Progress 07/01/10 to 06/30/15
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This effort was started in 2010. Research objectives 4 and 5 were established in 2010. Objective four was to Quantify legume nitrogen contribution to grass growth. No data was taken from this field study during the establishment year. Objective five was to evaluate the effectiveness of RyzUp Smartgrass, a dry formulation of gibberellic acid plant growth regulator to promote higher growth rates at suboptimal temperatures. Forage yield was increased by nearly 1000 lb/acre with some RyzUp Smartgrass applications. RyzUp Smartgrass increased forage yield in the spring the same amount as applying 40 unites of N/acre. Applying RyzUp Smartgrass and 40 units N/acre increased forage yield an additional 1200 lb/acre over applying either product alone. Reduced harvest frequency using falcata compared to sativa resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield with similar forage quality over a four year study. In addition, falcata was found to be similar to a grazing type sativa in both persistence and animal preference in a long term grazing study. In addition, seed increase of SD201 falcata was made in cooperation with NRCS Plant Materials Center at Rose Lake. PARTICIPANTS: Richard Leep TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
2010: The ability to move DM yield earlier in the spring or later into the fall can increase the length of the grazing season resulting in less stored feed being used and higher profits. These data showed an increased amount of early grass growth when either RyzUp Smartgrass or 40 units of nitrogen per acre were applied. 2011:Falcata cultivar SD201 breeder seed was increased in 2011 to be released as a new cultivar for certified seed production in 2012. This will provide a good alfalfa variety which can be harvested in just one or two cuttings while providing equivalent yields of commercial varieties with three to four cuttings.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Reduced harvest frequency using falcata compared to sativa resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield with similar forage quality over a four year study. In addition, falcata was found to be similar to a grazing type sativa in both persistence and animal preference in a long term grazing study. In addition, seed increase of SD201 falcata was made in cooperation with NRCS Plant Materials Center at Rose Lake. We expect to do a joint release of this cultivar in 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Private seed companies will be offered an opportunity to purchase the rights to a new Falcata cultivar in 2012. Thus, this will provide another choice of alfalfa varieties to be grown by beef producers who are interested in growing a high yielding variety with fewer cuttings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Falcata cultivar SD201 breeder seed was increased in 2011 to be released as a new cultivar for certified seed production in 2012. This will provide a good alfalfa variety which can be harvested in just one or two cuttings while providing equivalent yields of commercial varieties with three to four cuttings.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This effort was started in 2010. Research objectives 4 and 5 were established in 2010. Objective four was to Quantify legume nitrogen contribution to grass growth. No data was taken from this field study during the establishment year. Objective five was to evaluate the effectiveness of RyzUp Smartgrass, a dry formulation of gibberellic acid plant growth regulator to promote higher growth rates at suboptimal temperatures. Forage yield was increased by nearly 1000 lb/acre with some RyzUp Smartgrass applications. RyzUp Smartgrass increased forage yield in the spring the same amount as applying 40 unites of N/acre. Applying RyzUp Smartgrass and 40 units N/acre increased forage yield an additional 1200 lb/acre over applying either product alone. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The ability to move DM yield earlier in the spring or later into the fall can increase the length of the grazing season resulting in less stored feed being used and higher profits. These data showed an increased amount of early grass growth when either RyzUp Smartgrass or 40 units of nitrogen per acre were applied.
Publications
- Integrated Warm and Cool- Season Grass and Legume Pastures: I Seasonal Forage Dynamics. 2010. Hudson, Dan J. and Richard H Leep. Agronomy Journal 102:303-309. 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA.
- Challenges Describing the Relative Abundance of Grassland Birds in Grazing Studies. June. 2010. Hudson, Daniel J. and Richard H. Leep. Pland Management Network. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/fg/brief/2010/birds/
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities include data collection and analysis,using data collected in teaching forage crops, and training graduate students. Events include a field day, regional extension meeting and two conferences where results of this study were presented. A release of a selection of Medicago Sativa sub species falcata is being released based in part to this research effort. In addition, a field day, a conference, and several regional extension educational programs were used in presenting research findings of Teff as a potential summer annual forage crop. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
A change in knowledge occurred as a result of this research effort. At least 400 Michigan livestock and dairy producers are aware of the effort and potential of using an appropriate selection of Medicago Sativa sub species falcata in farming systems. Once certified seed is released, producers will take advantage of this release and plant on part of their farms for more sustainable forage systems. Less energy will be used in producing as much or more hay from the use of the new selection. Teff is now being used as an annual forage crop on farms in Southern Michigan as a result of this research effort. The research showed that Teff was well adapted to Central and Southern Michigan but not well in Northern Michigan.
