Progress 07/01/11 to 06/30/16
Outputs Target Audience:Target audiences for this project include commercial fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and other intersted in fruit production in colder climates (USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4). These groups of individuals primarily live in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many of our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off of the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, many in the urban core of St. Paul and Minneapolis. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home owners who would like to learn how to grow fruit for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Members of the research group go to seminars and workshops to keep up to date on research methods. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We maintain a web site to share results during the growing seaons at fruit.cfans.umn.edu What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Winter temperatures limit perennial fruit production and thus profitability for producers in USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing sustainability including profitability of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we evaluate the interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We have concluded that the apple rootstock B.9 is not suitable for our low vigor apple culitvars such as Honeycrisp and SnowSweet. More vigorous cultivars such as Zestar! perform equally well on rootstocks B.9, M.9 EMLA, and M.26 EMLA. Honeycrisp needs a rootstock that will impart vigor into the scion. We recommend rootstocks of the M.26 class and above to produce a balance of vegetative to reproductive growth. Continued research with newly available apple rootstock genotypes is a long term focus of the program and is coupled with the NC140 project of which the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station is a member. A season extension project using day neutral strawberry cultivars completed the second year in collaboration with WCROC Morris. We established the day-neutral strawberry cultivar Albion on raised beds with plastic mulch with and without low tunnels in two sites in Minnesota. Treatments were managed under organic certification standards at both sites. Similar to our previous findings, day neutral production resulted in excellent yields regardless of fertility practice or low tunnel use. This production system treats strawberry plants as annuals; therefore growers can reap the added economic benefit of yield in the first year, rather than the typical no yield establishment year common to in June-bearing systems. Similarly, eliminating the need to overwinter the plants saves labor and other management costs. Specific to this experiment, fertility rate did not significantly affect average yield per plant, average yield per acre or average berry weight at either research site. The only significant difference in yield we measured was with and without low tunnel plastic. Not using tunnels out performed low tunnels at Morris MN, while the opposite was true on the University of Minnesota campus. Over the last 2 years, we have concluded that using low tunnel coverings is beneficial some years, and during both years the low tunnel plastic reduced deer browsing and some leaf diseases. We continue to maintain a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations help us publicize the site, which also contains links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. Our low tunnel strawberry research project is highlighted on the web page. Additionally the low tunnel work is a ch
Publications
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Petran, Andrew. 2016. Performance and Impact of Strawberry Season Extension in the US Upper Midwest using Organic Practices
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Petran, A., E. Hoover, L. Hayes, and S. Poppe. 2016. Yield and quality characteristics of day-neutral strawberry in the United States Upper Midwest using organic practices. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture :1-16. .
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Kostick, S. 2016. A Survey of Winter hardy Prunus Species
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs Target Audience:Target audiences for this project include commercial fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and other intersted in frui production in colder climates (USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4). These groups of individuals primarily live in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many of our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off of the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, manyh in the urban core of St. Paul and Minneapolis. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home owners who would like to learn how to grow friut for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?To maintain a current set of skills, members of this team go to workshops and seminars to increase their knowledge. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our primary mode of dissemination of information for this project is through the website fruit.cfans.umn.edu. We have reconfigured this site this year to have a blog format so information can be uploaded as it is generated through the growing season. Our research is also discussed at grower meetings and field days. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Experiments will continue on apple production and day neutral strawberry systems. We are also engaged in continuing to work with online platforms to extend what we learn to the broadest audience possible.
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Winter temperatures limit perennial fruit production and thus profitability for producers in USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing sustainability including profitability of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we evaluate the interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We have concluded that the apple rootstock B.9 is not suitable for our low vigor apple culitvars such as Honeycrisp and SnowSweet. More vigorous cultivars such as Zestar! perform equally well on rootstocks B.9, M.9 EMLA, and M.26 EMLA. Honeycrisp needs a rootstock that will impart vigor into the scion. We recommend rootstocks of the M.26 class and above to produce a balance of vegetative to reproductive growth. Continued research with newly available apple rootstock genotypes is a long term focus of the program. A season extension project using day neutral strawberry cultivars completed the second year in collaboration with WCROC Morris. We are growing 6 day neutral strawberry cultivars using organic production methods under 3 different production strategies. All three production techniques are growing plants on raised beds with one treatment having raised beds with plastic, one treatment having raised beds with plastic under low tunnels, and one with plants on raised beds with straw mulch. Low tunnels may prove to be a desirable production method to reduce risk for growers of high value crops such as day neutral strawberries. We continued our work on low tunnel strawberry production systems by focusing on when fertilization needs to be applied to plants to maximize plant vigor balancing with reproductive development. We continue to maintain a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations help us publicize the site, which also contains links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. Our low tunnel strawberry research project is highlighted on the web page. Additionally the low tunnel work is a chapter in the e-book "Cold Climate Strawberry Farming" published through inkling.com and available free for download.
Publications
- Type:
Books
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Tepe, E., E. Hoover. 2015 Growing Fruit in the Northern Garden
https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/growing-fruit-in-northern/id989003834?mt=13
- Type:
Books
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Tepe, E. et al. 2014. Cold Climate Strawberry Farming. https://www.inkling.com/store/book/cold-climate-strawberry-farming-1st/
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Petran, A., Hoover, E., Hayes, L., Poppe, S. 2016. Yield and Quality Characteristics of Day-Neutral Strawberry in the United States Upper Midwest using Organic Practices. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture. Submitted
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs Target Audience: Target audiences for this project include commercial fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and others interested in fruit production. These groups of individuals live primarily in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many in our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, many in the urban core of St Paul and Minneapolis. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home gardeners who would like to learn how to grow fruit for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? To maintain a current skill set, members of this team go to workshops and seminars to increase their knowledge set. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Our commuities of interest log onto our web site http://fruit.cfans.umn.edu to stay up to date on our research. We also discuss our research results at grower meetings and field days during the year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Experiments will continue on apple rootstocks and day neutral strawberries. We are also continuing our work on using e-publications to extend our research results.
