Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A major output was a state of the practice professional report on the Curve Number Rainfall-Runoff via the American Society of Civil engineers. Output in 2007 also included two (2) continuing education short courses for CEUs at professional meetings(with 100-page class manuals), and frequent individual responses to special directed inquiries via emails and phone calls. In general the project supported a wide distribution of user education on rainfall-runoff in general and in specific terms. Much of this was to USDA directly, as well as to other agencies. The output also included covered consulting, counseling, and tutoring, and a national leadership profile and leadership outside of the traditional university setting. PARTICIPANTS: Primary Investigator was Richard H. Hawkins. This topic has been a continuing shared interest across the watershed hydrology community. Peer collaborators, correspondents, and cooperators included Donald E. Woodward, Joesph VanMullem, Timothy J. Ward, S.K. Mishra, J.J Stone, K.G. Renard, G.B. Paige, and Aderson Sartori. Their roles were as critics, discussants, and idea sources. There was one supported graduate student, Kevin VerWeire. In this spirit, partner organizations have included USDA (NRCS and ARS), U.S. Forest Service, Pima County (AZ), several state governments and other universities. There was ample teaching and professional development arising from this project, and findings became part of several courses at the University of Arizona. The rainfall-runoff topic is in demand, and the project has spawned a series of continuing education course presentations. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences have been professional land and water managers concerned with land use influences on upland hydrology. This has included applications to agricultural, urban, and wild lands. However, it has been more popular in hydrologic design than evaluating land management options. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Changes in knowledge and action: Much of the activity in this project has centered on user information, advice, and development with the NRCS-originated Curve Number rainfall-runoff method. A high point is that initial abstraction ratio has been shown to be closer to 0.05 of the maximum possible retention, rather than the traditional value of 0.20. This change has been considered - without adoption - by the NRCS for some time, but is received with interest and curiosity in the professional user community. When properly incorporated it leads to realistic changes in the scale of design runoff from extreme storms, and in environmental impact analysis from land use changes. The above described findings, and other perspectives from this project, have given hydrologists and engineers more enlightened, defensible methods for incorporating land use effects into hydrologic models. In addition this project has functioned as a development frontier for new usage questions.
Publications
- Stone, J.J., G.B. Paige, and R.H. Hawkins. 2007. Rainfall Intensity Dependent Infiltration Rates on Rangeland Rainfall Simulation Plots. Journal of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. ca 20pp.
- Hawkins, R.H, T.J. Ward, D.E. Woodward, and J.A. VanMullem. 2008. ASCE/EWRI State of the Practice in Curve Number Hydrology. ca 120 pp. In Press, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston Va.
- Ward, T.W, R.H. Hawkins, D.E. Woodward, and J.A. VanMullem. 2006. Curve Number Rainfall -Runoff: Summary and Perspectives from ASCE Task Committee. Poster and Proceedings Abstract, American Society of Civil Engineers-EWR and Indian Institute of Technology International Perspective on Water and Water Resources, Delhi, December 2006.
- Grabau, M.R, R. H. Hawkins, and K.E, VerWeire. 2007() Curve Numbers as Random Variables: A Rexamination. In Review to Journal of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. ca 12pp
- Woodward, D.E., C.C. Scheer, and R. H. Hawkins. 2006. Curve Number update used for runoff calculation. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, Land reclamation No 37, 2006: 33-42.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Progress continues in understanding the scale, processes, and variety of rainfall-runoff behavior for small watersheds. Current attention is centered in several areas: First, consistent and defensible methods of Curve Number determination from field data rainfall-runoff data. Second, the special cases of humid forested watersheds. Third the validity of existing Hydrologic Soil Groups as hydrologic variables. Much of this has found application in real world problems.
Impacts
Expected impacts have already been felt at the agency and professional applications level. Such impacts are in the basic technical application of rainfall-runoff models, and manifested in more sensitive runoff prediction, and more realistic thresholds of runoff. Insofar as these adjustments affect event runoff, effects will eventually be felt in water quality and erosion models, and in the planning decisions that result from their use. Such understandings have had an impact on the forensics of rare floods from forested watersheds in the eastern US, and are expected to play a major role in future legislation and litigation.