Publications
- Ecogeographic Factors Affecting Infloresence Emergence of Cool Season Forage Grasses. M.H.Hall,J.M.Dillon,D.J.Undersander,T.M.Wood,P.W.Holman, D.H.Min,R.H.Leep,G.D.Lacefield,H.T.Kunelius, P.R.Peterson,N.J.Ehlke. Crop Science, 2009. Vol. 49, pages 1109-1115.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A study evaluating Medicago sativa ssp. falcata for Sustainable Hay and Grazing Systems in Michigan is in its third year. Results presented include the first two years of the study. Hay cutting and variety trials were established at the Lake City Experiment Station, the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station in East Lansing, MI. while variety trials were established at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, Chatham, MI. Treatments at each of the locations include comparisons between falcata varieties and selections which include SD 201, Yellow head, Ladak, Travois, and Spreader 3, Norcen birdsfoot trefoil, Vernal and WL 346 LH alfalfa. All sites were harvested during the first two-years of production following the establishment year. We found the SD 201 falcata was highly resistant to potato leafhopper feeding damage during establishment as well as the next two-years of production. The conventional alfalfa had a hopper burn rating of 5 (no resistance) while the SD 201 was rated as 1 (very high resistance). The potato leafhopper resistant alfalfa which is considered the best commercially available potato leafhopper alfalfa variety available was rated as 2 (high resistance). A photo of the relative resistance to potato leafhopper feeding is shown in Figure 1. In addition, at Lake City, there was a high level of resistance to alfalfa weevil feeding. Photos of alfalfa weevil feeding are presented in Figure 2. Results of the effect of cutting schedules upon dry matter yield of falcata at East Lansing and Lake City show in the one and two cutting schedules, that falcata selection SD 201 was significantly higher yielding compared to birdsfoot trefoil and WL 346 LH alfalfa at East Lansing and Lake City. In a three-cut system, WL 346 LH was the highest yielding, however, the total yield of WL 346 LH was significantly lower than the total yield of SD 201 in the two-cut system. Forage quality analysis of the harvested hay for two-years show little difference between species and are all acceptable for meeting the nutritional requirements for a 1200 pound beef cow. Falcata in mixtures with grasses persisted under moderate grazing pressure and was as palatable as sativa. Variety trials comparing falcata with sativa and sativa/falcata mixes, and Birdsfoot trefoil, were conducted in East Lansing, Lake City, and the Upper Peninsula, Results in East Lansing show falcata (SD 201) significantly higher yielding than all other species. At Lake City and Chatham there were no significant differences in dry matter yields between the falcata, falcata/sativa mixtures, or sativa while falcata was significantly higher yielding than Birdsfoot trefoil. PARTICIPANTS: Roy Black, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University Jeffrey Volenec, Purdue University Doo-Hong Min, Michigan State University Extension Tim Dietz, Michigan State University Rood Trust Fund TARGET AUDIENCES: Impacts of this study show falcata alfalfa as a perennial legume under a one or two-cutting system resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield than either birdsfoot trefoil or alfalfa harvested in one, two, or three cutting systems. This will result in a significant advantage for cow-calf producers who typically cut their forage less frequently. The use of falcata should reduce fuel usage for harvesting hay. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Impacts of this study show falcata alfalfa as a perennial legume under a one or two-cutting system resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield than either birdsfoot trefoil or alfalfa harvested in one, two, or three cutting systems. This will result in a significant advantage for cow-calf producers who typically cut their forage less frequently. Research on management of roundup ready alfalfa continues.
Publications
- S. Ann McCordick, David E. Hillger, Richard H. Leep, and James J. Kells. 2008. Establishment Systems for Glyphosate-Resistant Alfalfa. Weed Technology. Vol. 22, Issue one. Pgs. 22-29.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A progress report was given at the Forage Technology Conference held in East Lansing in the early Spring of 2007. Additionally, information on this research was shared at the Michigan Shepherds weekend in Lansing, MI in January, 2006.
PARTICIPANTS: Dan Buskirk, Doo-Hong Min, Michigan State University, and Arvid Boe, South Dakota State University
TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers, Michigan State University Extension Educators, NRCS Employees, Agri-business.
