody from immunized cows reduced the rate that iron was acquired by E. coli but did not totally prevent iron uptake. The antibody from cows that were not immunized had minimal effect on iron uptake. Growth of E. coli was similarly reduced but not prevented by antibodies from immunized cows.
Inhibition of iron uptake by antibodies against the ferric citrate receptor apparently shifted the iron uptake by E. coli to another iron specific acquisition system. These experiments provided basic information relative to antibody responses following immunization and supplemented our understanding of the role iron acquisition plays in bacteria causing mastitis. Direct application of this knowledge will be used to augment the efficacy of mastitis vaccines.
Impacts
These experiments provided basic information relative to antibody responses following immunization and supplemented our understanding of the role iron acquisition plays in bacteria causing mastitis. Developed vaccine that produced antibody against the ferric citrate receptor of Escherichia coli that cause bovine mastitis.
Publications
- Takemura, K., J.S. Hogan, J. Lin, and K.L. Smith. 2002. Efficacy of immunization with ferric citrate receptor FecA from Escherichia coli on induced coliform mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 85:774.
- Wise, A. J., J. S. Hogan, V. B. Cannon, and K. L. Smith. 2002. Phagocytosis and serum susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultured in iron-deplete and iron-replete media. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1454.
- Takemura, K., J. Lin, K.L. Smith, and J.S. Hogan. 2002. Efficacy of immunization with ferric citrate receptor against clinical coliform mastitis. OARDC Special Circular 182 pp. 79-82.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Escherichia coli cultured in iron-deplete media were more resistant to phagocytosis by blood neutrophils than the same isolates cultured in iron-replete media. Culturing isolates in iron-deplete medium to solicit the expression of ferric citrate receptor inhibited phagocytosis greater than culturing E. coli in the presence of either apo-lactoferrin or conalbumin. Antibodies directed against the ferric citrate receptor delayed the uptake of iron by E.coli. However, blocking iron uptake by the ferric citrate receptor apparently shifted ferric uptake to other iron acquisition systems.
Impacts
Immunization of dairy cows with core-antigen whole cell bacterin of Escherichia coli or ferric citrate receptor protein may reduce the severity of coliform clinical mastitis during lactation.
Publications
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Sm,ith. 2001. Using mastitis culture and detection to troubleshoot herds. Proceedings The Great Lakes Dairy Conference Pharmacia Animal Health. pp. 1-5.
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2001. Micronutrients and host defenses. Proceedings 27th Annual Food Animal Medicine Conference. Ohio State University Office of Continuing Education.
- Hogan, J.S., W.P. Weiss, and K.L. Smith. 2001. New approaches to mastitis vaccines . Proceedings 27th Annual Food Animal Medicine. Ohio State University Office of Continuing Education.
- Wise, A.J., J.S Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2001. Opsonization of Escherichia coli cultured in iron-replete and iron-delete media. J. Dairy Sci. 84(1):152.
- Hogan, J.S. and K.L. Smith. 2001. Coliform mastitis vaccines. Proceedings Midwest Veterinary Conference.
- Smith, K.L., and J. S. Hogan. 2001. US milk quality and safety: Is our milk the best in the world? Proceedings Dairy Producers Conference/National Mastitis Council Milk Quality Conference pp.1-7.
- Hogan, J.S. 2001. Modulation of mammary gland immunity. pp. 68-80 in IDF postion on ruminant mammary gland immunity. A. Zecconi and K.L. Smith, Eds., International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.
- Takemura. L., J.S. Hogan, and K. L. Smith. 2001. Growth responses of Escherichia coli to purified immunoglobulin G from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor FecA. J. Dairy Sci. 84(1):152.
- Wise, A.J., J.S Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2001. Opsonic activity of serum and whey from cows immunized with Escherichia coli ferric citrate receptor. J. Dairy Sci. 84(1):152.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Antibodies from cows immunized with the Escherichia coli ferric citrate receptor reduced but did not prevent growth of sixteen heterologous strains of Escherichia coli cultured in iron limited media. Antisera and whey from cows immunized with Escherichia coli J5 had greater opsonic activity than antisera and whey from cows immunized with ferric citrate receptor unvaccinated controls. Vaccination with ferric citrate receptor did not increase opsonic activity of whey and serum.