Publications
- Mishra, S.K., M.K. Jain, V.P. Singh, and R.H. Hawkins. 2005. Investigation of the SCS-CN-General Mishra-Singh Model. Journal of Indian Water Resources Society 25(1), Jan 2005. 1-24.
- Hawkins, R.H., and K.E. VerWeire. 2005. Effects of Prior Rainfall and Storm Variables on Curve Number Rainfall-Runoff. Presentation at Watershed Management Conference 2005, Williamsburg VA. Abstract in Proceedings CD, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston VA
- Springer, E.P. and R.H. Hawkins. 2005. Curve Number and Peakflow Response Following Cerro Grande Fire on a Small Watershed. Presentation at Watershed Management Conference 2005, Williamsburg VA. Abstract in Proceedings CD, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston VA
- Hawkins, R.H., D.E. Woodward. T.J. Ward, and J.A.Van Mullem. 2005. Task Committee Report on Runoff Curve Numbers. Presentation at Watershed Management Conference 2005, Williamsburg VA. Abstract in Proceedings CD, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston VA
- Verweire, K.E. and R.H. Hawkins, Quan D. Quan, and Claudia Scheer. 2005. Relationship of Hydrologic Soil Groups to Curve Number. Presentation at Watershed Management Conference 2005, Williamsburg VA. Abstract in Proceedings CD, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston VA
- McCutcheon, S.C., N. Tedela, J. Kochenderfer, M.B. Adams, R. Dye, R.H. Hawkins, W. Swank, and J. Campbell. 2005. Hydrology of Forested Mountain Watersheds: West Virginia Policy Impacts. Presentation to West Virginia Forestry Commission. July 16. Charleston. Hawkins, R.H., and D.E. Woodward. 2005. ASCE CN short course, Williamsburg VA. Workbook. ca 66 pages.
- VerWeire, K. 2005. "Runoff Curve Number Relationships with the NRCS Hydrologic Soil Group Classifications for ARS Experimental Watersheds" MS Thesis (Watershed Management), University of Arizona. 144pp.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Work continued in the development of soils characteristics testing, and in general rainfall-runoff hydrology. Much of this is in tacit cooperation with USDA-NRCS hydrology personnel, and concerns their rainfall-runoff modeling system. Current efforts - with outcomes expected in 2005 - are directed towards examining the basic role of classified hydrologic soils properties on rainfall-runoff, and in threshold rainfall values for runoff.
Impacts
Expected impacts have already been felt at the agency and professional applications level. Such impacts are in the basic technical application of rainfall-runoff models, and manifested in more sensitive runoff prediction, and more realistic thresholds of runoff. Insofar as these adjustments affect event runoff, effects will eventually be felt in water quality and erosion models, and in the planning decisions that result from their use.
Publications
- Hawkins, R.H. 2004. No journal publications this period. Several public and closed technical presentations arising from the work, however.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
In cooperation with the the NRCS, additional progress was made on the intitial abstraction component of the Curve Number equation. Additional parameterization and testing was done, and results presented to a wide audience of users. The adaptation in the updated NRCS hydrology guide is proceeding and will be pursued.
Impacts
Design hydrology and hydrologic modeling of land use impacts will be on a firmer basis with the new information. The changes will be most profoundly felt when modeling forested watersheds, and with the most extreme events on rangelands, urban settings, and croplands.
Publications
- Lantz, D.G., and R.H. Hawkins. 2002 Discussion on "Long-Term Hydrologic Impact of Urbanization: A Tale of Two Models". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, American Society of Civil Engineers. Nov-Dec 2002.
