Progress 07/01/07 to 06/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Agricultural producers (crop and animal), Extension staff, Agricultural professionals, Conservation professionals, local agencies charged with managing Minnesota streams that flow into Lake Superior. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Thirteen grid soil sampling to guide manure application on lifestock farms small-group workshops for farmers and agricultural professionals. Four webinars by experts on conservation applications of LiDar were delivered in February-June of 2013; 437 total attendees. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Thirteen grid soil sampling to guide manure application on lifestock farms small-group workshops for farmers and agricultural professionals. Four webinars by experts on conservation applications of LiDar were delivered in February-June of 2013; 437 total attendees. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
On North shore streams, results indicated that the most important factors in the erosion potential model are bluff prosimity and angle of impingement, exceeding streem power and soils type in importance. Surficial cover vs. exposed bedrock is also an important parameter. 187 individuals (68 livestock producers) attended small group workshops on grid soil sampling to guide manure application on livestock farms. The end-of-workshop survey indicated that for the producers who attended, 46% were already grid soils sampling and 30% additional were likely to begin after the workshop; 65% wer testing manure annually while an addtional 24% were likely to begin after attending the workshop; 55% were calibrating spreaders and 26% were likely to begin after attending the workshop; and 72% were injecting or incorporating manure and another 14% were likely to begin after attending the workshop.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Wick, M.J., Gran, K.B., 2014, Identifying erosional hotspots in North Shore streams using airborne LiDAR, presented at the 2014 Minnesota Lake Superior Watershed Stream Science conference, Duluth, MN, 7-8 January.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wick, M.J., 2013, Identifying erosional hotspots in streams along the North Shore of Lake Superior Minnesota using high-resolution elevation and soils data. M.S. Thesis: University of Minnesota Duluth, 99 p.
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
LakeSuperiorStreams.org
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure to Reduce Nutrient Loading In 2011-12 the second on-station trial was carried out, measuring corn yield and soil profile nitrogen distribution in response to timing of fall liquid hog manure application. Data from the 2 on-station trials and 9 previous on-farm trials were analyzed and 2 Extension publications were prepared, incorporating results from the trials. (See Publications section.) Reducing Nutrient Runoff from Livestock Manure to the Mississippi River Eight case studies were completed of the economic and environmental costs and benefits of grid soil sampling on medium to small livestock farms in southern Minnesota. The studies included analyses of whole-field vs zonal application of manure, using grid soil phosphorus and potassium maps to redistribute manure on a nitrogen or phosphorus basis. The economic analyses were performed with a previously designed University of Minnesota Extension spreadsheet. The environmental analyses were carried out using the Minnesota Phosphorus Index and its embedded RUSLE2 erosion calculator. Strengthening Natural Resource Management with LiDAR Training LiDAR, Light Detection and Ranging, using airborne lasers, has recently been employed to obtain high resolution digital elevation data for the entire state of Minnesota. The data have many uses in natural resource management and agriculture, as well as other areas. In order to facilitate its rapid and appropriate adoption by natural resource professionals, 6 training modules were developed and delivered, in 34 hands-on computer workshops throughout the state. The modules included Basics of LiDAR, Terrain Analysis, Hydrologic Applications, Wetland Mapping, Forestry and Ecological Applications, and Engineering Applications. The training materials were placed on the web at: http://wrc.umn.edu/randpe/agandwq/tsp/lidar/LiDARTrainingMaterials/in dex.htm. A LiDAR user support forum was developed and also placed on the web at: http://www.mngeo.state.mn.us/cgi-bin/LiDAR/forum_show.pl. Predicting erosional hot spots along North Shore streams using high-resolution spatial data Outputs We have completed hydrologic conditioning and network delineation on 9 watersheds. Hydrologic conditioning and network delineation is mostly complete on the Split Rock, Beaver, and Baptism. A preliminary erosion index has been developed primarily through comparisons of remote data and the post-flood riverwalk data sets. This erosion index has been applied on Amity Creek so far. We are in the process of expanding it to other rivers along the North Shore. To date the results have been disseminated in two ways. The first is that we have shared our hydrologically-conditioned datasets from the Poplar River and Cross River with other researchers at the University of Minnesota. The second is that the preliminary results of the erosion model were presented at the national American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco. Eventually, all of the data will be shared through the LakeSuperiorStreams.org website, hosted by UMD's Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI). PARTICIPANTS: Les Everett, Program Coordinator and Project Manager, University of Minnesota. Jose A Hernandez, Extension Educator for Manure Management, University of Minnesota. Ann Lewandowski, Michael Schmitt, Duane Starkey, Molly Wick, M.S. student in Water Resources Science at UMD. Molly conducted all of the field work over the summer, developed the methodology being used for hydrologic conditioning, and is developing the erosion model. Ryan Peterson, Undergraduate Geological Sciences major at UMD. Ryan assisted with most of the field work over the summer and has been doing most of the hydrologic conditioning and network delineation work in GIS. Tessa Schneider, temporary hire during summer. Tessa assisted with field work. Karen Gran, assistant professor of Geological Sciences at UMD. Karen is the project manager and PI. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audiences are local agencies charged with managing North Shore streams as well as other researchers who can use both the conditioned lidar data and the resulting erosion model. The data will eventually be disseminated on the LakeSuperiorStreams.org website, so they will be accessible to the general public, too. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The Duluth area experienced a 500-year flood event on June 19-20th, 2012. We had collected 17 BEHI sites on Amity prior to the flood, but none of these were sites with large bluffs present (sites that would score high bank erosion hazard). We completed the remaining 11 BEHI sites on Amity after the flood. Because of the extensive geomorphic changes that occurred during the flood including the erosion of banks and bluffs, clay slumping, deposition of large cobble bars, and buildup of large debris jams, it was very difficult assess BEHI attributes like root depth and density, vegetation cover, and bankfull height after the flood in a consistent manner. We did complete these surveys to our best ability, but error was likely introduced. We also completed the BEHI surveys on the Talmadge and the French. Even though all of these data were collected post-flood, it was still very difficult to estimate bankfull depth, the depth of a 1-2 year flood, after a 500-year flood had just occurred. However, the flood gave us an opportunity to observe where erosion happened in these streams. For a more robust analysis of erosion potential in these streams, we decided to complete surveys by walking long reaches of the streams and identifying where erosion occurred and the degree of that erosion. We called the data collected during these surveys a Field Erosion Index (FEI), and it includes a qualitative rating from 0 - 7 of the degree erosion that occurred. We devised our rating system based on observations of bank erosion and undercutting, slumping, and complete scouring on one or both banks. These surveys were completed within about one month of the flood's occurrence, so field evidence of the flood was still obvious. The survey also includes the locations of bedrock channel reaches. We also chose to limit field work to more intensive surveys on a few specific streams rather than spot surveys throughout the North Shore. These more intensive surveys give us a much better handle on what is going on in those specific channels, whereas the spot surveys throughout the North Shore were deemed less useful. Our research has focused primarily on developing the erosion model in Amity Creek. It will then be tested on the Talmadge River, where we have the same density of field data, and then applied to approximately one dozen streams along the North Shore.
