Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY OF FRUITS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0133322
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NE-1036
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2008
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2013
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
Non Technical Summary
Work described aims to provide US and world consumers with a steady supply of fresh, wholesome fruit with superior shelf-life and flavor, while at the same time minimizing risk from agrichemical use and increased sustainability and profitability for producers to remain competitive in global and domestic markets. The use of modern genetic, biochemical and chemical tools to investigate limits to productivity and profitability of fruit crops will serve to strengthen an important sector of the US agricultural economy, as well as provide impetus to increase fresh fruit consumption in order to improve the general health of the US population.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2061110100015%
2061110200010%
2061115100010%
2061115200010%
2061131200010%
2062410100015%
5031110100010%
5031115100010%
5032410100010%
Knowledge Area
206 - Basic Plant Biology; 503 - Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
1110 - Apple; 1131 - Wine grapes; 1115 - Pear; 2410 - Cross-commodity research--multiple crops;

Field Of Science
1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics; 2000 - Chemistry;
Goals / Objectives
Determine genetic and biochemical mechanisms governing loss or retention of fruit quality after harvest. Develop or adapt postharvest strategies and technologies to improve quality and market competitiveness of emerging production systems, including organic, local, and small-scale. Develop technologies and practices that optimize market returns and promote increased consumption of health-beneficial fruits through preservation or improvement of fruit quality attributes.
Project Methods
Apple scald biochemistry will be investigated using a novel series of spin-trapping molecules coupled with spectroscopic methods to determine the natural occurrence and amount of organic radicals involved in the process. Farnesylation of signal transduction molecules involved in sympton development will be examined. Knowledge of the signalling events that preceed symptom development will lead to better management of this physiological disorder.Examination of genes and gene products expression during fruit ontogeny and subsequent ripening and storage will reveal likely target points to improve via traditional breeding coupled with molecular breeding and genomic techniques for future variety development. We will correlate aroma development with expressed gene products during ontogeny. It is hoped that determination of the exact nature of this relationship will lead to improved production and postharvest storage practices. Evaluation of expended research effort will be via scientific peer-review, presentations to scientific and grower/packer audiences. Information will be disseminated via extension-delivery systems extant in Washington State.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Academics and Industry professionals concerned with harvest, handling, storage, transportation and marketing of high-value perishable agricultural commodities, most notably Apples, Pears and Cherries from Washington State Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? MS Graduate Student Training opportunity How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Termination of existing project; a revised project has been approved, with different goals and objectives.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A study undertaken at WSU-Pullman during the first growing/storage season included 3 maturities of ‘Honeycrisp’, harvested at 137, 141, and 155 days after full bloom (DAFB). The maturities represented pre-climacteric fruit, onset to climacteric fruit, and climacteric fruit as shown by respiration and ethylene production over 7 days at 66°F. Apples from each maturity were randomly placed into RA, CA, RA 5% CO2, and RA 15% CO2 at 33°F. Each harvest was pre-conditioned at 60°F for 7 days before storage establishment. Measurements recorded included internal tissue CO2 production, including CO2 readings from endocarp and mesocarp tissue. At harvest, CO2 production was higher in endocarp tissues than mesocarp tissue through all maturities. The mesocarp tissue at 155 DAFB had the lowest internal CO2 production. After one month of storage at 33oF, visual symptoms of external injury were scored on each ‘Honeycrisp’ apple treatment. Minimal external injury was noted in apples from the 155 DAFB harvest after CA storage, and also after RA 5-7% CO2 storage. Although our study only scored external injury, the RA 15% CO2 treatment showed injury levels up to 90% over all maturity classes. Generally, the endocarp tissue had higher levels of CO2 production than the mesocarp tissue over all maturities and treatments at one month storage. The late season harvest which had the lowest external injury in CA and RA 6% CO2, had nearly equal levels of endocarp CO2 for CA and RA 6% CO2, and the RA 6% CO2 treatment had lower mesocarp CO2 production than the CA treatment. Tissue CO2 production measured after one month’s storage was the lowest from the RA 15% CO2 treatment, regardless of tissue type. Images representing fruit from RA and RA 6 % CO2 treatments showed the external injury at 141 DAFB fruit in RA is nearly equivalentto the CO2 treatment visually. On the other hand, the 155 DAFB maturity had nearly zero visual injury symptoms out of the RA treatment, and nearly zero visual injury symptoms out of the RA 6% CO2 treatment . The results seem to indicate a potential CO2 injury resistance for later-harvest ‘Honeycrisp’. These data represent the first aimed at understanding internal CO2 production in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple tissue as apples are exposed to RA, CA, and RA CO2 atmospheres. The information will assist in directing future research toward understanding Washington grown ‘Honeycrisp’ apple response to CO2 –induced types of injury.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Caparino, O. A., Powers, J. R., Fellman, J. K., Sablani, S. S., Tang, J. J., & Nindo, C. I. (2012). Effect of drying methods on the physical properties and microstructures of mango (Philippine Carabao var.) powder [electronic resource]. Journal Of Food Engineering, 111(1), 135-148.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Johnson, J. A., Jiao, S., Tang, J., Mattinson, D. S., Fellman, J.K., Davenport, T.L., and Wang, S. 2013. Low pressure/low temperature treatments: tolerance of codling moth and apple quality. Ann. Intl. Res. Con. Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions, http://www.mbao.org/2013/Proceedings/27JohnsonJ.pdf
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Jiao, S., Johnson, J.A., Tang, J., Mattinson, D.S., Fellman, J.K., Davenport, T.L., and Wang,S. 2013.Tolerance of codling moth, and apple quality associated with low pressure/low temperature treatments. Postharvest Biology and Technology 85:136140
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Fellman, J.K., Michailides, T.J., and Manganaris, G.A., 2013. Biochemical description of fresh produce quality factors. Stewart Postharvest Review 3:2 Published online October 2013 doi: 10.2212/spr.2013.3.2


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: New research underway is determining the relationship between harvest maturity and incidence of internal browning disorders in Honeycrisp,a profitable apple cultivar with increasing production in Washington. Volatile production and quality changes were monitored in Fuji and Delicious apples during long term controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at high CO2 or low O2. Volatile samples collected onto solid sorbent traps by sampling storage chamber headspace were analyzed using GC-MS. CA storage conditions prolonged storage life, reduced ethylene production, disorder incidence, and losses in firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Volatile production depended on O2 and CO2 concentration and storage duration, and overall production trends from measuring volatiles during storage were similar to those reported from measuring after storage. Differences in volatile production were greatest during the first 2 months of Fuji storage and the first 6 months of Delicious storage, indicating that monitoring volatile production as an indicator for high CO2 or low O2 stress should occur in the first 2-6 months, depending on the cultivar. CO2 injury incidence was observed at 4 months and was highest in 5.0 kPa CO2 stored Fuji apples. Methyl ester production increased with increasing CO2 in Fuji apples and may be a potential indicator for CO2 stress injuries. Delicious apple fruit stored at 0.3 kPa O2 had higher levels of stem browning, but overall incidence was below 10%. As identified these volatile compounds could be employed as indicators of stress in stored apples. We anticipate similar results in our studies of Honeycrisp. PARTICIPANTS: J.K. Fellman, D.S. Mattinson, J.P Mattheis TARGET AUDIENCES: Other scientists, growers, storage operators, and marketers of fresh apples. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Extended storage as a supply-stabilizing tool would increase remuneration to fruit growers. The expected outcome of an increased understanding and use of marker volatiles in the storage environment will solidify the Washington and US position as the global leader in apple marketing and export. The use of developing technology on stored apples has the potential to further minimize chemical inputs, further opening US penetration into domestic and global organic markets.

