Progress 10/01/02 to 04/01/06
Outputs
Project successfully field tested new wood window preservative formulations. A novel method was developed and published to trace moisture in housing systems in both liquid and vapor as well as condensate from vapor using deuterium labeled water. We also confirmed use of the method to recover labeled water from the vapor phase in a variety of building materials and developed a method of collection using dessicants for non-destructive sampling.
Impacts
This method of tracing water labeled with a stable non-radioactive isotope (deuterium) successfully allows determination of liquid water and subsequent vapor phase transisiton and condensation in a number of potentially problematic areas in housing. New method of collection does not require destructive sampling of the material surface, making a practical application in real housing situations feasible.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Continued work on tracing moisture in housing systems using a novel approach involving deuterium. Confirmed use of the method to recover labeled water from the vapor phase in a variety of building materials common in building envelopes. Developed method to collect labeled vapor using dessicants for non-destructive sampling.
Impacts
This method of tracing water labeled with a stable non-radioactive isotope (deuterium) successfully allows determination of liquid water and subsequent vapor phase transisiton and condensation in a number of potentially problematic areas in housing. New method of collection does not require destructive sampling of the material surface, making a practical application in real housing situations feasible.
Publications
- Schmidt, E.L., B.A. Jordan, P.H. Huelman, and S.V. Krupa. 2005. A novel chemical tracer for determining moisture sources and movement in building systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Woodframe Housing Durability and Disaster Issues. Oct. 2004. Las Vegas, NV. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. p:227-230.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Completed initial work on tracing moisture in building and window systems using stable non-radioactive isotopes. Deuterium spiked water can be put into wood and recovered as a tracer with unique ability to trace liquid water through vapor transistions and condensation. Presented work on this and field test data for new millwork preservative performance systems. These results may help with development of better models and performance of materials in reducing moisture problems in windows and building envelopes.
Impacts
In a state where severe climatic conditions can have serious impacts on the everyday lives of Minnesotans,these results offer new methods for protection, detection, and evaluation of window decay and moisture problems. Deuterium at low levels can be used successfully to trace internal moisture into wood windows and other housing components to verify the origin of moisture. Exterior precipitation was confirmed to have significantly more oxygen 18 isotope than condensed water from tap or ground sources, and may offer a method to determine whether water problems in building systems came from exterior vs. interior sources.
Publications
- Jordan, B.A., E.L. Schmidt, P.H. Huelman, S.V. Krupa, and B. Mayer. 2004. Deuterium as a novel tracer for determining moisture sources in building systems. Wood and Fiber Science 36(3):378-386.
- Schmidt, E.L. and B.A. Jordan. 2004. Field testing of millwork formulations :L-joint results after nine years of exposure in Minnesota. Proceedings of the American Wood Preservers' Assoc (referred): 100: (in press).
- Schmiddt, E.L., B.A. Jordan, P.H. Huelman, and S.V. Krupa. 2004. A novel chemical tracer for determining moisture sources and movement in building systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Woodframe Housing Durability and Disaster Issues. Oct. 2004. Las Vegas, NV. Forest Products Socieity, Madison, WI (in press).
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Field test data completed for industry tests of new window protection treatments (9 yr duration), and results of a round-robin test of a new evaluation system (lap joint) for evaluation of wood preservative in above ground exposure. Completed work on methods for evluation and preservation of archaeological wood. Completed work on testing a new method to detect highly permeable wood for the window industry. Progress made on newly developed method to trace source (condensation or precipitation) of water in housing envelope problems, especially windows.
Impacts
In a state where severe climatic conditions can have serious impacts on the everyday lives of Minnesotans,these results offer new methods for protection, detection, and evaluation of window decay and moisture problems.
Publications
- Wallace, B. and E. L. Schmidt. 2003. Induction of a permeability gradient in kiln dried ponderosa pine. Forest Prod. J. 53(10):36-38.