Impacts
Immunization of dairy cows with core-antigen whole cell bacterin of Escherichia coli or ferric citrate receptor protein may reduce the severity of coliform clinical mastitis during lactation.
Publications
- Takemura, K., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 2000. Effect of immunization with ferric citrate receptor FecA from Escherichia coli on experimentally induce coliform mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 84(1):38.
- Hogan, J.S., J. Lin, and K.L. Smith. 2000. Development of a novel coliform mastitis vaccine. OARDC Special Circular 169 pp. 19-20.
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2000. Bacterial counts associated with sawdust and recycled manure bedding treated with commerical conditioners. OARDC Special Circular 169 pp. 21-27.
- Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2000. Environmental streptococcal mastitis. OARDC Special Circular 169 pp. 28-33.
- Hogan, J.S., V.L. Bogacz, and K.L. Smith. 2000. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin administered to primigravid heifers. OARDC Special Circular 169 pp. 34-39.
- Takemura, K., J. Lin, K.L. Smith, and J.S. Hogan. 2000. Efficacy of immunization with ferric citrate receptor (FecA) against clinical coliform mastitis. Proceeding of the International Dairy Federation Symposium on Immunology of Ruminant Mammary Gland. pp. 439-444.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
The bactericidal activity of sera from cows vaccinated with Escherichia coli J5 was compared to bactericidal activity of sera from unvaccinated control cows. Serum from cows vaccinated with the Escherichia coli J5 bacterin reduced bacterial counts of Escherichia coli wild strains greater than serum from unvaccinated controls. Vaccination did not alter the susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumonia to the bactericidal activity of serum. Ferric citrate receptor was induced in thirty-five coliform isolates cultured in whey. Molecular weight and antigenic properties of ferric citrate receptor were highly conserved among coliform isolates from bovine intramammary infections. Intramammary immunization was investigated as a procedure to reduce the clinical signs of coliform mastitis following experimental challenge with Escherichia coli 727. Intramammary immunization enhanced antibody titers against Escherichia coli J5 and Escherichia coli 727 compared with subcutaneous
immunization. Immunization schedule had minimal effect on systemic and local signs of clinical mastitis following challenge.
Impacts
Immunization of dairy cows with core-antigen whole cell bacterin of Escherichia coli or ferric citrate receptor protein may reduce the severity of coliform clinical mastitis during lactation.
Publications
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, M. Aslam and K.L. Smith. 1998. Immunization of cows with ferric enterobactin receptor from coliform bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2151.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan and K.L. Smith. 1999. Growth responses of coliform bacteria to purified immunoglobulin om cows immunized with ferric enterobactin receptor FepA. J. Dairy Sci. 82:86.
- Sordillo, L.M., H. SooHoo, K.M. Aherne, C.C. Reddy and J.S. Hogan. 1999. A method to reduce glutathione peroxidase levels in primary endothelial cell cultures. Met. Cell Sci. 19:243.
- Hogan, J.S., V.L. Bogacz, L.M. Thompson, S. Romig, P.S. Schoenberger, W.P. Weiss and K.L. Smith. 1999. Bacterial counts associated with sawdust and recycled manure bedding treated with commercial conditioners. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1690.
- Hogan, J.S., V.L. Bogacz, M. Aslam and K.L. Smith. 1999. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin administered to primigravid heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 82:939.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
The ability of purified bovine IgG from cows immunized with ferric enterobactin receptor FepA to inhibit the growth of coliform bacteria derived from bovine IMI was investigated in iron-restricted media. Bovine IgG directed against FepA inhibited the growth of coliform bacteria by interfering with the binding of the ferric enterobactin complex to the cell surface receptor FepA. The efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin for reducing the incidence of IMI and clinical signs of mastitis was tested in first lactation cows. Immunization of primigravid heifers during the last trimester of gestation and at calving with an E. coli J5 bacterin reduced severity and duration of clinical signs following intramammary challenge with a heterologous strain of E. coli.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Wallace, R.L., W.G. Queen, K.H. Hoblet, and J.S. Hogan. 1998. Evaluation of an acridine disk assay for differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci isolated from bovine milk. JAVMA 213:394.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan and K.L. Smith. 1998. Inhibition of in vitro growth of coliform bacteria by a monoclonal antibody directed against ferric enterobactin receptor FepA. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1267.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, M. Aslam, and K.L. Smith. 1998. Immunization of cows with ferric enterobactin receptor from coliform bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2151.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, M. Aslam, and K.L. Smith. 1998. Immunization of cows with ferric enterobactin receptor from coliform bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 81(1):39.