Publications

  • Jiao S., J.A.Johnson, J.K.Fellman, D.S.Mattinson, J.Tang, T.Devenport, S.Wang 2012. Evaluating the storage environment in hypobaric chambers used for disinfesting fresh fruits. Biosystems Engineering. 111(3):271-279.
  • Caparino O.A., J.Tang, C.I.Nindo, S.S.Sablani, J.R.Powers, J.K.Fellman 2012. Effect of Drying Methods on the Physical Properties and Microstructures of Mango (Philippine 'Carabao' var.) Powder. Journal of Food Engineering. 111:135-148.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Ethylene physiology categories of cherry cultivars were identified in an attempt to develop strategies to improve fresh storage and shelf life. Three cherry cultivars with differences in ripening ('Chelan'-early maturing; 'Bing'-mid-season and industry standard; and 'Skeena'-late maturing) were sampled bi-weekly between anthesis until fully ripe; fruit mass, diameter, respiration, and ethylene production were measured along with color changes and timing of pit hardening. Fruit ethylene emission was detectable and different for different cultivars in immature green cherry fruit, but dropped to negligible amounts at the color break stage, ultimately decreasing to zero as fruit matured and ripened. ACC Oxidase (ACO) was active in young cherries, and ACO spikes at 'color break' in 'Bing', just after 'color break' in 'Chelan' and before 'color break' in 'Skeena' were observed. ACO activity corresponds with ethylene emission, hence the enzyme is functional in green fruit and becomes non-functional as the fruit enters or exits the color break stage. The later peak between 40-60 days post anthesis showed three different timings, concurrent with the second ethylene peak appearing at 35 days in 'Skeena', 40 days in 'Bing' and 45 days 'Chelan', inversely correlated with normal ripening events. 'Royal Gala' apples were treated with 1ppm 1-MCP and 2ppm ozone at three different harvest maturities and subsequently stored in controlled atmosphere for 4 months. Standard fruit quality such as internal ethylene concentration (IEC), color, firmness, total soluble solids (brix), titratable acidity (TA), volatile compounds and visible ozone damage, was assessed at day 1 and 7 upon removal from storage. Apple fruits treated with 1-MCP and 1-MCP + ozone did block ethylene production at day 1 and 7 after storage regardless of harvest maturity. There were no significant differences in color changes for all treatments at all maturity stages. Fruits treated with 1-MCP and 1-MCP + ozone maintained firmness better than fruits treated with ozone and untreated fruits. There were no significant differences in both starch and brix content for all treatments at all maturity stages. Fruits treated with 1-MCP and 1-MCP + ozone had higher TA than ozone treated and untreated fruits. Fruits treated with ozone seemed to produce more alcohols both at day 1 and 7 after storage at all maturity stages, where 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 1-hexanol were the major alcohols detected in this study. Ozone treated fruits produced the lowest amount of alcohols at all stages of maturity. Control fruit produced more aldehydes at day 1 and 7 after storage in pre-climacteric and climacteric stages, and fruits treated with ozone made more aldehydes at day 1 and 7 after storage. Fruits treated with ozone also produced more esters at day 1 and 7 after storage of all maturities compared to fruits from all other treatments. No lenticel breakdown was observed. Results suggest ozone treatment triggers volatile compound production in apple fruits upon removal from controlled atmosphere storage. Apparently, O3 increases IEC and advances ripening. No detrimental effects were seen at 2ppm. PARTICIPANTS: Mattinson, D.S., Suryaningsih, L., Peace, C., Haldar, S. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
This proposal addresses Fruit Quality Management, which is high on the list of Pacific Northwest Stakeholder Research Priorities. Cherry fruit have a very short harvest window, storage life, and shelf life. A short market life creates an absence of fruit in the off-season, in contrast to other stone fruit. Extended storage as a supply-stabilizing tool would increase remuneration to growers. The expected outcome of an increased understanding of ethylene's role in cherry fruit quality is development of protocols for increasing cherry fruit market life, thus solidifying the US position as the global leader in sweet cherry marketing and export. Use of ozone on stored apples has the potential to further minimize chemical inputs, further opening US penetration into domestic and global organic markets.

Publications

  • Fellman, J.K. 2011. The BioCassava Plus Program: Biofortification of Cassava for Sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Review of Plant Biology 62:251-272.


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: We are starting to investigate ripening relationships and flavor volatile nature and occurrence in winter pears. Work with apples using functional genomic tools revealed discrepancies between gene expression and biochemical phenomena. Preliminary information reveals differences in volatile amounts/compounds between cultivars. We visualized bruise damage using different methods of microscopy, as an aid to substantiating which mechanisms were most viable. 'Golden Delicious' apples at different maturity levels were similarly bruised with an artificial silicon finger attached to an Instron machine. Bruising was induced on freshly harvested fruit and examined after 48 h at room temperature. We used fluorescence microscopy with Calcofluor (to identify cell walls) and CDFA (to identify intact cell membranes) in the bruised and discolored tissue. Together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), different breakage mechanisms were observed in the bruised tissue volume. These techniques revealed that bruised tissue was comprised of both live cells and dead cells that appeared burst, crushed or without apparent damage. The greater the amount of intercellular space present in the tissue, the more tissue damage from bruising occurred. Because airspaces weakened the tissue, damage initiated close to these sites. As apples matured, there was an increase in damaged cells surrounding larger intercellular spaces. PARTICIPANTS: John K. Fellman, D.S. Mattinson TARGET AUDIENCES: Pear and apple producers, postharvest technologists, professional storage operators, exporters and marketers. Horticultural and food scientists, flavor chemists, and associated industrial partners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Eventual outcomes of the pear flavor characterization will be to provide sequence information to assist in marker-assisted breeding of pears for improved flavor characteristics. A better tasting winter pear with improved ripening characteristics will enhance an already robust domestic and international market for US Fruit producers. Understanding the nature and occurrence of apple bruising will help to improve equipment and handling procedures to further ensure quality of high-value perishables in the marketplace.

Publications

  • Mitsuhashi, K., M.J.Pitts, J.K.Fellman, E.A.Curry, and C.Clary. 2010. Bruising Profile of Fresh Apples Associated with Tissue Type and Structure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26(3):509-517.
  • Iyer, S.P., D.S.Mattinson, and J.K.Fellman. 2010. Study of the early events leading to cassava root postharvest deterioration.. Tropical Plant Biology 3:151-165.
  • Muller,I., J.K.Fellman, and D.S.Mattinson. 2010. Preharvest soybean oil and postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application to 'Golden Delicious' apples affects volatile aroma production after controlled atmosphere storage. Proceedings IX International Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference. Acta Horticulturae 857. pages 281-288.
  • Mitsuhashi, K., C.Clary, J.K.Fellman, M.J.Pitts, and E.A.Curry. 2010. Harvesting by Peel Color to Reduce Bruising of 'Golden Delicious' Apples. International Journal of Fruit Science 10(2):166-176.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In apples treated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated as a trigger of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. Antioxidative enzymes and antioxidant capacity were also examined. H2O2 caused increased ethylene emission in 1-MCP-treated 'Golden Delicious' and 'Delicious' apples. In 'Golden Delicious', RT-PCR analysis showed increased transcription of Md-ACS1 and Md-ACS3, messages for the rate-limiting steps in ethylene biosynthesis, thus indicative of ethylene production. Transcript levels of the putative EIN2, Md-ACS1, Md-ETR1, and Md-ERS1, messages for coding ethylene response proteins, were lower in fruit treated with MCP and then dipped in H2O2 compared to MCP-treated and -untreated fruit dipped in water controls. In fruit from a different growing season, transcription of Md-ERS1 increased in fruit sequentially treated with MCP and H2O2 compared to MCP/water treatment. Applying H2O2 to MCP-treated fruit delayed a decrease in total water-soluble antioxidant capacity by a minimum of nine days. In fruit from another growing season, 1-MCP significantly prevented a change in total water-soluble antioxidant capacity caused by H2O2. Repeatedly, MCP-treated fruit had lower catalase activity compared to untreated ones. In fruit from another growing season, H2O2 treatment alone significantly increased catalase activity for 12 days after treatment but no increase in catalase activity was seen in fruit treated with MCP and H2O2. H2O2 infiltration of 'Delicious' apples after storage significantly decreased catalase activity. Transcript levels of a putative superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase genes increased over time in 1-MCP-treated water-dipped fruit compared to the other treatments. In contrast, transcript levels of a putative ascorbate peroxidase gene varied with treatments and year. Apparently, seasonal growing conditions influence the biochemical relationships between ripening and oxidative stress responses in apples. MCP-treated apples suffered from higher rot incidence compared to untreated ones, those treated with H2O2 had higher induction of mRNA for PR2 and PR5; transcripts for two pathogenesis-related proteins linked to heightened disease resistance in plants. PARTICIPANTS: D. Scott Mattinson, Chris Starr, P. Guy Levesque TARGET AUDIENCES: Academic and Industrial Postharvest Scientists/Researchers, Plant Biologists, Industry Producers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Reversal of MCP-induced ripening inhibition in apples could potentially allow higher-quality fresh products to be available in the late storage season thus increasing international and domestic value of the Washington fresh apple crop. Studies described increase our knowledge of metabolic responses to the stress induced in the postharvest storage environment.

