Progress 07/01/83 to 06/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A final report on the sustainability of nematodes in the vineyard environment was submitted to the Grape Consortium East and a paper has been submitted to the Biological Control Journal. A progress report on evaluating new chemistry for the control of the grape root borer was turned in to the Grape Consortium, East 2008. Results are presented on ovicidal activity of these new compounds. Chemical evaluations for control of the Japanese beetle, foliar phylloxera and Multicolored Asian lady beetle on grapes were conducted in 2008 and published in Arthropod Management. A triangle test to evaluate wine made from grapes treated with Aza-Direct has concluded and data has been submitted to the company. The development and evaluation of control methods for Japanese beetles in the Azores is a continuing project. A new web site for organic grape production in the Eastern United States, Pest Management has been created. Information on new technologies and research results have been disseminated to communities of interest by the IPM newsletter, grape wine short course, regional meetings, bulletins and recommendation updates. PARTICIPANTS: Dan S. Fickle, Research Associate, Dep. of Entomology, OARDC/OSU Joe Kovach, IPM Program, OSU Extension Kenny Schuchter, Valley vineyards, Morrow, OH Jim Bowman, Moyers vineyard, Manchester, OH Fred Finney, Moreland Fruit Farm, Moreland, OH Roger N. Downer, Research Scientist, OARDC/OSU Sam Droege, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, MD Bill Skvarla, Harmonyhill vineyards, Bethel, OH Elli Miller, Mt. Hope, Arnie Ester, Markko vineyards, Conneaut, OH Jose Mota, Min. of Agr. Azores TARGET AUDIENCES: Local, county,state and national meetings in addition to reaching the grape growers by our grape newsletter, OGEN. TV, newspapers and research circulars often help to deliver new findings and inform extension workers as well as the general public of our efforts to manage insect pests. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The parasitic nematode H. bacteriophora, GPS11 strain has produced positive results for the control of the grape root borer and has also demonstrated sustainability in the soil. These positive results have shown that entomopathogenic nematodes can provide an alternative to conventional pesticides for control of the grape root borer and may do to their endemic stature provide a sustainable method of control of other soil dwelling vineyard pests like white grubs. Continuing research is needed in these areas. The insecticide spirotetramet (Movento) demonstrated good control over time of the foliar form of grape phylloxera and has demonstrated in greenhouse studies that it will move from the foliage to the plants root system providing a degree of efficacy on the root form of phylloxera. This new compound may be a valuable weapon for controlling the foliar and root form of this pest. Additional testing to determine efficacy results in relationship to treatment rate need to be conducted. In 2008, we evaluated the newly labeled grape insecticides dinotefuran (Venom) and rynaxypyr (Altacor) for their ovicidal activity against the grape root borer. Efficacy at current rates was minimal and additional studies addressing rates and timing need to be conducted. A study evaluating new chemistry for control of the larval stage of the grape root borer has just been initiated with efficacy results yet to be determined. The evaluation of Altacor for control of Japanese beetle on grapes has demonstrated that this pesticide is slow acting but produces good efficacy over time. The newly labeled grape insecticide clothianidin (Clutch) demonstrated good efficacy against the multicolored Asian lady beetle (MALB) on grapes. This product has a minimal harvest interval and will give grape growers a means of controlling MALB at harvest reducing the risk of producing MALB tainted wine.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Tainted juice from the Multicolored Asian lady beetle is a major economic problem for grape growers. New chemical compounds have been identified that offer some degree of protection from this unwanted pest however, questions regarding their possible affect upon the juice now have to be addressed. One such compound is Aza-Direct. To address these concerns a triangle test to evaluate wine made from grapes treated with Aza-Direct has recently been concluded and data is currently being compiled with a report forthcoming. A progress report on evaluating new chemistry for the control of the egg and larval stages of the grape root borer was submitted to the Grape Consortium East 2008. New pesticides for control of the Japanese beetle, foliar phylloxera and Multicolored Asian lady beetle on grapes were evaluated in 2008. A final report on the sustainability of nematodes in the vineyard environment was submitted to the Grape Consortium East. A new web site for organic grape production in the Eastern United States, Pest Management has been developed. Information on new technologies and research results have been updated and disseminated to communities of interest by the IPM newsletters, grower meetings, bulletins and spray guides. PARTICIPANTS: Dan S. Fickle, Research Associate, Dep. of Entomology, OARDC/OSU Joe Kovach, IPM Program, OSU Extension Kenny Schuchter, Valley vineyards, Morrow, OH Jim Bowman, Moyers vineyard, Manchester, OH Fred Finney, Moreland Fruit Farm, Moreland, OH Bill Skvarla, Harmonyhill vineyards, Bethel, OH Arnie Ester, Markko vineyards, Conneaut, OH TARGET AUDIENCES: Grape growers, vineyard managers and workers, Eastern viticulture consortium, extension specialists and colaborative researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The parasitic nematode H. bacteriophora, GPS11 strain has produced positive results for the control of the grape root borer and has also demonstrated sustainability in the soil. These positive results have shown that entomopathogenic nematodes can provide an alternative to conventional pesticides for control of the grape root borer and may do to their endemic stature provide a sustainable method of control for the larval stages of other soil dwelling vineyard pests like Japanses beetle, rose chafer, and green June beetles. Continuing research is needed in these areas. In 2008 we evaluated the newly labeled grape insecticides dinotefuran (Venom) and rynaxypyr (Altacor) for their ovicidal activity against the the grape root borer. Efficacy at current rates was minimal and additional studies addressing rates and timing need to be conducted. A study evaluating new chemistry for control of the larval stage of the grape root borer has just been initiated with efficacy results yet to be determined. The evaluation of Altacor for control of Japanese beetle of grapes has demonstrated that this pesticide is slow acting but produces good efficacy over time. The newly labeled grape insecticide, clothianidin (Clutch) demonstrated good efficacy against the multicolored Asian lady beetle on grapes. This product has a minimal harvest interval and will give grape growers a means of controlling MALB at harvest an reduce their risk in producing lady beetle tainted wine. The insecticide spirotetramet (Movento) demonstrated good control over time of the foliar form of grape phylloxera. This new compound may provide a means of controlling both the foliar and root form of this pest as it is systemic and moves up and down within the plant. The publication of a web site for pest management in organic grape production, will address the need for readily available information on establishing and maintaining organic grape production.
Publications
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle. 2008. Chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33.
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle. 2008. Chemical evaluations for control of Japanese beetle on grapes, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 33.
- Imed Dami, Shawn Wright, Doug Doohan, Celeste Welty, Roger Williams and Mike Ellis. 2008. Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide 2008. OSU Bul. 861, Ohio State University Extension Publication, Columbus.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Chemical evaluations for control of Japanese beetle, grape berry moth and Multicolored Asian lady beetle were conducted on grapes in 2007. Building a conservation approach using entomopathogenic nematodes against the grape root borer was concluded in 2007. A new study utilizing entomopathogenic nematodes for control of white grubs in the vineyard environment was initiated in 2007. Off flavoring of wine caused by Aza-Direct treated grapes was evaluated in 2007-08. Development of a method of monitoring for the Multicolored Asian lady beetle in the Great Lakes Region was initiated in 2007. Grape essences supplied by Welches and other natural compounds were tested for attractancy and repellancy to the Multicolored Asian Lady beetle in 2007.