- Lin, J., J.S. Hogan, and K.L. Smith. 1998. Inhibition of in vitro growth of coliform bacteria by purified bovine IgG directed against ferric enterobactin receptor. J. Dairy Sci. 81(1):39.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Twenty-five Escherichia coli & 25 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bovine intramammary infections in 5 herds were tested for siderophore production & expression of the ferric enterobactin receptor, FepA. Each isolate produced siderophore in an iron restricted medium. A monoclonal antibody specific for FepA recognized an iron regulated outer membrane protein on each of the E. coli isolates. Only 16% of K. pneumoniae produced FepA that reacted with the monoclonal antibody. Growth of all E. coli isolates was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of monoclonal antibody to synthetic medium containing apolactoferrin. Antigenic variation in the enterobactin binding site resulted in only 16% of K. pneumoniae isolates that were inhibited by the monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibody specific for the enterobactin ligand binding site of FepA inhibited growth of E. coli isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Serum & milk IgG responses of
lactating cows were determined following immunization with the ferric enterobactin receptor FepA. Cows were immunized with either FepA, Escherichia coli J5 bacterin or phosphate buffered saline. Primary immunizations were d200 of lactation & booster immunizations were given 14 & 28d later. Serum & whey IgG titers to FepA from cows vaccinated with FepA were significantly higher than those from cows immunized with either E. coli J5 or phosphate buffered saline. Immunization with FepA elicited an immunological response in milk & serum.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SMITH, K.L., HOGAN, J.S. & WEISS, W.P. 1997. Dietary vitamin E and selenium affect mastitis and milk quality. J. Animal Sci. 75:1659.
- HOGAN, J.S. & SMITH, K.L. 1997. Importance of the dry period during Serratia mastitis outbreaks. Large Animal Practice 18:20.
- WEISS, W.P., HOGAN, J.S., TODHUNTER, D.A. & SMITH, K.L. 1997. Effect of vitamin E supplementation of low selenium diets on mammary gland health of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 80:1728.
- HOGAN, J.S. & SMITH, K.L. 1997. Bacterial counts in sawdust bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1600.
- BARRETT, J.J., HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., SMITH, K.L. & SORDILLO, L.S. 1997. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations after intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli or lipopolysaccaride. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2826.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., SCHOENBERGER, P., ROMIG, S. & THOMPSON, L. 1997. Antibody titer responses to intramammary immunization with Escherichia coli J5 bacterin. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2398.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
E.coli, K.pneumonia & S.marcesens were tested for production of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins related to the E.coli K12 ferric enterobactin (FE) receptor FepA. The cellular envelopes of iron deficient & replete isolates were tested by SDS-PAGE & immunoblot analyses using monoclonal antibodies that block FE uptake. Each isolate expressed iron-regulated outer membrane proteins when cultured in trypticase soy broth plus an iron chelator. The FepA of each E.coli isolate were recognized by the monoclonals specific for FE binding. 18% of K.pneumonia and 33% of S.marcesens isolates epxressed outer membrane proteins that reacted with the monoclonals. FepA binding sites for FE were conserved within E.coli isolates but homology among genera was limited. Effect of immunization schedule on antibody titer responses was tested following vaccination with E.coli J5 bacterin. 18 cows were equally distributed among 3 immunization schedules 1) subcu. injection 14d prior to the
end of lactation, intramammary immunization (IM) 7d after drying off & subcu. injection 30d into the dry period; 2) subcu. injections at drying off, 30d into the dry period & within 12h after calving; & 3) unimmunized controls. IM immunizations were infused via the teat canal into each of the 4 mammary glands. IM immunization increased rectal temperatures 12h after infusion compared with unimmunized controls. IM immunization enhanced serum & whey IgG and IgM titers at calving & early lactation compared with subcu. immunizations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOGAN,J.S., SMITH,K.L., TODHUNTER,D. A. & SCHOENBERGER,P.S. 1995. Efficacy of a ibarrier teat dip containing .55% chlorhexidine for prevention of bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2502.