Impacts
Impacts include the potential of falcata alfalfa as a perennial legume persisting longer under grazing management resulting in better animal gains and better alfalfa persistence in pastures, thus eliminating the need to reseed as often. In addition, under a one or two-cutting system, Medicago falcata resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield than either birdsfoot trefoil or alfalfa harvested in one, two, or three cutting systems. This will result in a significant advantage for cow-calf producers who typically cut their forage less frequently. Producers will realize more income by reducing harvesting costs with fewer cuttings while maintaining equivalent or better yields.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Field trials were established in August 2001 at three locations in Michigan to study ecology of mono and binary mixtures of clovers and cool season grasses. Treatments included four improved varieties of perennial ryegrass in monoculture, Iadino white, red, and kura clovers in monoculture, and the four varieties of perennial ryegrass in a binary mixture with Iadino white, red, and kura clovers. Stand persistence, yield, and palatability were evaluated for the following grasses: Aries and Mara (diploid perennial ryegrasses), Barfort and Quartet (tetraploid perennial ryegrasses). Tekapo (orchardgrass), Duo (festulolium), and Bronson (tall fescue) were used for comparison. Grasses were rated as monocultures and as binary mixtures with Iadino white clover. Three-year results show Barfort and Mara as the better-adapted varieties to cold temperatures. Barfort and Mara had a greater amount of spring ground cover than the other perennial ryegrasses in both co culture and
monoculture. The amount of ground cover in the fall tended to be similar between the perennial ryegrass varieties. Mara appears to tiller more, which is consistent with the fact that diploid plants produce more tillers than tetraploids. Since tetraploid tillers are thicker than diploid tillers, this could explain why Barfort and not Mara tended to have the highest ground cover ratings. Mara was also one of the highest yielding treatments. This could be explained by the fact that it consistently tillered more and that diploids have higher dry matter content than tetraploids. No difference was detected between diploid and tetraploids for palatability. This was not expected, and may change as research continues. Less winter injury occurred in the perennial ryegrass grown in binary mixtures of clovers than the same grasses grown in mono culture. Kura clover showed excellent persistence with significantly higher clover content in mixtures with perennial ryegrass compared to ladino white
and red clover.
Impacts
Results of this study will provide extension agents and farmers with information on performance and adaptability of these improved varieties in the Great Lakes region. Information on species adaptability and performance as monocultures or binary mixtures will help producers make sound decisions.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Field trials were established in August 2001 at three locations in Michigan to study ecology of mono and binary mixtures of clovers and cool season grasses. Treatments included four improved varieties of perennial ryegrass in monoculture, ladino white clover in monoculture, and the four varieties of perennial ryegrass in a binary mixture with ladino white clover. Stand persistence, yield, and palatability were evaluated for the following grasses: Aries and Mara (diploid perennial ryegrasses), Barfort and Quartet (tetraploid perennial ryegrasses). Tekapo (orchardgrass), Duo (festulolium), and Bronson (tall fescue) were used for comparison. Grasses were rated as monocultures and as binary mixtures with ladino white clover. Three-year results show Barfort and Mara as the better-adapted varieties to cold temperatures. Barfort and Mara had a greater amount of spring ground cover than the other perennial ryegrasses in both co culture and monoculture. The amount of ground
cover in the fall tended to be similar between the perennial ryegrass varieties. Mara appears to tiller more, which is consistent with the fact that diploid plants produce more tillers than tetraploids. Since tetraploid tillers are thicker than diploid tillers, this could explain why Barfort and not Mara tended to have the highest ground cover ratings. Mara was also one of the highest yielding treatments. This could be explained by the fact that it consistently tillered more and that diploids have higher dry matter content than tetraploids. No difference was detected between diploid and tetraploids for palatability. This was not expected, and may change as research continues. Cold hardiness was related more to genetics of origin rather than differences between diploid versus tetraploid. Less winter injury occurred in the perennial ryegrass grown in binary mixtures of clovers than the same grasses grown in mono culture.
Impacts
Results of this study will provide extension agents and farmers with information on performance and adaptability of these improved varieties in the Great Lakes region. Information on species adaptability and performance as monocultures or binary mixtures will help producers make sound decisions.
Publications
- Leep, R.H., Dietz, T.S., Min, D.H. 2005. Cool-season Grass response to increasing Nitrogen fertilizer rates in Michigan. Proceedings of the International Grasslands Conference, Dublin Ireland, June, 2005.