Impacts
Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure to Reduce Nutrient Loading The on-station trials of corn response to timing of liquid swine manure application demonstrated that early fall applications lead to conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen and subsequent partial loss from the soil profile by leaching and denitrification. This loss is similar to that observed with ammonium fall applied as anhydrous ammonia fertilizer at soil temperatures above 50 degrees. The on-farm trials demonstrated that early fall application of manure can lead to loss of yield, presumably because of the loss of nitrogen observed in the on-station trials. This information is being distributed through publications and workshops to reduce the occurrence of early fall liquid swine manure application. Reducing Nutrient Runoff from Livestock Manure to the Mississippi River The eight case studies of grid soil phosphorus sampling on medium to small livestock farms were prepared as Extension documents, placed on-line, advertised, and will be delivered in 14 workshops with producers and agricultural professionals scheduled in early 2013. Strengthening Natural Resource Management with LiDAR Training The 34 LiDAR training workshops accommodated 558 trainees, most of whom attended multiple modules, for a total of 226 unique natural resource and other professionals. The user Forum activity is building a base of questions, with answers provided by more experienced LiDAR users. The LiDAR data are currently being used by the training participants and others to identify areas susceptible to erosion and target erosion control practices, locate landscape depressions for hydrologic storage to reduce flooding and stream channel erosion, appropriately site and design conservation structures, and many other applications. Predicting erosional hot spots along North Shore streams using high-resolution spatial data Outputs Results to date indicate that the most important factors in the erosion potential model are bluff proximity and angle of impingement, exceeding stream power and soils type in importance. Surficial cover vs. exposed bedrock is also an important parameter, but one that is difficult to determine remotely.
Publications
- Jose A. Hernandez, Jeffrey A. Vetsch, and Leslie A. Everett. 2012. Swine manure application timing: Results of experiments in southern Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension: http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/manure-management-and-air-q uality/manure-application/docs/manure-timing.pdf
- Jose A. Hernandez and Michael A. Schmitt. 2012 Manure management in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension Bulletin 03553. http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/manure-management-and-air-q uality/manure-application/manure-management-in-minnesota/
- L. Everett, D. Starkey and J. Hernandez. 2012 Grid soil sampling for livestock farms: Case studies in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Extension. http://www1.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/manure-management-and-air-q uality/manure-application/
- Ann Lewandowski and Les Everett. 2012. Conservation applications of LiDAR data: A professional training program. Poster. 2012 Land Grant/Sea Grant National Water Conference. http://www.usawaterquality.org/conferences/2012/poster%20abstracts/Le wandowski.pdf
- Wick, M.J., Gran, K.B., 2012, Wick, M.J., and Gran, K.B., 2012, Identifying Riverine Erosional Hotspots Using Airborne Lidar, presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 3-7 Dec.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Use of a variety of methods to characterize watershed response to precipitation increases in agricultural and northern forested watersheds in the upper Midwest, in an effort to better understand the impacts of land-use, drainage and climate change on streamflow, using several methods, including analysis of USGS stream-flow and precipitation data to evaluate streamflow response over time; changes to hydrologic processes were examined using the ratio between streamflow and precipitation and modeling the hydrologic processes involved in generated watershed runoff to assess the hydrologic response to precipitation changes and landuse/landcover changes using the physically-based Soil, Water, Atmosphere, and Plant (SWAP) model. Metolachor degradation by a yeast and bacterium. Metolachlor is one of the most extensively used chloroacetamide herbicides. In this study, we examined soils with a history of metolachlor application for the presence of pure microbial cultures capable of degradation (catabolism) of this herbicide. We were able to isolate and characterize pure cultures of a yeast, Candida xestobii, and a bacterium, Bacillus simplex, that have the ability to catabolize metolachlor and use this herbicide as a sole source of carbon for growth Mesotrione is a benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione herbicide that inhibits 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) in target plants. Although it has been used since 2000, only a limited number of degrading microorganisms have been reported. In this study we report on the isolation of a Pantoea ananatis strain that completely degraded mesotrione by a pathway what does not produce 2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl benzoic acid or 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid, two metabolites previously identified in a mesotrione-degrading Bacillus strain. The bacterium was isolated from water environments surrounded by mesotrione treated fields. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ananatis being involved in pesticide degradation although Pantoea sp strains have previously been reported to be associated with animal and plant diseases, can readily be found in the environment. Surface-water runoff monitoring efforts in the upper Midwest are increasing as states focus on water quality, yet for edge of field scale, there is difficulty in comparing and synthesizing data gathered by multiple monitoring efforts, as there is no consistency in monitoring protocols. Increasing pressures on agricultural contributions to water quality require more consistent and higher quality monitoring protocols, to better quantify the real impacts of field scale runoff on nearby water quality. This initiative has evaluated past monitoring programs and will develop more standardized protocol, which will result in recommended standardized methods in the Upper Midwest and develop a pilot training program. PARTICIPANTS: Brian Barber, Ann Lewandowski, William Koskinen, Christian Lenhart, John Nieber TARGET AUDIENCES: Researchers, Agricultural Professionals, Agricultural Agency Staff, Producers, Policy Makers involved in pesticide application, Policy makers involved in Water Quality, Water professionals at federal, state and local levels. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: These projects are both ongoing and new, but fit within the overall goal of evaluating agricultural impacts on water quality.
Impacts
Overall, there were significant increases in many of the streamflow variables measuring magnitude and duration for most flow levels below the small flood (2 year recurrence interval) flow in agricultural watersheds that have more than >67% agricultural land cover. In contrast, the forested watersheds of northern Minnesota and Wisconsin had very few significant changes despite slight increases in the average annual precipitation over the 1980-2009 time period. The greatest change in the north was in the winter low flows, probably due to more frequent and earlier snowmelt. This leads to varied management issues for different ecoregions. In agricultural, tile-drained landscape of south central Minnesota, increased flow volume may be as important for management as increased flooding while in northern forests one major management concern for northern Minnesota is decreased summer baseflow particularly on the streams flowing into Lake Superior. In the metolachlor study, these newly isolated organisms will allow us to obtain a better understanding of the biochemistry and genetics of acetanilide herbicides catabolism by microorganism, and will provide new tools for the bioremediation of environments impacted by these herbicides. Results of the Mesotrione study may lead to a better understanding about the fate of mesotrione in water. Also, since P. ananatis rapidly degraded mesotrione, likely through cometabolic processes, this strain might be useful for bioremediation purposes. Initial meetings by monitoring specialists have resulted in the development of the framework for pilot training sessions.
Publications
- Lenhart, C., J. Nieber, and H. Peterson. 2011. Increased Streamflow in Agricultural Watersheds of the Midwest: Implications for Management. Watershed Science Bulletin, Spring 2011.
- Lenhart, C., J. Nieber, H. Peterson, and M. Titov, Differential Response of Midwestern Watersheds to Climate Change and Implications for Management. Part of a workshop, The Role of Ecological Restoration Midwest Great Lakes Chapter Annual Meeting, Springfield, IL April 2, 2011.
- Munoz, A.M., W.C. Koskinen, M.J. Sadowsky, 2011. Biodegradation and mineralization of metolachlor by Candida xestobii. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(2):619-627.
