Progress 10/01/00 to 01/31/04
Outputs
Completion of studies of genomic characterization of host: root rot pathogen interactions- of the following wheat root rot pathogens: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Take-all), and Pythium arrhenomanes (Browning root rot) have been accepted and Ph.D. dissertations turned in for Drs. Samuels and Green respectively. Cdna libraries have been constructed for pathogens, and root rot micro-array database for gene expression profiles have been developed.
Impacts
This type Genomic characterization of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Take-all) is a first for this root rot pathogen to our knowledge. This type Genomic characterization of Pythium arrhenomanes (Browning root rot) is a first for this root rot pathogen to our knowledge. These characterizations will provide basic potential for future research in developing root rot resistant cultivars in the future.
Publications
- Green, J.L. 2003. Differential Gene Expression in Wheat Roots in response to infection by the "Browning root rot" fungus (Pythium arrhenomanes). Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dec. 2003.
- Samuels, T.D. 2003. Differential Gene Expression in Wheat Roots in response to infection by the "Take-all fungus" (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici). Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dec. 2003.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Continuation of field evaluation of cultural practice of planting date (early and late; September vs October) on suspected Foot Rot (eyespot) caused by suspected Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Previous years results suggested that later planting dates lowered the incidence of disease at this location. These practices are being evaluated for their effects on disease and yield traits at Lahoma research station in Oklahoma in cooperative work with Drs. Hunger and Sidwell. Four planting date treatments were evaluated in six replications, and were as follows: Early and early (E&E), early and late (E&L), late and early(L&E), and late and late (L&L) with early and late confounded effects on the previous years planting date on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being the most severe the treatments resulted in 4.3, 4.7, 3.5 and 3.8 1st internode severity ratings in these plots. Thus in regard to disease ratings, Early planting in September resulted in higher levels of infection. On
going studies of genomic characterization of host: root rot pathogen interactions- of the following wheat root rot pathogens: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Take-all), Rhizoctonia cerealis (Sharp-eyespot) , and Pythium arrhenomanes (Browning root rot). Protocols for selecting pathogenic isolates of each, inoculum preparation, isolate maintenance, standard pathogenicity testing protocols for field and greenhouse trials are in progress. Cdna libraries have been constructed for most of these pathogens, and micro-array analysis will be in process for gene expression.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Field evaluation of cultural practices of burning stubble, tillage (plow and disk), and planting date( early and late) on Foot Rot(eyespot) caused by suspected Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides but not confirmed at this point. These practices are being evaluated for their effects on disease and yield traits at Lahoma research station in Oklahoma in cooperative work with Drs. Hunger and Sidwell. Disease data analysis suggests that with later planting lowers the incidence of disease. However alone with later planting yield potentials were reduced as compared to early planting date. Because this location represents a natural infestation for this pathogen additional studies have been initiated for the next crop season.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Olson, B.R., Hunger, R.M., Singleton, L. and Payton, M. 2000. Response of wheat following infestation with the bird-cherry oat aphid. Phytopathology 90: supp. 6- S57.
- Samuels, T.D., Guenzi, A.C., Singleton, L.L., and Bockus, W. 2001. Differential gene expression in wheat roots in response to infection by the "take-all" fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. APS-North Central Division meeting Manhattan KS . June 19-21,2001.
- Hunger, B., Olson, B., Singleton, L. and Krenzer, G. 2001. Root Rots of Wheat. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, May 2001.
- Hunger, Bob, Kris L. Giles, Larry J. Littlefield, Tom A. Royer, Larry .L. Singleton, Jeanmarie Verchot, . and M.E. Payton. 2000. Ann. Wheat Newsletter Vol. 45: CD-ROM version . Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Kansas State University.