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Winter temperatures limit perennial fruit production and thus profitability for producers in USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we are evaluating the interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We have concluded that the apple rootstock B.9 is not suitable for our low vigor apple culitvars such as Honeycrisp and SnowSweet. More vigorous cultivars such as Zestar! perform equally well on rootstocks B.9, M.9 EMLA, and M.20 EMLA. Honeycrisp needs a rootstock that will impart vigor into the scion. We recommend rootstocks of the M.26 class and above to produce a balance of vegetative to reproductive growth. A season extension project using day neutral strawberry cultivars completed the second year in collaboration with WCROC Morris. We are growing 6 day neutral strawberry cultivars using organic production methods under 3 different production strategies. All three production techniques are growing plants on raised beds with one treatment having raised beds with plastic, one treatment having raised beds with plastic under low tunnels, and one with plants on raised beds with straw mulch. After the second year, the two sites with different environmental and soil conditions with WCROC averaging slightly more than St Paul in fruit weight/plant. We have established a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations help us publicize the site, which also contains links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. Our low tunnel strawberry research project is highlighted on the web page. Additionally the low tunnel work is a chapter in the e-book "Cold Climate Strawberry Farming" published through inkling.com and available free for download.
Publications
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
fruit.cfans.umn.edu
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Petran, A. and E. Hoover. 2014. Solanum torvum as a Compatible Rootstock in Interspecific Tomato Grafting. J Horticulture 1(103):2
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs Target Audience: Target audiences for this project include commercial fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and others interested in fruit production. These groups of individuals live primarily in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many in our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, many in the urban core of the Twin Cities. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home gardeners who would like to learn how to grow fruit for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? To maintain a current skill set, members of this team go to workshops and seminars to increase their knowledge set. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Our commuities of interest log onto our web sitehttp://fruit.cfans.umn.edu to stay up to date on our research. We also discuss our research results at grower meetings and field days during the year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Experiments will continue on apple rootstocks and day neutral strawberries. We are also working on extending our research through the use of electronic publications such as iBooks or Inkling.
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Winter temperatures limit perennial fruit production and thus profitability for producers in USDA hardiness zones 3 and 4. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we are evaluating the interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We have concluded that the apple rootstock B.9 is not suitable for our low vigor apple culitvars such as Honeycrisp and SnowSweet. More vigorous cultivars such as Zestar! perform equally well on rootstocks B.9, M.9 EMLA, and M.20 EMLAN. A season extension project using day neutral strawberry cultivars was initiated with our cooperators at WCROC Morris. We are growing 6 day neutral strawberry cultivars using organic production methods under 3 different production strategies. All three production techniques are growing plants on raised beds with one treatment having raised beds with plastic, one treatment having raised beds with plastic under low tunnels, and one with plants on raised beds with straw mulch. After our first year, we have concluded that fruit quality from the 6 cultivars are all acceptable. We will repeat this experiment at the two locations again in 2014. We have established a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations help us publicize the site, which also contains links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. Our low tunnel work has been highlighted this year athttp://fruit.cfans.umn.edu/category/strawberries/low-tunnel-strawberry/
Publications
- Type:
Websites
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
http://fruit.cfans.umn.edu/
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs OUTPUTS: Winter temperatures limit perennial fruit production and thus profitability for producers. Many production methodologies and cultivars used in the US are not possible to use in the continental climate of Minnesota. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Our objectives are to investigate the use of rootstocks in apple production systems to enhance efficiency and productivity while increasing winter hardiness, investigate management strategies focusing on berry crops, explore the use of web technology to educate growers and inform them about on-going research projects, and contribute to the education of graduate students at the University of Minnesota. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we need to evaluate interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. A season extension project using day neutral strawberry cultivars was initiated at WCROC Morris. We have established a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations help us publicize the site, which also contains links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. PARTICIPANTS: Emily Tepe, Research Fellow, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Steve Poppe, Scientist, West Central Research and Outreach Center,Morris MN; Frank Forcella, Scientist, USDA Morris MN; David Bedford, Scientist, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; James Luby, Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Carl Rosen, Professor, Department of Soil Water and Climate, University of Minnesota; Cindy Tong, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Terry Nennich, Extension Educator, Crookston MN, Dennis Courtier, Grower, Pepin Hts. Orchard, Lake City, MN; Ron Branch, Grower, Berry Ridge Farm, Alexandria MN, John Anderson, University of Minnesota, Morris TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this project include commercial fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and others interested in fruit production. These groups of individuals live primarily in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many in our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, many in the urban core of the Twin Cities. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home gardeners who would like to learn how to grow fruit for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts With the growing demand for high quality fruit with few if any pesticides applied, fruit producers have an increasing number of constraints on their production systems. Growers must look to alternative, economically and environmentally sustainable management schemes of production. To stay profitable, growers must continue to learn how to produce perennial fruit crops with environmentally benign production practices. This research project will help growers learn alternative strategies for producing fruit crop species that may be suitable for their farms.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs OUTPUTS: Winter temperatures limit fruit production and thus profitability for producers. Many production methodologies and cultivars used in the US are not possible to use in the continental climate of Minnesota. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Our objectives are to investigate the use of rootstocks in apple production systems to enhance efficiency and productivity while increasing winter hardiness, investigate different weed management strategies focusing on berry crops, extend the growing season through the use of high tunnels in raspberries, explore the use of web technology to educate growers and inform them about on-going research projects, and contribute to the education of graduate students at the University of Minnesota. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we need to evaluate interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. A season extension project using high tunnels growing primocane-fruiting red raspberries continues at WCROC Morris. A web site was established (hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu) to extend the research information to producers. In Morris we compared high tunnel to field production with two cultivars Autumn Britten and Caroline. In all cases, cane growth, yield and berry size in the high tunnel was significantly larger than in the field. In both environments, harvesting of fruit of Autumn Britten began before Caroline. We have established a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations will help us publicize the site, which will also contain links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. PARTICIPANTS: Emily Tepe, Research Fellow, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Steve Poppe, Scientist, West Central Research and Outreach Center,Morris MN; Frank Forcella, Scientist, USDA Morris MN; David Bedford, Scientist, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; James Luby, Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Carl Rosen, Professor, Department of Soil Water and Climate, University of Minnesota; Cindy Tong, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Terry Nennich, Extension Educator, Crookston MN, Dennis Courtier, Grower, Pepin Hts. Orchard, Lake City, MN; Ron Branch, Grower, Berry Ridge Farm, Alexandria MN, John Anderson, University of Minnesota, Morris TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for this project include fruit producers, nursery-industry growers, farm-market growers, and others interested in fruit production. These groups of individuals live primarily in rural areas with some near the rural-urban interface. The income level of many in our target audience is average to below average for Americans. Many of them are part time growers with full time employment off the farm. A growing audience consists of individuals interested in growing fruit for their families on small plots, many in the urban core of the Twin Cities. Access to this research is also for urban growers and home gardeners who would like to learn how to grow fruit for their own consumption as well as learn how others produce fruit in their area. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts With the growing demand for high quality fruit with few if any pesticides applied, fruit producers have an increasing number of constraints on their production systems. Growers must look to alternative, economically and environmentally sustainable management schemes of production. To stay profitable, growers must continue to learn how to produce perennial fruit crops with environmentally benign production practices. This research project will help growers learn alternative strategies for producing fruit crop species that may be suitable for their farms.