PARTICIPANTS: Dan S. Fickle Rsearch Associate, Dept. of Entomology OARDC/OSU; In connection with this research program and information gained throuh its efforts the following training sessions for grape growers were held as educational training venues. Ohio Grape and Wine Day and Twilight Tour August 2007, Ohio Grape & Wine Conference February 12-13, 2007, North Eastern Ohio Grape School March, 2007
TARGET AUDIENCES: This program has provided educational materials and training to grape growers throughout the eastern grape growing region. It has helped them to determine their pest complex and develope pest management strategies leading to a safer and better quality crop.
Impacts
The use of entomopathogenic nematods to control the grape root borer have demonstrated efficacy results equivalent to what has been achieved with conventional pesticides and the nematodes have demonstrated sustainability in the soil profile from one season to the next. Trapping the Multicolored Asian lady beetle with yellow sticky traps has demonstrated their abiltiy to be used for beetle detection but they are not good indicators of the beetle population. Accumulation of cooling degree days as a model to predict Multicolored Asian lady beetle movement may work as a predictor of beetle movement into vineyards but additional years data will be required to correlate beetle movement with the ripening grape crop. Aza-Direct was applied to Vidal grapes and grapes were then harvested at 1,2,3,7 and 14 days post treatment. They were then crushed and made into wine. A taste panel will evaluate the wine in early 2008. Results will be used by the company to create a new product
label with rates and preharvest recommendation. Grape essences and other compounds have been evaluated for attractancy and repellancy with little evidence of any new promissing compounds. Efficacy trials have helped to provide recommendations for new pesticides which can control the grape berry moth, Japanes beetle and Multicolored Asian lady beetle. This is a great improvement over what was available in the past as most of the compounds are safer for the grower to handle.
Publications
- Ellis, M. A., Welty, C., Williams, R. N., Doohan, D., Wright, S. R., and Dami, I. E. 2007. Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide 2007. Bulletin 506-B2 (revised). OSUE/OSU. 75 pp. Peer Reviewed
- Williams, R. N., Grewal, P. S., Fickle, D. S., and Power, K. T. 2007. A Conservation approach to using parasitic nematodes against the grape root borer, with emphasis on understanding nematode sustainability in the soil profile. The 2006 Annual Report of the Viticulture Consortium East. On CD and in hard copy. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY. Pp 393-396. . .
- Williams, R. N., Fickle, D. S., and Ellis, M. A. 2007. Chemical Evaluations For Control Of Grape Berry Moth On Grapes, 2006: Arthropod Management Tests 32 (2007). Peer Reviewed.
- Williams, R. N., and Fickle, D. S. 2007. Managing The Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle In Grapes, 2006: Arthropod Management Tests 32 (2007). Peer Reviewed.
- Williams, R. N., and Fickle, D. S. 2007. Chemical Evaluations For Control Of Japanese Beetle On Grapes, 2006: Arthropod Management Tests 32 (2007). Peer Reviewed
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A cursory evaluation was made of several scarab attractants to ascertain the practicality of leaving a trap in the vineyard for the entire season to monitor both Japanese beetle and rose chafer. The rose chafer lure would be first followed by the Japanese beetle attractant. The same trap does well for both. This trial will be continued another season. A number of bioassay trials have been conducted during the year to evaluate new candidate repellents and insecticides which can be used by our growers to manage the Multicolored Asian lady beetle at harvest time. Grape berry moth results indicated that all of the treatments were statistically better than the check, with no statistical differences within the treatments. Intrepid performed the best overall with no berry moth damage. Baythroid, Danitol, Assail and Avaunt all performed well with an average of less than one damaged cluster per replicate. For the second season in a row Assail (acetamiprid) was tested at higher
than the recommended label rate to evaluate efficacy against the grape berry moth. The rate of 5.3 oz/acre produced an average of 0.2 damaged clusters per plot which was statistically equal to all other treatments except the untreated control. Grape berry moth pressure was average in our test plots this season and no phytotoxicity was observed in this study. Triangle-test sensory data from both the Seyval and Vidal Blanc azadirachtin wine trials indicate there is a detectable sensory attribute transferred from spraying azadirachtin on the grapes into the finished wine enabling the sensory panelist to statistically distinguish a difference from the control wine containing no azadirachtin. Wines like Seyval and Vidal Blanc which exhibit a light character may be especially susceptible to this detectable by-product. It should also be noted that even though panelists were able to detect a difference in the wine made from grapes treated with azadirachtin the general consensus was that what
they were detecting was not nearly as offensive as wine contaminated with multicolored Asian lady beetle.
Impacts
Taste pannels we able to detect azadirachtin in white wines. This product was used immediately before harvest and grapes were crushed in the matter of a day or so. Efficacy trials have proven that we now have a nice arsenal of chemicals which can control the grape berry moth. This is a great improvement over what was available in the past as most of the compounds are safer for the grower to handle.
Publications
- Williams, R.N., P. Grewal, D. Fickle and K. Power. 2006. Conservation approach to using parasitic nematodes against the grape root borer, with emphasis on understanding nematode sustainability in the soil profile. The 2005 Annual Report of the Viticulture Consortium East. On CD and in hard copy. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY. Pp 337-343.
- Williams, R.N., D.S. Fickle, Celeste Welty and M.A. Ellis. Website. Insect and mite pests of grapes in Ohio and the Midwest (2006). The Ohio State University: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/grapeipm/
- Williams, R.N., D. S. Fickle and M. A. Ellis. 2006. Chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 2005. Arthropod Management Tests. http;//entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
- Williams, R. N., D. S. Fickle, T. E. Steiner and I. Dami. 2006. Sensory impact of Azadirachtin on Vidal and Seyval Blanc Wines. Wine East Vol. 34 (1): 10-14.