- Woodward, D.E., R.H. Hawkins, J.A. Van Mullem, A.T.Hjelmfelt Jr, and Q.D. Quan. 2002. "Curve Number Method: Origins, Applications, and Limitations" Proceedings 2nd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference (CD), Las Vegas Nevada. 10pp
- Van Mullem, J.A, R.H. Hawkins, D.E. Woodward, and A.T.Hjelmfelt Jr, 2002 "Curve Number Method: Beyond the Handbook". Proceedings 2nd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference (CD), Las Vegas Nevada. 10pp
- Hawkins, R.H , J.A.Van Mullem, D.E. Woodward, A.T.Hjelmfelt Jr, and R. Jiang 2002. "Curve Number Method: Examination of the Initial Abstraction Ratio. Proceedings 2nd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference (CD), Las Vegas Nevada. 10pp
- Hawkins, R.H., J.A.Van Mullem, D.E. Woodward, and A.T.Hjelmfelt Jr. 2002. "Curve Number Method: Does it Work, Is It Science?" Presentation at 2nd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Las Vegas Nevada, July 27-August 1.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The initial abstraction ratio, Ia/S, long assumed to be 0.20, has been studied with extensive rainfall-runoff data, and found to be more properly 0.05. The effects on design hydrology and existing table values has been studied, and is being evaluated for application with the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Impacts
Design hydrology and hydrologic modeling of land use impacts will be on a firmer basis with the new information. The changes will be most profoundly felt when modeling forested watersheds, and with the most extreme events on rangelands, urban settings, and croplands.
Publications
- Murphy, M.T, R.D. Meyerhof, W.R. Osterkamp, E.L. Smith, and R.H. Hawkins. 2001 On the Importance of Fluvial Process to Habitat Function in Effluent-Dependent Riverine Environments. Presentation to Annual Meeting of American Water Resources Association, Albuquerque, NM, November
- Murphy, M.T., W.R. Osterkamp, and R.H. Hawkins. 2001. A Conceptual Model for Effluent-Dependent Environments. Trans Amer Geophys Union (EOS), December. Presentation at annual meeting, San Francisco
- Fennessey, L.A.J., and R.H.Hawkins. 2001. The NRCS Curve Number, a New Look at an Old Tool. Proceedings 2001 Stormwater Management Symposium, `Rethinking Stormwater Management'. Villanova University, Philadelphia PA, October 2001. 16pp
- Hjelmfelt, A.T., Jr, R.H. Hawkins, D.E Woodward, G. Conaway, Q.D. Quan, V.A VanMullem, and P.D. Reitz. 2001. Curve Numbers, Recent Developments. Proceedings IAHR 29th Congress Beijing, China, 285-289.
- Hawkins, R.H., D.E. Woodward, and R. Jiang. 2001. Investigation of the Runoff Curve Number Abstraction Ratio. Proceedings of the USDA-NRCS Hydraulic Engineering Workshop (in press). USDA-NRCS, Washington D.C. ca 10pp
- Gay, L.W., and R.H. Hawkins. 2001. Modern Field Trips, Virtually No Reality? Presentation (Poster) at Western Regional Teaching Symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu Hawaii. Sept 28-29.
- Lantz, D.G., and R.H. Hawkins. 2001. Discussion on Long-Term Hydrologic Impact of Urbanization: A Tale of Two Models. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov-Dec 2002
- Hawkins, R.H., Jiang, R., and D.E. Woodward. 2001. Application of the Curve Number Method in Watershed Hydrology. Presentation to American Institute of Hydrology Annual Meeting, Minneapolis MN. October.
- Hawkins, R.H. Jiang, R., and D.E. Woodward. 2001. Investigation of the Curve Number Abstraction Ratio. Presentation to Annual Meeting of American Water Resources Association, Albuquerque NM, November.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The large assembly of event rainfall and runoff data for agricultural, rangeland, forested, and urban watersheds continures to be further expanded, developed, analyzed, shared, and archived. Several new data sources have been identified and included in the master collection. This reduced data resource has permitted the clear identification and scaling of land use effects on rain event runoff for a variety of land uses. For example, as seen through the Runoff Curve Number (CN), grazing effects in humid pastures is notable as opposed to ungrazed meadows; pastures invariably have higher CNs than meadows at the same location, and grasslands have much lower CN than brushlands on the same soils. Most row crops in small grains have quite similar runoff characteristics for the same climate and soils. Efforts continue on event abstractions that can play a major role in the rainfall-runoff procedures, with the tentative finding that a much smaller initial abstraction ratio (ca
0.05) is justified. Several coordinating meetings were held with USDA-NRCS and USDA-ARS. NRCS cooperative support was extended. Graduate Students = 1
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Hawkins, R.H., and A.V. Khojeini. 2000. Initial Abstraction and Loss in the Curve Number Method. Proceedings of the Hydrology Section, Arizona - Nevada Academy of Science. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. pp 29-35
- Hawkins, R. H. and A.V. Khojeini. 2000. Initial Abstraction and Loss in the Curve Number Method. Presentation to Arizona Hydrological Society, Phoenix. September (Abstract in Proceedings)
- Imler, B.L., Hawkins, R.H., D.P. Guertin, and D.W. Young. 2000. "Attributes of Successful Stock Water Ponds in Southern AZ." Proc Land Stewardship in the 21st Century. USFS, Rocky Mountain Res Station, Fort Collins, CO. 10pp.