Publications
- Telias, A., K. Lin-Wang, D. E. Stevenson, J. M Cooney, R. P Hellens, A. C Allan, E. E Hoover and J. M Bradeen. 2011. Apple skin patterning is associated with differential expression of MYB10 BMC Plant Biology 2011, Access: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127826/
- Braun, L., J. Gillman, E. Hoover, and M. Russelle. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91(5): 907-918.
- Braun, L., J. Gillman, E. Hoover, and M. Russelle. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for new plantings of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2011, 91(4): 773-782.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs OUTPUTS: In 2010, our project continued working on production systems to assist commercial fruit producers. Field experiments continued with apple rootstock trials for winter hardiness as the primary attribute being followed. Additionally, high tunnel primocane-fruiting raspberry research was continued at the West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris MN. A master's student completed his thesis work on high tunnel production practices. Two undergraduate students also established experiments with data collection through fall 2010. Collaborations were established with organic producers in the west-central region of MN, investigating the impact of organic weed control methods on production of strawberry. PARTICIPANTS: Emily Tepe, Research Fellow, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Steve Poppe, Scientist, West Central Research and Outreach Center,Morris MN; Frank Forcella, Scientist, USDA Morris MN; David Bedford, Scientist, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; James Luby, Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Carl Rosen, Professor, Department of Soil Water and Climate, University of Minnesota; Cindy Tong, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota; Terry Nennich, Extension Educator, Crookston MNDennis Courtier, Grower, Pepin Hts. Orchard, Lake City, MN; Ron Branch, Grower, Berry Ridge Farm, Alexandria MN TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project includes commercial growers, nursery professionals, processors, packers and shippers, extension educators, master gardeners and home gardeners. The results of this research produces recommendations, offered via diverse and dynamic educational methods, to ultimately help commercial growers, nursery professionals and processors efficiently produce the highest quality fruit with minimal impact on the environment. Likewise, extension educators, master gardeners and home gardeners have gained information on producing and buying high quality fruit. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we need to evaluate interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We are also evaluating MN1914 and SnowSweet, two newer cultivars from the apple breeding program. To date, B.9 rootstock induces too much dwarfing for all three cultivars. However, M.9T337, another dwarfing rootstock for apple, induces small trees that continue to produce adequate yields and fruit size. High tunnel primocane-fruiting red raspberry experiments were conducted in two locations, Morris MN and St. Paul MN. Comparing traditional field production with high tunnel technology, this study is evaluating yield as well as other inputs for the two systems. We have concluded that the protection from rain and wind in high tunnels allows for significantly higher yields with significantly higher inputs for the system. The information being generated will allow producers to evaluate for themselves the advantages and disadvantages of these production systems. A field day for present and potential growers on site allowed our clientele group to view the research site and discuss the costs, production advantages, and goals of the project. Additionally, a web site was established (hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu) to extend the research information to producers. The web site is a joint project with extension faculty and educators within Minnesota. Grower associations will help us publicize the site, which will also contain links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota producers.
Publications
- Pogliano, C. 2010. High Tunnel Raspberry Production. M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs OUTPUTS: Winter temperatures limit fruit production and thus profitability for producers. Many production methodologies and cultivars used in the US are not possible in the continental climate in Minnesota. The purpose of the project is to investigate new production methods for use by commercial fruit growers with the goal of increasing profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. The overall goal of this project is to enhance production systems to increase profitability and efficiency of fruit operations in Minnesota and other areas with similar climates. Our objectives are to investigate the use of rootstocks in apple to enhance efficiency, productivity, and winter hardiness and study the effect on mineral status of the trees, investigate different weed management strategies, explore the use of web technology to educate growers and inform them about on-going research projects, and contribute to the education of graduate students at the University of Minnesota. Apple rootstocks are used to reduce height and increase productivity per unit of fruiting wood. With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we need to evaluate interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. In combination with this study, we will also be evaluating the color and commercial acceptance of fruit. Coloring of Honeycrisp fruits can adopt two patterns: blushed or striped. We concluded that blushed trees tend to produce a higher percentage of blushed fruit than striped trees, indicating a mechanism conserved through cell division. Blushed and striped fruit do not consistently differ in maximum pigment accumulation before ripening. Stripes were caused by reduced anthocyanin accumulation in certain portions of the peel, and not by deeper localization. We speculate that an epigenetic mechanism regulates the pattern of anthocyanin accumulation in Honeycrisp. Increased production of blushed, redder apples can be achieved through clonal selection and crop load regulation. A new project on season extension using high tunnels began in 2008. Primocane fruit raspberries were planted in high tunnels at WCROC Morris and the St. Paul campus. Plants were established and parameters will be measured in 2009. A web site was established (hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu) to extend the research information to producers. In Morris we compared high tunnel to field production with two cultivars Autumn Britten and Caroline. In all cases, cane growth, yield and berry size in the high tunnel was significantly larger than in the field. In both environments, harvesting of fruit of Autumn Britten began before Caroline. We have established a web site (www.fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations will help us publicize the site, which will also contain links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. PARTICIPANTS: Steve Poppe, Scientist, West Central Research and Outreach Center,Morris MN Frank Forcella, Scientist, USDA Morris MN David Bedford, Scientist, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota James Luby, Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota Carl Rosen, Professor, Department of Soil Water and Climate, University of Minnesota Cindy Tong, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota Shengrui Yao, Research Fellow, North Central Research and Outreach Center, Grand Rapids MN Terry Nennich, Extension Educator, Crookston MN Emily Tepe, Research Fellow, Department of Horticulture, University of Minnesota Dennis Courtier, Grower, Pepin Hts. Orchard, Lake City, MN Ron Branch, Grower, Berry Ridge Farm, Alexandria MN TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project includes commercial growers, nursery professionals, processors, packers and shippers, extension educators, master gardeners and home gardeners. The results of this research produces recommendations, offered via diverse and dynamic educational methods, to ultimately help commercial growers, nursery professionals and processors efficiently produce the highest quality fruit with minimal impact on the environment. Likewise, extension educators, master gardeners and home gardeners have gained information on producing and buying high quality fruit. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts Work on red color development in Honeycrisp apples continued testing the objective of determining how red color develops in Honeycrisp apple. Detection of different red color phenotypes of Honeycrisp are evident in flower color and early in the development of the apple fruitlets. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015. We began a cooperative high tunnel primocane fruit red raspberry experiment in two locations, Morris MN and St. Paul MN. This research project has allowed comparison of traditional field production with high tunnel technology. The results of our primocane fruiting raspberries trials have allowed producers to view and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this production system. As part of this project, education of graduate students continues with a student completing her Ph.D. this year and a M.S. student continuing his research.