- Jordan, B.A. 2003. Analysis of environmental conditions and types of biodeterioration affecting the preservation of archaeological wood remains at the Kkolding shipwreck site. Ph D Thesis. University of Minnesota. 167p.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Completion of field testing of preservatives for wood above ground with data submitted to cooperators (Buckman Labs and CSI). Publication of work on kiln stain control of pine and evaluation of water repellents for millwork as well as environmental conditions relating to biodeterioration of historic waterlogged wood. Began work on identification of moisture sources for water in home deterioration problems with cooperators. 1 graduate student associated with this project.
Impacts
A new chemical combination offers white pine lumber producers a chance to elimante kiln and fungal stain on their product, new field exposure data offers the millwork industry better guides for long term protection from decay. On site storage of historic wood in water may be improved by knowledge of site conditions. The source of water in housing problems may be traced by methods under development.
Publications
- Jordan, B.A., D.J. Gregory, and E.L. Schmidt. 2002. Examining environmental conditions and the biodeterioration of historic waterlogged wood: the Kolding Cog. International Res. Group on Wood Preservation Doc. Stockholm, Sweden. 16p.
- Schmidt, E.L., T.P. Murphy, C.N. Cheeks, A.S. Ross, T.S. Chiu and R.S. Williams. 2002. Comparisons of interlaboratory swellometer testing of two water-repellent preservative formulations for millwork. Forest Product. J.52(3):82-84.
- Schmidt, E.L., T.L. Highley, and M. H. Freeman. 2002. A new fungicide combination for prevention of kiln brown stain of white pine. Forest Prod. J.52(11/12):51-52.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Continued field testing and reporting of fungicide evaluations in L-jts and new above ground tests (Buckman and CSI, Inc.). Concluded work on fumigation of beech and yellow poplar for enzyme stain (graystain) control. Concluded work on interior heating of red pine poles during the penta pressure treatment and surveyed incidence of initial decay fungi. Finished preliminary literature overview of site characteristics for preservatiion of historic wood. 1 graduate student associated.
Impacts
Improved choices for millwork testing as to method and choice of treatment for decay prevention. Provide an inexpensive option to prevent graystain of NZ beech or yellow poplar lumber by log fumigation. State of the art review on what is known and needed for historic wood preservation.
Publications
- Jordan, B.A. 2001. Site characteristics impacting the survival of historic waterlogged wood: a review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 47:47-54.
- Schmidt, E.L., B.Kreber and S. Boon. 2001. Fumigation of red beech logs for reducing gray stain in lumber. Forest Prod. J. 51(5):89-91.
- Schmidt, E.L., D.L. Cassens and B.A. Jordan. 2001. Control of graystain in yellow-poplar lumber by log fumigations with sulfuryl fluoride. Forest Prod. J. 51(9):50-52.
- Schmidt, E.L. and C. Westberg. 2001. Heartwood temperatures of red pine pole stock during pentachlorophenol pressure treatment and presence of decay fungi prior to treatment. Forest Prod. J. 51(11/12):41-44.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Reports to cooperating groups on field testing of wood preservatives including new millwork fungicides (Buckman Labs) and a new test for above ground evaluation of decay (CSI, Inc.). Presented work on ability to limit enzyme stain of red beech and yellow poplar with fumigation of logs by sulfuryl fluoride. Publication of results on method to determine wood permeability for the window industry. Began approach to determination of site characteristics for preservation of historic wood. 1 graduate student associated with project
Impacts
Field results improve use and benefits of wood preservatives for the millwork industry. Demonstration of utility of sulfuryl fluoride for stain prevention in additional species of hardwood lumber. Potential benefit to future preservation of historic wood under water by determination of site characteristics as related to deterioration patterns.
Publications
- Wallace, B.L. and E. L. Schmidt.2000. Use of an air pressure method for detection and mapping of highlly permeable pondeosa pine. Forest Prod.J. 50(7/8):71-74.
- Schmidt, E.L. and B. Kreber. 2000. Fumigation of red beech in New Zealand for prevention of greystain. International Res. Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden: IRG/WP 00-10343.6p.