- Pileggi, M, S.A. Veiga Pileggi, L.R. Olchanheski, P.A. Garbugio da Silva, A.M Munoz, W.C. Koskinen, B. Barber, M.J. Sadowsky, 2012. Isolation of mesotrione-degrading bacteria from aquatic environments in Brazil. Chemosphere. (In Press)
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Degradation of the Herbicides Metolachlor and Alachlor by Candida xestobii. An enrichment culture approach was used to isolate a pure culture of the yeast Candida xestobii, which had the ability to use the herbicides metolachlor and alachlor as sole source of carbon for growth. LC-ESI-MS analyses indicated that C. xestobii degraded 60% of the added metolachlor after 4 day of growth, and converted up to 25% of the compound into CO2 after 10 days. A bacterium, Bacillus simplex, was also found to have the ability to catabolize metolachlor and use this herbicide as a sole source of carbon for growth. Bioavailability of Organoclay Formulations of Atrazine in Soil. Research showed that the bioavailability of atrazine was similar in the case of the organoclay formulations and as free atrazine. This indicated that while more atrazine was sorbed and less likely to be transported in soil, when formulated as organoclay complexes, it was ultimately accessible to degrading bacteria, so that the herbicide is likely to be naturally attenuated by soil microorganisms. Analysis of Turf Fungicides in Snow Melt Runoff by LC/MS. Fall applied fungicides on turf grass have been detected in snow melt in the north-central United States. A multi-residue method was developed to extract and analyze three fungicides, quintozene, iprodione, and chlorothalonil, in addition to its major degradation product, 4-hydroxychlorothalonil simultaneously. Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure to Reduce Nutrient Loading. Twenty workshops were held throughout the state in 2010, with 173 participants for an average of 8.7 per workshop, permitting presenters to work directly with livestock producers on their own farm data. Local hosts were primarily SWCDs, County Feedlot Officers, and Extension. In addition, presentations were given as part of other six other workshops that included a total of 160 producers, commercial manure applicators, and ag professionals. Topics presented were economics of manure and nutrient management. Three manure-timing trials/demonstrations were established on private farms in South Central Minnesota in the fall of 2009 and completed in 2010. Five treatments in three replications per location were applied, with treatment strip widths based on host farmer harvest equipment size. Five more trials were established in the fall of 2010 for harvest in 2011. PARTICIPANTS: William Koskinen, Brian Barber, Leslie Everett, Michael Sadowsky, Jose Hernandez TARGET AUDIENCES: Researchers, Agricultural Professionals, Agricultural Agency staff, Producers, Policy makers involved in pesticide application, pesticide applicators, Water Professionals as federal state and local levels PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
These newly isolated organisms, Candida xestobii, will allow scientists to obtain a better understanding of the biochemistry and genetics of acetanilide herbicides catabolism by microorganism, and will provide new tools for the bioremediation of environments impacted by these herbicides. Research results on the bioavailability of organoclay formulations of atrazine in soil will aid scientists in their development of inexpensive and efficient organoclays to be used to decontaminate spill sites. The viability of the use of natural organic cations to prepare organoclays is particularly interesting for minimizing the impact of the adsorbent once added to soil or aquifers. Scientists now have a multi-residue method for the analysis of fungicides that will facilitate the determination of the impact of fall-applied chemicals in snow melt runoff from turf. End-of-workshop surveys on this Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure indicated that of the attendees that were farmers (73%), a percentage that could range from 52-73% were currently engaging in a range of manure best management activities promoted on the project, and an average of 25% more intend to adopt those specific practices. Data is available from 2010 Manure-timing trials that will be combined with data from trials established for harvest in 2011 to determine nitrogen losses from early vs late fall manure application.
Publications
- Munoz, A., W. C. Koskinen, L. Cox, and M. J. Sadowsky. 2010. Complete degradation of the herbicide picloram by Lipomyces kononenkoa. Degradation of the herbicides metolachlor and alachlor by Candida xestobii. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: (in press).
- Trigo, C., W.C. Koskinen, C. Rafael, M.J. Sadowsky, M.C. Hermosin, and J. Cornejo. 2010. Bioavailability of Organoclay Formulations of Atrazine in Soil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58 (22), pp 11857 to 11863
- Rittenhouse, J. L., B. L. Barber, P. J. Rice, and W. C. Koskinen. 2010. Analysis of Turf Fungicides in Snow Melt Runoff by LC/MS. SSSA Abstracts 252:22
- Journal of Extension: Small-group workshops develop participant commitment for nutrient management planning. Leslie A. Everett, Kevin Blanchet, Jodi DeJong-Hughes, 2010 (August)
|
Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Degradation of the Herbicide Picloram by Lipomyces kononenkoaee. Accomplishment/output: An enrichment culture approach was used to isolate a pure culture of the yeast Lipomyces kononenkoae, which had the ability to grow on the herbicide picloram.. Product analysis done using LC-ESI-MS indicated that biodegradation of picloram by L. kononenkoae proceeds via a didechlorinated, dihydroxylated pyridinecarboxylic acid derivative. Quantification of fungicides in snow-melt runoff from turf. Accomplishment/output: The objective of this project was to develop an extraction and analysis method for quantification of chlorothalonil and PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene). Passive extraction using sorbent disks was less efficient, ~70% for PCNB and ~40 % for chlorothalonil. There was negligible sorption onto the sorptive stir bars for both chemicals. Metolachlor Transport in Eroded and Rehabilitated Prairie Landforms. Accomplishment/output We quantified the rate of S-metolachlor dissipation after fall and spring application in eroded and rehabilitated landforms in which topsoil was moved from the lower slope to the upper slope. The results of this research suggest that fall-applied metolachlor may not provide economic weed control and presents an increased risk of water contamination. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Output: Provided technical information to four legislative committees on the need and benefits for Minnesota researchers and state managers in having LiDAR available water flow and soil erosion prediction, conservation practice installation, and many other applications including transportation, natural resources, agricultural and other land based activities. Conference on the various applications of LiDAR Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure to Reduce Nutrient Loading. Output: The 319 project titled "Maximizing the economic benefits of manure to reduce nutrient loading" delivered 25 small-group workshops throughout the state in the winter of 2008-2009, most in January-March. They included 267 livestock producers and ag professionals for an average of 10.7 per workshop, permitting presenters to work directly with producers on their own farm data. Local hosts were primarily SWCDs, County Feedlot Officers, and Extension. Pre- and end-of-workshop surveys were filled out by participants. Technical Service Provider Training. Output: The 2-year project titled "Technical Service Provider Training", funded by state appropriation and for which I was the project manager, completed operations in 2009. Twenty three training sessions were provided on 13 topics for agricultural professionals and agency staff, primarily to prepare them for planning conservation practices on farms. PARTICIPANTS: Faye Sleeper, William Koskinen, Brian Barber, Leslie Everett, Michael Russelle, Ann Lewandowski TARGET AUDIENCES: Agricultural Professionals, Agricultural Agency staff, Producers, Policy makers involved in pesticide application, pesticide applicators (farm and turf), Water Professionals at federal, state and local levels PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Degradation of the Herbicide Picloram by Lipomyces kononenkoaee. Impact Scientists now have the important first information needed to develop a complete understanding of the complete picloram biodegradation pathway in L. kononenkoae, which will require further isotopic, mutational, gene cloning, and biochemical analyses. Quantification of fungicides in snow-melt runoff from turf. Impact: After evaluation of various methods, we were able to develop an extraction and analysis method for quantification of chlorothalonil and PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene). These results will now be used to plan for large scale experiments on turn off of pesticides from turf. Metolachlor Transport in Eroded and Rehabilitated Prairie Landforms. Impact:. This information enables better pesticide management decisions for the northern Corn Belt. Results will be used to improve models to predict pesticide transport in hilly landscapes, cropped soils, and soils that are frozen for significant periods. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Impact: $5.6 million from new constitutional amendment funding was made available to state agencies to acquire high resolution digital elevation with LiDAR providing 2/3 state coverage. Over 120 professionals attended and learned about multiple conservation applications of LiDAR data. Repeat conferences in Grand Forks, ND and Fargo MN due to professional demand for this information. Maximizing the Economic Benefits of Manure to Reduce Nutrient Loading. Of the 87% of attendees that were farmers, a percentage that could range from 5-70% were currently engaging in various activities promoted, and approximately 25% would change practices in various areas based on survey. Technical Service Provider Training. Of the more than 400 participants, about 70% were from the private sector, and 32% were obtaining NRCS-TSP certification. For a full report see: http://tsp.umn.edu <http://tsp.umn.edu/> An interagency conservation training committee was formed during the project that is planning an on-going conservation training program.