Publications
- Robinovich, Adriana. 2009. Studies on Apple Peel Color Regulation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
- Telias, A., E. Hoover, D. Rother. 2008. Plant and Environmental Factors Influencing the Pattern of Pigment Accumulation in Honeycrisp Apple Peels Using a Novel Color Analyzer Software Too. HortScience 43:1441-1445
- Hoover, E., 2009. Which Rootstock to Use with Which Variety Proceedings of MN Apple Growers Association, LaCrosse Wisconsin.
- Hoover, E. 2009. Growing Fruit in Home Gardens. Master Gardener Core Course Proceedings. Jan. 2009.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs OUTPUTS: With the development of new cultivars from the UM apple breeding project, we need to evaluate interactions of new genotypes with rootstocks for traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. In combination with this study, we will also be evaluating the color and commercial acceptance of fruit. Coloring of Honeycrisp fruits can adopt two patterns: blushed or striped. The objective of this study compared Honeycrisp fruit from trees that were propagated from buds occurring on branches carrying only blushed or striped fruit. Blushed and striped fruit do not consistently differ in maximum pigment accumulation before ripening. Stripes were caused by reduced anthocyanin accumulation in certain portions of the peel, and not by deeper localization. We speculate that an epigenetic mechanism regulates the pattern of anthocyanin accumulation in Honeycrisp. Increased production of blushed, redder apples can be achieved through clonal selection and crop load regulation. Evaluation of weed control during strawberry establishment as affected by mulches will be continued. We are testing wool-mats (from locally reared sheep) combined with spring and fall sown cover crops. The project began in May 2007 with the establishment of traditional matted rows at three sites. These sites included the WCROC Morris, a farm in Alexandria, MN, and a farm near St. Cloud, MN. Throughout the season detailed records were kept of labor input as well as pesticide inputs. Canola was sown in the late planting plots as a pre-plant treatment against weed seed germination. At the end of July 2007, the late-planting system was installed at the three sites. The plots were prepared, wool mulch fabric rolled out, transplants planted in slits in the wool, and canola planted between the rows as a further weed deterrent. There has been no herbicide application. These plots are now being monitored for growth and weed presence. In mid September floating row covers were applied. Straw mulch was applied for winter survival in mid-November 2007. All inputs were tracked analyzed. The traditional system produced more fruit than the wool-mulch system in 2008. However, fruit size was larger with the wool-mulch. The time to maintain the wool mulch system was less than the traditional matted row, but establishment costs were higher. We have established a web site (fruit.cfans.umn.edu) which is accessible to fruit producers containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations will help us publicize the site, which will also contain links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers. A new project on season extension using high tunnels was begun in 2008. Primocane fruit raspberries were planted in high tunnels at WCROC Morris and the St. Paul campus. Plants were established and parameters will be measured in 2009. A web site was established (hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu) to extend the research information to producers. PARTICIPANTS: Emily Hoover, Professor Horticultural Science Adriana Telias, Research Assistant Emily Tepe, Research Associate Steve Poppe, Scientist, WCROC Morris MN TARGET AUDIENCES: We developed a web site fruit.cfans.umn.edu to give virtual field trips of our research plots for growing strawberries in wool-mulch as well as including time lapse photography in primocane fruit raspberries growing in high tunnels and in the field. We also held 2 field days for growers interested in our projects and hosted a 2 day workshop on high tunnel production of fruit and vegetables (hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu) PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts Research projects in alternative weed control strategies in strawberries have continued with cooperators at the USDA North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, and University of Minnesota, West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC), Morris, MN. Our novel growing method, using canola between rows and wood-mulch between rows and planting strawberry plants August 1st works well in our climate. Work on red color development in Honeycrisp apples continued testing the objective of determining how red color develops in Honeycrisp apple. Detection of different red color phenotypes of Honeycrisp are evident in flower color and early in the development of the apple fruitlets. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015. Education of graduate students continues. IMPACT: Fruit will be able to be produced locally and sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- Telias, A., D. Rother, and E. Hoover. 2008. Plant and environmental factors influencing the pattern of pigment accumulation in 'Honeycrisp' apple peels, using a novel color analyzer software tool. HortScience. In press.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs OUTPUTS: We have been testing apple rootstocks in conjunction with the NC-140 project. With the development of new cultivars from the apple breeding project at the University of Minnesota, we need to evaluate how these new genotypes interact with rootstocks for a number of traits including tree size and productivity. Because Honeycrisp is so popular with both growers and consumers, enhancing the sustainable production methods for this particular genotype is important. We have been testing Honeycrisp on a variety of different rootstocks and will continue to do so. In combination with this study, we will also be evaluating the color and commercial acceptance of fruit. Coloring of 'Honeycrisp' fruits can adopt two patterns: blushed or striped. The objective of this study is to compare 'Honeycrisp' fruit from trees that were propagated from buds occurring on branches carrying only blushed or striped fruit. Blushed and striped fruit do not consistently differ in pigment accumulation
before ripening. Stripes were caused by reduced anthocyanin accumulation in certain portions of the peel, not by a deeper localization. We speculate that an epigenetic mechanism regulates the pattern of anthocyanin accumulation in 'Honeycrisp' apple. Evaluation of weed control during strawberry establishment as affected by mulches will be continued. Specifically we are testing non-woven woolen mats (from locally reared sheep) combined with spring and fall sown cover crops. The project began in May 2007 with the establishment of the control group of the experiment. Strawberry transplants were planted at three sites in Minnesota in the traditional matted row system. These sites included a plot at the University of Minnesota Morris, a farm in Alexandria, MN, and a farm near St. Cloud, MN. Throughout the season detailed records have been kept of labor input as well as herbicide, pesticide, and fungicide inputs. This information will later be used in comparison to the late planting system
that is being studied. At the same time the matted-row system was installed, preparations were being made for the late-planting plots. Canola was sown in the late planting plots as a pre-plant treatment against weed seed germination. At the end of July 2007, the late-planting system was installed at the three sites. The plots were prepared, wool mulch fabric rolled out, transplants planted in slits in the wool, and canola planted between the rows as a further weed deterrent. In mid September rows were covered with floating row covers. Straw mulch was applied for winter survival in mid-November 2007. All inputs are being tracked carefully and will be analyzed. We have established a web site (fruit.coafes.umn.edu) containing past and current research results and recommendations. Grower associations will help us publicize the site, which will also contain links to other university sites of interest/use to Minnesota fruit producers.