- Jordan, B.A. and E.L. Schidt. 2000. Site characteristics impacting historic waterlogged wood. International Res. Group on Wood Preservation, Stockholm, Sweden: IRG/WP 00-10344. 15p.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Continued work on field testing of wood preservatives on coops: window L-joint trials of new fungicide (Buckman Labs) and CSI round-robin testing of new above ground wood test system (lap joints). Finalized results from biopulping and lignin degradation experiments. Completed field evaluations of sulfuryl fluoride ability to prevent stain on yellow poplar and red beech - generally successful. Completed work on developing method to determine permeability in wood for millwork industry. 2 graduate students associated with this project.
Impacts
Benefits development of new preservative systems and testing for the wood preservation industry. New approaches to biological process systems in the pulp and paper industry based on lignin degradation and modification by white rot fungi. Improved efficiency in use of finished wood in the window manufacture industry. New fumigant can replace methyl bromide for enzyme stain prevention in lumber.
Publications
- *Schmidt, E.L. and B. Kreber. 1998. Effects of two fumigants and a fungicide formulation on the development of kiln brown stain in radiata pine lumber. Holz als Werkstof 56 (1998), pp. 416-420.
- *Chen, Y-r. and E.L. Schmidt. 1998. The influence of chemical impregnation on the delignification of aspen by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium. Material und Organismen 33/1: 79-83.
- Chen, Y-r, E.L. Schmidt, and K. K. Olsen. 1999. A biopulping fungus in compression-baled, nonsterile green pine chips enhancing kraft and refiner pulping. Wood and Fiber Sci. 31(4):376-384.
- Jordan, B. 1999. Site Characteristics Impacting Historic Waterlogged Wood. MS (Plan B) paper: 21.p.
- Wallace. B. 1999. Approaches to the determination of excessively permeable wood in the millwork industry. MS Thesis. 65p.
- *- Avail. In 1999 (not previously reported for 1998):
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Continued work on fumigation of logs to prevent enzyme stain using sulfuryl fluoride as a methyl bromide substitute. Noted beneficial effects at stain prevention even if applied up to four weeks after logs into sprinkler storage. Expanded trials to yellow poplar, maple, and red beech. Completed project on lignin degradation by white rot (Sarkanen coop), and biopulping research by compression-baling. This method stimulates germination of spores of a white rot fungus, and tests with pine showed that up to 20% reduction in kraft cooking time can be achieved by inoculation of pine bales with a white rot fungus. Began work on determination of highly permeable wood for the millwork industry. Three graduate students associated with this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Chen, Y-r. 1998. Studies on biological kraft pulping of compression-baled wood chips with lignin-degrading fungi. PhD Thesis. University of Minnesota. 148p.
- Chen, Y-r., E.L. Schmidt, and K.K. Olsen. 1998. Effect of compression of green wood chips on conidial germination and colonization of a biopulping fungus Phanerochate chrysosporium. Wood and Fiber Sci. 30(1): 18-26.
- Nutsubidze, N., S. Sarkanen, E.L. Schmidt, and S. Shashiranth. 1998. Consecutive polymerization and depolymerization of kraft lignin by Trametes cingulata. Phytochemistry 49(5): 1203-1212.
- Cassens, D.L. and E.L. Schmidt. 1998. Use of borate compounds to prevent insect damage to furniture hickory rounds with the bark intact. Forest Prod. J. 48(3): 36-37.
- Schmidt, E.L., T.L. Amburgey, and S.C. Kitchens. 1998. Mill trial confirms control of lumber graystain and sticker shadow after fumigation of southern hardwood logs with methyl bromide. Forest Products J. 48(6): 50-52.
- Schmidt, E.L., T.L. Amburgey, M.G. Sanders, and C.D. Bell. 1998. Sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigation of hardwood logs of various ages for control of lumber graystain. Forest Products J. 48(11/12): 77-80.