- Williams, R.N. 2006. Grape insects pesticide update, 2006. Ohio Grape Wine Short Course Proceedings. Wilmington, Ohio Feb. 12-14, 2006. (Report on CD). The Ohio State University. Copyrighted in 2006. Entitled: Bulletin 930.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The grape berry moth is always a formidable pest in Ohio vineyards. We compared 5 compounds and a control; Assail, Danitol, Intrepid, Capture and Imidan along with an untreated check. Results indicated that all of the treatments were statistically better than the check, but there were no statistical differences among the treatments. Danitol, our standard, and Imidan had no berry moth damage. The insect growth regulator, Intrepid and the newly labeled pyrethroid, Capture averaged less than one damaged cluster per replicate. Assail was tested at double the label rate to see if efficacy could be improved against grape berry moth. The increase in rate performed favorably allowing only an average of 1.2 damaged clusters per plot. Efficacy trials were conducted using different regimes of entomopathogenic nematodes to control grape root borer larvae in the roots of grapevines. We have compared two species of Heterorhabditis nematodes; H. bacteriophora (GPS11) and H.
zealandica and found the GPS11 to be superior. Now we are focusing on the GPS11 and believe it to have potential in the management of the root borer. Since the grape root borer has a 2-year life cycle we will be taking readings for another year. In order to determine the presence of the nemas in soil samples we use wax worm moths as hosts. Another project which was started this year was to evaluate lures to attract and trap Scarab beetles. We have developed an attractant for the rose chafer and others in our Japanese beetle lab have developed an excellent lure for the Japanese beetle. Our idea is to attract beetles of both of these species by having both lures in the traps and leave them in the field for a longer period in order to run the whole Scarab season. Rose Chafers usually begin to emerge in early June and Japanese beetle in early July. In addition, we usually get other Scarab pests so this practice should be beneficial in monitoring for the beetles and knowing when they are
present and in the case of the Rose Chafer it can reduce the population below economic thresholds when enough traps are used.
Impacts
Efficacy trials have proven that we now have a nice arsenal of chemicals which can control the grape berry moth. This is a great improvement over what was available in the past as most of the compounds are safer for the grower to handle.
Publications
- Williams, R.N. 2005. Management of Grape Insect Pests. Pages 97-116 in Dami, I., B. Bordelon, D.C. Ferree, M. Brown, M.A. Ellis, R.N. Williams and D. Doohan, eds. Midwest Grape Production Guide. Bulletin 919, The Ohio State University Press.
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle. 2005.Chemical evaluations for control of the foliar form of grape phylloxera, 2004: Arthropod Management Tests. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle and M. A. Ellis. 2005. Chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 2004: Arthropod Management Tests. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle. 2005. Bioassay evaluations for control of Japanese beetle on grapes, 2004: Arthropod Management Tests. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Management of grape root borers utilizing entomopathogenic nematodes has been an on going project for the past few years. Nematodes were not applied in the Ohio trials 2004, but the emerging borer population within experimental plots was monitored for the fourth consecutive year by counting the number of cast skins present under the vine canopy. The continued monitoring of experimental plots for adult emergence produced data that helped us to determine if we were still obtaining treatment effect from the previous years applications. In addition to the pupal case surveys soil samples were taken within a half meter of each vine trunk from each test plot. Soil samples were then combined for each plot (replicate) and placed in plastic containers along with 10 wax worm larvae (Galleria). The soil bioassays were used to determine if the nematode H. zealandica was capable of persisting in the soil profile from one season to the next demonstrating sustainability of this
nematode species. If the nematode was capable of maintaining viability in the soil we would hope to gain some degree of continued control of the grape root borer. It would also improve the economics of utilizing this biological control agent. Overall the results of the field trials utilizing the entomopathogenic nematode H. zealandica were encouraging. We obtained a control percentage ranging from 55 to 91% overall and those results compare favorably to what might be expected with the pesticide Lorsban which we know posses a high exposure risk and likely will not be available to the industry for much longer due to the EPA position regarding high risk pesticides. Insecticide trials were conducted on five of the major insect pests in Ohio - grape berry moth, grape phylloxera, rose chafer, Japanese beetle and the multicolored Asian Lady Beetle. This is part of ongoing evaluation of new compounds as they come into the market place to determine their relative safety and effectiveness by
comparing them to standards of known efficacy. Results will be reported at growers meetings this winter as well as reported in Proceedings for the Grape Wine Short Course.
Impacts
Field trials have demonstrated that that we can manage the grape root borer with entomopathogenic nematodes equally well as with the only approved chemical control, chlorpyrifos. Field and laboratory trials in 2004 allow us to tell our growers with confidence the most effective management practices for the control of the major grape insects in the vineyards of Ohio and neighboring states.
Publications
- Williams, R.N., Fickle, D.S., 2004. Chemical evaluations for control of the foliar form of grape phylloxera, 2003: Arthropod Management Tests Online. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html Peer reviewed.
- Williams, R.N., Fickle, D.S., McClure, K.B. 2004. Chemical evaluations for control of the multicolored asian lady beetle, honets and yellow jackets on wine grapes, 2003: Arthropod Management Tests Online. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html Peer reviewed.
- Williams, R.N., Fickle, D.S. 2004. Chemical evaluations for control of rose chafer on grapes, 2003: Arthropod Management Tests Online. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html. Peer reviewed.
- Williams, R.N., Fickle, D.S. 2004. Bioassay evaluations for control of Japanese beetle on grapes, 2003: Arthropod Management Tests Online. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html. Peer reviewed.
- Sandra Garces. 2004. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria and preliminary assessment of Harmonia axyridis Pallas Coleoptera Coccinellidae for the control of grape phylloxera Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae. M.S. Thesis, OSU, Columbus, Ohio. 78 p.
- Welty, C., Funt, R.C., Williams, R.N., Doohan, D., Ellis, M.A. 2004. Ohio Commercial Small Fruit & Grape Spray Guide. OSU Extension Bull. 506B2 - 68 pp.
- Williams, R.N., Fickle, D.S., Ellis, M.A. 2004. Chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 2003: Arthropod Management Tests Online. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html Peer reviewed.
- Williams, R.N., S. Garces, I. Dami, K. McClure and G. Johns. 2004. Phylloxera survey of eleven cultivars at Kingsville, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. 104-1: p. 14. Reviewed Abstract.
- Williams, R.N., D.S. Fickle and K. McClure. 2004. Control of the multicolored Asian lady beetle on grapes. Vol. 104-1: p. 14. Reviewed Abstract.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle results indicated that all of the treatments when compared to the untreated check reduced the number of beetles within the canopy at 1 hr and 24 hr post treatment. Provado produced the fewest beetles within the grape canopy at 1 hr post treatment while Assail had the fewest at 24 hr. However, there was no statistical difference. In addition to the ladybeetles there were a large number of Hornets and Yellow Jackets found feeding on the grape clusters during this study, so their numbers were combined, recorded and analyzed for treatment affect. This resulted in Provado being the only treatment that demonstrated the ability to reduce the number of Hornets and Yellow Jackets within the grape canopy at 24 hr post treatment. However, in other trials where we had counts at only a few hours after treatment we did experience fewer hornets and yellow jackets with some of the experimental compounds. A grape phylloxera survey was conducted of eleven
grape cultivars, at the OARDC Grape Research Branch at Kingsville to determine susceptibility of cultivars. The eleven cultivars considered were: Traminette, Frontenac, Chardonnay CL 76, Seyval, Concord, Pinot-Gris, Bianca, Kozma 55, Kozma 525 and Pinot Noir CL 777 and Regent. Sixteen vines were evaluated for each cultivar and the following data were recorded: total number of shoots per vine, total number the shoots infested with phylloxera and the total number of galls on two shoots per vine, chosen at random. Only galls on the apical eight leaves were cosidered on these 2 shoots. Kozma 525, Frontenac and Bianca had the highest number of infested shoots, with 77%, 75% and 73% respectively and Traminette, with 35%, was the lowest. Regent had the highest percentage of infested shoots with all of the shoots infested. Grape root borer trials were conducted at two vineyards in southern Ohio. This was the third year of field trials that were initiated to look at the feasibility of
utilizing entomopathogenic nematodes to control the larval form of the grape root borer. As a result of earlier laboratory and greenhouse bioassays the nematode Heterorhabditis zealandica was chosen as the nematode to be utilized in these field studies. In 2001, plots were established at two vineyards in Ohio and two vineyards in Georgia. Nematodes were applied to the plots in the spring and then monitored for pupal exuviae over the course of the adult activity period. We have continued treatments with encouraging results; fewer adult moths emerge from the treated plots than from the untreated controls. Due to the two year life cycle of the Grape Root Borer we will continue to evaluate the effect of multiple treatments for the next two years.