PARTICIPANTS: Emily Hoover, Steve Poppe, USDA Weed Laboratory Morris MN, Frank Forcella, MN Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association
TARGET AUDIENCES: Using web technology, we are reaching more individuals with interests in our research results.
Impacts Research projects in alternative weed control strategies in strawberries have continued with cooperators at the USDA North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, and University of Minnesota, West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC), Morris, MN. Our novel growing method, using canola between rows and wood-mulch between rows and planting strawberry plants August 1st works well in our climate. Work on red color development in Honeycrisp apples continued testing the objective of determining how red color develops in Honeycrisp apple. Detection of different red color phenotypes of Honeycrisp are evident in flower color and early in the development of the apple fruitlets. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015. Education of graduate students continues. Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs Research projects in alternative weed control strategies in strawberries have continued with cooperators at the USDA North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, and University of Minnesota, West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC), Morris, MN. Our novel growing method, using canola between rows and wood-mulch between rows and planting strawberry plants August 1st works well in our climate. We tested three cultivars in this system. Plant size going into winter was largest for Chandler followed by Darselect and Honeyoye. However, Darselect yielded 16,300 pounds/acre, Chandler 3,800 pounds/acre and Honeyoye 2,800 pounds/acre. Berry size was also largest on Darselect, averaging 11 g/berry vs 7 g/berry for the other two cultivars. Work on red color development in Honeycrisp apples continued testing the objective of determining how red color develops in Honeycrisp apple. Detection of different red color phenotypes of Honeycrisp are evident in flower color
and early in the development of the apple fruitlets. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015. Education of graduate students continues.
Impacts Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- Telias, A.,E. Hoover, C. Rosen, D. Bedford, D. Cook. 2006. The Effect of Calcium Sprays and Fruit Thinning on Bitter Pit Incidence and Calcium Content in Honeycrisp Apple. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 29(11):1941 - 1957
- ROSEN C.; BIERMAN P.; TELIAS A.; HOOVER E. 2006. Foliar- and fruit-applied strontium as a tracer for calcium transport in apple trees. HortScience 41(1):220-224
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs Research projects in alternative weed control strategies in strawberries have continued with cooperators at the USDA North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, and University of Minnesota, West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC), Morris, MN. We initiated a novel growing method, testing different planting dates of strawberry plants from early August to mid September to reduce competition from weeds. The year after planting, the cultivar Chandler produced the largest plants across all sampling dates compared with Darselect; with Honeyoye equal to Chandler for all dates and equal to Darselect for the first two dates. There were no differences in % ground covered by strawberry plants and no difference detected in weed control with any of the delayed planting dates. Work on red color development in apples began. The objective is to determine how red color develops in Honeycrisp apple. Detection of different red color phenotypes of Honeycrisp are evident
in flower color and early in the development of the apple fruitlets. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015.
Impacts Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs Investigations of the effects of groundcover management on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis in strawberries were conducted. Establishment year groundcover treatments were critical to optimize AMF colonization and strawberry plant growth. Wool-canola groundcover supported significantly greater mycorrhizal colonization, and higher root dry weights of mother plants than the other treatments. The lack of a significant correlation between leaf P and AMF might be due to the high P soil of the research plots. Strawberry cultivars tested all had significant AMF colonization. A new strawberry production system was trialed by planting during the summer months, minimizing runnering, and using floating row covers to encourage early production. Yield data will be taken in 2005. Reduced calcium levels are thought to be the cause of bitter pit (BP) in apple fruits. BP wass associated with the concentration of different nutrients in fruits and leaves, and yield
parameters. Ca sprays did not effectively control BP incidence in a low BP year. A more significant effect on BP incidence was produced by thinning, which increased BP incidence, probably due to a reduction in fruit Ca. Only on thinned trees did Ca sprays significantly reduced BP incidence. Apple rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015.
Impacts Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- Ross, M., 2004. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Field Grown Strawberries. M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota Telias, A., 2004. Study of Bitter Pit and Fruit Growth in Honeycrisp Apple. M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs Strawberry weed control using canola as a cover crop as a weed germination inhibiting mulch between rows; and non-woven wool matting as an in-row mulch, was trailed at the West Central Outreach and Research Station in Morris MN. The study was initiated in spring 2002. Combining wool with canola controlled weeds as well as or better than herbicide. Yield in the second year was higher for the combined canola-wool treatment. Data was collected from four commercial strawberry farms in Minnesota and Wisconsin to investigate effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on strawberry cultivars, ground cover strategies, and conventional versus alternative strawberry productions systems. Comparisons being made for all studies include plant biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and leaf nutrient analyses. Correlation between colonization levels with biomass and nutrient measurements is being done. Reduced calcium levels are thought to be the cause of bitter pit in apple fruits. Apple
rootstock trials are reported under north central multistate project 015. Research with the cultivar Honeycrisp was done to investigate different cultural techniques combined with calcium application to reduce bitter incidence. Fruit growth was greater from thinned treatments combined with season long calcium sprays. Analysis of additional field data is ongoing.
Impacts Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimal environmental impacts.