Publications
- Degradation of the Herbicide Picloram by Lipomyces kononenkoaee. Sadowsky, M..J., W. C. Koskinen, M. Bischoff, B. L. Barber, J. M. Becker, and R. F. Turco. 2009. Complete degradation of the herbicide picloram by Lipomyces kononenkoa. Agric. Food Chem. 57:4878-4882.
- Quantification of fungicides in snow-melt runoff from turf. Barber, B.L., Rice, P.J., Rittenhouse, J.L., Koskinen, W.C. 2009. Quantification of fungicides in snow-melt runoff from turf: A comparison of four extraction methods. American Chemical Society Abstracts. 77:100.
- Metolachlor Transport in Eroded and Rehabilitated Prairie Landforms. Papiernik, S. K., W. C. Koskinen, and S. R. Yates. 2009. Solute transport in eroded and rehabilitated prairie landforms. 2. Reactive solute. Agric. Food Chem. 57:7434-7439.
- Technical Service Provider Training. 2009 CSREES National Water Conference Poster: Manure management education and on-farm research in Minnesota. (Leslie Everett*, University of Minnesota Water Resources Center; Kevin Blanchet, UM Extension; and Michael Russelle, USDA-ARS, St. Paul, MN. 2009.
- 2009 Journal of Extension Article (submitted): Factors of success for large agricultural field events. Jodi DeJong-Hughes, Kevin Erb, Les Everett. 2009.
- 2009 Crop Management: Characteristics and nitrogen value of stratified bedded pack dairy manure. Russelle, M. P.; Blanchet, K. M.; Randall, G. W.; and Everett, L. A. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2009-0717-01-RS. 2009.
- 2009 Journal of Extension (accepted): Small-group workshops develop participant commitment for nutrient management planning. Leslie A. Everett, Kevin Blanchet, Jodi DeJong-Hughes. 2009.
|
Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs: Educational programming has been and will be coordinated with existing agencies (UM Extension Service, MPCA, MDA, BWSR, USDA-NRCS, SWCD) and other organizations to develop and maintain and network for educating stakeholders and enhancing land use chages aimed at improving water quality. Educational programs have consisted of field demonstrations, classroom settings and workshops on water quality issues such as impaired waters, the latest in best management practices (on farm manure management and drainage options) and training professionals in the connection between land practices and water quality. Stakeholder participation is a critical component to implementing control measures and for attaining and maintaining water quality. Field tours and on farm demonstrations have been very successful and will continue into the future to highlight accomplishments and new techniques and technologies. PARTICIPANTS: COOPERATING DEPARTMENT AND BRANCH STATIONS AND PERSONNEL: Agronomy and Plant Genetics (Don Wyse), Applied Economics (K. Olson, S. Taff), Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering (B. Wilson, J. Nieber), Civil Engineering (John Gulliver, O. Mosheni, R. Hozalski), Entomology (K. Ostlie), Horticulture (C. Rosen), Soil, Water, and Climate (D. Mulla, S. Gupta, J. Lamb, J. Moncrief). RESEARCH AND OUTREACH CENTERS: Lamberton (J. Strock), Morris (D. Johnson), Waseca (G. Randall), Crooston (A. Sims). COOPERATING AGENCIES: USDA Agricultural Research Service (J. Baker, W. Koskinen), USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (J. St. Ores, T. Koehler), U.S. Geological Survey (J. Stoner), Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (G. Larson), MN Department of Agriculture (G. Buzicky, B. Montgomery, M. Hanks, M. Dittrich, P. Burns), MN Pollution Control AGency (G. Reetz, D. Jakes, B. Wilson, G. Skuta, W. Anderson). TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Outcomes/Impacts: A number of research projects that link land use in agricultural areas of Minnesota and water quality are ongoing continue to inform land managers and policy makers on new ways to keep land in production while protecting water quality. Several include: Artificially drained agricultural lands in the upper Midwest have come under public scrutiny because of exacerbated nitrate-nitrogen loads to surface waters and the Gulf of Mexico. This research investigates the efficacy of two engineering measures for mitigating these nitrate-nitrogen losses. Results are helping drainage practitioners and policy experts make decisions about where to invest state water quality program dollars. Pesticide research has focused on the fate of insecticidal chemicals in soil and soil aging effects on triazine bioavailability.
Publications
- Accinelli, C., W. C. Koskinen, J. M. Becker, and M. J. Sadowsky. Mineralization of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac endotoxin in Soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:1025-1028. 2008.
- Cabrera , A., L. Cox, W. C. Koskinen, and M. J. Sadowsky. Availability of triazine herbicides in aged soils amended with olive oil mill waste. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:4112-4119. 2008.
- Regitano, J. B. and W. C. Koskinen. Characterization of nicosulfuron availability in aged soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:5801-5806. 2008.
- Russelle, R. K. Blanchet, G. Randall and L. Everett. Nitrogen Availability from Liquid Swine and Dairy Manure: Results of On-Farm Trials in Minnesota. 2008.
|
Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Educational programming will be coordinated with existing agencies (UM Extension Service, MPCA, MDA, BWSR, USDA-NRCS, SWCD) and organizations (RCRCA, MNLICA) to develop an informational network for educating stakeholders and enhancing land use changes aimed at improving water quality. Educational programs will consist of workshops and forums for stakeholders on water quality issues, management strategies, and implementing BMPs. Workshops and forums will encourage stakeholder participation and stakeholder-researcher interactions. A moveable display will be developed to inform stakeholders and others about progress on the project and opportunities for participation. Stakeholder participation is a critical component to implementing control measures and for attaining and maintaining water quality. field tours will be planned to show stakeholders management control measures used to improve water quality. Publications will describe key water quality issues, highlight
accomplishments toward attaining water quality standards, and provide examples of water quality problems and solutions.