Impacts
Through our field trials in 2003 we can say with confidence that we now have approved chemicals which will provide effective removal of the lady beetles from the vineyard canopy before harvest so that the beetles will not be in the crush to give the wine an off flavor. This problem has cost the wine industry in the NE North America millions of dollars.
Publications
- Williams, R.N. and D.S. Fickle. 2003. Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Repellant Response To Chemical Products On Grapes In The Laboratory, 2002 A: Arthropod Management Tests. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
- Williams, R.N. and D.S. Fickle. 2003. Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle Repellant Response To Chemical Products On Grapes In The Laboratory, 2002 B: Arthropod Management Tests. http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html (reviewed).
- Williams, R.N. 2003. Multicolored Asian lady beetle management. Proceedings in Viticulture 2003 (2): 161-163.
- Headings, M. and R.N. Williams. 2003. Attraction of multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, to extrafloral nectaries of mung beans. Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. 103 (1): p. 26. (Abstract) (reviewed).
- Williams, R.N., P. Grewal, D.S. Fickle, J. Dutcher. 2003. Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to the Grape Root Borer. Proceedings of the Viticulture Consortium East. Cornell University Horticultural Series 20: 229-231.
- Williams, R.N. and D.S. Fickle. 2003. A beneficial turned pest: the multicolored Asian lady beetle. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 54(2): 139A (Abstract)
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The past season was quite unusual in many ways which had a great influence on pest abundance and severity. The extremely wet May and ultra dry summer months played an important role in: the least number of Japanese beetles in over 25 years, extremely low populations of multicolored Asian lady beetles, and the worst grape berry moth outbreak in memory. In 2001 we had good results with the new microencapsulated sprayable pheromone for the grape berry moth. However, in 2002 the sprayable pheromone did not perform well. For the first time we did not have enough Japanese beetle damage to rate the efficacy of experimental insecticides. Last year we noticed that rose chafer traps with their lures located on top horizontally captured more beetles than those with lures placed vertically on the trap fin. We initiated studies to compare lure orientation utilizing the rose chafer attractant furnished by Great Lakes IPM. Treatments were replicated 12 times in a randomized block
design and traps were emptied at 3 to 4 day intervals. Weekly collections did not show a statistical difference but did indicate on average more beetles were being collected in those traps having horizontal lure orientation. Results demonstrated that lure orientation does affect trap catch. Horizontal placement of the lure on top of the trap allows for better attractant dispersal and in turn yielded slightly higher numbers of beetles captured. Improved insect resistance as a byproduct of vermicompost amended soils was addressed in a greenhouse study. In order to determine if vermicompost treated vines were more resistant to the establishment of the root form of grape phylloxera; all vines were infested with phylloxera at the onset of this study. The incidence of phylloxera on the roots was assessed when the vines were removed from their pots at the end of the study. Results were somewhat surprising. There were no statistical differences between non-fertilized and vermicompost treated
vines. However, the incidence of phylloxera on the roots of those treated with commercial fertilizer was significantly reduced from the other treatments. Studies to determine the efficacy of nematodes in the management have been continued in southern Ohio and Georgia. Results continue to be encouraging for this type of control. The two-year life cycle of the grape root borer necessitate that trial be conducted over a period of years.
Impacts
Rose chafer sampling can be enhanced by positioning the artificial attractant horizontally on top of the trap. Thus, the lure can be enhanced by 25 percent with a slight change in the monitoring technique.
Publications
- Heath, J.J., R. N. Williams, and P. L. Phelan. 2002.Aggregation and Male Attraction to Feeding Virgin Females in Macrodactylus subspinosus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Environ. Entomol. 31(6): 934-940.
- Williams, R.N. and D.S. Fickle. 2002. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, a new pest of grapes. The Maryland Grapevine. 22(3): 9-11.
- Williams, R.N. and D.S. Fickle. 2002. The multicolored Asian lady beetle attacks grapes. The Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course Proceedings. Horticulture and Crop Science Series 726: 116-120.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis, D.S. Fickle. 2002. Bioassay evaluations for toxicity to multicolored Asian lady beetle, a new pest of grapes, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests (Online). http://entsoc.org/pubs/index.html
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
During the growing season we evaluated the use of sprayable grape berry moth pheromone as a technique to confuse males so that they could not locate and mate with females inside the vineyard. To access the effectiveness of the mating disruption pheromone sprays at preventing berry moth damage, bunch surveys were conducted on August 20 and September 11. These were conducted by randomly choosing 100 grape bunches in each of the treated and untreated vineyards and subsequently examining them for grape berry moth damage. The percent of damaged clusters found on Aug 20 in the treated vineyard was 1%; and for the untreated vineyard was 10%, while the survey conducted just prior to harvest produced a rate of 2% damage in the treated vineyard and 57% in the adjacent untreated vineyard. The USDA regulations set a threshold for cluster damage by berry moth of 6% for juice and wine grapes and 2% for table grapes. At harvest our treated vineyard was well within the 2% damage
limitations and was very encouraging for this new product. We plan on testing it again next season to see if it continues to produce favorable results. However, the grower will need to weigh the pros and cons of having to make two, three, or more applications per season. With an increased number of fruit and vegetable growers asking about less dependency on broad spectrum pesticides we feel that this technology should be examined closely. The grape root borer has been surveyed for many years at a few specific locations to determine emergence and severity of the population that is cyclical in nature. In Warren County the first adults appeared the first week of July and activity ended by August 21 with a total of 260 males trapped, down from the 504 trapped in 2000, but close to the 16-year average of 277. We initiated an experiment to compare the commercially available rose chafer attractant from Great Lakes IPM with the same attractant formulated by the Small Fruit Lab at OARDC. When
the orientation of the traps was the same the trap catches were comparable.
Impacts
The use of sprayable grape berry moth pheromone has the potential of avoiding chemical sprays to control grape berry moth. Growers will need to weigh the pros and cons of multiple applications per season.
Publications
- Williams, R.W., and D.S. Fickle. 2001. Bioassay evaluation for control of rose chafer on grapes, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, 2001. Vol. 26 Small Fruit L2.