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
1999-00 Crop Season. Second year of testing of isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis (Sharp eyespot) and R. solani (Rhizoctonia root rot) have been completed for their influence on stand establishment, forage production and yield in microplot tests with early and late planting dates in fumigated and natural soils. These data results are being summarized along with growth chamber and lab data, and scheduled to be completed in the Fall. Project revised and approved to include- genomic characterization of host :root rot pathogen interactions- of the following wheat root rot pathogens: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Take-all), Rhizoctonia cerealis (Sharp-eyespot), and Pythium arrhenomanes (Browning rot rot). Protocols for selecting pathogenic isolates of each, inoculum preparation, isolate maintenance, standard pathogenicity testing protocols for field and greenhouse trials are in progress.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singleton, L.L. 1998. Soilborne Diseases of Cereals. Pages 49-52. In: Proc. of 21st Hard Winter Wheat Workers Workshop. Denver, Colorado.(ed. C.J. Peterson ) 136pp.
- Hunger, Bob, Kris L. Giles, Larry J. Littlefield, Tom A. Royer, Larry .L. Singleton, Jeanmarie Verchot, . and M.E. Payton. 1999. Ann. Wheat Newsletter Vol. 45: CD-ROM version . Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Kansas State University.
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
1998-99 Crop Season. Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis (Sharp eyespot) and R. solani (Rhizoctonia root rot) are being field tested for their influence on stand establishment , forage production and yield in microplot tests with early and late planting dates in fumigated and natural soils. First year results: there were isolate by planting date interactions. The pre and post emergence standcount reductions were higher with some isolates in the early planted plots where soil temperatures were higher compared to the later planting date. This test is being repeated this year. At Perkins, nine fungicide seed treatments ([Metalaxyl:+ {Triticonazole- 3 rates}, + {EXP80472J and EXP80991J -1rate}]; [maneb +Triticonazole], [Triticonazole+ thiram], [raxil-thiram], [difenoconazole-mefanoxam], [V200-IMAZ] @ at 1 rate) were field tested and evaluated for Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. control. Disease and yield parameters were not found to be significantly different at this location.
Root and crown rot damage was greatly intensified by mild spring temperatures and excessive moisture conditions through harvest.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singleton, L.L. 1998. Soilborne Diseases of Cereals. Pages 49-52. In: Proc. of 21st Hard Winter Wheat Workers Workshop. Denver, Colorado.(ed. C.J. Peterson ) 136pp.
- Hunger, R.M., L.J. Littlefield, L.L. Singleton, J.L. Sherwood, and M.E. Payton. 1998. Ann. Wheat Newsletter Vol. 44: CD-ROM version . Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Kansas State University.
- Hunger, Bob, Kris L. Giles, Larry J. Littlefield, Tom A. Royer, Larry .L. Singleton, Jeanmarie Verchot, . and M.E. Payton. 1999. Ann. Wheat Newsletter Vol. 45: CD-ROM version . Wheat Genetics Resource Center. Kansas State University.
- Hunger, Bob, Larry Singleton, Tom Royer , Kris Giles, and Gene Krenzer. 1998. Effects of Planting Date on Wheat Diseases and Insects. OSU Crop Statement Vol. 1 No. 15:3-4.