PARTICIPANTS: COOPERATING DEPARTMENT AND BRANCH STATIONS AND PERSONNEL: Agronomy and Plant Genetics (Don Wyse) Applied Economics (K. Olson, S. Taff) Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering ( B. Wilson, J. Nieber) Civil Engineering (John Gulliver, O. Mosheni, R. Hozalski) Entomology (K. Ostlie) Horticulture (C. Rosen) Soil, Water, and Climate (D. Mulla, S. Gupta, J. Lamb, J. Moncrief) RESEARCH AND OUTREACH CENTERS: Lamberton (J. Strock), Morris (D. Johnson), Waseca (G. Randall), Crookston (A. Sims) COOPERATING AGENCIES: USDA Agricultural Research Service (J. Baker, W. Koskinen) USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (J. St. Ores, T. Koehler) U.S. Geological Survey (J. Stoner) Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (G. Larson) Minnesota Department of Agriculture (G. Buzicky, B. Montgomery, M. Hanks, M. Dittrich, P. Burns) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (G. Reetz, D. Jakes, B. Wilson, G. Skuta, W. Anderson)
Impacts
On January 30, 2007 a meeting was held at the Minnesota Department of Agriculture with representatives of the major commodity and agricultural industry associations to discuss agricultural research priorities. The following project was developed to address the issue of bacteria TMDLs in southeastern Minnesota. Development of A DNA Marker Gene System for E. Coli From Cows, Pigs, and Turkeys and Using Small Watersheds To Monitor Bacteria Loadings and Effects of Mitigation Practices. Sources of fecal coliform bacteria include runoff from feedlots and manure-amended agricultural land, wildlife, inadequate septic systems, urban runoff, and discharge from sewage systems. A better understanding of the sources of fecal contamination is needed. Specific DNA probes for E. coli strains from Canadian geese and ducks have been developed so far. More information on the transport and fate of bacteria from these sources, and the effectiveness of BMPs is also needed. The project will
extend previous studies and use subtraction suppressive hybridization (SSH) to identify DNAs that are specific for E. coli originating from cows, pigs and turkeys and evaluate bacteria loadings and effectiveness of BMPs from septic systems and feedlots in small watersheds. The tasks for the work plan will focus on three objectives: 1. Identify DNA markers that are specific for E. coli strains isolated from cows, pigs, and turkeys with quantifiable selectivity and sensitivity, and 2. Perform field studies on the use of the developed DNA markers to determine sources of fecal contamination in Minnesota Watersheds. The latter objective will be accomplished by using robot-assisted automated analysis of water samples obtained from impacted waterways. 3. Identify very small subwatersheds or paired watersheds within a field (1-10 acres) that have homogeneous land uses - livestock, different types of livestock, different manure handling systems and others with only septic systems, using
detergent brighteners to identify where in the stream those inputs were occurring, then monitor the bacteria loading amounts and also measuring the load reductions from treatment practices. Contamination from suspected livestock sources sites will be mitigated using soil berms, catchment basins, tile drains, or buffer strips and the impact of the mitigation tool on fecal counts in waterways will be determined by fecal counting. The septic system mitigation will be system upgrades.
Publications
- Effects of Agricultural Drainage on Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review, by, K. Blann, J. Anderson, G. Sands, and B.Vondracek, 2008 accepted for Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology.
|
Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Work has continued on the evaluation of controlled drainage and impact on Nitrogen loss from corn/ soybean agricultural management systems. Efforts to determine pesticide degradation and use of robotic methodologies for analyses continue. Results indicate that our robotic system is capable effectively measuring enzyme activity in soils. This cuts labor costs associated with such analyses by a factor of ten.
Impacts
The paired watershed project completed last year was selected as one of the watershed project success stories by USDA-CSREES. Two additional drainage/water management research projects were funded based on the results of the drainage research at Waseca and Lamberton.
Publications
- Kristen Blann*Jim Anderson, Gary Sands, and Bruce Vondracek. 2006. The ecology of agricultural drainage : Assessing ecological health in man-made ecosystems
- Sadowsky, M. J., W. C. Koskinen, J. Seebinger, B.L. Barber, and E. Kandeler. 2006. Automated robotic assay of alkaline phosphomonoestererase activity in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:378-381.
|
Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The post-doctoral fellow hired to assist with the analysis of data from drainage plots at the Southern Research and Outreach Center in Waseca has completed the analysis. Work has started on the preparation of the five-year work plan for the agroecological research farm site. The work on nitrogen removal efficiencies in vertical flow wetlands has been completed with the publication of a Ph. D. thesis and preparation of manuscripts submitted to Journal of Environmental Quality. The paired watershed study was completed with publication of a Ph. D. thesis.
Impacts
Completion of the drainage plot analyses lead to the University receiving $670,000 in state bonding funds to develop infrastructure to continue drainage research. In all the state funding for this project currently leverages about $1.2 million in additional research funds, which is a five to one ratio.
Publications
- Birr, Adam S.; September 2005: Paired Watershed Studies for Nutrient Reductions in the Minnesota River Basin.
- Busch, Dennis L.; January 2005: Vertical-Flow Wetlands for the Treatment of Subsurface Agriculture Tile Drainage Water.
|
Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The third year of data have been collected from the drainage plots at the Southern Research and Outreach Center in Waseca. A post-doctoral fellow has been hired to assist with analysis and to create a five-year research workplan. The laboratory study on nitrogen reducing efficiencies in vertical flow wetlands was completed. A doctoral thesis and three publications are in draft form and will be completed and submitted in early 2005. The paired watershed study will be completed in 2005.
Impacts
None at this time.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The second year of data have been collected from the drainage plots at the Southern Research and Outreach Center in Waseca. The laboratory study on nitrogen reducing efficiencies continues with completion of the project in the summer of 2004. The watershed work on pesticide sorption/desorption has been completed and a Ph.D. thesis published. The paired watershed study continues with 2004 being the final year for sampling.
Impacts
The paired watershed evaluation will be completed in 2005.
Publications
- Graff, Carrie Diane. 2003. Influence of Soil Property Variability and Terrain Attributes on the Spatial Distribution in the Field Dissipation of the Herbicides: Acetochlor and Isoxaflutole.
|
Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The initial year of data has been collected from the controlled drainage plots at the Southern Research and Outreach Center in Waseca. These data are currently being analyzed. A laboratory study has been initiated to investigate the nitrogen reducing efficiencies of subsurface flow wetlands. Manuscripts and a Ph.D. thesis are in preparation to discuss the results of herbicide sorption/desorption, degradation and transport on a terraced watershed. The producers have selected practices to change in the paired watershed study. Baseline data have been collected and the initial modeling effort using ADAPT has been completed.
Impacts
Basic survey of practices in the paired watershed is complete. The effect of changing these practices will be evaluated over the next three years.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
This project is in its first six months of activity. The controlled drainage plots have been installed and data are being collected at the Southern Research and Outreach Center in Waseca. Work has continued on characterizing the basic process of herbicide sorption/desorption, degradation and transport in soil on a terraced watershed. Characterization data are being analyzed. A participant survey has been developed for the areas of paired watershed research. A series of public meetings has been held. Baseline data have been collected for the crop year. The initial model runs have been completed for the ADAPT model and the economic information is being gathered by producer.