- Heath, J.J., R.N. Williams, P.L. Phelan. 2001. High light intensity: a critical factor in the wind-tunnel flight of two scarabs, the rose chafer and Japanese beetle. J. Chem. Ecology 27(3):419-429. Peer reviewed.
- Ellis, M.A., O. Erincik, R.N. Williams, and L.V. Maden. 2001. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Grape Black Rot, 2000. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. Vol. 55:96.
- Williams, R.W., M.A. Ellis, and D.S. Fickle. 2001. Biorational chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, 2001. Vol. 26 Small Fruit C5.
- Williams, R.W., and D.S. Fickle. 2001. Chemical evaluations for control of the eastern grape leafhopper on grapes, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, 2001. Vol. 26 Small Fruit C6.
- Williams, R.W., and D.S. Fickle. 2001. Chemical evaluations for control of the foliar form of grape phylloxera, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests, 2001. Vol. 26 Small Fruit C7.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Pesticide efficacy was studied to find alternatives for Penncap-M and other broad-spectrum insecticides which are easier on the beneficial insects and less toxic to the applicators has been very promising. We have found that by using a higher rate of imidacloprid we not only get good control of grape leafhopper but also good control of rose chafer and the leaf form of the grape phylloxera. We have also found that Fenpropathrin does a nice job in controlling rose chafer, grape berry moth and grape phylloxera. We have also had fairly good performance from biorationals being tested. Laboratory results over the past two years have proven that in the lab situation this would appear to have a chance at being a satisfactory management tool. A new group of nematodes were evaluated in the laboratory for activity against the larvae and one was quite effective in infecting the pest larvae. In 2000 we determined that the efficacy of these nematodes under greenhouse conditions was
very promising. Field trials will begin in 2001. Our long-term goal is to replace broad-spectrum insecticides with biocontrol agents or biorationals. Grape root borer (GRB) is a major insect pest in Ohio. For many years it has been confined to the vineyards south of I-70 and Columbus. This year GRB was reported from 3 different vineyards north of I-70. Two of those were reported sightings in vineyards near Lima. So our root borer problem on grapes seems to have taken a radical turn for the worst. The only legal pesticide for its control is Chlorpyrifos which is under a lot of pressure as it is a widely used organophosphate. EPA is closely scrutinizing this group of insecticides due to heavy use on food crops and around the home. Thus, biocontrol with nematodes is a possible non-chemical alternative. A study has been conducted to determine biological and behavioral date on the rose chafer on grapes. Evidence for an aggregation pheromone in the rose chafer has been demonstrated for the
first time. This was the work of a graduate student who just finished is Master of Science degree.
Impacts
Through testing biorational insecticides and making improvements in insect attractants we are striving toward the goal of making the production of grapes a more sustainable crop with fewer pitfalls than the broad spectrum insecticides so heavily relied on in the past. We are definitely making progress in this direction.
Publications
- Heath, J.J., R.N. Williams, P.L. Phelan. 2000. Evidence for an aggregation pheromone in the rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Annual Meeting Entomological Society of America. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. December 3 - 6, 2000.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis and D.S. Fickle. 2000. Biorational chemical evaluations for the control of grape berry moth on grapes, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 25: 70.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis and D.S. Fickle. 2000. Biorational chemical evaluations for the control of Japanese beetle on grapes, 1999. Arthropod Management Tests. Vol. 25: 70-71.
- Williams, R.N. and D. S. Fickle. 2000. Control strategies for soil insects in the vineyard. Proceedings Ohio Grape Wine Short Course. Horticultural & Crop Science Series 703: 126-129. The Ohio State University.
- Williams, R.N. & D.S. Fickle. 2000. Integrated Pest Management of Grapes in Ohio. International Congress of Entomology. Foz do Iguaqu, Brazil. August 20-26, 2000.
- Williams, R.W., P. Grewal and J. Meyer. 2000. Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Grape Root Borer. Proc. Viticultural Consortium - East. Cornell University. 2000: 267-274.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
One of the major insect pests in Ohio is the grape root borer. The only legal pesticide for its control is Lorsban (Chlorpyrifos) which is under a lot of pressure as it is an organophosphate. EPA is closely scrutinizing this group of insecticides due to heavy use on food crops and around the home. Thus, biocontrol with nemas is a possible non-chemical alternative. Laboratory results over the past two years has proven that in the lab situation this would appear to have a chance at being a satisfactory management tool. A new group of nematodes were evaluated in the laboratory for activity against the larvae and one was quite effective in infecting the pest larvae. Next we will determine the efficacy of this nema under greenhouse conditions in a pot study followed by a field study. Our long-term goal is to replace broad-spectrum insecticides with biocontrol agents or biorationals. EPA/FQPA announced in August that our most used pesticide in grapes, Penncap-M, will be
eliminated for use on grapes effective January 1, 2000, thus we are looking for effective replacements. We began a new project to evaluate biorationals against grape pests in 1998 and continued in 1999. The objective of these studies is to reduce reliance on broad spectrum O.P.s and Carbamates that are already on the chopping block. Progress is being made but as of yet we have not found a comparable replacement. The rose chafer child safety study was initiated in 1999 to evaluate child safety packaging for the rose chafer lure. Lures consisted of Poly-Con deodorant dispensers loaded with the attractant. Childproof lure dispensers with 3, 4, 6, and 13 holes were furnished by Great Lakes IPM Vestaburg, MI. Dispensers with 2 holes and no holes (open entirely) were also tested. The hole diameter in dispensers furnished by Great Lakes IPM was 2.5 mm, while the 2 hole dispensers had 5.5 mm diameter holes. The no holes dispensers were open exposing the entire surface of the attractant. A
total of six treatments (2, 3, 4, 6, 13 and an open lid) were evaluated for their ability to attract rose chafer adults. Attractant dispensers were placed in the top of Catch-CanTM Japanese beetle traps. Each treatment was replicated twice in a randomized block design. Traps were placed in the field on 21 May and checked weekly until the end of adult activity 13 Jul. The number of beetles captured per trap was recorded weekly and traps (treatments) were re-randomized within each block. Results demonstrated that the 13-hole dispenser attracted on average more beetles (61.9) than all other configurations. It was statistically better than the 3-hole dispenser, which captured the least number of beetles (16.1). The others ranged between these. Further testing will be conducted. Pheromones for the rose chafer Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fab.), oriental beetle Anomala orientalis (Water.), and Japanese beetle Popillia japonica (Newman) were evaluated at three sites in Ashtabula Co., Ohio.
Results indicated that all three-scarab pheromones successfully attracted their target species. Combining these pheromones into one trap did not interfere with their ability to attract the different species of beetles.
Impacts
Through testing biorational insecticides and making improvements in insect attractants we are striving toward the goal of making the production of grapes a more sustainable crop with fewer pitfalls than the broad spectrum insecticides so heavily relied on in the past. We are definitely making progress in this direction.
Publications
- Williams, R.N., D.S. Fickle, and C. Gertz. 1999. Monitoring and control of grape pests in Ohio vineyards with insect attractants. Proc. Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course. Pp. 109-110.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis, and D.S. Fickle. 1999. Biorational chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 24: 74-75.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis, and D.S. Fickle. 1999. Biorational chemical evaluations for control of Japanese Beetle on grapes, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 24: 74-75.