- Boring, T., Leep, R., Min, D.H., Snapp, S. 2005. Integration of Potato Production, Dairy Forage and Manure Management Systems. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, Utah, November 6 - November 11, 2005.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Field trials were established in August 2001 at three locations in Michigan to study ecology of mono and binary mixtures of clovers and cool season grasses. Treatments included four improved varieties of perennial ryegrass in monoculture, ladino white clover in monoculture, and the four varieties of perennial ryegrass in a binary mixture with ladino white clover. Stand persistence, yield, and palatability were evaluated for the following grasses: Aries and Mara (diploid perennial ryegrasses), Barfort and Quartet (tetraploid perennial ryegrasses). Tekapo (orchardgrass), Duo (festulolium), and Bronson (tall fescue) were used for comparison. Grasses were rated as monocultures and as binary mixtures with ladino white clover. Three-year results show Barfort and Mara as the better-adapted varieties to cold temperatures. Barfort and Mara had a greater amount of spring ground cover than the other perennial ryegrasses in both co culture and monoculture. The amount of ground
cover in the fall tended to be similar between the perennial ryegrass varieties. Mara appears to tiller more, which is consistent with the fact that diploid plants produce more tillers than tetraploids. Since tetraploid tillers are thicker than diploid tillers, this could explain why Barfort and not Mara tended to have the highest ground cover ratings. Mara was also one of the highest yielding treatments. This could be explained by the fact that it consistently tillered more and that diploids have higher dry matter content than tetraploids. No difference was detected between diploid and tetraploids for palatability. This was not expected, and may change as research continues. Cold hardiness was related more to genetics of origin rather than differences between diploid versus tetraploid. Less winter injury occurred in the perennial ryegrass grown in binary mixtures of clovers than the same grasses grown in mono culture.
Impacts
Results of this study will provide extension agents and farmers with information on performance and adaptability of these improved varieties in the Great Lakes region. Information on species adaptability and performance as monocultures or binary mixtures will help producers make sound decisions.
Publications
- Leep, R., J. Andresen, D. Min, and A. Pollyea. 2004. Late Summer and Fall Harvest management of Alfalfa. Michigan Dairy Review. 3 pgs. At: http://www.msu.edu/user/mdr/archives/mdrvol9no4.pdf
- Min, D. and R. Leep. 2004. Carbon Sequestration, What is it in Dairy Forage Cropping Systems? Michigan Dairy Review. 2 pgs. At: http://www.msu.edu/user/mdr/archives/mdrvol9no4.pdf
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Field trials were established in August 2001 at three locations in Michigan. Treatments included four improved varieties of perennial ryegrass in monoculture, ladino white clover in monoculture, and the four varieties of perennial ryegrass in a binary mixture with ladino white clover. Stand persistence, yield, and palatability were evaluated for the following grasses: Aries and Mara (diploid perennial ryegrasses), Barfort and Quartet (tetraploid perennial ryegrasses). Tekapo (orchardgrass), Duo (festulolium), and Bronson (tall fescue) were used for comparison. Grasses were rated as monocultures and as binary mixtures with ladino white clover. Two-year results show Barfort and Mara as the better-adapted varieties to cold temperatures. Barfort and Mara had a greater amount of spring ground cover than the other perennial ryegrasses in both co culture and monoculture. The amount of ground cover in the fall tended to be similar between the perennial ryegrass varieties.
Mara appears to tiller more, which is consistent with the fact that diploid plants produce more tillers than tetraploids. Since tetraploid tillers are thicker than diploid tillers, this could explain why Barfort and not Mara tended to have the highest ground cover ratings. Mara was also one of the highest yielding treatments. This could be explained by the fact that it consistently tillered more and that diploids have higher dry matter content than tetraploids. No difference was detected between diploid and tetraploids for palatability. This was not expected, and may change as research continues. Cold hardiness was related more to genetics of origin rather than differences between diploid versus tetraploid.
Impacts
Results of this study will provide extension agents and farmers with information on performance and adaptability of these improved varieties in the Great Lakes region. Information on species adaptability and performance as monocultures or binary mixtures will help producers make sound decisions.
Publications
- Hudson, D.J., R.H. Leep, T.S. Dietz, J.D. DeYoung, D.L. Warnock, and D.H. Min. 2003. Weed control strategies for establishment of big bluestem and switchgrass (abstract and interpretive summary). Proceedings American Forage and Grasslands Conference. Lafayette, LA. pp. 44-46.