Impacts
Both the impact of changing practices on the water quality in the paired watersheds and the economic impact on individual producers will be evaluated over a three year period.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Progress on this project consists of three distinct elements. These elements are the final conclusions from the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) project, establishment of baseline data to evaluate agricultural drainage impacts on water quality, and evaluation of precision farming methods for applying herbicides and impacts on water quality. Study results from the MSEA project demonstrate the vulnerability of ground water to damage from agricultural chemicals in sandy soils. They also indicate that with careful management the soils can be cropped extensively without undue damage to the groundwater resource. This has implications for approximately 7 million acres of sandy soils under agricultural management in the upper midwest. A field study to investigate the use of rock inlets as alternatives to standard surface tile inlets to remove water from fields. Four field plots are being evaluated by instrumentation which allows measurement of water flow rates and
sediment passing through rock inlets. This practice is being evaluated to determine if flow of sediments and associated nutrients such as Phosphorus can be reduced while at the same time removing water rapidly enough to avoid crop yield loss. The field designs are based on previously obtained data from a scale model constructed at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. These data were used to establish design criteria that are now being field tested. A three year study moves into it's second year at the Rosemount Research and Outreach Center on movement of herbicides through soil and water when using precision application methods. The first year consisted of gathering site characterization data on soil texture and soil organic matter content. These data will be used to determine application rates at different points on the landscape. Application will be conducted this spring with soil and water samples collected periodically through the growing season and over the following
winter and spring.
Impacts
Adoption of the systems studied which used ridge or strip tillage in a corn soybean rotation can improve groundwater quality where previous agricultural management has resulted in degradation. Data from the studies are provided in a relational database, so the results are transferable to other locations. These data can be used in future planning activities and to encourage adoption of these practices. Switching from continuous corn to a corn-soybean rotation can reduce relative risk of not only groundwater contamination, but also increase profits and reduce economic risk.
Publications
- Clay, S. A., R. H. Dowdy, J. A. Lamb, J. L. Anderson, B. Lowery, R. E. Knighton, and D. E. Clay. 2000. Herbicide movement and dissipation at four midwestern sites. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B35 (3), 259-278.
- Renwick, M. E., J. A. Lamb, J. L. Anderson, R. H. Dowdy, C. A. Laboski. 2001. Farming systems, ground water quality and economic incentives. Submitted to Water Resources Research Journal
|
Progress 07/01/95 to 06/30/00
Outputs
Study results from the Management Systems Evaluation Area site at Princeton demonstrated the vulnerability of ground water to damage from agricultural chemicals in these sandy soils. They also indicate that with careful management the soils can be cropped extensively without undue damage to the water resources. Combining economic analysis with the ground water quality data yields mixed results. For grain production, the ridge-tillage corn/soybean performed better than the continuous corn system interms of relative profits and risk. Adoption of these systems can potentially improve ground water quality. Economic analysis of a sweet corn/potato production system show it has the highest potential profits, but also poses the biggest risk to ground water quality. Data from the study are available in a relational data base that can be used in future modelling efforts. This site was part of a four state effort(MN,SD,WI,ND) to evaluate these management systems on sandy soils
in the upper midwest.
Impacts
Nutrient management information has been incorporated into 400 producer plans. Over 2,000 small businesses in Minnesota are using the information presented for rural wastewater treatment facilities.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
|
Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
The Management Systems Evaluation Areas Project is moving toward completion with final sampling to occur in June 2000. Research, extension and educational activities continued in the major areas of nutrient and pesticide management, and rural wastewater treatment. Projects in pesticide management include determining offsite movement of mosquito control chemicals in Minnesota. Sorption and leaching characteristics of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, dicamba, hexazinone, imazethapyr, metsufuron-methyl, microsufluron, simazine and sulfometuron-methyl were evaluated in Bazilian and Minnesota soils. Plans were completed and installation began on the development of drainage research and demonstration facilities at the Agricultural Ecology Research Farm at Waseca. Research continued on the evaluation of the use of alternative wastewater treatment systems (sand filters, aerobic tanks, wetlands) for rural areas.
Impacts
Nutrient management information has been incorporated into 400 producer plans. Over 2,000 small businesses in Minnesota are using the information presented for rural wastewater treatment facilities.
Publications
- Oliveira, R.S., Jr., W.C. Koskinen, F.A. Ferreira, B.R. Khakural, D.J. Mulla, P.C. Robert. 1999. Spatial variability of imazethapyr sorption in soil. Weed Sci. 47:243-248.
- Giebink, Bruce. 1999. Ridge Tillage Systems: Water Quality Impacts in Farming Systems of the Midwest. IDEA #7.
|
Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Projects continued to evaluate the impacts of agricultural cropping systems on surface and groundwater quality. One major component in the continual evaluation of pesticide sorption coefficients and how they react with soils. Nutrient management efforts have concentrated on Nitrogen availability and movement through tile-drained soils. Work continues on the delineation and characterization of agroecoregions in major river basins.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Nieber, J.L., D.M. Gustafson and J.L. Anderson. 1998. Model evaluation of auxillary drainage for on-site septic systems. Proceedings of the Seventh International Drainage Symposium. March 8-10, 1998. Orlando, Florida. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan. p. 184-191.
- Brezonik, P.L. and j.L. Anderson. 1998. Water Resources Center Biennial Report 1996-98. Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, 1518 Cleveland Avenue North, Suite 302, St. Paul, MN 55108-6001. p. 16.
|
Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Projects continued to evaluate the impacts of agricultural cropping systems on surface and groundwater quality. One major component in the continual evaluation of pesticide sorption coefficients and how they react with soils. Nutrient management efforts have concentrated on Nitrogen availability and movement through tile-drained soils. Work continues on the delineation and characterization of agroecoregions in the Minnesota River Basin.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Xu, Jianmin, W.C. Koskinen, and H.H. Cheng. 1997. Fate of metolachlor in a sandy loam soil. Acta Sci. Circumstan. 17:464-468.
- Koskinen, W.C., and B.L. Barber. 1997. A novel approach using solid phase extraction disks for extraction of pesticides from water. J. Environ. Qual. 26:558-560.
- Marek, L.J. and W.C. Koskinen. 1997. LC-MS analysis of polar pesticides in soil. Am. Environ. Lab. 9:26-28.
- Xu, Jianmin, W.C. Koskinen, and H.H. Cheng. 1997. Movement and degradation of metribuzin in a sandy loam soil. China Environ. Sci. 17:316-320.
- Randall, G.W., D.R. Huggins, M.P. Russelle, D.J. Fuchs, W.W. Nelson, and J.L. Anderson. 1997. Nitrate losses through subsurface tile drainage in Conservation Reserve Program, alfalfa and row crop systems. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1240-1247.
|
Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Research continues to evaluate the impact of field agricultural management practices on surface and ground water quality. Four major research areas are addressed: water movement in soils, fate of nitrogen, fate of pesticides and evaluation of management sysems. A major effort was undertaken in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture to address agricultural impacts on water quality in the Minnesota River Basin. Historical water quality data were analyzed for the twelve major tributaries and the main stem. Trends in posphorus and sediment loadings were determined. These combined with data on land use will assist in targeting best management practices within the basin. A second major focus is the continued effort on the fate and transport of pesticides. Sorption-desorption characteristics of imidacloprid (an insecticide) and its metabolites in soils. Research has been conducted on the expanded use of solid phase extraction disks. A multi-residue method
for determination of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron in soil by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry was evaluated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Anderson, J.L., J.C. Bell, D.J. Mulla, and R.H. Rust. 1996. Minnesota River Basin: Soil and landscape characterization. Agron. Abstracts p. 194.