- Welty, C., R. Funt, R.N. Williams & M.A. Ellis. 1999. Ohio Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Guide 1999. Bulletin 506 B. The Ohio State University, Columbus. 38 pp.
- Ellis, M.A., R.N. Williams, and L.L. Wilson. 1999. Evaluation of fungicides for control of grape black rot, 1998. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 1998. Vol. 54: 73.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Biorationals were studied to determine their efficacy against the major grape insect pests. The goal of this study was to determine if they might be acceptable alternatives to some of the broad-spectrum pesticides now in use. We know that with the new FQPA regulations that EPA will have to enforce these new standards. Insecticides included in these trials were: Provado, Neemix, MVP II, Naturalis L, Spinosad, Pyrellin, the standards; Sevin and Sevin plus M-Pede, along with an untreated control. These compounds were evaluated against two of our major pest in Ohio vineyards: grape berry moth and Japanese beetle. Results indicated that Sevin was effective against both of these pests. Provado and MVP II followed by Naturalis L, were the most effective of the biorationals against the Japanese beetle; and MVP II and Spinosad were the most effective biorationals against the grape berry moth. Trapping-out studies were continued for the rose chafer and grape root borer. In both
cases we were able to show an advantage to conducting this effort. In the case of the rose chafer there is no longer a need to apply insecticides for control. However, the grape root borer results were not so uniform. One location results look very promising while at another we gained only a small advantage by trapping. In Warren Co. where we have had the greatest success in trapping-out the grape root borer we started in 1987 collecting a total of 577 moths in the season, whereas from 1991 to 1998 we never caught more than 85 moths during a season. The other vineyard is in Adams Co. adjacent to the Ohio River. At this southern location the numbers caught in a season varies widely and there does not seem to be a trend toward reducing the population. We believe that some may be flying across the river. During the past year studies have been initiated to study alternative controls for the grape root borer and the grape phylloxera.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ellis, M.A., R.C. Funt and R.N. Williams. 1998. Pesticides used in commercial Ohio strawberry plantings in K.A. Sorensen, W.D. Gubler, N.C. Welch, and C. Osteen, eds. The Importance of Pesticides and Other Pest Management Practices in the U.S. Strawberry Production U.S.D.A. National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, Doc. No. 1-CA-97. 244pp.
- Williams, R.N., M.A. Ellis, and D.S. Fickle. 1998. Chemical evaluations for control of grape berry moth on grapes, 1997. Arthropod Management Tests. 23: 54.
- Ellis, M.A., R.N. Williams, and L.L. Willson. 1997. Evaluation of fungicides for control of grape black rot, 1996. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. 52: 79.
- Ellis, M.A., R.N. Williams, and L.L. Willson. 1998. Evaluation of fungicides for control of grape black rot. 1997. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. 53: 95.
- Sanchez, G., and R.N. Williams. 1998. Evaluation of Phytoseilus persimilis as biocontrol for tetranychid mites in raspberries. Page 15 in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the IPM CRSP: Integrated Pest Management in Non-Traditional Export Crops. 3:47.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Monitoring of Grape Berry Moth with pheromone traps was conducted at vineyards in 4 counties. Numbers of GBM trapped in Northern Ohio were very high. However, they were not indicative of the amount of damage to the fruit. In Southern Ohio almost no GBM's were trapped. Bunch damage is important in determining need for treatment. It appears that in Southern Ohio response to the pheromone is very poor and scouting is needed to determine GBM presence. This is the second year of a study comparing the benefits of IPM versus a conventional spray program. The objective of this research is to find the lowest possible cost for fungicides and insecticides that will provide acceptable insect and disease control without adverse effects on vine physiology, vigor, and wine quality. Results indicated that both the IPM and conventional spray program provided acceptable control. Grape Root Borer is a pest primarily of Southern Ohio. Research efforts for this pest consist of monitoring
the population with pheromone traps, assessing the effectiveness of utilizing the IsomateGRB pheromone ties to disrupt the mating behavior of the GRB, mass trapping of the adult male population, assessing root stock resistance and chemical control. Mating disruption utilizing the Isomate-GRB ties has been conducted at two Southern Ohio vineyards for several years now with mixed results. Pupal case surveys are taken in August after pheromone trapping has indicated a peak in the emerging adult population.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- WILLIAMS, R.N., and D.S. FICKLE. 1997. Phylloxera - a threat to Ohio vineyards. Proc. Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course. Ohio State University/OARDC: Hort. Dept. Series 677:59-61.
- WILLIAMS, R.N. and D.S. FICKLE. 1997. Grape insects - identification and control. Proc. Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course. Ohio State University/OARDC: Hort. Dept. Series 677:46-48.
- PHELAN, P.L. and R.N. WILLIAMS. 1997. Studies on the Raspberry Crown Borer Sex Pheromone. Proc. Ohio Fruits and Vegetable Growers Congress. Toledo. pp. 114-116.
- ELLIS, M.A., R.N. WILLIAMS and L.L. WILSON. 1997. Evaluation of fungicides for control of grape black rot, 1996. Fungicide and
- WILLIAMS, R.N. and M. ELLIS. 1997. An introduction to Integrated Pest Management for Grapes. Ohio State University Extension Production. (30 min. video)
- WILLIAMS, R.N., ET AL. 1997. Grape insects and their management. pp. 125-139, in Funt, R.C., M.A. Ellis, C. Welty (Eds.) Midwest small fruit pest management handbook. Bulletin 861. Pub. by the Ohio State
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
This was the first year of a multiyear study to evaluate grape production on thebasis of minimal chemical inputs. Trials were cooperative involving specialists in Entomology, Plant Pathology and Viticulture. Baseline data were gathered this year on a block of Seyval grapes at the Grape Branch of OARDC and will be used for future comparisons. Field and greenhouse studies continued on the evaluation of Ethoprop for control of grape root borer and phylloxera. The grape root borer is a primary pest in the southern half of Ohio. Results thus far indicate ethoprop suppresses the root form of the phylloxera and is a lethal barrier to neonates and mature larvae of the grape root borer as they attempt to enter or emerge from the soil in the vineyard. Chemical trials were evaluated in 1996 for the control of grape berry moth, Japanese beetle, and grape leafhopper. Of particular interest was a comparison of imidacloprid (labeled for grapes in 1995) and carbaryl for the control
of leafhopper. Imidacloprid plots yielded slightly fewer leafhoppers at most dates, but was not statistically different from carbaryl. Monitoring of grape berry moth and grape root borer was continued at various vineyards in the state. Grape root borer numbers were still on the rise in some vineyards indicating a cyclic effect which is not unusual in insects.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- WILLIAMS, R.N., M.S. ELLIS, AND D.S. FICKLE. 1996. The Grape Root Borer: a plague in Southern Ohio; life history and control. Proc. Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course. OARDC Horticulture Department Series 647. pp. 108-111.