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
At Chickasha, and Lahoma locations, Six varieties were(Custer, Chisholm, Tmp64, TAM101, TAM202, TAM107) in a replicated split-plot with four planting dates (1- 22 Sep 97, 2- 06 Oct 97, 3- 20 Oct97, and 4- 03 Nov 97)at 90 lb/A. On 04 Jun 98, mean total disease severity rating and disease incidence estimates were made for sharp eyespot and fusarium root rot. Test results indicated that Triumph 64 had lower disease severity and incidence values. Significant planting date effects were found and disease values were higher with early planting for both pathogens. In this year, Fusarium root rot was the major disease factor at these locations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Six seed treatments of three fungicides alone and in combination with Kodiak) were compared to an untreated control in early, and late planted wheat at two locations, and were evaluated for Sharp Eyespot and Fusarium root rot control. At both locations, disease severity and incidence levels for sharp eyespot were higher for the seed treatments combinations than the untreated control. At Stillwater with a mid-October planting date, 14 seed treatments materials were evaluated, and compared to an untreated control. At this location, most of the seed treatements combinations were performing better that the untreated control, and suggests a need for further testing in our environment.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singleton, L.L. and Krenzer, G. 1997. Evaluation of seed treatments forsharp eyespot and fusarium root rot control in early and late planted wheat at Lahoma, OK, 1996. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 52:
- Khan, N.I., Filonow, A.B. and Singleton, L.L. 1997. Augmentation of soilwith sporangia of Actinoplanes spp. for biological control of Pythium damping-off. Biocontrol Science & Technology 7:11-22
- Singleton, L.L. and Krenzer, G. 1996. Evaluation of seed treatments forsharp eyespot and fusarium root rot control in early and late planted wheat. Fungicide andNematicide Tests 51: 327.
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Six seed treatments (Raxil-Thiram alone, and with each of four biologicals (GB29, GB32, GB37 and Kodiak), and none) were evaluated for sharp eyespot and fusarium root rot control in early and late planted wheat at two locations in 1995-96. No significant seed treatment difference in disease or yield parameter was observed with either planting date. Both planting dates were delayed by 3-4 weeks because of weather extremes (drought and excessive moisture, respectively). At both locations, extended drought conditions persisted from December until late April, as a result yields were below expected 40 bu/A levels. Yields at Lahoma ranged from 19-30, and at Perkins from 10-17. Fusarium root rot was the predominate disease at both locations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Singleton, L. L. and Krenzer, G. 1996. Seed treatment, variety and planting dateeffects on sharp eyespot and fusarium root rot at Perkins. Biological and Cultural Tests 11:91
- Singleton, L.L. and Krenzer, G. 1996. Seed treatment, variety and planting date effects on sharp eyespot and fusarium root rot at Lahoma. Biological and Cultural Tests 11:90.
- Boman, R. K., Taylor, S. L., Raun, W. R., Johnson, G.V., Bernardo, D.J. & Singleton, L. L. (eds). 1996. The Magruder Plots - A Century of Wheat Research in Okla. Depart. of Agron. Div. of Agric. Sci. & Nat. Res., Okla. State Univ. 69pp.
- Singleton,L.L. 1996. Magruder Plot Soilborne Disease Assess. 1992-93 Crop Season.Pages 61-63.In:The Magruder Plots-A Century of Wheat Research in Okla. Dept. of Agron. Div. of Agric. Sci. & Nat. Res., Okla. State Univ. Boman,R.K. et.al.eds.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Baytan 30F, Dividend, Kodiak GB03, and Vitavax+PCNB seed treatment were evaluated for sharp eyespot and fusarium root rot contorl in early (9 Sep 94) and late (28 Oct 94) seeded wheat. With early seeding by March, stand decline was evident as stunting, yellowing, and plant morality. By May, less than 10-20% of the stand had survived and headed. Late seeding resulted in a crop, but no significant seed treatment effects in disease severity, incidence, or yield parameters were found. At two other locations in 1994-95, seed treatment, variety (Karl 92, 2163, and 2180), and seeding dates (1-30 Aug 94, 2 - 13 Sept 94, 3 - 27 Sept 94, and 4 - 11 Oct 94) with 3 varieites with and without a combination fungicide. At both locations, no significant seed treatment effect was found in disease or yield. With later seeding at both sites, disease severity and incidence decreased significantly, and grain yields increased significantly.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
Selected strains of Actinoplanes spp. were evaluated for their efficacy in controlling Pythium ultimum, P. aphanidermatum, or Aphanomyces cochlioidies individually in different experiments conducted in field microplots, and benchtop studies. All tests were conducted in nonsterile soils infested with known oospore populations of the pathogen. Actinoplanes spp. sporangia were added to soils on clay granules at concentrations of 10(superscript 4)-10(superscript 8) CFU/g soil. Emergence, growth, and root rot severity data were used to determine efficacy. In bench-top studies with table beet or bush bean hosts for P. ultimum, emergence (4-6wk) was increased and root rot reduced in soils amended with ATCC 25844, W257 and W57 at 5% or 10% w/w (P/<-/0.05). Similarly in field microplots at 5% w/w (P/<-/0.05), but not at 0.1%. Stains also were applied on seeds (10(superscript 7) CFU/seed) and tested against P. aphanidermatum or P. ultimum (1000 oospores/g). In bench studies,
emergence of pea, cotton or bush bean was increased and root rot severity reduced (P/<-/0.05) with strains 25844 or K30.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- KHAN, N. I., FILONOW, A. B. and SINGLETON, L. L. 1994. Evaluation of strains of Actinoplanes spp. for their efficacy to reduce soilborne diseases caused by oomycetous fungi. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 84: 1136.