- Warnock, D.L., R.H. Leep, D.H. Min, S.S. Bughrara, and T.S. Dietz. 2003. Determining Performance of Diploid and Tetraploid Perennial Ryegrass as Monocultures and Co-cultures with Ladino White Clover. Proceedings American Society of Agronomy, Denver, CO. pp.324.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Field trials were established in August 2001 at three locations in Michigan. Treatments included four improved varieties of perennial ryegrass in monoculture, ladino white clover in monoculture, and the four varieties of perennial ryegrass in a binary mixture with ladino white clover. Stand persistence, yield, and palatability were evaluated for the following grasses: Aries and Mara (diploid perennial ryegrasses), Barfort and Quartet (tetraploid perennial ryegrasses). Tekapo (orchardgrass), Duo (festulolium), and Bronson (tall fescue) were used for comparison. Grasses were rated as monocultures and as binary mixtures with ladino white clover. The preliminary results show Barfort as one of the better-adapted varieties to cold temperatures. This was tested in both the laboratory and in field experiments. Barfort also tended to have a greater amount of spring ground cover than the other perennial ryegrasses in both co culture and monoculture. The amount of ground cover
in the fall tended to be similar between the perennial ryegrass varieties. Mara appears to tiller more, which is consistent with the fact that diploid plants produce more tillers than tetraploids. Since tetraploid tillers are thicker than diploid tillers, this could explain why Barfort and not Mara tended to have the highest ground cover ratings. Mara was also one of the highest yielding treatments. This could be explained by the fact that it consistently tillered more and that diploids have higher dry matter content than tetraploids. No difference was detected between diploid and tetraploids for palatability. This was not expected, and may change as research continues.
Impacts
Results of this study will provide extension agents and farmers with information on performance and adaptability of these improved varieties in Michigan. Information on species adaptability and performance as monocultures or binary mixtures will help producers make sound decisions.
Publications
- Leep, R., P. Jeranyama, D-H Min, T. Dietz, S. Bughrara and J. Isleib. 2002. Grazing Effects on Herbage Mass and Composition in Grass-Birdsfoot Trefoil Mixtures. Agron J. 94:1257-1262.
- Thelen, K. and R. Leep. 2002. Integrating a Double-Cropped Winter Annual Forage into corn-Soybean Rotation. Plant Management Network. Crop Management. Published 18 December 2002. ttp://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/cm/research/winterforage/
- Labarta, Ricardo, Scott M. Swinton, J. Roy Black, Sieglinde Snapp and Richard Leep. 2002. Economic Analysis Approaches to Potato-based Integrated Crop Systems: Issues And Methods. Staff Paper 2002-32. Department of Agricultural Economics. Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI. 48824
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
A study was established to study forage yield, quality and botanical compositions of Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.)-Cool season grass mixtures under rotational grazing. In addition, another study was initiated to investigate spatial and temporal dynamics of alfalfa production in relation to precision agriculture and integrated crop management systems. Seven cool-season perennial grasses were seeded into Kura clover in a rotational grazing experiment to evaluate (i) botanical composition, component, total forage yield and post grazing yield, and (ii) forage quality of binary mixtures of cool-season grass with Kura clover. Field studies were conducted on a Nester (fine sandy loam) soil at Lake City, and on Ternary (sandy loam, mixed Typic Eutroboralfs) at Chatham, MI. Botanical compositions in the second year of the study heavily favored grasses (avg. 74%) and Kura clover accounted for less than 20%. Crude protein (CP) concentration was negatively correlated
with grass composition (r = -0.69**), however, positively correlated with legume (Kura and white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) composition (r = 0.60**). Neutral detergent fiber was positively correlated with grass composition (r= 0.41**) and negatively correlated with Kura clover composition (r= -0.40**). Spatial and temporal dynamics of alfalfa research were documented using five fields, which were mapped for elevation, soil type information and partitioned into smaller units for the study. Three of the fields were established stands while the other two fields had been established in 2000. Soil samples were analyzed on a one-acre grid. Forage quality was determined from hand clipped samples from the same one-acre grid. Yield monitors were installed and calibrated on hay mowers. Dry matter yields from the monitors were compared with hand-harvested samples taken on grid system. In addition, alfalfa yield was calculated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from near
infrared aerial photographs taken prior to the second and third harvest at the Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) alfalfa fields. Potato leafhopper and alfalfa weevil populations were sampled on a one-acre grid throughout the growing season to determine their spatial patterns within alfalfa fields. Smaller replicated experiments have been established in each production field, which compares site-specific fertility management with whole field management based upon soil test values. Total yield of alfalfa at KBS was significantly correlated with available soil potassium (r = 0. 57). Alfalfa dry matter yield from yield monitors and hand-harvested samples were compared to calculated yields using NDVI from near infrared aerial photographs. Yield monitor and NDVI showed similar yield patterns within fields while hand-harvested samples did not accurately represent yield trends.