- TODHUNTER,D.A., SMITH,K. L. & HOGAN,J.S. 1995. Environmental streptococcal intramammary infections of the bovine mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2366.
- TOMITA,G.M., TODHUNTER,D.A., HOGAN,J. S., & SMITH,K.L. 1995. Antigenic crossreactivity and lipopolysaccharide neutralization properties of bovine immunoglobulin G. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2745.
- HOGAN,J.S., WEISS,W.P., SMITH,K.L. SORDILLO,L. M. & WILLIAMS,S.N. 1996. Milk and plasma alpha-tocoperol responses during clinical Escherichia coli mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 79:71.
- SMITH, K.L., HOGAN, J. S. & WEISS, W.P. 1996. Dietary vitamin E and selenium affect mastitis and milk quality. J. Anim. Sci. (In press).
- HOGAN, J. S. & SMITH, K.L. 1996. Importance of the dry period during Serratia mastitis outbreaks. Agri-Practices (In press).
- BARRETT, J.J., HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W. P. & SMITH, K.L. 1996. Clinical mastitis, milk production, and alpha-tocopherol in mammary quarters challenged with Escherichia coli and lipopolysaccharide. J. Dairy Sci. 79(1):214.
- HOGAN, J.S., BARRETT, J.J., WEISS, W. P. & SMITH, K.L. 1996. Plasma and milk vitamin E responses to experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Proc. XIX World.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Eighteen cows were challenged by intramammary infusion with Escherichia coli to determine the effects of acute clinical mastitis on a-tocopherol concentrations in plasma and milk. The a-tocopherol concentrations in milk from challenged quarters were approximately 60% greater by 24 and 48 h after challenge compared with concentrations prechallenge and 168 h postchallenge. Plasma a-tocopherol concentrations did not change after intramammary challenge. Increases in milk a-tocopherol during clinical mastitis were not correlated to milk production, dry matter intake, or bovine serum albumin concentration in milk. Changes in milk a-tocopherol concentration during clinical mastitis were similar to the dynamics of milk somatic cell counts. Six E. coli, four Klebsiella spp., and seven Serratia spp. isolated from naturally occurring IMI in a commercial herd were tested for expression of iron regulated outer membrane proteins. Each isolate was grown in iron replete and iron
restricted media. Outer membrane proteins were extracted and separated by SDS-PAGE. Two high molecular weight proteins in the 70 to 85 kilodalton range were induced when E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were grown in the iron deplete medium. Serratia marcesens expressed multiple bands between 70 to 85 kilodalton in iron deplete medium. In addition, S. marcesens expressed a 21 kilodalton protein in iron replete medium but not in iron deplete medium. Iron regulated outer membrane proteins of Serratia odiferis were similar to those of E. coli.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOGAN,J.S.et al. 1995. Effects of an E. coli J5 vaccine on mild clinical coliform mastitis. J.Dairy Sci.78:285.
- RADWAN,G.S.et al. 1995. Development of PCR amplification assay as a screening test for identifying dairy herds infected with bovine diarrhea virus. Vet.Microbiol.44:77.
- HOGAN,J.S.et al. 1995. Efficacy of recombinant bovine interleukin-2 as an adjunct to dry cow therapy. J.Dairy Sci.78:1062.
- WEISS,W.P.et al. 1995. Effects of forage to concentrate ratio on disappearance of vitamin A & E during in vitro ruminal fermentation. J.Dairy Sci.78:1837.