- Amburgey, T.L. and E.L. Schmidt. 1998. Fumigation for preventing non-biological lumber stains. Proc.: Biology and Prevention of Sapstain. Forest Products Soc. Madison, WI. p: 75-76.
- Schmidt, E.L. and T.L. Amburgey. 1998. Log fumigation prevents enzyme stain in hardwoods. Proc. 26th Annual Hardwood Symposium: Technology and Market Information for the Next Millennium. May6-8, Cashiers, NC. p: 143-145.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Revised and renewed project 43-69. Continued work with fumigants for control of enzyme stain and eradication of plant disease from logs. Performed coop trials on radiata pine fumigation in New Zealand-results not as successful as with hardwoods, but showed ability of sulfuryl fluoride to penetrate deeply into sapwood. Completed boron diffusion on aspen work to show potential for effective treatment as well as control of hickory borer on furniture hickory with bark (Purdue Univ. Coop). Completed work on kraft pulping benefits from novel compression baling biopulping method with jack pine. Completed evaluation of buried aspen chips after 20yr as road fill. 2 graduate students associated. Patents: Freeman, Highley, Schmidt, and Woods. 1997. Composition and method for controlling brown stain in wood. US Patent #5607727 (4/97).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Schmidt, et. al. 1997. Log fumigation prevents enz. stain in maple and hickory lumber. ForProd J(9):47-50.
- Schmidt and Christopherson. 1997. Effects of fumigants on red oak parenchyma cell viability.ForProd J (5):61-63.
- Schmidt. 1997. Penetration of fumigants into logs for pest eradication and stain prevention. Proc. An. Conf. On Methyl bromide alternatives. San Diego., CA. pp.90-1,2.
- Schmidt and Amburgey. 1997. Prevention of non-microbial enzymatic sapstain by log fumigation. IN: Prevention of Discolorations in Hardwood and Softwood Logs and Lumber. For. Prod. Soc. Madison, WI. p.28-29.
- Puettmann, M. and E. Schmidt. 1997. Boron dif. trt of aspen lumber. For Prod J (10):47-50.
- Schmidt, et. al. 1997. Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation of red oak logs erad. oak wilt. Holz als Roh-und Werks.6:315-318.
- Schmidt, et. al. 1997. Eval of poplar wood chips after 19 yrs burial as swamp roadway fill. ForProd J(7/8):72-74.
- Schmidt and Amburgey. 1997. Iodomethane as a methyl bromide alternative for prevention of enzyme stain in hardwoods. ForProd. J. (7/8):88-90.
- Schmidt, et.al. 1997. Reduction of kiln brown stain in radiata pine lumber after log fumigation with methyl bromide. IRG/WP/97-30129.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Focus on development of fumigation of logs to prevent enzyme stain of wood with projects including field trials of methyl iodine and vikane as methyl bromide replacements, mill trials in Indiana and Mississippi on maple, hickory, ash, hackberry and red oak. Success from all trials confirms the potential of the ESTA process for commercial application. Compression baling of green wood chips was confirmed as a biopulping process for pine as well as aspen. Decay detection in millwork can be done with minimal destruction using the Pilodyn tool if corrected for moisture content. Successful field trials with sulfuryl fluoride offers a new way to eradicate the oak wilt fungus from exported red oak logs. Three graduate students were associated with this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Schmidt,E.L. & T.L.Amburgey. (1/2/1996). U.S.PATENT #5,480,679. Prevention of enzyme mediated discoloration of wood. 8p.
- Amburgey,T.L., E.L.Schmidt, & M.G. Sanders. 1996. Trials of three fumigants to prevent enzyme stain in lumber cut from water-stored hardwood logs. Forest Prod.J. (11/12):54-56.
- Schmidt,E.L. 1996. An overview & update on fumigation of logs & lumber for pest eradication. Proc. Symp. on Importing Wood Prod.; OSU; Mar.4-6. Portland, OR: 109-112.
- Christopherson, E.R. 1996. Effects of fumigant treatment of log sections on brownstain of white pine & parenchyma kill in red oak. M.S. Thesis. U of MN Grad Sch.54p.