Publications

  • Mitsuhashi, K., M.J.Pitts, J.K.Fellman, E.A.Curry, and C.Clary. 2009. Bruising Profile of Fresh Apples Associated with Tissue Type and Structure. Applied Engineering in Agriculture.
  • Clement, S., J.K.Fellman, and D.S.Mattinson. 2009. Chickpea Recombinant Inbred Line Segregates for Resistance to Beet Armyworm. Journal of Applied Entomology = Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie. Doi:10.111/j.1439-0418.2009.01411.x.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In order to determine the presence or absence of 1-MCP in presumably treated fruit, we developed and used a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based method to examine expression of ethylene-sensitive genes known to exist in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Expression of transcripts from the genes Md-PG and Md-ACS1, coding for an apple endopolygalacturonase and 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid synthase, respectively were employed as molecular markers to determine 1-MCP application in various apple cultivars at harvest and after storage. Storage and ethylene treatment did not appreciably induce marker expression once ethylene action was blocked by 1-MCP. Use of the method effectively confirmed the presence or absence of 1-MCP treatment regardless of formulation or application method. Our newly developed method has proven workable in all apple cultivars tested thus far. Reversal of 1-MCP-mediated ethylene inhibition in apple was investigated using peroxide as an initiator of ethylene sensitive ripening events. Peroxide did not increase transcription of key antioxidant enzymes. Fruit not treated with 1-MCP had higher catalase activity when compared to treated fruit. Effects of 1-MCP treatment on nascent apple antioxidant capacity were variable according to the year as was the effect of peroxide. Normal changes in antioxidant capacity and catalase activity were prevented in 1-MCP-treated fruit. Flavor-related quality genes were identified in papaya. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Storage industry, other scientists, fruit growers, packers, shippers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Developed method disclosed to Washington State University IP office. It would be of worldwide interest to the fruit industry to confirm MCP treatment. Reversal of MCP-mediated ripening inhibition would allow normal ripening to continue as desired for end-use of the product.

Publications

  • Fuchs, S.J., D.S.Mattinson, and J.K.Fellman. 2008. Effect of edible coatings on green asparagus. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 32(2008):951-971.
  • Paull, R.E., and J.K.Fellman. 2008. Fruit Development, Ripening, and Quality Related Genes in the Papaya Genome.. Tropical Plant Biology 1:246-277.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
Experiments determined and quantified the effect of growing season-applied soybean oil (soft insecticide) sprays on improving the at-harvest quality and postharvest behavior of Golden Delicious and Fuji apples. Significant findings include: apple response to oil depends on application timing; fruit treated with a paraffinic control behaved similarly to untreated fruit under all conditions; fruit finish was not affected; weight loss during storage and subsequent shelf life was improved (less weight loss) by oil treatment; surface wax development was altered, depending on the application time, variety, storage conditions, and growing area; volatile aroma production was consistently higher in apples treated with soybean oil 21 days before harvest; oil treatment improved retention of flavor impact alcohols in apples held in prolonged CA storage; and flavor regeneration capacity of apples was improved by late season soybean oil applications. No apparent phytotoxicity has been observed and none of the oil treatments significantly influenced storability of the fruit. Diphenylamine (DPA) and diphenylamine derivatives have been measured in DPA- and MCP- treated 'Granny Smith' apples. Accumulation of a number of DPA derivatives resulting from C-nitration, C-hydroxylation, O-methylation, and N-nitrosation during fruit storage was observed. As the presence of these compounds may be indicative of metabolic processes leading to superficial scald development, the contents of DPA and DPA derivatives were determined in fruits treated at harvest with DPA or DPA plus the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which also prevents scald development. Influences of fruit maturity, storage environment, storage duration, and a 14 day post-storage ripening period on accumulation of DPA metabolites were also assessed. Post-storage ripening, 1-MCP treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage had varied effects on DPA derivative contents suggesting that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as OH, NO, and NO2, or enzyme-catalyzed reactions may be present during certain ripening and senescence-related physiological processes. Correlations between superficial scald incidence and contents of specific derivatives were not observed. Preliminary observations seemed to indicate that a "bug-sting" in apples causing a system one ethylene response creates a small red-halo around the sting puncture. Therefore, at the precise time of harvest the red-halos then disappear or no longer form a red color around the sting hole. The relationship is a visual indication that fruit maturity is in a system one ethylene response or a system two ethylene response, indicating onset of climacteric ripening and advancing harvest maturity.

Impacts
It is possible for growers to use a late-season "organic" soybean oil spray to combat pests as well as to improve the quality of the product, especially if pre-harvest restrictions preclude the use of harsher insect control measures. Knowledge of the nature and amount of reactive oxygen species that contribate to the development of scald will influence research directed toward improving sustainable control measures, as well as screening scald susceptibility in new cultivars. Simple field usable maturity estimation ensures proper harvest timing for apple fruit quality maintenance during storage and marketing - ensuring global competitiveness.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Experiments determined and quantified the effect of growing season-applied soybean oil (soft insecticide) sprays on improving the at-harvest quality and postharvest behavior of Golden Delicious and Fuji apples. Significant findings include: apple response to oil depends on application timing; fruit treated with a paraffinic control behaved similar to untreated fruit under all conditions; fruit finish was not affected; weight loss during storage and subsequent shelf life was improved (less weight loss) by oil treatment; surface wax development was altered, dependent on application time, variety, storage conditions, and growing area; volatile aroma production was consistently higher in apples treated with soybean oil 21 days before harvest; oil treatment improved retention of flavor impact alcohols in apples held in prolonged CA storage; and flavor regeneration capacity of apples was improved by late season soybean oil applications. No apparent phytotoxicity has been observed and none of the oil treatments significantly influenced storability of the fruit. Diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivatives have been measured in DPA- and MCP- treated 'Granny Smith' apples. Accumulation of a number of DPA derivatives resulting from C-nitration, C-hydroxylation, O-methylation, and N-nitrosation during fruit storage was observed. As the presence of these compounds may be indicative of metabolic processes leading to superficial scald development, the contents of DPA and DPA derivatives were determined in fruits treated at harvest with DPA or DPA plus the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which also prevents scald development. Influences of fruit maturity, storage environment, storage duration, and a 14-day poststorage ripening period on accumulation of DPA metabolites were also assessed. Poststorage ripening, 1-MCP treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage had varied effects on DPA derivative contents suggesting that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as OH, NO, and NO2, or enzyme-catalyzed reactions may be present during certain ripening and senescence-related physiological processes. Correlations between superficial scald incidence and contents of specific derivatives were not observed. Preliminary observations seemed to indicate that a 'bug-sting' in apples causing a system one ethylene response creates a small red-halo around the sting puncture. Therefore, at the precise time of harvest the red-halos then disappear or no longer form a red color around the sting hole. The relationship is a visual indication that fruit maturity is in a system one ethylene response or a system two ethylene response, indicating onset of climacteric ripening and advancing harvest maturity.