- WALLACE,R.L.et al. 1995. Evaluation of acriflavine disk assays used to identify Staph. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Proc.Natl. Mastitis Coun. p.130.
- DINESMORE,R.P.et al. 1995. Effect of intramammary dry cow antibiotic therapy with & without Propionibacterium acnes immunostimulant. J.Dairy Sci.78(1):253.
- HOGAN,J.S.et al. 1995. Plasma & milk vitamin E responses to experimentally induced E. coli mastitis. J.Dairy Sci.78(1):290.
- SHUSTER,D.et al. 1995. Use of interleukin-2 to accelerate mammary involution & stimulate immunity at dry off: effect on intramammary infection in antibiotic treated cows during a large field trial. J.Dairy Sci.78(1):290.
- SMITH,K.L.et al. 1995. Role of vitamin E & selenium in defense of the mammary gland against infection. Proc.XXV World Vet.Cong. p 70.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Forty cows with composite milk SCC >283,000/ml for two consecutive bimonthly samplings were randomly assigned to either treatment or negative control groups. Cows in the treatment group were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of purified whey product for 3 consecutive days. The whey product had no effect on IMI, SCC, or milk production. Dry cow therapy and a Propionibacterium acnes product were evaluated in four commercial herds with low somatic cell counts. Dry cow therapy enhanced bacteriological cures of intramammary infections by Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium bovis. Dry cow therapy reduced incidence of new infections by environmental streptococci and C. bovis that originated during the dry period. Cows treated with P. acnes alone had a greater incidence of new infections by Gram-negative bacilli originating during the dry period than did cows in the other treatment groups. Incidence of clinical mastitis at calving was greatest in cows receiving no
treatment.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SMITH, K.L. ET AL. 1993. Vitamin E and seleniun influence resistance to mastitis. Suomen Elainlaarilehti 99:569.
- WEISS, W.P., ET AL. 1994. Use of alpha-tocopherol concentrations in blood components to assess vitamin E status of dairy cows. Agri-Practice 15:5.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1994. Therapy of experimentally induced coliform mastitis with a Propionibacterium acnes. J. Dairy Sci.77:462.
- WEISS, W.P. ET AL. 1994. Effects of dietary fat and vitamin E on alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in blood of peripartum cows. J. Dairy Sci.77:1422.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1994. Efficacy of parenteral vitamin E for treating bovine mastitis. Agri-Practice 15:39.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1994. Efficacy of dry cow therapy and a Propionibacterium acnes product in low somatic cell count herds. J. Dairy Sci.77:3331.
- TOMITA, G.M. ET AL. 1994. Cross-reactivity of bovine serum immunoglobulin-G to gram-negative bacteria isolated from cows with clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci.77(1):310.
- SMITH, K.L. ET AL. 1994. Intramammary infection and clinical mastitis in heifers at calving over a 14 year period in a dairy herd. J. Dairy Sci.77(1):197.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Twenty cows with composite milk somatic cell counts (SCC) >283,000/ml for two consecutive bimonthly samplings were randomly assigned to either treatment or negative control groups. Cows in the treatment group were injected subcutaneously with 20 ml of purified whey product for 3 consecutive days. The whey product had no effect on intramammary infections (IMI), SCC, or milk production. Parenteral vitamin E administered systemically to cows with clinical mastitis had no effect on bacteriological cure rates. Systemic vitamin E injections accelerated the decrease in milk somatic cell counts in quarters that were bacteriologically cured but not in quarters in which the infection persisted. Ten cows were injected intravenously with a product containing heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes at 3 h, 3 d, and 7 d after bacterial challenge with Escherichia coli. Five cows served as untreated negative controls. Bacterial counts in milk, rectal temperatures, milk SCC, milk
production, and DMI did not differ between treatment and control groups.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SMITH, K.L., AND HOGAN, J.S. 1993. Environmental Mastitis. pp. 489- 499 in Veterinary Clinics of North America. K.L. Anderson, Ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
- TODHUNTER, D.A., ET AL. 1992. Characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Vet. Microbiol. 34:373.