- Olsen,K.K. 1996. Biopulping of jack pine using the compression-baling method & white rot fungi. M.S. Thesis. U of MN Grad Sch. 67p.
- Schmidt,E.L. & K.Olsen. 1996. Compression of non-sterile green wood chips as an aid to fungal pretreatment (biopulping). (Abs.) 21st Amer. Chem. Soc. Ann. Mtg. Mar.24-28. New Orleans, LA. #141
- Schmidt,E.L. 1996. Use of the Pilodyn for decay detection in millwork. (Abs.) Ann. Mtg. Amer. Wood Preser. Assn. Preprints: 111.
- Schmidt,E.L. & T.L.Amburgey. 1996. Fumigating hardwood logs to prevent enzymatic stains. (Abs.) FPS Ann. Mtg. Bio. & Abstacts:55.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Completed work showing borates can reduce degrade from improper fire retardant treatment of plywood. Data collected from interlaboratory trials showed the methods needing refinement and reliability of the swelling test conducted for preservative treatments of millwork (a trouble spot for the window and door mfgs in the US). The compression/baling method of green wood chips was validated as a way to enhance fungal colonization of non-sterile chips for biopulping benefits. Boron treatment of aspen by diffusion was optimized to provide guidelines for commerical applications. The first report of sulfuryl fluoride as a potential phytosanitation treatment for raw wood products (oak wilt fungus eradication) resulted from a coop NAPIAP grant. Other fumigants to replace methyl bromide for kill of hardwood parenchyma were explored (as a way to prevent enzyme-mediated stain development). 3 grad students.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Continued work on patent of new fumigation concept to prevent enzyme stain of hardwoods. Success extended to other valued species (alder: coop with Forintek Canada; hickory and maple: coop with Purdue Univ.; ash, oak, hackberry: coop with MS State FPL). Began work on softwood stain prevention - approach not successful where stain occurs in heartwood region (hemlock, white pine), but some early success where major sapwood portions exist (radiata pine, NZ). Alternate fumigants being investigated. Began project to look at Vikane eradication of oak wilt fungus from red oak as alternative to methyl bromide. Sought further support for novel system to reduce degradation of fire-retardant treated plywood and other wood in FPL coop.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Completed work with new biocide combinations for millwork to find that quartenary ammonia compounds combined with TCMTB provide good protection against brown and white rot on hardwood and softwood species. Found that wood plastic composites support surface fungal growth, but are overall highly resistant to decay by standard evaluation methods; surveyed and reviewed fungal problems on hardwood composites. Continued work on new process to prevent enzyme stain of wood as well as remedial method to reduce strength loss in fire-retardant treated plywood (FPL Coop.). Began borate treatment of aspen wood. Graduate Students = 1.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Project revision submitted and approved; documented spore germination of decay fungi response to borates in wood and on common media: interesting differences exist. Novel system of use of UV sensitive dyes to assess wood decay explored: differences noted among different wood decay types at macroscale. Successful demonstration of novel process to prevent enzyme-mediated stain of hardwoods (oak, hackberry - MS State FPL Coop) - patent potential being explored. Extended knowledge of organisms important in deterioration of wood composites. Updated lab computer facilities. Graduate students = 1.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Completed trials of copper carboxylates for decay prevention; penetration problems noted. Reported on new millwork protection systems and decay problems to NWWDA; assisted in development of new standard. Aspen fuel chip project completed; found that compression-dewatering/baling of chips results in less loss in specific gravity during storage than control chips. Deterioration can be estimated by pH changes. Spore germination sensitivity to borates documented. Survey done and reported to AWPA on composite problems and preservation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Reported on the addition of a copper product as potential preservative for aspencomposites. The need for such protection in siding, sheathing was documented by case examples. A new millwork protection chemical shows excellent potential for TCMTB in this product area. Status reports on the decay remedy trials with borate rods show some depletion from exposed windows. Use of a portable infrared thermometer to help locate exterior decay showed potential. Trials to determine suitability of copperorganic complexes continue in the laboratory. 1 graduate student.