- KHAN, N. I., FILONOW, A. B. and SINGLETON, L. L. 1994. Clay granules bearing Actinoplanes sp. for the biocontrol of oomycetous fungi in soil. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 84: 1136.
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Actinoplanes spp. are being studied as biological control agents. Cell wall amino acid and whole cell sugar pattern analyses were applied to more than 20 strains of Actinoplanes spp. Clusters were determined based on their chemical relatedness. Total DNAs were prepared from 22 strains; no plasmids were found. Genomic DNAs were compared by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF), using BamHI, PstI, XhoI, KpnI, NotI, HindIII, EcoRI or XbaI. When BamHI fragments were separated by PAGE and stained with silver nitrate, each strain possessed a reproducible fingerprint, thereby facilitating strain recognition. Two strains of A. missouriensis had identical DNA fingerprints. Some spontaneous color mutants were also analyzed, but no difference was detected in their band patterns. REF profiles were analyzed by densitometer, the degree of similarity between organisms was quantitated and a phylogenetic tree was generated by the Neighbor-joining method. Correlation between
chemical and genetic analyses is being evaluated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CHEN, F., SINGLETON, L. L. and FILONOW, A. B. 1993. Characterization of Actinoplanes spp. By restriction endo-nuclease fingerprinting and chemotaxonomic analysis. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 83: in-press.
- KHAN, N. I., FILONOW, A. B., SINGLETON, L. L., and PAYTON, M. E. 1993. Parasitism of oospores of Pythium spp. by strains of Actinoplanes spp. Can. J. Microbiol. 39: (in-press).
- FILONOW, A. B., KHAN, N. I., and SINGLETON, L. L. 1993. Actinoplanes spp. as potential biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic oospore-forming fungi. Proceedings of 6th Int. Congress of Plt. Pathology. Montreal. in-press.
- KHAN, N. I., FILONOW, A. B., and SINGLETON, L. L. 1992. Parasitism of oospores of Pythium spp. by strains of Actinoplanes spp. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 82:498.