Impacts
It is possible for growers to use a late-season 'organic' soybean oil spray to combat pests as well as improve the quality of the product, especially if pre-harvest restrictions preclude the use of harsher insect control measures. Knowledge of the nature and amount of reactive oxygen species inherent to the development of scald will influence research directed toward improving sustainable control measures, as well as screening scald susceptibility in new cultivars. Simple field usable maturity estimation ensures proper harvest timing for apple fruit quality maintenance during storage and marketing, ensuring global competitiveness.

Publications

  • Clary, C., A. Gamache, M. Cliff, J.K. Fellman, and C.G. Edwards. 2006. Flavor and aroma attributes of Riesling wines produced by freeze concentration and microwave vacuum dehydration. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 30(4):393-406.
  • Peck, G., P.K. Andrews, J.P. Reganold, and J.K. Fellman. 2006. Apple orchard productivity under organic, conventional, and integrated management. HortScience: A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 41(1):99-107.
  • Rudell, D.R., J.P. Mattheis, and J.K. Fellman. 2006. Influence of ethylene action, storage atmosphere, and storage duration on diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivative content of 'Granny Smith' apple peel. HortScience: A Publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 53:7526-7531.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
A three-year study was completed to determine and quantify the effect of growing season-applied soybean oil (soft insecticide) sprays on improving the at-harvest quality and postharvest behavior of Golden Delicious and Fuji apples. Significant findings thus far include: apple response to oil depends on application timing; fruit treated with Orchex (paraffinic control) behaved similar to untreated fruit under all conditions; fruit finish was not affected; weight loss during storage and subsequent shelf life was improved(less weight loss) by oil treatment; surface wax development was altered, dependent on application time, variety, storage conditions, and growing area; volatile aroma production was consistently higher in apples treated with soybean oil 21 days before harvest; oil treatment improved retention of flavor impact alcohols in apples held in prolonged CA storage; and flavor regeneration capacity of apples was improved, especially by late season soybean oil applications. No apparent phytotoxicity has been observed over a two-season period, and none of the oil treatments significantly influenced storability of the fruit. Continuing studies of scald biochemistry focused on the role of farnesylation of apple proteins. Apples were harvested and treated with FPTI, a chemical inhibitor of protein farnesylation used in cancer biology, stored in RA or CA for 7-8 months, removed to a warm room for 7 days and evaluated for scald, respiration rate, ethylene and volatile production, conjugated trienol and radical concentration, and peel sampled for protein extraction. FPT protein was present in all treated samples. Scald score was 3.5, in RA (control) apples, 2.7 in FPTI-treated apple, a possible indication of common mechanism. FPTI treated apple respiration rate was 15% less than RA controls, likely due to the apoptotic effect of FPTI on electron transport. Volatile and farnesene production was similar in FPTI treated and control apples. Radical content was highest in apples treated with FPTI, relatively high in CA-stored apples, and paralleled conjugated trienol content.

Impacts
It is possible for growers to use a late-season 'organic' soybean oil spray to combat pests as well as improve the quality of the product, especially if pre-harvest restrictions preclude the use of harsher insect control measures. Apparently farnesyl pyrophosphate(FPP) mediated signaling events are involved in the development of apple scald symptoms; further understanding of the actual damage mechanism may lead to more intelligent, sustainable control measures.

Publications

  • Birla, S.L., Wang, S., Tang, J.*, Fellman, J., Mattinson, D., Lurie, S. 2005. Quality of oranges as influenced by potential radio frequency heat treatments against Mediterranean fruit flies. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 38(1):66-79. Haines, M.M., D.S., Mattinson, and J.K. Fellman. 2005. Farnesylation of components of the ethylene signaling pathway may be necessary to the development of superficial scald in apples. Acta horticulturae. 682, no. 1, 2005: p. 313-319.
  • Kupferman,E, A. Marin and R.Harker. 2005. Using Consumers to determine standards for Red Delicious Apple Edible Quality; Proceedings of the International Conference Postharvest Unlimited Downunder 2004. 229-234
  • Muller, I., D.S. Mattinson, and J.K. Fellman. 2005. Relationship Between Preharvest Horticultural Oil Application and Postharvest Behaviour of 'Golden Delicious' Apples: Effect of Volatile Aroma Production. Acta horticulturae. 682, no. 2. 2005: p. 999-1005.
  • Rudell, D., Fellman, J. and Mattheis. J. Evaluation of diphenylamine derivatives in apple peel using gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible absorption and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass selective detection. Journal of chromatography A. 1081. July 2005: p. 202-209.
  • Rudell, D., Mattheis and J., Fellman. J. Relationship of superficial scald development and a-farnesene oxidation to reactions of diphenylamine and diphenylamine derivatives in cv. Granny Smith apple peel. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 53. Oct. 2005: p. 8382-8389.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Our studies show ethylene signaling and a-farnesene auto-oxidation products as components of the scald response The presence of increased levels of conjugated trienols and radicals in FPTI-treated apples indicates increased farnesene production during storage. Scald was present in FPTI-treated apples and was accompanied by softening of cortical tissue that was not apparent in other treatments. Thus FPT inhibition appeared to induce apoptosis (cell death) in apple tissue below the peel. Respiration in FPTI-treated apples was decreased relative to controls, likely due to the effects of FPTI-induced release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase 3 in the presence of farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors. Hence, FPT appears to play an important role in apple postharvest physiology. Western blot analysis of FPT showed the presence of protein in FPTI-treated apples, thus it appears that inhibition does not lead to protein destruction. Decreased respiration in other treatments was likely attributable to a preclimacteric physiological state. RA-MCP-treated apples were slow to scald, but scald did eventually develop, and we predict that CA-MCP apples will also scald. This may be due to synthesis of new ethylene receptors, functioning of other ethylene receptors with less affinity for MCP, or cell membrane damage from ROS. Alternatively,other ethylene signaling pathways may be involved. FPT activation of CTR1 (farnesylation) remains equivocal. The response of apples to soybean oil treatment was influenced by the application timing. No phytotoxicity has been observed. Fruit finish was not affected by soybean oil treatment.Weight loss in storage and subsequent shelflife period was retarded for oil-treated apples. Surface wax development was altered, depending on time of application, variety treated, storage conditions, and growing area. Volatile aroma production was consistently higher in apples treated with soybean oil 21 days before harvest. Oil treatment improved retention of flavour impact alcohols in apples held in prolonged CA storage. The flavour regeneration capacity of apples was improved by late season soybean oil applications. CA stored MCP-treated apples did not scald, and all other indicators of scald development were also low. The combination of CA-MCP treatment is at present the best alternative to DPA. However, MCP impacts ripening, and studies to address texture, flavor, and aroma volatile production are needed to determine the best marketing strategy. We have determined that apples treated with an FPT inhibitor scald similarly to RA stored controls, but additionally exhibit deep tissue softening resembling symptoms of soft scald. We showed that ascorbigen has little value as an anti-scald, antioxidant treatment, and found that apples treated with MCP and stored under RA conditions will eventually scald through unknown mechanisms. Most significantly, CA-stored, MCP-treated apples retain physiological youth, and studies addressing texture, flavor, and aroma volatile development are recommended to determine an effective marketing strategy for these apples.

Impacts
It is possible for growers to use a late-season 'organic' soybean oil spray to combat pests as well as improve the quality of the product, especially if pre-harvest restrictions preclude the use of harsher insect control measures.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period


Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Use of a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent determined the role of active oxygen species in apple scald development. Occurrence of reacted spintrap appears to be correlated with scald severity. Two major species of nitrone-trapped radicals related to farnesene oxidation were noted with the highest seen in fruit from RA storage that scalded severely. The amount of radicals trapped need to reach a certain level before symptoms occur. Western blot indicated the presence of the β subunit of apple Farnesyl Protein Transferase (FPT) at 55 kDa, corresponding well with that reported for the tomato. Although weak, FPT expression appeared uniform across RA and CA. Inhibition of apple farnesyl protein transferase, a major signal transduction protein, resulted in increased levels of farnesene.