- Hawkins, R.H. 2000. Discussion on "Another Look at SCS-CN Method", by S.K. Mishra and Vijay P.Singh. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. ca 3pp. To appear 2001
- Rietz, P.D., and R.H. Hawkins. 2000. "Effects of Land Use on Runoff Curve Numbers." Amer Soc Civ Engineers Watershed Management 2000 Proceedings.(CD)
- Hawkins, R.H. 2000. Sediment Rating Curves. Invited Presentation to 5th Annual USEPA Region 6 NPS Watershed Conference. May 24, Angel Fire, NM.
- Hawkins, R.H. 2000. "Watershed Management Education at the University of Arizona." Amer Soc Civ Eng Watershed Management 2000 Proceedings.(CD)
- Hawkins, R.H. 2000. "Progress Report on Runoff Curve Numbers" Amer Soc Civ Eng Watershed Management 2000 Proceedings.(CD)
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
The large assembly of event rainfall and runoff data for agricultural, rangeland, forested, and urban watersheds was further expanded, developed, analyzed, shared, and archived. Several new data sources have been identified and included in the master collection. This reduced data resource has permitted the clear identification and scaling of land use effects on rain event runoff for a variety of land uses. For example, as seen through the Runoff Curve Number (CN), the effects of grazing in humid pastures is notable as opposed to ungrazed meadows; pastures invariably have higher CNs than meadows at the same location, and grasslands have much lower CN than brushlands on the same soils. Most row crops in small grains have quite similar runoff characteristics for the same climate and soils. Efforts continue on event abstractions that can play a major role in the rainfall-runoff procedures. Several coordinating meetings were held with USDA-NRCS and USDA-ARS. NRCS
cooperative support was extended. Graduate Students=3
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Imler, B.L. 1999. Evaluation of Stock Water Ponds Nogales Ranger District Coronado National Forest. M.S. Thesis, Watershed Management, University of Arizona. 103pp.
- Rietz, P.D. 1999. Effects of Land Use on Runoff Curve Numbers. MS Thesis, Watershed Management, University of Arizona. 115pp
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
The large body of break-point rainfall and runoff data for forested, rangeland, and agricultural watersheds continues to be developed, exploited, analyzed, archived, shared, and augmented. Reductions on the USDA-ARS data set are now current with available basic data. In all, such available data sources cover 364 small watersheds, encompassing about 7650 years, and 76,000 events. About 90 non-ARS watersheds are included in this total, including a number in urban settings. For most of these data sets event runoff response has been characterized by response group and Curve Number. Seasonal variation of CN is evident for well-covered humid conditions and has been reported. Efforts have continued on secondary effects and event abstractions. Current efforts are towards isolating land use and condition influences at the watershed, location, and regional levels. The contrasting responses of row crops vs cover crops and full-cover pastures show up distinctly in such analyses.
Cooperative work with USDA-NRCS and ARS continues with additional support from NRCS. Working meetings with technical progress reporting were held with NRCS Cooperators. Graduate Students = 2
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Hawkins, R.H., and T.J. Ward. 1998. "Site and Cover Effects on Event Runoff, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico". in Proc AWRA Specialty Conference Rangeland Management and Water Resources, Reno Nevada. (D.F. Potts, ed). Amer Water Res Assoc, Herndon, VA. pp 361-370.
- Hawkins, R.H. 1998. "Secondary Effects in Curve Number Rainfall- Runoff". Paper given at Water Resources Engineering 98 Conference, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Memphis, TN, August 3-7.