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., AND SMITH, K.L. 1993. Role of vitamin E and selenium in the host defense responses to mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2795.
- WEISS, W.P., ET AL. 1992. Distribution of alpha-tocopherol in blood components of periparturient cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3479.
- HOGAN, J.S., ET AL. 1992. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from intramammary infections to phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3324.
- HOGAN, J.S., ET AL. 1993. Vitamin E as adjuvant in an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. 76:401.
- HOGAN, J.S., ET AL. 1993. Growth responses of coliform bacteria to recombinant bovine cytokines. J. Dairy Sci. 76:978.
- EPPERSON, W.B., ET AL. 1993. Association of abnormal uterine discharge with new intramammary infection in the early postpartum period in multiparous cows. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 202:1461.
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Ten coliform isolates obtained from bovine intramammary infections (IMI) were tested for growth responses to recombinant bovine interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma. Bacterial counts increased slightly during log growth phase as concentration of interferon-gamma in the media increased. Bacterial growth responses were not related to either interleukin-2 or interleukin-1beta concentrations. Escherichia coli isolated from IMI first diagnosed within 3 d after calving were more resistant to phagocytosis than were isolates from IMI originating during either the first half of the dry period or later during lactation. Cows injected with 3000 IU of vitamin E at 5 and 10 d prior to calving had greater plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration at calving and 1 wk after calving than did cows injected with placebo. Neutrophils from cows injected with vitamin E had greater intracellular kill of bacteria at calving than did neutrophils from placebo-injected cows.
Injectable vitamin E was tested as an adjuvant in an Escherichia coli (O111:B4) J5 vaccine. The mixture of Freunds plus vitamin E resulted in peak IgG titers in serum and milk comparable with that of Freunds alone. The mixture of Freunds plus vitamin E had a synergistic effect in reducing severity of systemic clinical signs and enhancing persistency of IgG titers following endotoxin challenge.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., AND SMITH, K.L. 1992. Role of vitamin E and selenium in the host defense responses to mastitis. J. Dairy Sci.:Accepted 9/92.
- WEISS, W.P., HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., TODHUNTER, D.A., AND WILLIAMS, S.N. 1992. Distribution of alpha-tocopherol in blood components of periparturient cows. J. Dairy Sci. (Accepted 7/92).
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1992. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from intramammary infections to phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3324.
- HOGAN, J.S.ET AL. 1992. Vitamin E as adjuvant in an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. (accepted 10/92).
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., AND SMITH, K.L. 1992. Role of vitamin E and seleniumin the host defense responses to mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 75(1):265.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1992. Opsonic activity of bovine serum and mammary secretion after Escherichia coli J5 vaccination. J. Dairy Sci. 75:72-77.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1992. Field trial to determine efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 mastitis vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. 75:78-84.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1992. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine in an experimental challenge trial. J. Dairy Sci. 75:415-422.
- HOGAN, J.S. ET AL. 1992. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. 75:399-405.
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Escherichia coli (O111:B4) J5 bacterins were tested for preventing naturally occurring mastitis, experimentally induced mastitis, and enhancing opsonization of a smooth strain of E. coli. A total of 67% of naturally occurring coliform intramammary infections present at calving in unvaccinated cows became clinical during the first 90 d of lactation compared with 20% in vaccinated cows. Vaccinated cows had lower bacterial counts in milk and lower rectal temperatures than did unvaccinated controls following intramammary challenge with bacteria. Milk production and DMI were depressed greater in controls than in vaccinated cows. Vaccination increased serum and milk immunoglobulin titers to E. coli J5. Opsonization of a smooth strain of E. coli was correlated positively with IgM titers to E. coli J5 in both serum and colostrum. Immunization with the E coli J5 bacterin did not prevent coliform intramammary infections, but did reduce incidence and severity of clinical
mastitis.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOGAN, J.S., TODHUNTER, D.A., SMITH, K.L., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1990. Hemagglutination and hemolysis by Escherichia coli isolated from bovine intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3126.