- Gan, J., R.L. Becker, W.C. Koskinen, and D.D. Buhler. 1996. Degradation of atrazine in soil as a function of concentration. J. Environ. Qual. 25:1064-1072.
- Koskinen, W.C., J.S. Conn, and B.A. Sorenson. 1996. Fate of a symmetric and an asymmetric triazine herbicide in silt loam soils. p. 125-139. ACS Symp. Ser. 630. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC.
- Mallawatantri, A.P., and D.J. Mulla. 1996. Long-term trends in phosphorus transport to the Minnesota River. Agron. Abstracts p. 290.
- Marek, L.J. and W.C. Koskinen. 1996. LC-MS analysis of 4-methyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl containing sulfonylurea herbicides in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:3878-3881.
|
Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Research continues to evaluate the impact of field agricultural management systems on water quality. Four major research areas are addressed; water movement in soils, fate of nitrogen, fate of pesticides,a nd evaluation of management systems. Field research is conducted at three primary sites, Rosholt Water Quality Research Farm (Westport), Steve Lawler Farm (Rochester), and Southern Experiment Station at Waseca. A major focus of the research effort was the establishment of a state-of-the-science laboratory for analysis of pesticides in soil and water samples. A major study was conducted using 14C to evaluate the movement of parent atrazine and alachlor and formation of degradation products. Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model-Pesticides (LEACHP) was evaluated for predicting atrazine movement in the three soil types based on the field data. Two tillage systems moldboard plow and chisel plow were compared. Overall performance of the model was similar for both
tillage systems. It prediced the depth of atrazine movement well in the sandy soil while in the silt loam and clay loam soils it did well in dry years but not in wet years. Overall model performance was very good.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SORENSON, B.A., W.C. KOSKINEN, D.D. BUHLER, D.L. WYSE, W.E. LUESCHEN, AND M.D. JORGENSON. 1995. Fate of 14C-atrazine in a silt loam soil. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 61:1-10.
- KHAKURAL, B.R., P.C. ROBERT, W.C. KOSKINEN, D.A. SORENSON, D.D. BUHLER, AND D.L. WYSE. 1995. Test of the LEACHP model for predicting atrazine movement in three Minnesota soils. J. Environ. Qual. 24:644-655.
- CLAY, S.A., W.C. KOSKINEN, AND J.M. BAKER. 1995. Alachlor and metolachlor movement during winter and early spring at three midwestern sites. J. Environ. Sci. Health B30-637-650.
- GAN, J., W.C. KOSKINEN, R.L. BECKER, AND D.D. BUHLER. 1995. Effect of concentration of persistence of alachlor in Soil J. Environ. Qual. 24:1162-1169.
|
Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
oots) acting as the primary mechanism. Dye fronts were nearly uniform in the sprinkler treatments, with small finger-like paths (5-10 cm long) extending below the dye front. From this, we concluded that root channels were the main pathways for preferential flow and they were only important when the soils are saturated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- GAN, J., W.C. KOSKINEN, R.L. BECKER, D.D. BUHLER, AND L.J. JARVIS. 1994. Biodegradation of alachlor and atrazine as a function of concentration. p. 805-811. In New Directions.... Virginia Water Resources Res. Ctr., Richmond, VA.
- SORENSON, B.A., W.C. KOSKINEN, D.D. BUHLER, D.L. WYSE, W.E. LUESCHEN, AND M.D. JORGENSON. 1994. Formation and movement of 14C-atrazine degradation products in a clay loam soil in the field. Weed Sci. 42:618-624.
- GAN, J., M.R. WEIMER, W.C. KOSKINEN, D.D. BUHLER, D.L. WYSE, AND R.L. BECKER. 1994. Sorption and desorption of imazethapyr and 5-hydroxyimazethapyr in Minnesota soils. Weed Sci. 42:92-97.
- YEN, P.Y., W.C. KOSKINEN, AND E.E. SCHWEIZER. 1994. Dissipation of alachlor in four soils as influenced by degradation and sorption processes. Weed Sci. 42:233-240.
|
Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Research continues to evaluate the impacts of field agricultural management systems on water quality. Four major research areas are addressed; water movement in soils, fate of nitrogen, fate of pesticides, and evaluation of management systems. Field research is conducted at three primary sites, Rosholt Water Quality Research Farm (Westport), Steve Lawler Farm (Rochester), and Southern Experiment Station at Waseca. Research on water movement in soils has included a modelling effort to evaluate and predict vertical and horizontal movement in layered soils. A low cost method to install two-meter diameter-conical infiltrometers is being investigated. Using readily available tree planting equipment allows the evaluation of an undisturbed two cubic meter soil sample. Results at the three major field sites show that there is a correlation between rate of Nitrogen fertilizer application, yields, and levels of nitrate-N in soil and water samples. At the Lawler farm continuous
corn yields were optimized with spring preplant applications of anhydrous ammonia at a rate of 120 lb/acre. Two rates of turkey manure (4 and 8 tons per acre) which provide 70 and 140 lbs of available N were evaluated in the lysimeter area at the Rosholt farm. Elevated levels of nitrate N were present in the leachate water for the 8 tons per acre treatment. At the three major sites it has been shown that low levels of atrazine can migrate to ground water or to tile drainage outlets under normal field use.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Research continues to evaluate the impacts of field agricultural management systems on water quality. Four major research areas are addressed; water movement in soils, fate of nitrogen, fate of pesticides, and evaluation of management systems. Field research is conducted at three primary sites, Rosholt Water Quality Research Farm (Westport), Steve Lawler Farm (Rochester), and Southern Experiment Station at Waseca. Research on water movement in soils has included a modelling effort to evaluate and predict vertical and horizontal movement in layered soils. A low cost method to install two-meter diameter conical infiltrometers is being investigated. Using readily available tree planting equipment allows the evaluation of an undisturbed two cubic meter soil sample. Results at the three major field sites show that there is a correlation between rate of Nitrogen fertilizer application, yields, and levels of nitrate-N in soil and water samples. At the Lawler farm continuous
corn yields were optimized with spring preplant applications of anhydrous ammonia at a rate of 120 lb/acre. Two rates of turkey manure (4 and 8 tons per acre) which provide 70 and 140 lbs of available N were evaluated in the lysimeter area at the Rosholt farm. Elevated levels of nitrate N were present in the leachate water for the 8 tons per acre treatment. At three major sites it has been shown that low levels of atrazine can migrate to ground water or to tile drainage outlets under normal field use.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
This is the fifth year of a project to evaluate the impacts of agricultural management on water quality. Research continued at three primary sites, Rosholt Water Quality Research Farm (Westport), Steve Lawler Farm (Rochester), and Southern Experiment Station at Waseca. Results of research on the fate and transport of nitrogen showed that there is a correlation between rate of fertilizer application and the level of nitrate-nitrogen in soil water samples and groundwater. In order for growers to reduce the potential for nitrate movement to groundwater several items should be considered: 1) establishment of a realistic yield goal; 2) elimination of insurance N; 3) adjust fertilizer requirements by considering manure, legumes, soil organic matter and irrigation water; and 4) use of management procedures specific for soil conditions. A new study was begun at the Rosholt Farm on the lysimeter area to evaluate the movement of nitrate due to applications of turkey manure.