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
The cultural practices (tillage, and planting dates) and a chemical seed treatment were evaluated for there influence on the severity of common root rot damage on winter wheat. Standcount/ M of row- Standcounts were significantly higher with late planting (Oct. 15) versus early planting (Sept. 1) (30 vs 26, P/>=/ 0.05). Also, seed treatment standcounts were significantly lower than for untreated seed (25 vs 31, respectively). Subcrown internode lesion index- Overall, PCNB/Imazalil significantly reduced amount of subcrown internode lesion develop through harvest. However, this control was not reflected in grain yield, and suggests that other soilborne pathogens were not being controlled. PCNB/Imazalil significantly reduced the subcrown internode lesion index only with late planting. Grain yield- Early planting date grain yields were significantly lower than yields with late planting as expected in root rot disease prone areas. Wheat nematode survey- In 1991-92, 96 wheat
fields in the top 8 wheat producing counties were sampled (12 per county). Wheat parasitic nematodes were recovered from 94% of the fields sampled, and it was estimated that 35.4% of the fields had economically important nematode populations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/90 to 09/30/91
Outputs
MPN ASSAY-A most probable number (MPN) assay method for estimating Pythium spp. root populations has been described. Attempts with P. arrhenomanes oospores to calibrate with known levels of oospores/gm of soil were unsuccessful. In infested soils (1250 or 2500 oospores of P. irregulare/g;), infectious unit (IFU) estimates for oospores ranged from 2.8-22.5/g with 0.11-0.90% infectivity. Preplant: Field soil populations assays for Pythium spp. at three locations for 2 putative seed treatments (none and metalaxyl) were not significantly different: Loc. 1, 4.3 and 3.4; Loc. 2, 2.6 and 1.1; and Loc. 3, 2.4 and 2.7; with C.V.'s of 44, 55, and 33%, respectively. Fresh vs. Dry root sampling comparisons: MPN IFU/g determinations using fresh root samples were significantly (0.05) higher when compared to using air-dried root samples. Metalaxyl seed treatment effects: on root infection were detectable up to 120 days after planting using this method. Metalaxyl seed treatment
significantly (P/>=/0.07) reduced the MPN IFU/g of Pythium spp. root infection in the field (7.7 vs. 10.8/g for the untreated control).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MOJDEHI, H., SINGLETON, L. L., and RICHARDSON, P. E. 1991. Histopathology of wheat seedling roots infected with Pythium arrhenomanes. J. Phytopathology 132:75-83.
- SINGLETON, L. L., RUSSELL, C. C., and ANDERSON, C. S. 1991. Quantification of infectious units (IFU) of Pythium spp. in wheat roots. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 81:1238-1239.
- SINGLETON, L. L. and RUSSELL, C. C. 1991. Wheat Root Rot Nematode Research. Ann. Wheat Newsletter 37:165-166.
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Progress 10/01/89 to 09/30/90
Outputs
Dilutions Program: A "User-Friendly" interactive basic program for IBM-PC compatible computers was developed for calculation of population densities from dilution series as an average from the series. Options include calculating populations per gram of soil or per milliliter of liquid. Constants for diluation tube age, daily evaporation rate, tube transfer and plate transfer volumes for up to nine dilution levels can be accomodated by the program. Monitor display of all inputs and outputs. Printouts can be obtained via screen-print. Genotypes: Seven wheat genotypes reported to be resistant to Pythium arrhenomanes (PA), and the cultivar TAM-101 were inoculated by placing -day-old seedlings on the edge of a PA culture for 3h. These infected seedlings and controls were individually transferred into test tubes with 1ml of sterile water, and incubated for 4 days at 25C. Similarly, non-inoculated seedlings were placed in test tubes with 1ml of 25 day old culture
filtrates of PA. With all genotypes, significant reductions in root and shoot growth were observed as a result of infection or exposure to toxic metabolites of PA as compared to water controls. In all cases, toxic metabolite effects were more severe than direct infection effects on the growth parameters.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ANDERSON, C.S., DOUGLAS, E. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1990. Dilutions: A Basic Program. Computer Software Series No. 46. Agric. Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 7 pp.
- RUSSELL, C.C. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1990. Application of sublethal rates of nematicides and fungicides to winter wheat. North Central Research Sta. Report. OSU Agron. 90-1:28-32.
- SINGLETON, L.L. and RUSSELL, C.C. 1990. Wheat Root Rot Nematode Research. Ann. Wheat Newsletter 36:203.
- MOJDEHI, H., SINGLETON, L.L., MELOUK, H.A. and WALLER, G.R. 1990. Reproduction of Disease Symptoms From Toxic Metabolites Produced by Two Pythium Species and Their Partial Characterization. J. Phytopathology 128:246-256.