Impacts
Due to overproduction, apple producers need to have high quality produce during the storage season to compete with fresh crops from the Southern Hemisphere. Fundamental studies of enzymes and physicochemical phenomena in apples has potential to create ontogenic markers for spray timing of certain growth regulators and minimizing oxidative disorders during the storage period for apples, thus lowering the unit cost of production. Development of consumer preference information will assist in global marketing.

Publications

  • Fellman, J.K., Rudell, D. R., Mattinson, D.S., and Mattheis, J.P. 2003. Relationship of harvest maturity to flavor regeneration after CA storage of "Delicious" apples. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 27:39-51.
  • Haines, M.M., Shiel, P.J., Fellman, J.K., Berger, P.H. 2003. Abnormalities in growth, development and physiological responses to biotic and abiotic stress in potato (Solanum tuberosum) transformed with Arabidopsis ETR1. Journal of Agricultural Science. 141: 1-15.
  • Lu, G., C.G. Edwards, J.K. Fellman, D.S. Mattinson, and J. Navazio. 2003. Biosynthetic origin of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1026-1029.
  • Lu, G., J.K. Fellman, C.G. Edwards, D.S. Mattinson, and J. Navazio. 2003. Quantitative determination of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.) using headspace solid-phase microextraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1021-1025.
  • Warren, J.M., Bassman, J.H., Fellman, J.K., Eigenbrode, S.D., and Mattinson, D.S. 2003. Ultraviolet-B radiation alters phenolic salicylate and flavonoid composition of Populus trichocarpa leaves. Tree Physiology 23:527-535.


Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
We are using a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent to determine the role of active oxygen species in apple scald development. Occurrence of reacted spintrap appears to be correlated with scald severity. The presence of two principal farnesyl-nitrone adducts is related to development of scald in apples. The amount of radicals trapped need to reach a certain level before symptoms occur. In some apples ('Gala') the radicals appear, yet there are no scald symptoms. We studied the ripening-related events that affect flavor perception in apples. Ester production was always closely linked to the onset of climacteric ripening, while prolonged low-oxygen storage was usually detrimental to volatile production. Experiments focused on timing of the optimum harvest for maintaining sweetness, sourness, and aroma generating capacity during CA storage. In multiple-harvest experiments with 'Redchief Delicious' apples, we investigated the relationship between the internal ethylene maturity indicator and flavor retention and regeneration after storage for different lengths of time. It was found that overall flavor perception and perceived fruit ripeness began to increase at the onset of the climacteric. CA conditions reduced post-storage volatile production when compared to those stored in refrigerated air although not to a level below those displayed in 'over-mature' fruit at harvest after 3 months in storage. As harvest maturity advanced, the time required to regenerate aroma volatiles to an 'optimum' level after removal from CA storage decreased markedly. Apparently, there is a linear relationship between attainment of optimal eating quality and time out of storage. Firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity of fruit from all harvest dates remained at acceptable levels throughout the post-storage ripening period.

Impacts
Due to overproduction, apple producers need to have high quality produce during the storage season to compete with fresh crops from the Southern Hemisphere. Fundamental investigations of flavor preservation in storage intend to assist producers' competitiveness. Establishment of guidelines for producers to harvest fruit for immediate use or long-term storage ensures the highest quality possible. Fundamental studies of enzymes and physicochemical phenomena in apples has potential to create ontogenic markers for spray timing of certain growth regulators and minimizing oxidative disorders during the storage period for apples, thus lowering the unit cost of production.

Publications

  • Rudell, D. R., D.S. Mattinson, S.G. Wyllie, and J.K. Fellman. 2002. Investigations of aroma volatile biosynthesis under anoxic conditions and in different tissues of 'Redchief Delicious' apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) J. Agr. Food Chem. 50:2627-2632.
  • S.Y. Lee, K.M. Yun, J.K. Fellman, and Kang, D.H. 2002. Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in bean sprouts. Journal of Food Protection. 65:1088-1092.
  • Warren, J.M., Bassman, J.H., Mattinson, D.S., Fellman, J.K., Edwards, G.E., Robberecht, R. 2002. Alteration of foliar flavonoid chemistry induced by enhanced UV-B radiation in field-grown Pinus ponderosa,Quercus rubra, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. J. Photochem. and Photobiol. B:Biology. 66:125-133.
  • Abonyi, B.I., Feng, H., Tang, J., Edwards, C.G., Chew, B.P., Mattinson, D.S., and Fellman, J.K. 2002. Quality retention in strawberries and carrots dried with refractance window system. J. Food Science. 67(2):1051-1056.
  • Moore, P. P., C. Burrows, J. Fellman, and D.S. Mattinson. 2002. Genotype X Environment Variation in Raspberry Fruit Aroma Volatiles. Acta Hort. 585:511-516


Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Disks from different tissues were obtained from 'Redchief Delicious' apple fruit (Malus 'domestica Borkh') and analyzed for the ability to metabolize 1-pentanol as well as synthesize constitutive esters and alcohols under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The skin tissue displayed a greater capacity to synthesize pentanal, pentyl acetate, pentyl ropionate, pentyl butyrate, and pentyl hexanoate than the hypanthial and carpellary tissues during incubation with 1-pentanol. With the exception of pentyl acetate and pentyl propionate biosynthesis, the hypanthial tissue synthesized these compounds at a higher rate than the carpellary tissue. Anoxia inhibited both constituent and 1-pentanol derived ester biosynthesis. While anoxia inhibited ester biosynthesis, ethanol biosynthesis increased at a greater rate in tissue disks held under these conditions. Biosynthesis of 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 1-hexanol was greater in tissue disks held in air during the first part of the measurement period and dropped off more rapidly than those transpiring in tissue disks held under anoxic conditions. The biosynthetic rates of all esters, both constituent and 1-pentanol derived, increased as a result of air exposure. While hypoxic or anoxic conditions may promote ethanol synthesis, these conditions also appear to inhibit the formation of the ethanol-derived esters partially responsible for the off-flavor in apples attributed to ultra-low O2 controlled atmosphere storage. Raspberries were harvested and placed under the following atmospheres: room air (21% oxygen) and MA (12% oxygen) at four holding temperatures (0, 5, 15, and 25 degrees C). Antifungal treatments were: No treatment; Lactic acid bacteria/ Cryptococcus sp. (a patented low-temperature biocontrol organism); Lactic acid bacteria or Cryptococcus alone. The mixture of biocontrol organisms was effective at all holding temperatures. Modified atmospheres caused berries to retain brighter color, higher moisture content, and more acidity compared to control treatments. Aroma retention was particularly sensitive to packaging conditions. We identified and quantified 34 principal aroma-active compounds and monitored changes throughout the experiment. By day 6 under MA treatment, fresh raspberries had more terpenes (principal aroma compounds) and less ethanol and aldehydes (off-flavor compounds) compared to berries held in refrigerated air storage. Use of a proprietary clay product to control free moisture seemed to 'scalp' aroma compounds from stored berries.

Impacts
Due to overproduction, apple producers need to have high quality produce during the storage season to compete with fresh crops from the Southern Hemisphere. Fundamental investigations of flavor preservation in storage intend to assist producers' competitiveness. Establishment of guidelines for producers to harvest fruit for immediate use or long-term storage ensures the highest quality possible. Fundamental studies of enzymes and physicochemical phenomena in apples has potential to create ontogenic markers for spray timing of certain growth regulators and minimizing oxidative disorders during the storage period for apples, thus lowering the unit cost of production. Marketing of fresh raspberries is hindered by their brief shelf-life, manifested by high respiration and transpiration rates, morphological features that predispose them to crushing, and susceptibility to gray mold rot. A short extension of shelf life could allow shipment of fresh raspberries by surface means instead of airfreight. In addition, fresh raspberries provide substantially larger returns to the producer compared to those grown for the processing market.