- Hawkins, R.H. 1998. "Local Sources for Runoff Curve Numbers." Proceedings 11th Annual Symposium of the Arizona Hydrological Society, Tucson AZ, Sept 33-26.
- Lantz, D.G. 1998. Evaluation of the Topologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph on Rural Watersheds in Southeast Arizona. PhD Dissertation Univ. Arizona, Tucson. 203pp.
- Price, M.A., and R.H. Hawkins. 1998. "Seasonal Variation in Runoff Curve Numbers." Paper given at Water Resources Engineering 98 Conference, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Memphis, TN, August 3-7.
- Price, M.A. 1998. Seasonal Variation in Runoff Curve Number. MS. Thesis, Univ Arizona, Tucson. 189pp.
- Simas, M.J., and R.H. Hawkins. 1998. "Lag Time Characteristics for Small Watersheds in the U.S." Proceedings of Water Resources Engineering 98 Conference, Memphis. Amer Soc Civ Eng, New York, 1290-1296.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
The large body of break-point rainfall and runoff data for forested, rangeland, and agricultural watersheds continues to be developed, exploited, analyzed, archived, and shared. Reductions on the USDA-ARS data set are now current with available basic data. In all, such available data sources cover 364 small watersheds, encompassing about 7650 years, and 76,000 events. About 90 non-ARS watersheds are included in this total, including a number in urban settings. For most of these data sets event runoff response has been characterized by response group and Curve Number. Efforts have continued on secondary and seasonal effects, event abstractions, and are moving toward isolating land use and condition influences. The contrasting responses of row crops vs cover crops show up distinctly in such analyses. Seasonal variation of CN is evident for well-covered humid conditions. Additional software to merging rain gages to common weighted basis has been developed, and upcoming
work will evaluate the effects of such refinements on the analyses. Cooperative work with USDA-NRCS and ARS continues with additional support from NRCS. Two working meetings with technical progress reporting were held with NRCS cooperators. Graduate Students = 2
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Andrade, E.M. 1997. Regionalization of Average Annual Runoff Models for Ungaged Watersheds in Arid and Semiarid Regions. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona (Watershed Management). 192pp.
- Hawkins, R.H., and V.M. Ponce. 1997. Closure of "Runoff Curve Number: Has it Reached Maturity?" Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Amer Soc Civ Eng 3(3) 145-148.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The large body of event rainfall and runoff data for forested, rangeland, and agricultural watersheds continues to be developed, exploited, analyzed, and shared. Analysis software has been further refined to include annual summaries and erosion energy calculations. This has been made operational and released for public use. About 300 small watersheds are now characterized. Several non-ARS watersheds, including a number of urban settings, have been incorporated into this data body. Efforts have been started on secondary and seasonal effects on event runoff, and toward isolating land use and condition influences. Cooperative work with USDA-NRCS and ARS continues with additional support from NRCS.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- PONCE, V. M., AND R.H. HAWKINS. 1996. Runoff Curve Number: Has it Reached Maturity Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Am Soc. Civ Eng, V1, No 1, pp 11-19.
- SIMANTON, J.R., R.H. HAWKINS, M. MOSHSENI-SARAVI, AND K.G. RENARD. 1996. Runoff Curve Number Variation with Drainage Area, Walnut Gulch, Arizona. Trans AmericanSociety of Agricultural Engineers 39(4), 1391- 1394.
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1996. Discussion on "SCS Runoff Equation Revisited for Variable Source Runoff Areas." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 122(5), 319.
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1995. Watershed Hydrol. Research: Understanding the Rio Matape Watershed. Proceedings II Seminario Intern'l sobre Manejo de Cuencas Hydrologicas. Univ. of Sonora, Hermosillo, Son., Mexico. (Julio Rodriguez-Casas,Editor. p1-3.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
The large body of rainfall and runoff data for forested, rangeland, and agricultural watersheds continues to be developed, exploited, and shared. Software was updated to allow annual summaries and erosion energy to be calculated simultaneously with event responses. A large data base summarizing soils, land use, and topography of USDA-ARS experimental watersheds has been completed from printed sources. Regional comparisons of runoff response have continued, and two graduate research efforts are investigating annual runoff models and event timing response factors. Cooperation with USDA (NRCS, ARS, and FS) continues, as has application of the data sets to external research situations. Graduate Students = 2.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HAWKINS, R.H., LAWRENCE, P.A., SIMAS, M.J., & ZHANG, X.Y. 1995. "Rain-fall and Runoff in Southwestern Desert Watersheds: A Chracterization." pp. 76-86 in WSM Planning for the 21st Ctry., Symp. Proc., ASCE, NY.