Publications
- Weed Technology. 2003. Volume 17:782-787 Biological Mulches for Managing Weeds in Transplanted Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa)1 FRANK FORCELLA, STEVEN R. POPPE, NEIL C. HANSEN, WILLIAM A. HEAD, EMILY HOOVER, FAYE PROPSOM, and JILL MCKENZIE
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs Strawberry weed control using canola as a cover crop and weed germination-inhibiting mulch between the rows; and non-woven wool matting as an in-row mulch, was trialed at the West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris, MN. The study was initiated in May 2002. Combining wool mulch with canola controlled weeds as well as or better than standard herbicide treatment. Yield data from these plants will be collected in spring of 2003. Two rootstock trials of University of Minnesota-developed apple varieties Honeycrisp and Zestar! were planted in 2001 at the Horticultural Research Center in Chanhassen, MN. Initial growth and survival data were taken in 2002. Mineral nutrition studies in apples were continued at the HRC, with applications of various forms of calcium on two plantings of Honeycrisp. Tissue samples of fruit and leaves from these trees will be analyzed in winter 2002-2003. On-farm research in apple scab pesticide reduction involves four orchards in
Minnesota trialing novel approaches to monitoring and assessing scab risk, along with testing Honeycrisp for scab resistance.
Impacts Fruit will be able to be produced sustainably and with minimum environmental impact.
Publications
- Zambreno, Karina. 2002. Effects of Orchard Floor Management Systems on Apple Tree Establishment. Master's Thesis, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grapes on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center (HRC) in Excelsior MN. In 2001, final data were collected from this planting. Most notable was the difference in survival among the rootstocks, with 25% of the plants on the standard rootstock (C3309) dead after seven years, apparently due to cold injury; while locally selected rootstocks and own-rooted plants had little or no mortality. Five grape rootstock candidates were grafted with two scion varieties and grown in a nursery bed at the HRC during 2001. They will be transplanted to vineyard blocks and evaluated beginning in 2002. In 1998, a mulch/nitrogen/irrigation study in apples was planted at the HRC. Final data were collected in 2001 on the effects of wool, woodchips, grass, or herbicide as groundcover treatments, in conjunction with irrigation, on apple tree growth. Strawberry weed control using canola as a cover crop and weed geriminatin-inhibiting mulch was to be
evaluated in large-scale on-farm plantings. Canola was planted in late summer of 2000 to winter over and begin growing again in spring prior to strawberry planting. In 2001, it became clear that timing of canola seeding is critical to the success of this approach, as all the September-planted canola died over the winter, while a small test plot of canola seeded in August, survived and resumed growth in spring. A timing study was undertaken in August of 2001 to identify best dates for planting canola.
Impacts Our work helps fruit growers improve the profitability and productivity of their operations. We also demonstrate and help growers adopt environmentally beneficial production systems.
Publications
- Zambreno et al. Effects of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture and Temperature During Establishment of Apple Trees. Hort Science, in press, expected out 2002. Hoover, E. E. What I Wish I Knew Before I Taught a Large Class. Book Chapter, 2001. Larson, J. and E. Hoover. Formative Evaluation in a Sensory Garden. HortTechnology, in press, expected 2002.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grape on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior MN. In 2000, yields on all rootstocks were better than in any previous year, but there was no significant difference in yield among the rootstocks. In 1998 and 1999, fifty-two different Vitis sp. genotypes were evaluated for ease of rooting and nursery performance. Based on rooting ability, disease and phylloxera resistance, field growth, and grafting affinity, five genotypes were grafted with two cultivars and are being evaluated. In 1998, a mulch/nitrogen/irrigation study in apples was planted. We are evaluating the effects of wool, woodchips, grass, or herbicide as groundcover treatments, in conjunction with irrigation, on apple tree growth. In 1999, research in bio-based weed control in strawberry production was continued, comparing weed control and daughter plant production using wool mulch and/or canola. Weed and daughter plant counts and yield data have been
collected. Wool mulch provided excellent weed control, excellent rooting of daughter plants, and high yields. However, the mulch is quite expensive. Canola planted as a cover crop, then killed with glyphosate and allowed to decompose on the soil surface, provided good weed control. Daughter plant rooting and yields were not as good as the standard herbicide treatment. In 2000, a second trial of the canola and wool mulch study was planted, and a larger-scale trial of canola mulch was begun, using fall-planted canola.
Impacts These projects are finding ways for fruit producers in the upper midwest to produce quality fruit in environmentally acceptable ways.
Publications
- S. J. McArtney, E. Hoover, P. Hirst, and I. Brooking. 2000. Submitted to Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
- E. Hoover, 2000. Seasonal Variation in the Onset and Duration of Flower Development in 'Royal Gala' Apple Buds. (In review).
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grape on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior, MN. In 1999, there were no significant differences in yield and average berry weights among the rootstocks. However, ES15-53, C 3309, and one root produced significantly more wood than MN Rip 64 and MN 1065. Fifty-two different Vitis sp. genotypes were evaluated for ease of rooting and nursery performance. Based on rooting ability, disease and phylloxera resistance, field growth, and grafting affinity, 5 genotypes are being further evaluated. In 1998, a mulch/nitrogen/irrigation study in apples was planted. Evaluation of the effects of wool, woodchips, grass, or herbicide as groundcover managment on apple growth will be completed, in conjunction with irrigation and nitrogen levels. In 1999, research in bio-based weed control in strawberry production was planted to compare weed control and strawberry daughter plant production using wool mulch and/or canola.
Impacts Evaluation of different, sustainable fruit production techniques could lead to a reduction in pesticide use, reduce the overall impact of production of fruit on the environment, increase production efficiency.