Impacts
This research will benefit Michigan alfalfa producers by generating agronomic information and economic data to provide comparisons between site-specific management and whole field management in alfalfa production. Alfalfa fertilization with P and K may be accomplished more precisely when valuable site-specific yield data is collected with hay mower yield monitors, near infrared aerial photography analysis, or satellite imagery. Knowledge of site-specific yield data can help determine approximate nutrient removal by the harvested crop.
Publications
- Leep, R.H., J. R. Andresen and P. Jeranyama. 2001."Fall Dormancy and Snow Depth Effects on Winterkill of Alfalfa." Agron. J. 93, Pgs. 1142-1148. ASA, Madison, WI.
- Jeranyama, P., R.H. Leep and T.Dietz. 2001. "Forage Yield, Quality and Botanical Compositions of Kura Clover - Cool Season Grass Mixtures Under Rotational Grazing". Beef Cattle, Sheep and Forage Systems Research and Demonstration Report. Research Report 575 Pgs. 27-35. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
A study was established to study forage yield, quality and botanical compositions of kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.)-cool season grass mixtures under rotational grazing. In addition, in the past two years we investigated spatial and temporal dynamics of alfalfa production in relation to precision agriculture and integrated crop management systems. Botanical compositions of the kura clover study in the second year heavily favored grasses (avg. 74%) and kura clover accounted for less than 20%. Crude protein (CP) concentration was negatively related with grass composition (r = -0.69**), however, positively related with legume (Kura and white clover( Trifolium repens L.) composition (r = 0.60**). Neutral detergent fiber was positively correlated with grass composition (r= 0.41**) and negatively related with kura clover composition (r= -0.40**). Crude protein (CP) concentrations of the kura-grass mixtures ranged from 10.6 to 20.7 %. This compares well with
alternative forages suggested in the north central region such as annual medics (Medicago truncatula L.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L), but is lower than alfalfa. Spatial and temporal dynamics of alfalfa research used six fields which were mapped for elevation, soil type information and partitioned into smaller units for the study. Three of the fields were already established while the other three fields were established in 2000. Soil samples were analyzed on a one-acre grid. Forage quality was determined from hand clipped samples from the same one-acre grid. Yield monitors were installed and calibrated on hay mowers. The yields from the monitors were compared with hand-harvested plots taken from grids. In addition, alfalfa yield was calculated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from near infrared aerial photographs taken prior to the second and third harvest at the Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) alfalfa fields. Potato leafhopper and alfalfa weevil
populations were also sampled on a one-acre grid throughout the growing season to determine their spatial patterns within alfalfa fields. Smaller replicated experiments have been established in each production field, which compares site specific fertility management with whole field management based upon soil test values. Total yield of alfalfa at KBS was significantly correlated with available soil potassium (r=.57). Comparisons of alfalfa dry matter yield from monitors which were installed and calibrated on hay mowers were done with hand-harvested plots taken from grids and calculated yields using NDVI from near infrared aerial photographs taken prior to the second and third harvest. Both the yield monitor and NDVI were similar in yield patterns within fields while hand harvested yields did not represent yield trends within fields. Both yield monitors and aerial photography may offer a method of nutrient management on alfalfa fields using management zones which can be created using
the yield information within fields. Both yield monitors and aerial photography may offer a method of nutrient management on alfalfa fields using management zones which can be created using the yield information within fields.
Impacts
This research will benefit Michigan alfalfa producers by generating agronomic information and economic data to provide comparisons of site-specific management and whole field management in alfalfa production. Alfalfa fertilization with P and K may be accomplished more precisely as valuable site-specific yield data is collected through the use of yield monitors installed on hay mowers, near infrared aerial photography analysis, or satellite imagery. Knowledge of yield data within a field can help determine approximate nutrient removal from the alfalfa harvest.