- PIERSON, F.B., HAWKINS, R.H., COOLEY, K.R., & VAN VACTOR, S.S. 1995. "Experiences in EstimatingCurve Numbers from Rainfall Simulation Data." pp398-407, in WSM Planning for the 21st Ctry., Symp. Proc., ASCE, NY.
- CONDRAT, C., & HAWKINS, R.H. 1995. "Dimensionless Expression of Peak Flows from an Institutionalized Rainfall-Runoff Model." pp 134-143 in WSM Planning for the 21st Ctry., Symp. Proc. by ASCE, NY.
- BLOEM, D.M., HAWKINS, R.H., & ROBBINS, R.W. 1995. Detection of Land Use Effects in the Flows of the Bull Run River, OR. pp 429-437 in WSM Planning for the 21st Ctry., Symp. Proc., by ASCE, NY, 442pp.
- RENARD, K.G., & HAWKINS, R.H. 1995. "A Historical Perspective to ASCE's Approach to Watershed Management." pp 195-207 in WSM Planning for the 21st Ctry., Symp., Proc., by ASCE, NY, 442pp.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
The large body of event rainfall and runoff data for forested, rangeland, and agricultural watersheds continues to be developed, exploited, and shared. Characterization by soils and analysis and examination of data quality. Cooperation with USDA Soil Conservation Service and Agricultural Research Service continues, as has application of the data sets to external research situations. Regional comparisons of runoff response have been initiated. Three (3) graduate students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- STONE, J.J., HAWKINS, R.H., & SHIRLEY, E.D. 1994. "An Approximate Form of the Green-Ampt Infiltration Equation." Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering 120(1), Jan/Feb 1994.128-137. 1994.
- HAWKINS, R.H., P.A. LAWRENCE, M.J. SIMAS, & X.Y. ZHANG. 1994. Rainfall and Runoff in Desert Watersheds: A Characterization. Presented at ISWR and Management in Semiarid Environments. Tucson, November. 1994.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
A large data set of rainfall and runoff data from agricultural, rangeland, and forested watersheds throughout the United States has been assembled, mainly from USDA sources, and continues to be developed under new cooperative agreements. Covering about 150 watersheds, this data resource has become the focus of agency hydrology development efforts. Software improvements have streamlined the data reduction, and a number of outside users have been supplied with data in this easily accessible form. A new agreement with the USDA will analyze the agricultural data sets for land condition effects on Runoff Curve Number, and will continue through 1994. Three (3) graduate students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Access to a potentially large body of existing but inconveniently accessible data was pioneered. The rainfall and runoff gage data - in electronic form - from about 350 small watersheds in the US are available from a central USDA source. Under supplemental cooperative support, shareware was created and refined that allows rapid and consistent reduction of this data body to user-friendly form. This should unleash a large body of rainfall-runoff data for future analysis, including analysis by other researchers. The software could be easily adjusted to treat electronic data resources from other organizations as well. Work continued on the classification and parameterization of watershed response, on the moment descriptions and analysis of rainfall and runoff, and on the development and interpretation of the Curve Number rainfall-runoff method. Work was completed on an inverse solution (fitting) to the Green-Ampt equation, and was accepted for publication. Two (2) Graduate
students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Software was written to retrieve event rainfall's and direct runoff from USDA standard database (REPHLEX) breakpoint information. This was a considerable effort, and has been used to reduce, analyze, and classify 110 watersheds' rainfall-runoff relationships, covering a total of 28,519 events. With this standard software, there now exists a potential to reduce the data from about 600 additional stations in the USDA database, and supplemental funding to accomplish this is being investigated. About a dozen local Arizona data sets have been treated and coefficients (Curve Numbers) established. A trend of Curve Number to decline with drainage area for southern Arizona watersheds has been shown. A dichotomous key for watershed hydrologic classification on the basis of surface cover and geology has been drafted. One graduate student.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Efforts continue to affirm a meaningful classification of small watershed response. The existing data bank has been enlarged with contributions from collaborators, many of them of international origin. Most of this has been reduced to database forms, and analyzed for common components. Software and analysis has been improved, and a newer strategy is evolving which fuses the comparative functional roles of hill slopes and channels, and their net effects on the responsiveness to rain events. If successful, such a tool could clarify land use effect signals from the confusing varieties of responses found in nature. A Masters Thesis was completed which identified the role of land treatment in the production of peak flows from uplands. A second study is beginning which relates the statistical moments of the rainfall distribution and of the runoff by hydrograph, in an attempt to identify the grass overall features of flood and erosion producing events. Four graduate
students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1990. Asymptotic determination of curve members from rainfall-runoff data. In Watershed Management and Analysis in Action, Symposium Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. pp66-76.