Publications
- Peterson, Mary. 1999. Evaluation of Cold-hardy Vitis Genotypes to Identify Potential Rootstocks. M.S. Thesis.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grape on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior MN. In 1998, own rooted and vines on 3309, an industry standard, were less productive than those on Riparia 64, MN 1065, and ES15-53. Fifty-two different Vitis sp. genotypes were evaluated for ease of rooting and nursery performance. These genotypes were compared to 3309, SO4, and 'Riparia Gloire', 3 standard rootstocks. Rooting ability, disease and phylloxera resistance, field growth, and grafting affinity were rated. Four genotypes were recommended for future study. Observations of structural integrity of the bud union of 10 year old trees of Mark rootstock with 2 apple scions were done. Incompatibility between the rootstock and scions was observed. Differences in weed seedbanks were determined for between and within rows of strawberries, soil type, and cultural practices. Soil type and cultural practices contributed to the highest rate of differences in weed
seedbanks. Research is continuing on genetically engineering a cover crop to reduce competition with the main crop.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Davis, E., 1998. Scion-Rootstock Incompatibility in Mature Apple Trees: Recent Observations of 'Haralson' and 'Cortland' T-Budded on Mark. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
- Larson, D., 1997. Analysis of Chloroplast DNA in the Genus Vitis. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
- MacKenzie, J., 1998. Hmong Gardens in Minnesota. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
- Propsom, F., 1998. Weed Seedbanks in Established Strawberry Fields. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grape on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior MN. Vines grafted onto 3309, an industry standard, were killed to the snow line in 1996 and were less productive in 1997 than were vines grafted on Riparia 64 and ES15-53 which produced good crops. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA was done for 4 Vitis species. No differences were found among 3 North American species while 3 differences were found between North American species and V. vinifera. Potential Vitis rootstocks are being evaluated for ease of rooting and nursery performance. Observations of structural integrity of the bud union of 10 year old trees of MARK rootstock with 2 apple scions was done. Incompatibility between the rootstock and scions was observed. Differences in weed seed banks are being determined for between and within rows of strawberries, soil type, and cultural practices. Research is continuing on genetically
engineering a cover crop to reduce competition with the main crop.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Larson, D. 1997. Analysis of Chloroplast DNA in the Genus Vitis. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs In 1994, St. Pepin grape on 5 rootstocks were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior MN. Winter injury after the winter of 1995-96 was differential depending on rootstock. Vines grafted onto 3309, an industry standard, were killed to the snow line, where vines grafted on Riparia 64 and ES15-53 produced a modest crop. 'Cavendish' strawberries were planted in 1995 in cover crops of dwarf Brasscia/Dutch white clover or dwarf Brassica/Chewings fescue, napropimide treatment, or no weed management, and at distances of 23, 30, and 38 cm within each cover crop. None of these treatments had acceptable growth or yield compared with the herbicide treatment. Research was begun on genetically engineering a cover crop to reduce competition with the main crop. Russeting in 'Haralson' apple can be reduced in some years with the application of GA 4+7. A decision case was written for use in the classroom on how apple growers might apply these research results. We
surveyed pesticide use and employed toxicological data on pesticides most commonly used in commercial orchards to determine the environmental impact quotient (EIQ) of past pesticide use. Using data generated from the survey, we correlated EIQ to orchard ecosystem health. The higher the past EIQ the less diverse the insect community in the orchard.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- LUBY, J., E. HOOVER, M. PETERSON, D. LARSON, and D. BEDFORD. 1996. Cold Hardiness in the USDA Malus Core Germplasm Collection. Acta Hort. in press.
- FOULK, D. and E. HOOVER. 1996. Sunny Hollow: A Decision Case as a Basis for Classroom Discussion. HortTechnology, in press.
- CONROD, J., D. J. LARSON, and E. HOOVER. 1996. Rootstock Effects Terminal Bud Set in `Starkspur Supreme' Delicious Apples. Fruit Varieties Journal.50(1):53-55.
- FOULK, D., and E. HOOVER. 1996. Effect of GA4+7 Applications on the Russeting, Yield and Wax Platelet Arrangement of 'Haralson' Apple. HortScience. submitted FOULK, D., and E.
- HOOVER, 1996. Wax Platelet Arrangement and Its Effects on Russeting of 'Haralson' Apple.
- JASHS, submitted.
- FOULK, D. and E. HOOVER. 1996. So What's Wrong with the Way I Teach Now : Paradigms of Learning. University of Minnesota Monograph, Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Writing.
- FOULK, D. and E. HOOVER. 1996. Determining the Environmental Impact Quotient fora Fruit or Vegetable Operation. MN Expt Station Publication.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs In 1993, 7 rootstocks with Liberty as the scion cultivar were planted at the Horticultural Research Center in Excelsior, MN. Flowering occurred during the spring of 1995 with M.9L having the largest number of flowers and 7826RS-011 and CG-065 flowering minimally. CG-065 produced the largest tree while M.26 and M.9A produced the smallest after 3 seasons. Yield was minimal this year. The cultivar/rootstock/system trials yield efficiency differences are becoming smaller as the planting ages. P1 is producing large trees with both cultivars, however the yield efficiency of the trees is also increasing but still very low compared to the other rootstocks. Maintaining these trees in the spacing is proving difficult as the planting matures. MARK continues to perform unevenly in this planting but still maintains high yield efficiencies with both cultivars across systems. However, trees appear weak, with low leaf density. Bud.9 and M.9 on both cultivars are producing small trees
that are well adapted to Minnesota growing conditions. A planting was established in Minnesota in 1988 to test the performance of 11 cultivars on the MARK rootstock. MARK, under MN growing conditions, should be staked at planting to maximize fruiting. Supporting the leader is crucial if fruiting is to take place. These cultivars continue to demonstrate that MARK produces a small tree with very few leaves per spur. Most of the cultivars are very dwarf and could have been placed at much closer spacing for maximum production.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs Based on data from the 1984 and 1990 plantings, Bud 9 continues (since the 3rd leaf) to outperform other rootstocks in precocity, flowering, fruit set, and yield efficiency. This rootstock, with staking, should be considered when establishing orchards in the Upper Midwest. The 1984 apple rootstock planting was removed. During the winter of 1993-94, the minimum low temperature recorded was -34C. For a 2 week period in January, the low temperatures were -26C or colder with the high temperatures reaching to between -15 to -17C. The 1990 cultivar/rootstock/systems planting with Empire and Early Red One Delicious suffered some winter damage. The highest yield efficiencies were obtained with Empire in the Vertical Axis system regardless of rootstock. P1 is producing large trees, and maintaining the spacing may prove difficult as the planting matures. Mark continues to perform well in this planting, maintaining high yield efficiencies with Empire as the scion. This is the