Fate and transport studies on selected herbicides (atrazine and alachlor) have shown atrazine to be more persistent and subject to greater movement through the soils at all three locations. A study on the formation and movement of C-Atrazine degradation products in the sandy loam soil at the Rosholt farm was completed. After 16 months, 78% of the applied C remained in the soil. A large pool of atrazine and its degradation products are present in the soil for an extended following application and have the potential to contaminate groundwater.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CLAY, D.E. and MALZER, G.L. 1991. Nitrogen extraction from soil previously treated with 15-N labelled Urea. Soil Biol. & Biochem. (in-press).
- ROBERT, P.C. and ANDERSON, J.L. 1991. Minnesota rating guide for potential leaching and surface runoff of pesticides. Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul, MN 55108.
- SORENSON, B.A. 1991. Formation and movement 14-C Atrazine Degradation Products. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
|
Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
This is the fourth year of a project to evaluate the impacts of agricultural management on water quality. Research continued at three primary sites, Rosholt Water Quality Research Farm (Westport), Steve Lawler Farm (Rochester), and Southern Experiment Station at Waseca. Results of research on the fate and transport of nitrogen showed that there is a correlation between rate of fertilizer application and the level of nitrate-Nitrogen in soil water samples and groundwater. Specific best management practices have been recommended for various regions of the state. Data from this project were incorporated into the "Regional Best Management Practices" that were drafted by a Nitrogen Fertilizer Task Force while advised the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Future research will be directed toward studies that investigate the effects of manure utilization and legumes in the rotation (alfalfa, soybeans, and others) on the movement of nitrate toward groundwater. Fate and
transport of selected herbicides studies have showed atrazine to be more persistent and to have moved deeper into the soil profile than alachlor. Under day to day management atrazine will move through these soils toward groundwater. The quantity of the movement is at a low level, an order of magnitude below the current recommended allowable limit. Future research on the movement of herbicides will be to focus on the effects of reduction in the amount applied, banding compounds, and evaluating alternative weed control methods.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
|
Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
In cooperation with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Geological Survey and Branch Stations, applied and basic research has begun to: quantify the current distribution of nitrate and pesticides in the vadose zone; quantify the transport of nitrate and pesticides to ground and surface water; use the data generated to validate available models; and evaluate management practices to determine their effect on the rate and quantity of nutrient and pesticide movement to ground and surface water. Three field research sites have been established. Two of the sites are in areas with soils vulnerable to the leaching of nutrients and pesticides to groundwater. The Lawler Farm in southeast Minnesota is representative of areas with silt loam soils over limestone bedrock. The Rosholt Farm is representative of an intensely irrigated sandy soil in central Minnesota. The third site is located at the Southern Experiment Station in Waseca representing deep loam to clay loam till
soils. At the Rosholt Farm, nitrogen management is being evaluated for a corn-soybean rotation under different tillages. A continous corn system is in place to evaluate the impacts of nitrogen rate at the Lawler Farm. Herbicides evaluated at all three sites include atrazine, alachlor, and dicamba; metabolite formation and movement are also determined.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ANDERSON, J.L., MALZER, G.L., REHM, G.W. and RANDALL, G.E. 1989. Nitrogen management related to groundwater quality in Minnesota. (Accepted by MN Aca. Sci.).
- CLAY, D.E., MALZER, G.L. and ANDERSON, J.L. 1989. Tillage and dicyandiamide influence on fertilizer immobilization, remineralization, and utilization by corn. (Accepted by Biol. & fert. of Soils).
- CLAY, D.E., MALZER, G.L. and ANDERSON, J.L. 1989. Ammonia volitalization from urea as influenced by soil temperature, soil water content, and nitrification and hydrologic inhibitors. (Accepted by Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.)
- ANDERSON, J.L., BALOGH, J.C. and WAGGONER, M. 1989. Soil Conservation Service Procedure Manual: Development of Standards and Specifications for Nutrient and Pest Management. (3 volumes). Part 1. Literature Review, Part 2, Review of Current.
- RANDALL, G.W., ANDERSON, J.L., MALZER, G.L., WYSE, D., NIEBER, J., ANDERSON, B. and SORENSON, B. 1989. Impact of nitrogen and tillage management practices on corn yield and potential groungwater contamination in Southeast Minnesota.
- CLAY, D.E., MALZER, G.L. and ANDERSON, J.L. 1989. Tillage, N rate and nitrification inhibitor influence on corn production and nitrate leaching. U of MN AES Misc. Publ. 2 (rev.) p. 140-144.
|
Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
In cooperation with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Geological Survey and Branch Stations applied and basic research has begun to: quantify the current distribution of nitrates and pesticides in the vadose zone; quantify the transport of nitrates and pesticides to ground and surface water; use the data generated to validate availble models; and evaluate management practices to determine their effect on the rate and quantity of nutrient and pesticide movement to ground and surface water. Three field research sites have been established. Two of the sites are in ares with soils vulnerable to the leaching of nutrients and pesticides to groundwater. The Lawler Farm in southeast Minnesota is representative of areas with silt loam soils over limestone bedrock. The Rosholt Farm is representative of an intensely irrigated sandy soils in central Minnesota. The third site is located at he Southern Experiment Station in Waseca representing deep loam to clay loam
till soils.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ANDERSON, J.L. 1988. Movement of nitrogen fertilizers into the groundwaer. In: Proceedings of an international interactive workshop on soil resources: Their inventory, analysis and interpretation for use in the 1990's. MN Ext. Service.
- ANDERSON, J.L., BALOGH, J.C. and WAGGONER, M. 1988. Executive summary: Development of standards and specifications for nutrient and pesticide management. In: Soil Conservation Service Water Quality Workshop Manual.
- ANDERSON, J.L. and ROBERT, P.C. 1988. Soil survey information system: A user friendly soil information system. In: Proceedings agrichemicals and groundwater protection: resources and strategies for state and local management.
- KELLY, P.L., MALZER, G.L., and RANDALL, G.W. 1988. The effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on early corn stem N analysis. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 239.
- MALZER, G.L. 1988. Incorporation of nitrification inhibitors for irrigated corn. (accedpt for pub).
- MALZER, G.L., KELLING, K.A., SCHMITT, M.A., HOEFT, R.G. and RANDALL, G.W. 1988. Performance of dicyandiamide in the north central states. (Accept for pub).
- MALZER, G.L. and MARTIN, E.J. 1988. NMES: A nitrogen management expert system for irrigated corn in Minnesota. Agronomy Abstracts. p. 68.
|
Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
In cooperation with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Geological Survey and Branch Stations applied and basic research has begun to: quantify the current distribution of nitrates and pesticides in the vadose zone; quantify the transport of nitrates and pesticides to ground and surface water; use the data generated to validate available models; and evaluate management practices to determine their effect on the rate and quantity of nutrient and pesticide movement to ground and surface water. Two field research rites have been established in areas of soils vulnerable to the leaching of nutrients and pesticides to the groundwater. One site is the Lawler Farm in southeast Minnesota on silt loam soils over limestone bedrock and the other is the Rosholt Farm on an intensely irrigated sandy soil.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- RANDALL, G.W. 1987. Water Quality, Issues and Activities in Minnesota. Presented at 17th North Central Extension Industry Soil Fertility Workshop, October 28-29.
|
|