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1990. A taxonomy of small watershed rainfall-runoff. Proceedings Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences, 1990.
- HADDAD, M.S. 1990. The effects of watershed treatment on the relationships runoff peak and volume for the Beaver Creek watershed, Arizona. MS. Thesis, University of Arizona, 91pp.
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
A much larger body of candidate watershed rainfall-runoff data has been accumulated, including about a dozen foreign watersheds (India, New Zealand, and South Africa). A quantitatively based dichotomous key was created to classify small watershed rainstorm response, and substantial analysis of small watershed data done. A major technical finding was that the hydrologic characteristics of "forested" watersheds are so diverse as to overlap the more narrowly defined hydrologic responses of all other land types, including urban. For continuous streamflow conditions, a large body of baseflow separation was done on about 1500 US streamflow data sets, and a regional clustering study done. A user-friendly software package was written for data analysis, and has been used in several operational settings. Four graduate students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HAWKINS, R.H., and POLE, R.A. 1989. Standardization of Peak-Volume Transformations. Water Resources Bulletin 25(2), 377-80. April 1989.
- HAWKINS, R.H., and CUNDY, T.W. 1989. Continuous Distributed Model of Storage Dominated Watershed Runoff. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 115(2), 305-311. April 1989.
- KIM, K.H. 1989. Classification of Environmental Hydrologic Behaviors in Northeastern United States, MS Thesis, University of Arizona. 220pp.
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1989. Variety in Small Watershed Response: What's so Special about Forested Watersheds American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on Hydrogeochemical Responses of Forested Watersheds, Bar Harbor, MA, September 18-21.
- HAWKINS, R.H., and KIM, K.H. 1989. Large-Scale Baseflow Separation Applied to Northeastern Streams. Presented at American Geophysical Union Chapman Conf. on Hydrogeochemical Responses of Forested Watersheds, Bar Harbor, MA, Sept. 18-21.
- HAWKINS, R.H. 1989. Variety and Order in Rainstorm Response Patterns. Presented to AWRA Symposium on Headwaters Hydrology, Missoula, Montana, June 29.
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Progress 07/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
The project was initiated in July 1988, and most of the start-up thresholds havebeen crossed. A large body of event rainfall-runoff data has been incorporated from predecessor activities, and several new data sets added. Parametric fitting of a segmented linear model to demonstrate variety and clustering has been accomplished for 96 watersheds, and a preliminary classification key has been established. Some innovative software to deal with these analyses has been written and made operational. When completed, this work will enhance the transfer of small watershed research results to ungaged situations, and also between research installations. Scientifically, it will give a greater foundation for interpreting results beyond the conditions of their orgin. The lack of an ability to do so has been an endemic problem in small watershed research and in the field application of results to real world land and water management problems. One graduate student has been recruited,
beginning January 1989.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ZEWVENBERGEN, A.W., A. RANGO, J.C. RITCHIE, E.T. ENGMAN, AND R.H. HAWKINS. (1988). Rangeland runoff curve numbers as determined from landsat MMS data. Int. Jour. Remote Sensing, 9(3), 495-402.
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