Publications
- Leep, R., M. McNabnay, D. Warncke, R. Brook, T. Dietz. 2000. Variability in Soil Factors in Michigan Commercial Alfalfa Fields. p. 123. Proceedings 5th International Conference on Precision Agriculture,Bloomington, MN, USA
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Research trials were established at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, Chatham, MI to evaluate alternative forage crops for use as rotational grazing crops for livestock. Alternative forages evaluated include a clover trial consisting of varieties of red clover, ladino clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and kura clover. Another trial evaluated varieties of forage chicory. In addition, a trial comparing birdsfoot trefoil varieties of norcen and steadfast grown in a binary mixture of orchardgrass was established. Each of the above trials was grazed rotationally with 3-5 grazing cycles per year over a 4-year period. Only rhizo kura clover persisted with good stands (80 percent) in the 4-year grazing study comparing clover varieties, birdsfoot trefoil and kura clover. The remaining forage varieties had stands remaining of 20 percent or less. Of two varieties of chicory evaluated under rotational grazing, puna persisted the best with a 60 percent stand while lacerta stands
averaged less than 10 percent. There was no significant difference in persistence between norcen and steadfast birdsfoot trefoil/orchardgrass binary mixtures after being grazed for 4-years.
Impacts
Livestock producers can use this information in selecting forage species which will persist better under rotational grazing, thus, saving money by not needing to re-seed pastures with legumes as often.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
The long range objectives of this research are to investigate and develop a base of information on the establishment, quality, yield and persistence of forage grasses and mixed grass-legume seedings. We have established two trials to evaluate grass cultivars grown with birdsfoot trefoil. The trials were seeded in July, 1994 and August, 1996. Perennial ryegrasses seeded in 1994 resulted insignificant winter injury which resulted in significantly reduced stands of perennial ryegrass and subsequent increase in birdsfoot trefoil component. Perennial ryegrass seeded in 1996 is still productive with no winter injury. While orchardgrass and tall fescue resulted in the highest biomass produced, both smooth bromegrass and timothy resulted in higher animal intake (forage presented - forage rejected by animals). Stand composition in the 1994 seeding was significantly different between grass species. Both orchardgrass and tall fescue had the lowest component of birdsfoot trefoil
(less than 10%) compared to smooth bromegrass and timothy (20 and 40% respectively). Volunteer common bluegrass was a significant component of smoothbromegrass, timothy, and perennial ryegrass swords representing 20% and 40% respectively. These data show there are siginificant differences between forage grass species in terms of persistence, competition with associated legume, and animal intake. Both timothy and smooth bromegrass are most compatible with birdsfoot trefoil grown in a binary mixture, however, orchardgrass and tall fescue resulted in the highest biomass yields. These studies will help provide producer information on species and cultivar selection for sustainable pasture systems in Michigan.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Leep, R.H., Isleib, J.R., and M.A. Tomecek. 1998. Evaluating Birdsfoot trefoil/grass Mixtures for Grazing. Michigan Hay and Grazier. Vol. IV. No. 1. pgs. 9-12.
- Leep, R.H., Lempke, J.R., and J.R. Isleib. 1998. Evaluations of Clover Species and Cultivars for Grazing in Michigan. Michigan Hay and Grazier. Vol. IV. No. 1. pgs. 8-9.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Forage grass and legume species were evaluated in binary mixtures with birdsfoot trefoil in a trial estalished in 1994 at Chatham, Michigan. In addition, varieties of red clover, kura clover, and birdsfoot trefoil were evaluated in studies established in 1995 at Chatham, MI. All trials were sampled for forage quality and yield prior to grazing with dairy cows. Remaining residues after grazing were subtracted from the total yield samples prior to the grazing event with the resultant forage consumed by animals reported as the pasture index. After 2 years of production, all perennial ryegrass varieties resulted in significant winter injury with remaining stands between 0 and 20 percent. Tall Fescue stands remained at 60-80 percent after 3 years. Orchardgrass, Timothy, and Smooth Bromegrass varieties stands were between 80 and 100 percent after 3 years. Yields of grass species were highest for Orchardgrass followed by Timothy, Bromegrass, Tall Fescue, and Perennial