first planting to evaluate the feasibility of different cultivar/rootstock/orchard systems in a uniform, replicated experiment. Empire appears to be adapted to growing under Minnesota conditions. As the planting matures, the slender spindle and Vertical Axis systems continue to perform well.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs `Haralson' apple fruit is highly susceptible to russetting and cracking. Becausewax platelet arrangement has been proposed as a cause for russetting in `Golden Delicious' apples, we examined the wax platelet arrangement of `Haralson' apples. When compared to the wax platelet arrangement found on `Golden Delicious,' and on `McIntosh,' `Haralson' platelets were large and upright in orientation, more numerous than found on `Golden Delicious,' but unlike the smaller, more granular platelets found on `McIntosh.' `Honeyoye' strawberries were planted in plots with winter wheat, dwarf Brassica sp., napropamide (2.24kg/h), and no weed management. After the strawberry plants and cover crops were established, 6 week-old African "weeder" geese were put into half of each plot to graze. The most promising cover crop treatment was the dwarf Brassica for early season weed control. We are monitoring apple scab spore maturity in the spring in conjunction with the Minnesota Apple
Grower's Association to allow growers to time fungicide applications when inoculum is present in the orchard. In 1993, because of the wet conditions, apple scab spores matured earlier and were present longer than in the previous 5 years.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs The grape breeding project made 42 crosses that resulted in over 3000 seeds harvested. Four thousand seedlings were screened for diseases and vigor in the nursery resulting in 400 being culled. Nine hundred plants were placed in the vineyard from 1990 crosses. Several selections were made. Of special interest are one seedless and three ornamental types. Effort towards the development of isozymes to distinguish Vitis genotypes has expanded to include molecular markers from the chloroplast genome. Eight local genotypes and Thompson Seedless were compared in sensory evaluation of fresh fruit. Thompson Seedless scored highest in overall preference with MN 1135, and Reliance scoring highest of the locally grown fruit. Nine different juices from five local cultivars were evaluated with those from Valiant Bluebell scoring the highest. Jellies from Beta and Valiant were highly rated. Seventy three accessions of Asian and North American Vitis species and hybrids were assessed
in laboratory freezing tests. North American species riparia, longii, cinerea, and rupestris were hardier than the hardiest Asian species, amurensis. Other Asian species were cold susceptible.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs The grape breeding project made 56 crosses that resulted in over 5000 seeds harvested. 1200 seedlings were screened for diseases and vigor in the nursery resulting in 400 being culled. 900 plants were placed in the field from 1989 crosses. Several selections were made. Of special interest are 1 seedless and 3 ornamental types. Using 3 isozyme systems, 50 Vitis genotypes were differentiated into distinct morphologies. Chorophyll fluorescence has been used as an indicator of winter injury to buds in grape. Vitis vinifera cultivar trial continues to produce high quality fruit when vines are buried for winter protection.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs Procedures and techniques for isolation and analysis of grape leaf isozymes using starch gel electrophoresis have been developed for identification of genotypes. Phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase have produced staining activity with good resolution of bands. A training system trial was established in 1985. Yield was significantly higher on the low cordon and J systems. Over 1000 seedlings from 1988 crosses were planted in 1989. Parents used emphasized wine quality with sources of winter hardiness. 6 selections were made in 1989 - 3 table and 3 wine types. Table grape cultivars performing well include Bluebell, Valiant, Mars*, and Price* (*winter protected). V. vinifera cultivars developed acceptable Brix readings and wine characteristics were excellent.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs The major production problem with grapes in Minnesota is cold temperatures during fall acclimation and midwinter. The winter of 1987-88 was average with the low temerature of -32C reached in early January and again in mid-February. The breeding program is pursuing early ripening, hardy, high quality wine and table grapes. We are evaluating 4,000 seedlings, 20-30 selections in advanced testing, and over 180 cultivars and selections of grapes from other programs. Yield and quality data from 6 nonconventional training systems with 2 cultivars have been evaluated for 2 seasons. Isozyme analysis of grape cultivars is being done. In vitro propagation of V. riparia clones has been accomplished. GA(3) induces seedlessness in Senson Red. Research has commenced to investigate the difficulty in production of recombinent progeny of interspecific vitis crosses.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs The major difficulty in growing grapes in Minnesota is cold temperatures during the fall acclimation phase of plant growth during midwinter. No killing frost was recorded before Nov. 7 with a high temperature of 13C but by Nov. 10 the low was -19C. This temperature drop resulted in differential injury to grape cultivars indicating differences in their acclimation ability. Kay Gray and New York Muscat exhibited the least injury while Canadice and Steuben were severely injured. Vitis riparia and Concord were subjected to decreasing photoperiods with constant warm temperatures to study acclimation. Concord did not respond to photoperiod treatment until 12 hours, while V. riparia responded at 13 hours with reduction in growth, periderm development, and decreasing root hydraulic conductivity. Seedlings of V. riparia became dormant in response to short day length whereas seedlings of V. vinifera did not. Currently we are evaluating 4000 seedlings, 20-30 selections in
advanced testing, and over 180 cultivars and selections from other programs. Using controlled pollinations, GA3 was found to: induce seedlessness in 'Swenson Red' by influencing pollen viability as well as the ovary development; accelerate flowering by 1.6 days; and increase the weight of 1 and 2 seeded berries.
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs The major difficulty in grape production in Minnesota is cold temperatures. Thelowest temperature reached at the research plots was -31C resulting in good differentiation of hardiness for both breeding material and cultural practices designed to avoid winter injury. Because of excessive rainfall in September, Brix and T.A. readings were unacceptably high and splitting occurred with Botrytis infection following. Downy mildew was a severe problem as well. 120 cultivars; 78 wine types and 42 table types; and 101 unnamed selections (including 67 from the Minnesota breeding program) are in test blocks. Severity of 2,4-D damage on both cultivars and selections has been recorded for two years. In the collection, the results vary from no 2,4-D damage (Edelweiss, Foch, Reliance, Swenson Red, St. Pepin) to severe damage (Suelter, Manden). Acclimation to cold is an important aspect of the program. Photoperiod treatments are being used in the greenhouse to induce
acclimation. Seedlings of V. riparia and V. vinifera are being used to develop a technique to screen large quantities of plant material for hardiness at the seedling level for the breeding program. V. riparia, clone Manitoba 39, and Concord are being used to study the acclimation process. Concord did not acclimate in response to decreasing photoperiods. V. riparia showed an increase tolerance to freezing temperatures, decreased cane growth and had a lower root hydraulic conductivity under decreasing photoperiods compared to the control of 15 h light.
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs Objectives of the program are to: develop cultural practices to provide greaterhardiness and/or more efficient winter protection through the use of pruning/training systems, hardy rootstocks, and winter mulching; develop high quality cultivars more adapted to Minnesota's growing conditions; induce seedlessness in winter hardy table grapes. The cultivars Seyval, Ravat 51, and Aurore were planted in spring of 1985 and the training/pruning systems will be established in 1986. The goal of the breeding effort is to develop wine and seedless table cultivars. Six wine selections are being propagated for grower testing in 1986. In conjunction with the breeding program, seedling screening techniques for cold hardiness is being developed to aid in selecting parents and progeny. Inducing seedlessness of winter hardy table grapes is being tested with 'Swenson Red'. 100 ppm GA(3) was applied at 4 times ranging from pre-bloom through the post-bloom period. A high percentage
of fruit were seedless when GA(3) was applied post-bloom. Follow-up studies will be done next year.
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