Publications

  • Baritelle, A.L., G.M. Hyde, J.K. Fellman and J. Varith. 2001. Using 1-MCP to inhibit the influence of ripening on impact properties of pear and apple tissue. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 23:153-160


Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
The relationship between harvest maturity and 'Taste Life' of 'Redchief Delicious' is under study. Common harvest maturity and quality indices as well as IEC, evolved ethylene, respiration, and purgeable volatiles were analyzed at each harvest. An untrained panel performed preliminary evaluations of apple fruits, sampled in the period between 129-165 DAFB. Apple fruits harvested at 119, 142, 151, and 163 DAFB were stored at 0 degrees C (RA) or 0 degrees C (2% O2) for approximately 3, 5, 7 months. Upon removal from storage and periodically during a post-storage ripening period at 25 degree C, common harvest quality indices and storage disorders, evolved ethylene and volatile content were measured. When the average IEC increases beyond a threshold of 1 ppm, the fruit are clearly entering the climacteric and have the ability to ripen to a desirable stage of maturity following storage. At harvest analyses of purgeable volatiles indicate that major volatile increases begin at the onset of the increase in IEC. Alcohol acetyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for the terminal step in acetate ester production was present at very low levels 130 DAFB, after which AAT could always be measured in the crude supernatants. Volatile production by CA stored fruit increases with consecutive harvest dates until 163 DAFB and during the post storage-ripening period. This indicates flavor can be regenerated after CA storage. MCP-treated fresh cranberries were evaluated for storage rots. Cranberries were treated with 100 ppm 1-methylcyclopropane (MCP) and stored under 2 different CA regimes. MCP treatment in combination with CA storage decreases the amount of unsalable fruit at 6 and 12 weeks post storage. Studies of fresh raspberry shelf-life extension have commenced. We are using a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent to determine the role of active oxygen species in apple scald development.

Impacts
Due to overproduction, apple producers need to have high quality produce during the storage season to compete with fresh crops from the Southern Hemisphere. Establishment of guidelines for producers to harvest fruit for immediate use or long-term storage ensures the highest quality possible. MCP, an inhibitor of ethylene action shows promise to extend the shelf life of fresh cranberries, potentially raising the marketability of Washington's crop by 25%. Fundamental studies of enzymes and physicochemical phenomena in apples has potential to create ontogenic markers for spray timing of certain growth regulators and minimizing oxidative disorders during the storage period for apples, thus lowering the unit cost of production.

Publications

  • Hawk, C. 2000. Shelf-life extension of fresh raspberries by bio-control methods and modified atmosphere packaging. M.S. Thesis, Washington State University.
  • Fellman, J.K. 2000. Flavor chemistry and "taste-life" of Red Delicious Apples. Proceedings of the Michigan State University CA and Warehouse Storage Clinic 4:85.
  • Fellman, J.K. 2000. Waxing of Apples. Proceedings of the Michigan State University CA and Warehouse Storage Clinic 4:69.
  • Fellman, J.K., Miller, T.W., Mattinson, D.S., and Mattheis, J.P. 2000. Factors that influence biosynthesis of volatile flavor compounds in apple fruits. Hortscience 35:1026-1033.
  • Mattheis, J.P., J.K. Fellman. 2000. Impacts of modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheres on aroma, flavor, and quality of horticultural commodities. HortTechnology 10: 507-510.
  • Rudell, D.R. 2000. Studies of apple fruit ripening and aroma volatile biosynthesis for improving harvest timing and post-storage quality. M.S. Thesis, Washington State University
  • Wyllie, S.G., and Fellman, J.K. 2000. Formation of branched-chain esters in bananas (Musa sapientum L.). J. Agr. Food Chem.. 48:3493-3496.


Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Methods to improve fruit (apple, pear, and cherry) quality after harvest are under evaluation. Methods include modified atmosphere, packaging, edible coatings, and temperature management. Research is underway to develop methods of reducing diphenylamine contamination of organically-grown apples. The attributes of 7 destructive firmness-testing instruments are being compared. The relationship between ester formation via alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) and harvest maturity of 'Redchief Delicious' apples was evaluated. Correlation between ester formation and AAT activity only occurred during climacteric ripening, while a 'spike' in activity was coincident with the onset of fruit coloration. The presence of AAT in developing apple fruit is not the best 'early' indicator of acceptable harvest maturity, but may help in ripening signal transduction. Optimum eating/dessert quality after 3 months RA storage was in apples harvested at 154 and 160 DAFB. An internal ethylene concentration of 1-2 ppm at harvest indicated optimum quality after RA storage. Studies to determine the role of active oxygen species in scald development using a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent are in progress. Preliminary results with apple surface/spin trap show an isolatable red product still being characterized. Studies with pears include investigation of phenomenon associated with skin-staining disorder of d'Anjou pears and harvest-applied diphenylamine effects on pear quality. 'McFarlin' and 'Stevens' cranberries were treated with 100 ppm 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) and inoculated with fungal pathogens. Inoculation of cranberries with pathogens increased respiration rate, weight loss and softening, and decay while MCP reduced the respiration, weight loss and softening, and decay, indicating a role for ethylene action in cranberry deterioration. Other ongoing experiments are determining if modified atmosphere in conjunction with antifungal treatments can extend the shelf life of fresh raspberries beyond that of conventional treatments.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Fellman, J.K. 1998. Chemical and sensory correlations of flavor components in red raspberries. 1997 Proc. Northwest Ctr. Small Fruits Res. 6:63
  • Fellman, J.K., J.H. Thorngate, and D.L. Barney 1998. Identification of western huckleberry flavor components. 1997 Proc. Northwest Ctr. Small Fruits Res. 6:62
  • Mattheis, J.P., Fellman, J.K. Pre-harvest factors influencing postharvest flavor or fresh fruit and vegetables. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15:237-242. 1999.


Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
Horticultural management of 'Delicious' apples influences flavor and storage quality. Color development is linked to amount of aroma development in 'Delicious' apples, and growth conditions in the orchard influence postharvest behavior in refrigerated storage. To ensure maximum flavor in storage and marketing, producers of 'Delicious' apples should make sure maintenance N application occurs at full bloom and late spring, choose cultivars carefully, and manage tree canopies for 70% light penetration which provides good color/flavor balance. There was an initial effect of preharvest AVG treatment on suppression of 'Delicious' flavor and aroma quality at harvest, but there is potential for a prolonged period of aroma and flavor regeneration during long-term storage. There were no qualitative differences in volatile compounds purged from the flesh of AVG-treated fruit when compared to untreated controls. We have synthesized a chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agent for use in determining the role of active oxygen species in scald development. Other storage studies are in progress with Jonagold; advanced maturity Red Delicious; watercore Red Delicious apples. Modified atmosphere package studies with Bartlett pears, Anjou pears, and Bing cherries are attempting to extend shelf-life. Other studies are underway to determine the relationship between preharvest chemical use and calyx-end browning of Anjou pears. Investigations directed at antioxidant use to reduce scald and internal browning in Anjou pears are not yet complete.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Fan, X., Mattheis, J.P. and Fellman, J.K. 1998. A role for jasmonates in climacteric fruit ripening. Planta 204: 444-449.
  • Miller, T.W., Fellman, J.K., Mattheis, J.P. and Mattinson, D.S. 1998. Factors that influence volatile ester biosynthesis in 'Delicious' apples. Acta Hort. 464:195-200.
  • Mattheis, J.P., Buchanan, D.A. and Fellman, J.K. 1998. Volatiles emitted by 'Royal Gala' apples following sequential atmosphere storage. Acta Hort. 464:201-205.
  • Mattheis, J.P., Buchanan, D.A. and Fellman, J.K. 1998. Volatile compounds emitted by 'Gala' apples following dynamic atmosphere storage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 426-432.
  • Fan, X.T., Mattheis, J.P. and Fellman, J.K. 1998. Responses of apples to postharvest jasmonate treatments. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 421-425.


Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
Ethylene synthesis, ACC oxidase mRNA expression, & ACC oxidase activity measurements were compared in 'Bartlett' and 'd'Anjou' pears. 'd 'Anjou' requires chilling to ripen properly, unlike 'Bartlett', where ripening appears to be developmentally regulated. Unlike 'Bartlett', ACOmRNA did not appear in 'd'Anjou' until after several weeks cold storage. ACO mRNA synthesis was inhibited in both cultivars by CA storage. Volatile ester emissions were strongly affected by light exposure, & ester content of mature'Starkrimson' apples was twice that of 'Topred' in a 2-year study. Continued increase in anthocyanin production was at the expense of acetate ester biosynthesis, & the effect is more pronounced in apple cvs that do not sequester anthocyanin in peel vacuole cells. Relationships between growing climate and volatile ester production in 'Fuji' apples were examined. Apples were harvested from warm & cold growing locations. Alcohol acetyl transferase (AAT) was measured at harvest & after storage; values peaked early and stayed high in apples grown at the warm location. Fruit from the cold growing site showed elevated activity when harvested, but after a 7 day ripening period, the activity subsided until the latest harvest. CA storage is apparently detrimental to AAT activity, unlike RA-stored fruit. After 6 months storage in refrigerated air, AAT activity levels were higher than at harvest, suggesting a ripening or senescence- related phenomenon.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • MATTHEIS, J.P., BUCHANAN, D.A. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1997. Volatile constituents of bing sweet cherry fruit following controlled atmosphere storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:212-216.
  • FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P., FELLMAN, J.K., and PATTERSON, M.E. 1997. Effect of methyl jasmonate on ethylene and volatile production by Summerred apples depends on fruit development stage. J. Agric. Food
  • FONDA, H.N., FELLMAN, J.K., FAN, X. AND MATTHEIS, J.P. 1997. Reaction of apple skin following UV exposure. HortScience 32:535.
  • MATTHEIS, J.P., BUCHANAN, D.A., and FELLMAN, J.K. 1997. Temporal relationship between ethylene and ester production during maturation of apple fruit. HortScience 32:536.
  • FELLMAN, J.K. 1997. Factors that influence biosynthesis of volatile flavor compounds in apple fruits. HortScience 32:554.
  • JOHNSON, E.T. 1997. Ethylene biosynthesis in 'Bartlett' and 'd'Anjou' pears (Pyrus communis L.), cultivars that differ in their ripening requirements. Ph.D. Dissertation. Washington State University,


Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
2-methyl butyl acetate, the major aroma compound in 'Delicious' apple flesh, decreased if trees were given nitrogen after the harvest. Biosynthesis of the other two major volatile components, hexyl and butyl acetate was not correlated with nitrogen rate or timing of application. There was no consistent reduction in anthocyanin levels due to N application. Ester content of 'Starkrimson' fruit was roughly twice that of 'Topred'. Anthocyanin levels decreased with decreasing light exposures, with 'Topred' fruit accumulating more anthocyanin than 'Starkrimson'. Flavonoid response to light exposure paralleled that of anthocyanin, as content of all flavonoid classes was reduced as light exposure level decreased. Tree canopy position affected color and aroma of fruit. Anthocyanin accumulation and volatile ester formation increased as light exposure increased to 53%. After that, continued increases in anthocyanin production came at the expense of acetate ester biosynthesis. Studies in New Zealand on cultural and postharvest handling practices of the sweet cherry industry showed how growers use canopy covers to protect from rain and birds, and use chemical growth retardants to create an open tree canopy. There is a linear relationship between heat accumulation and cherry deterioration. Pacific Northwest cherry postharvest practices including temperature management, postharvest fungicide use, and packingline lighting were surveyed in 1996, and compared with a similar survey conducted in 1989.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1996. Inhibition of apple fruit ACC oxidase activity and respiration by acetylsalicylic acid. J. Plant Physiol. 149:469-471.
  • MILLER, T.W., FELLMAN, J.K., MATTHEIS, J. P., FALLAHI, E. and MATTINSON, D.S. 1996. The Delicious Dilemma: Is redder better Good Fruit Grower 47(17):85-87.
  • MATTHEIS, J. P., BUCHANAN, D.A. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1996. Volatile emissions and quality of bagged Fuji' apples. HortScience 31:638.
  • FALLAHI, E. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1996. Optimizing nitrogen for improving yield and fruit quality of Redspur Delicious' apple. HortScience 31:613.
  • BALASUBRAMANIAM, R. A., ALSPACH, P., LILL, R., BRASH, D. and KUPFERMAN, E. 1996. Modeling postharvest residual shelf life of cherries using accumulated heat units. Washington Industry Report. 12 pp.
  • FAN, X. 1996. Role of jasmonates in fruit development. Ph.D. Thesis. Washington State University, Pullman. 95p.


Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
Cultural practices related to flavor quality of red 'Delicious' apples is under investigation. Nitrogen fertilizer rates and timing affect levels of 2-methyl butyl acetate but not butyl acetate in harvested apples. Harvest maturity as well as light levels reaching the fruit surface influence occurrence of major acetate esters in 'Delicious' flesh, with 70% full sun resulting in the greatest accumulation of acetate esters in later-harvested fruit. Radiolabelling studies of fruit tissue discs reinforced field observations. Alcohol acetyltranferase (AAT) enzyme studies continue. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and mono-Q anion exchange FPLC yielded an active AAT preparation containing 4 SDS-PAGE bands. The colorimetric AAT assay developed previously was used to screen Mono-Q fractions for activity and correlation was confirmed via purge-and-trap capillary GC. Stoichiometry between assay methods correlated only with one of the fractions showing activity via acetyl CoA hydrolysis. We are studying the relationship between chilling requirement and ethylene enzyme mRNA expression in winter pears. The quantity of ACC oxidase mRNA is related to days in cold storage after harvest, suggesting a cold-inducible phenomenon. ACC synthase mRNA appears later than ACC oxidase mRNA, suggesting substrate availability is an important regulating factor for winter pear ripening.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P., PATTERSON, M.E. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1995. Changes in amylose and starch content in 'Fuji' apples during maturation. HortScience 30:104-105.
  • MATTHEIS, J.P., BUCHANAN, D.A., AND FELLMAN, J.K. 1995. Volatile compound production by 'Bisbee Delicious' apples after sequential atmosphere storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:194-199.
  • FELLMAN, J.K. and MATTHEIS, J.P. 1995. Ester biosynthesis in relation to harvest maturity and controlled-atmosphere storage of apples. In: M. Leahy and R. Rouseff, eds. Fruit Flavors..., ACS sym ser. 596, ACS, Wash DC.
  • FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1995. Inhibition of apple fruit ACC oxidase activity and respiration by acetylsalicylic acid. Plant Physiol. 103 (S):69.
  • FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P. and FELLMAN, J.K. 1995. Involvement of methyl jasmonate in fruit ripening. Plant Physiol. 103 (S):80.
  • MILLER, T.W. 1995. Comparative studies of aroma volatile biogenesis and anthocyanin synthesis of Delicious apple. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. Idaho, Moscow.


Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
Apple growers in Washington State are using background color to judge when to pick certain apple varieties, especially those which must be picked several times. In cooperation with the AMP we have been developing color cards, to be used in conjunction with other parameters, to judge the maturity of Gala apples. A study was performed to determine the amount of storage scald appearing on 93 commercially harvested grower lots of Red Delicious apples following long-term controlled atmosphere storage without DPA. Fruits were stored at two oxygen levels (0.7% vs. 1.5 %) to judge the effectiveness of the lower level in suppressing scald. Only 23 % of the fruit developed any scald; 8 % developed moderate or severe scald. Fewer fruit stored at 0.7% developed scald than those stored at 1.5% oxygen. Repeated sampling of many packinglines in Washington has shown that apples are being packed with core temperatures in the range of 13 - 16 C. This temperature is excessive and experiments have shown that the loss in fruit firmness may be as great as 1.5 kg if fruit is not cooled prior to shipment.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1993. (editor) Postharvest Chemical Issue. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 4(1) 24 pp.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1993. (editor) International Conference on Superficial Scald of Apples. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 4(2) 68 pp.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1993. Retaining the Firmness of Apples in Storage. Proc. Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference. March 1993. 54-55.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1994. Anjou Pear Quality: I Fruit Quality. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 5(1) 3-10.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1994. Anjou Pear Quality: II Postharvest Practices. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 5(1) 11-13.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1994. Anjou Pear Quality: III Disorders and Diseases. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 5(1) 14-16.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1994. Cherry Damage Surveys in 1993. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 5(1) 17-19.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1994. In-field Hydrocooling - Cherry Temperature Management. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 5(1) 20-21.


Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93

Outputs
Apples from Gala, Fuji, and Braeburn trees are harvested several times to reducevariability in maturity. We have selected color chips to represent appropriate ground colors (green, white, yellow) for different maturity levels. A weekly survey of approximately 20 commercial packinglines in 1989-1993 determined that Red Delicious flesh temperatures rose 30-F during packing. On some lines the rise in temperature of Golden Delicious is almost as high. The greatest increase in temperature occurs in the heated dump tank and as a result of in-line sprays, not in the drier. Research on effect of temperature on decline in apple firmness again indicates rapid reduction in firmness of fruit not cooled immediately after packing. The industry has not made appreciable progress in lowering fruit temperature and must evaluate systems to rapidly cool packed fruit. Research needs to be conducted to develop alternative methods of achieving the shine consumers desire without heating the fruit. The Canadian apple industry is storing commercial volumes of Red Delicious in very low oxygen without DPA and is not incurring commercial levels of storage scald. Over 90 grower lots of Washington-grown Red Delicious were sampled at commercial maturity prior to being drenched with DPA. Each sample was divided, with one-third tested for maturity at harvest, one-third placed into very low oxygen CA, and the rest placed in normal CA in a commercial warehouse. They will remain in CA until July, 1994.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • KUPFERMAN, E M, MILLER, K AND KUTCH, L. 1993. Quality of apples shipped from Washington State. Industry report, 16 pp.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1993. Retaining the firmness of apples in storage. Proc Wash Tree Fruit Postharvest Conf 9:61-62.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1992. Retaining the firmness of apples in storage. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 3(4):4-6.
  • KUPFERMAN, E M, MILLER, K, KUTCH, L AND BURKHART, D. 1992. Anjou pear quality: progress report for the 1992 crop. Industry report, 17 pp.
  • KUPFERMAN, E M, MILLER, K, KUTCH, L AND D BURKHART. 1992. Reducing postharvest losses in Anjou pears: a report for the 1991 crop. Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 3(4):18-23.
  • KUPFERMAN, E M AND BURKHART, D. 1992. Increasing returns by reducing postharvest losses in Anjou pears. Proc Wash State Hort Assoc 88:129-133.
  • KUPFERMAN, E M. 1993. Tray packing of Anjou pears. Proc Wash Tree Fruit Postharvest Conf 9:54-56.


Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92

Outputs
Postharvest physiology of fruits Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apples harvested and packed by 17 packing houses in 1992 were softer than those of the three previous years, although storage and packing temperatures did not vary. Work is underway to determine whether maturity and growing season temperatures have contributed to this phenomenon. Apple temperatures 8 mm under the skin rose an average of 7-C from the time of dumping to packing in commercial packing houses. Reduction in the temperature of the dump tank water can reduce this rise. Forced air cooling is impeded by the lack of vent spaces in the box. The decline in firmness of apples held at higher than optimum temperatures (4.4, 10, 16 or 21 vs 0-C) varies according to time, temperature and quality of the fruit. It is not yet apparent which fruit quality attribute(s) would predict the rate of firmness loss. Regular storage apples lost firmness more rapidly than those stored in CA prior to testing. Consumer reaction to Granny Smith apples of different maturity levels indicates those who enjoy this very tart apple are not extremely perceptive about its maturity so long as the apple is green-skinned and tart.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • KUPFERMAN, E., MATHISON, TOM AND GREEN, LES. 1992. New Zealand's approach to postharvest handling of apples. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 3(1):3-8.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1992. Maturity and storage of apple varieties new to Washington
  • State - 1992. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 3(1):9-16.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1992. Update on the use of chlorine. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 3(2):12.


Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91

Outputs
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) boxes provided superior insulating capability compared with fiberboard boxes, without promoting anaerobic conditions to 'Bing' sweet cherries following simulated and actual shipping trials. A three-year study of the effect of light spectrum and intensity on sorters' ability to distinguish cherry defects was completed. Intensity proved to be more important than spectrum in these studies. Cool white fluorescent, which is the least expensive bulb available, is acceptable.Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of cherries provided little quality enhancement following simulated shipping trials.Apple packing practices and fruit quality were evaluated weekly in 19 packinghouses. Temperature profiles proved that the heating of the fruit occurs from initial immersion in the dump tank and not in the drier as had previously been believed. The average temperature of Red and Golden Delicious apples when placed in the box was 14.4c(standard deviation +3.3} which is undesirably high. Anjou pears were cooled experimentally using either hot (60} or cold (0} air driers. Waxed hot-dried pears required an additional 21 hours to equilibrate to holding room temperature.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1991. Maturity determines apple quality. Proc. VII Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference:14-15.
  • BEERS, E. H., KUPFERMAN, E. and RATKOWSKI, D. 1991. Sampling methods to determine fruit firmness. Proc. VII Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference:16-22.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1991. Storage regimes for apples. Proc. VII Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference:61-62.
  • DRAKE, S.R., CAVALIERI, R. and KUPFERMAN, E.M. 1991. Quality attributes of d'Anjou pears after different wax drying temperatures and refrigerated storage. J. Food Qual. 14:455-465.
  • DRAKE, S.R., MOFFITT, H. and KUPFERMAN, E.M. 1991. Quality characteristics of 'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherries treated with gibberellic acid following fumigation with methyl bromide. J. Food Qual. 14(2):119-125.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1991. European apple warehouse practices. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 2(3):3-16.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. and WILLETT, M. 1991. Management of postharvest diseases and disorders. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 2(2):1-16.


Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90

Outputs
Bing cherries were packaged in gas or semi-permeable film modified atmosphere. Carbon dioxide injected at the time of packaging was quickly modified, either through the respiration of fruit or by the atmosphere which had diffused through the films tested. The films tested were not able to provide the target atmosphere which was 20% carbon dioxide with over 5% oxygen in the package. Controlled atmosphere storage between 1.5 and 10% oxygen and carbon dioxide between 0.03 and 10% did not provide significant quality retention over regular atmosphere.Sorting table lighting was evaluated in 25 cherry packing lines and found to vary greatly in both spectrum and intensity. Laboratory studies determined that the ability of sorters to see fruit bruising, pitting and color was affected by both spectrum and intensity. After evaluating a large number of bulb types and intensities it was determined that the spectrum should be about 4200 K and the intensity greater than 300 lumens.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1990. Postharvest handling practices influence sweet cherry quality. Proc. XXIII Int. Soc. for Hort. Sci:3327 (Abstr.).
  • DRAKE, S. AND KUPFERMAN, E. 1990. Sweet cherry quality after storage in modified atmosphere packaging. HortScience 25: 1080 (Abstr.).
  • DEAN, B. AND KUPFERMAN, E. 1990. Use of time temperature monitors for predicting shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables. Hort.Science 25:1132 (Abstr.).
  • DRAKE, S., MOFFITT, H. AND KUPFERMAN, E. 1990. Quality characteristics of 'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherries treated with gibberellic acid following fumigation with methyl bromide. J. Food Quality:accepted for publication.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1990. Life after benlate: an update on the alternatives. Tree Fruit Postharvest J. 1:13-15.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. 1989. Determining harvest date. Proc. V Intern. CA Res. Conf. 1:111-113.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. M. 1990. Life after benlate: an update on the alternatives. Proc. VI Warehouse Seminar and Trade Show:14-15.
  • KUPFERMAN, E. M. 1990. Maturation, storage and quality of Gala apples. VI Warehouse Seminar and Trade Show:31.