- MOJDEHI, H. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1990. Genotypic reaction of wheat to infection by Pythium arrehenomanes, or exposure to its toxic metabolites. Phytopathology 80:1029.
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Progress 10/01/88 to 09/30/89
Outputs
LAHOMA TILLAGE - split-split plot with main plot tillage (TLL) (Plow, swp & springtooth (SWSp), and swp & disk [SWDC]) with subplots of planting dates (PDT; early vs late) & seed treatment (SDT; treated vs not). In 1987-88, imazalil (IMAZ 90 ppm) was the seed treatment, and in 1988-89, PCNB/IMAZ (520/50 ppm). In 1987-88 & 1986-87 with IMAZ, grain yields were slightly increased with early planting and decreased with late planting. In 1988-89, PCNB/IMAZ resulted in both early and late planting grain increases of 3.6 and 4.4% respectively. NEMATICIDE-FUNGICIDE TESTS - In 1988-89 at 3 locations, a fungicide seed treatment (with and without Ridomil) and a nematicide (carbofuran; applied at 4 infurrow ULV rates). RCB design with six replications. Combined analysis for two locations (one location lost to hail). Two nematicide alone treatments resulted in significant increases in grain yield of 18.0 and 18.6% with highest significant increases in yield with nematicide:
fungicide combination of 21.8%.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SINGLETON, L.L. and SCHUH, W. 1988. Quantification of infectious units (IFU's) of Pythium spp. per gram of wheat roots using a most probable number approach. Phytopath 78:1616 (abstr).
- SINGLETON, L.L. and RUSSELL, C.C. 1989. Wheat root rot nematode research. Ann. Wheat Newsletter 35:184-185.
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Progress 10/01/87 to 09/30/88
Outputs
Wheat Root Rot--In growth chamber studies, the effects of Fusarium avenaceum andDrechslera sorokiniana (each alone and in combination) on yield, evapotranspiration and stomatal resistance of six hard red winter wheat cultivars (Payne, Triumph 64, Danne, Vona, TAM 101, and Newton) were evaluated under soil moisture stress conditions. The pathogens reduced the forage and root yields of all cultivars. Evapotranspiration rates of the diseased plants were not significanly affected by either pathogens alone or in combinations as compared to healthy controls. The pathogens did not significantly affect the stomatal resistance, but F. avenaceum alone tended to increase stomatal resistance while D. sorokiniana alone and both pathogens caused a decrease in stomatal resistance. Root and forage yield results suggest that Payne was the most tolerant cultivar and Newton was the most susceptible to effects of these pathogens under the moisture stress conditions.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- UMECHURUBA, C.I., SINGLETON, L.L. and KIRKHAM, M.B. 1986. Effect of Drechslera sorokiniana and Fusarium avenaceum on root and shoot yield.
- UMECHURUBA, C.I. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1988. Effects of Cochliobolus sativus and Gibberella avenacea on transplanted and non-transplanted wheat seedlings grown under soil-moisture stress conditions. Fitopatol. bra. (13):05-07.
- UMECHURUBA, C.I., SINGLETON, L.L. and KIRKHAM, M.B. 1986. Effect of Drechslera sorokiniana and Fusarium avenaceum on root and shoot yield.
- UMECHURUBA, C.I. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1988. Effects of Cochliobolus sativus and Gibberella avenacea on transplanted and non-transplanted wheat seedlings grown under soil-moisture stress conditions. Fitopatol. bra. (13):05-07.
- RUSSELL, C.C. and SINGLETON, L.L. 1988. Nematicide Applications on Winter Wheat, Strategic and Economic Considerations. Proc. Okla. Agric. Chem. Conf. 13:60-66.
- SINGLETON, L.L., RUSSELL, C.C. and MERRILL, W.H. 1988. Wheat root rot nematode research. Ann. Wheat Newsletter 34:155-156.
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