- WILLIAMS, R.N. AND M.S. ELLIS. 1996. Ohio grape IPM pesticides (insecticides andfungicides). Proc. Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course. OARDC Horticulture Department Series 656. pp. 1-6.
- WILLIAMS, R.N. AND D. S. FICKLE. 1996. Chemical evaluations for control of GrapeErineum Mite, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996 Vol. 21:65.
- WILLIAMS, R.N., M.A. ELLIS, D.S. FICKLE, AND M.S. ELLIS. 1996. Chemical evaluations for control of Grape Berry Moth on grapes, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996 Vol. 21:65.
- WILLIAMS, R. N., AND D.S. FICKLE. 1996. Chemical evaluation for control of the Eastern Grape Leafhopper on grapes, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996 Vol. 21:66.
- WILLIAMS, R.N., M.A. ELLIS, D.S. FICKLE AND M.S. ELLIS. 1996. Chemical evaluation for control of Japanese Beetle on grapes, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests: 1996 Vol. 21:66.
- ELLIS, M.A., R.N. WILLIAMS, AND L. L. WILSON. 1996. Evaluation of fungicides forcontrol of Grape Black Rot, 1995. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. 1996 Vol. 51:65.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Insecticide trials were conducted in 1995 for control of the grape erineum mite,Japanese beetle, grape berry moth and grape leafhopper. Sevin was the only chemical to provide adequate control of the grape erineum mite. Extended control of the Japanese beetle was provided by Sevin, Guthion, Penncap-M and 2 experimental compounds. Good seasonal control of grape berry moth was obtained with Penncap-M. The grape leafhopper was best controlled by a new compound (Provado) which was just labeled for grapes in 1995. Monitoring of the grape berry moth population with pheromone traps was conducted at various vineyards in N.E. and Southern Ohio. As is the case in normal years, berry moth pressure in Northern Ohio vineyards was greater than that of southern Ohio where numbers were relatively low. Grape root borer was also monitored in Southern Ohio with pheromone traps. Collections of male root borers were up slightly at a couple of sites and average at the others. Studies to
determine the efficacy of Mocap against the root form of grape phylloxera and the grape root borer were initiated in 1995. These studies will be conducted over the next 4 years and will evaluate the physiological response of the vines to multiple year treatment with Mocap. Preliminary results indicate that Mocap has the ability to suppress the root form of grape phylloxera and to provide a lethal barrier against emerging adults and newly hatched larvae of the grape root borer.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
This was the fourth year of an ongoing study to determine the feasibility of mass trapping of the adult male grape root borers utilizing pheromone traps in several Southern Ohio vinyards. Results continue to show a reduction in the population. 1994 was the sixth year of grape root borer mating disruption studies using pheromone ties in several Southern Ohio vineyards. Although there was a slight increase in overall borers trapped, none were captured within the treated area. A study was initiated to determine whether dark green plastic funnel trap (Unitrap) would be more efficient in trapping grape root borers than the, currently used, sticky trap (1C Pherocon). The Pherocon traps caught ten times more grape root borers than the Unitrap. Grape berry moth mating disruption studies using pheromone ties were conducted at several vineyards in Northern and Southern Ohio. Late season bunch surveys indicate infestations higher than threshold levels suggesting the ties are not
effective. A survey of Concord and Clinton roots in an experimental vineyard in Wooster, Ohio was conducted at different depths to determine whether Phylloxera were present and how deep they occur. Results indicate the presence of Phylloxera at depths of between 30 and 90 cm on the Concord roots and to a depth of 30 cm on the Clinton roots. All stages of the insect (adults, crawlers, and eggs) were present on the roots of both cultivars.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Control of grape root borer by trapping out. This was the third year of an ongoing study to determine the feasibility of mass trapping of the adult male root borers utilizing pheromone traps. Results continue to show that we are having the desired effect upon the population. A cooperative study in mating disruption utilizing grape root borer pheromone ties was continued at several southern Ohio vineyards. No males were captured within treated vineyards. Moths trapped outside of the treated area continued to show a downward movement in the overall root borer population. An ongoing study looking at the feasibility of utilizing the insecticide Mocap for control of grape root borer was continued in 1993. Grape berry moth mating disruption studies utilizing pheromone ties were conducted at various commercial vineyards. This was the first year we tried two applications of ties to control this pest. Results from applying two applications of berry moth ties were little better
than those achieved with just one. Chemical evaluation for control of Japanese beetle, grape berry moth, and grape phylloxera were conducted with several new experimental compounds ranging from new synthetic pyrethroids to new more environmentally friendly insecticides.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
An IR-4 residue study was conducted for a new bird repellant, methyl anthranilate, at our experimental vineyard of Seyval grapes. Experiments were conducted in various parts of the state to determine efficacy of treating vineyards with Isomate-Grape Berry Moth (GBM) pheromone ties to cause mating disruption. Of the 5 sites studied all showed reduced numbers of moths caught within the study area. This was the second year of a study to eliminate rose chafers in infested areas by surrounding the vineyard with multiple traps. The practice is yielding positive results as populations are diminishing. Chemical evaluations for control of the grape berry moth, Japanese beetle and grape phylloxera were conducted with a variety of experimental compounds ranging from synthetic pyrethroids to insect growth regulators. A cooperative study was continued to examine mating disruption of grape root borer adults in Southern Ohio using artificial sex pheromone. One hundred pheromone
dispensers were used per acre. In addition, three traps were placed in each block to monitor male activity within the area. No males were caught within these areas. However, outside males were caught. Insecticide trials with Mocap were continued. Additional studies with the grape root borer included a trial to eliminate this insect by trapping out. A number of sticky traps were used to effectively pull down the population over several seasons. Populations of GRB within a vineyard were estimated by counting cast skins.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
This is the second year that I have worked with the confusion/disruption technique to control grape berry moth. Experiments were conducted in N. Kingsville, Conneaut, Moreland and Wooster. This (1991) was the first year since EPA approval of the Shin Etsu ties now called Isomate-GBM. In order to be sure that dosage was effective, we used 400 ties per acre in all of our tests and in addition used additional ties for the equivalent of two rows around each vineyard. Control was about what is expected for normal thresholds which can be tolerated. Insect growth regulators were evaluated, along with conventional chemicals for the control of grape berry moth. Some of these IGR compounds tested are still experimental and gave good control. All compounds were significantly superior to the untreated control on September 6, the last evaluation. Insect growth regulators were equal in protection to standard insecticides. This was a very unusual growing season for grapes, being warm
much earlier than usual and very dry. This is the fourth year of a cooperative project to study feasibility of the disruption of grape root borer adults with their artificial sex pheromone. One hundred Shin Etsu rope tie pheromone dispensers were used per acre. In addition, three Pherocon IC traps were placed in each vineyard block to monitor adult male activity within the area. No males were caught within these areas. There seems to be a general decline in the number of pupal skins found in the fall.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