- HOGAN, J.S., TODHUNTER, D.A., TOMITA, G.M., SMITH, K.L., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1991. Opsonic activity of bovine serum and mammary secretion after Escherichia coli J5 vaccination. J. Dairy Sci. (in-press 8/91).
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1991. Field trial to determine efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 mastitis vaccine. J. Dairy Sci. (in-press 8/91).
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., SMITH, K.L., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1991. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine in an experimental challenge trial. J. Dairy Sci. (in-press 8/91).
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., SMITH, K.L., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1991. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci. (in press 9/91).
- WEISS, W.P., HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., and TODHUNTER, D.A. 1991. Effect of method of supplementing vitamin E to dry cows on plasma and colostrum concentrations of (alpha)-tocopherol. J. Dairy Sci. 74(1):274.
- HOGAN, J.S., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., TOMITA, G.M., and SMITH, K.L. 1991. Experimental challenge trial to determine efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 va.
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Bacterial counts associated with recycled newspaper, wood shavings, and pelletedcorn cobs used as bedding for lactating dairy cows were compared. Bacterial counts in bedding suggest no advantage in using chopped newspaper over pelleted corn cobs or wood shavings in reducing exposure of teats to environmental mastitis pathogens. Vitamin E supplementation of diets increased in vitro intracellular kill of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by bovine neutrophils. Intracellular kill of S aureus was greater by neutrophils from selenium supplemented cows than by those from unsupplemented cows. Phagocytic ability was independent of vitamin E and selenium Vaccination with Escherichia coli (0111:B4) J-5 bacterins appeared to decreased incidence and severity of clinical mastitis in experimental challenge and natural exposure trials. Vaccinated cows had lower peak bacterial counts in milk and rectal body temperatures than did unvaccinated controls after intramammary
challenge. Rate of clinical coliform mastitis was lower in vaccinated cows than in unvaccinated controls during the natural exposure field trial. Enhanced in vitro opsonization by serum from vaccinated cows coincided with significantly higher serum IgM titer compared to controls.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SHOCKEY, W.L. 1990. Relationships among vitamin E, selenium, and bovine blood neutrophils. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2372.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1990. Bacterial counts associated with recycled chopped newspaper bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1756.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1989. Relationships among polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions and dietary vitamin E and selenium in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72(1):10.
- HOGAN, J.S., and SMITH, K.L. 1989. Vitamin E and selenium influences on mastitis. Proc. International Conference on Mastitis, Vienna, Austria. p. 45.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1990. Bacterial counts associated with chopped newspaper. Proc. National Mastitis Council. p. 190.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SCHOENBERGER, P.S. 1990. Bacterial counts in chopped newspaper bedding. Proc. National Mastitis Council/Amer. Assoc. Bovine Praction. Internat. Symp. Bovine Mastitis. p. 454-456.
- HOGAN, J.S., SMITH, K.L., WEISS, W.P., TODHUNTER, D.A., and SHOCKEY, W.L. 1990. Dietary vitamin E and selenium effects on polymorphonuclear neutrophil function.
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Progress 07/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
A field study to determine the efficacy of an Escherichia coli J-5 vaccine in a commercial herd continues. A total of 95 control and 89 vaccinated cows have calved. Percent quarters infected at calving with gram-negative bacteria and percent cows with gram-negative clinical mastitis during lactation are lower in vaccinated cows than unvaccinated controls. Effects of vitamin E and Se supplementation on phagocytosis and intracellular kill of bacteria by bovine neutrophils were investigated. Vitamin E and Se supplementation of diets increased intracellular kill. Ability of neutrophils to phagocytize was independent of vitamin E and Se. Bacterial counts associated with recycled newspaper, wood shavings, and pelleted corn cobs used as bedding for dairy cows were compared. Bedding and teat swab counts suggest little advantage in using chopped newspaper over other organic beddings in reducing teat exposure to environmental mastitis pathogens. Four pairs of cows were fed
diets containing fish meal and by-pass fat in a 2X2 factorial arrangement. Neutrophils from cows fed both fish meal and by-pass fat had the greatest percent intracellular kill of bacteria by blood neutrophils.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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