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Field exposures continued on fused borate rods, shiitake yields from local hardwoods documented; waferboard preservative system using ACA added to wax emulsion showed best field durability; white rot fungus isolated which polymerizes and then depolymerizes kraft lignin; completed bioassay work on acacia bark extract, metal carboxylates, and TCMTB as wood preservatives; continued with study of fungal deterioration of hardwood baled fuel chips; explored fiber optic viewing of wood colonization by soil fungi. Two graduate student.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Continued demonstration work with fused borate rods for remedial control of wooddecay; continued work on yields of shiitake mushrooms from local hardwoods; continued work on preservative systems for aspen waferboard; continued work with fungal breakdown of kraft lignins; performed work with new cu-carboxylate wood preservatives and a new millwork preservative; participated in patent for tropical wood extract fixation as preservative for pine sapwood; updated work on exported oak log fumigation; began work on fungal deterioration of compression-dried aspen wood fuel bales. Two graduate students were associated with this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Completed M.S. project showing promise of fused borate rods for remedial controlof decay; long term field trials began. Continued work on yields of Lentinus edodes from local hardwoods. Completed work on preservative systems for aspen waferboard. Continued work with Ischnoderma breakdown of kraft lignins. Began bioassay work with three wood preservative formulations and study on deterioration in compressed and baled wood fuel chips. Early trials using fiber optic system to observe attack of wood by fungi in-situ showed instrument limitations. Three graduate students were associated with this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Completed work on resin-fire retardant system for pine and found that leaching of treatment requires wood preservative for durability. Continued work on yield of Lentinus edodes from local hardwoods. Tested chitin synthesis inhibitor as spore germination inhibitor for wood decay fungi- not particularly effective. Reported interim results on preservative systems for structural wood composites. Continued sceening fungi for degradative effects on kraft lignin fractions. Demonstrated that a new testing device (Pilodyn) has potential for field evaluation of deteriortion of composite samples. Found that remedial treatment of wood decay with boric acid crystal rods effective on recreational decks and window units of ponderosa pine. Participant as panel reviewer for USDA Wood Utilization Grant Program, August 1986. 2 graduate students were associated with this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Completed research of phytosanitary fumigation of oak wilt-infected logs for export to the European Economic Community; found that certain fungicides will prevent surface mold on fumigated oak; prior oak fumigation with methyl bromide seems to enhance colonization by the shiitake fungus. Developed test for fungus testing of aspen waferboard which more approaches types of hazard found in service. Isolated and characterized a stain fungus with extreme tolerance to penta-continuing work on potential application as biodetoxificant. Determined that C8-C10 fatty acids are potent spore germination inhibitors of wood decay fungi- an example of utility of basidiospore assay method. Established test window decay in greenhouse for evaluation of remedial treatment of decay by crystal borate rods. Continued evaluatin of ACA as a preservative system for waferboard. Continued tests on shiitake production from local wood species. Initiated project on potential of fungi to degrade
or alter fractions of kraft lignin. 3.0 GSY.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Determination of C5-C20 aliphatic acid thresholds for spore germination of wood decay fungi show most potency of C(8)-C(10) acids - a reflection of usefulness of spore assay for new wood preservatives. A graduate research assistant (M.S. degree sought) is performing a greenhouse trial on the effectiveness of sodium octaborate crystal implants to arrest and remedy decay of exterior woodwork. A study relating fungus decay with strength reductions in wood composites may lead to guides for product durability testing in this growing state industry. A graduate research assistant is studying the potential uses of ammoniacal copper arsenate as a preservative for aspen waferboard. Evaluation of a novel wood preservative-fire retardant treatment has shown that it lacks sufficient leach-resistance in its present formulation. Sucessful production of Shiitake (an edible oriental mushroom) from local MN oak species has encouraged further study on development of a state industry
from underutilized hardwoods.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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