A new IPM program was begun on a one acre experimental block of 'Concord' grapesat Wooster in cooperation with the viticulturist and the plant pathologist. The main insect pest of concern was the grape berry moth. To control this pest we applied 250 Shin Etsu ties (Biocontrol GBM Rope) per acre. Control was fair. Minimal use chemicals were a goal for all pests, including weeds and diseases. A study was conducted to determine extent of feeding damage caused by rose chafer on 'Concord' and 'Niagara' grapes. Conducted in 1989 and 1990, results indicated that as few as 6 beetle-days resulted in approximately 30% yield reduction in both cultivars. In addition, significant linear relationships allow us to predict the average yield loss over a wide range of rose chafer population densities. A cooperative project to utilize the pheromone confusion technique to control grape root borer in commercial vineyards was begun in 1988 and is being continued. Again in 1990 we did not
catch any male moths within the treated block, but did outside the area. This project will be continued. Insecticide evaluations were conducted for control of the grape berry moth, Japanese beetle and grape phylloxera. All chemical treatments had lower phylloxera and grape berry moth populations than the check. The Japanese beetle tests were evaluated by bioassay studies. All dates (1-6 days) were significantly different from checks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
This past season was the second year of a cooperative project in Ohio, Arkansas,Georgia & North Carolina to determine the merits of utilizing the pheromone confusion technique to control root borer in commercial vineyards. This is a long term study which will require intensive monitoring over several seasons. Monitoring for grape root borer inside & outside of commercial vineyards with pheromone has yielded fewer males in 1989. We will not know the true picture for several years but believe that the drought of 1988 may have taken a heavy toll on root borer populations. Preliminary results on the use of Lorsban & plastic mulch in commercial vineyards looks promising but need further studies over a longer period of time. A two year rose chafer damage study was initiated in 1989 to determine the damage caused by feeding of adults on grape blossoms in the spring. We conducting this study on two American juice cultivars, 'Niagara' & 'Concord'. A test was conducted to
evaluate pesticides for the control of Erineum mite on grape foliage. This mite is particularly severe in vinifera vineyards where few chemicals are used.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
In the northeastern corner of the state we have growers with grave problems withthe grape Erineum mite. This tiny eriopyhid mite overwinters in bud scales & is ready to excelerate reproduction as new foliage is produced in the spring. Several compounds have been tested for efficacy but to date we have not found a miticide that is significantly superior in control. A new grape root borer project was initiated in 1988 to evaluate efficicay & practicality of the confusion/disruption technique in controlling this pest. The project will be replicated as closely as possible in four states of which Ohio is the most northerly. Pheromone impregnated grape ties were placed in the experiemental vineyards early & monitored weekly throughout the season. This new pheromone is a useful tool to monitor for the root borer. Control of the root borer is being attempted through the use of Lorsban at two rates, heavy plastic mulch. This problem only exists in southern Ohio. Grape
phylloxera caused pea-sized galls on grape foliage & in extreme cases when an infestation is severe, leaves may be so gnarled that they are not recognizable as grape leaves. A graduate student is studying the effects of phylloxera galls on grape foliage. Various parameters are being measured to evaluate detrimental effects of phylloxera galls to the vine and its production of fruit. Grape berry moth surveys continue to be useful in determining population peaks and distribution in various vineyards.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Pesticide evaluation trials conducted to control the erineum mite on grapes showed that Sevin XLR was more effective than Vendex 4L or Thiodan 50 WP. When comparing efficacy of two rates of Danitol to Sevin XLR for protection from Japanese beetle feeding, the higher rate of Danitol was best. Likewise, Danitol gave better control of grape berry moth. Long term investigations were initiated this season to determine best means of control for the grape root borer under Ohio conditions. Since this insect has a two-year life cycle, it will need to be conducted over a period of several years. This season 98 traps were run over a wide area of the State to better define distribution and flight activity. A laboratory study has recently been completed which determined the mortality of first instar grape berry moth larvae due to dosage and size of spray droplets containing Fenpropathrin. Ninety percent larval mortality was obtained with 34.4 drops per cm of 120 um diameter.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
The purpose of this investigation is to identify the major grape pests in Ohio and to develop an integrated pest management system of control. We now have three years of data to analyze and some very interesting results are forthcoming. The trapping data for the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens will be analyzed by a day-degree method to provide growers with an accurate spray timing technique. Studies on grape berry moth control will continue to be a major emphasis since some vineyards had as many as 20% of the clusters damaged. This damage level is too high for any operation, but it is even more of a problem to growers trying to produce table grapes. We are also interested in how the berry moth may be involved in disease (Botrytis) transmission by feeding on berries. The pheromone trap data for the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris) has shown that this insect is very prevalent in southern Ohio vineyards. On two digging excursions, we have
found that the grape root borer is either killing vines outright or is providing entry points for disease organisms. The cultivars Chambourcin, De chaunac and Niagara were found to be susceptible to this pest. Our survey has shown that the Japanese beetle is causing extensive damage to leaves late in the season in some areas. Since research on fruit crops has shown that damage to leaves can affect repleate bloom, we would like to determine the effects of Japanese beetle feeding damage to cluster production.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
The major grape arthropod pests were surveyed at each of the vineyards on a weekly basis. The pests which were the most significant in terms of damage to grapes were: Japanese beetle, grape berry moth, grape flea beetle, and European red mite. Injury due to these pests was greater in 1985 than in 1984. In addition, late season damage caused by the potato leafhopper was very striking in some northern Ohio vineyards. The presence of grape root borer adults was noted in one southwestern Ohio vineyard. Pheromone traps were set out in ten of the survey vineyards to monitor for the European grape berry moth, Eupoecilia ambiguella, with negative results. Grape rootworm was found in one vineyard in the NE corner of the state. A visiting scientist who spent 4 months with the OARDC entomology department was most productive in working out research techniques for future studies with the root form of the grape phylloxera. It was shown that through laboratory and greenhouse
studies, differences in susceptibility could be determined. Preliminary findings indicate that Vitis vinifera ('M. Thurgau') is more susceptible than 'SO(4)', and that 'Seyval Blanc', is the most resistant of the three. Field collections of grape berry moth larvae were made during late summer and early fall 1985 to determine relative abundance and frequency of larval parasitoid species.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
The purpose of this investigation is to develop an integrated pest mangement system for arthropods which are economically damaging to grapes in Ohio. Research for the first year involved setting up a trapping program at 12 selected commercial vineyards throughout the state. The major grape arthropod pests were monitored on a weekly basis during the growing season in these vineyards. The following pests were included in the survey: grape berry moth, Japanese beetle, redbanded leafroller, grape phylloxera, grape flea beetle, grape cane girdler, grape cane gallmaker, grape leafhoppers, rose chafer, European red mite, and 8-spotted forester. Emphasis is being placed on identifying natural enemies of the pests. Currently, intensive investigations are being conducted on parasitoids of the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens. From field collections of E. viteana larvae made in the early fall of 1984, it has been determined that the most common parasitoid in 2nd
brood populations of E. viteana was Glypta mutica Cushman(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Studies of grape berry moth parasitoids, as well as natural enemies of the other arthropod pests, will continue.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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