Ryegrass. Timothy and Bromegrass were the least competitive with birdsfoot trefoil. Birdsfoot trefoil composition with Orchardgrass varieties was only 15-25 percent. The legume trials resulted in the identification of Marathon red clover as being the highest yielding variety tested with a yield of 7.8 tons/acre dry matter. Yield of common red clover was 5 tons/acre dry matter. Kura clover yield was 5.3 tons/acre dry matter, however, stands were still 100 percent after three years of grazing compared to 60 percent of Marathon red clover, which would indicate more persistence with Kura clover under grazing conditions. Two grazing trials were continued which evaluated animal response at Chatham with lactating holstein dairy cows and Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) with holstein steers to spatially replicated paddocks of birdsfoot trefoil and alflafa. Results at the KBS trial showed trends similar to the previous two years with steers gaining about 15% better on alfalfa compared to
birdsfoot trefoil. This is due in most part to the longer time the animals were able to graze alfalfa as the crop initiates growth about two weeks earlier in the spring than birdsfoot trefoil. Persistence of both legumes is still excellent after three grazing seasons. Dairy cows produced slightly more milk when grazed on alfalfa compared to birdsfoot trefoil at Chatham. Stands of both legumes are 60 percent of when the grazing study started after two years of grazing.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Leep, R. H. and W. Moline. 1997. Evaluation of grass varieties under rotational grazing. Hay and Grazier, Vol 3, No. 1.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The long range objectives of this research are to investigate and develop a baseof information on the establishment, quality, yield and persistence of forage grasses and mixed grass-legume seedings. Evaluate improved legume species and varieties for yield, quality, persistence and animal response in weight gain or milk production. Evaluate the effects of managed rotational grazing upon nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration and distribution on the landscape. We have established two trials comparing grass cultivars grown with birdsfoot trefoil. The trials were seeded in July, 1994 and May, 1995. Perennial ryegrasses seeded in 1994 showed significant winter injury which resulted in significantly reduced stands. Orchardgrass appears to be very competitive with birdsfoot trefoil by the second year of production resulting in a significantly higher proportion of grass in the sword. Tall fescue, timothy and smooth bromegrass species represent approximately 40-50%
of the sword. Lactating dairy cows grazed on either Norcen birdsfoot trefoil or Alfagraze alfalfa produced slightly less milk on pasture than previously in confinement on a total mixed ration feed. Cows grazing Norcen birdsfoot trefoil without PEG added to their feed which resulted in no tannins being bound, produced significantly less milk than cows grazing on either Alfalfagraze alfalfa or Norcen birdsfoot trefoil with PEG in the ration.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- LEEP, R. H., PALING, J.S. 1996. Alfalfa varieties for Michigan. MSU File #22.331.
- DYSINGER, K., CHAMBERLAIN, M., LEEP, R., HARPSTEAD, D. 1996. Michigan corn hybrids compared. MSU Extension Bulletin E-431, January 1996.
- MOLINE, W. J., LEEP, R.H. 1996. Evaluations of 26 grass varieties in birdsfoot trefoil-grass mixtures for grazing. Michigan Hay and Grazier, Vol. 2, No. 1. Pgs. 3-7.
- LEEP, R.H. 1996. Soil fertility, the basis from which plants, animals, and we benefit. Proceedings, Great Lakes Grazing Conference, Battle Creek, Michigan. Pgs. 1-9.
- LEEP, R.H. 1995. Evaluation of a plexiglass plate for measuring pasture yield and growth. Michigan Hay and Grazier, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 4-5.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
The objectives of this research are to determine 1) persistence of two legumes with rotational grazing and the weight gain of grazers in response to the growing legumes being consumed 2) soil phosphorus and potassium changes in time and spacial distribution in response to grazing animals 3) yield, quality, palatability and persistence characteristics of perennial grasses in response to grazing animals. The research is being carried out at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station (UPES) and W.K. Kellogg Biological Station (KBS). Holstein steers gained 470 and 500 lbs/acre respectively on birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa respectively in spite of alfalfa producing 30 percent more biomass than birdsfoot trefoil. Perennial ryegrass will be overseeded in 1996 to reduce bloat which was prevalent in animals grazing on alfalfa in 1995. Paddocks of birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa were successfully established at the UPES in 1995 and will be grazed with lactating holstein cows in 1996.
26 species and cultivars of perennial grasses were established in 1994 and rotationally grazed in 1995 resulting in significant differences in cow preferences and yields and quality. Sampling for soil biological activity in the KBS pastures will take place in 1996 to compare with bench. In addition to the above research, variety evaluations of alfalfa, small grains, canola and potatoes were conducted to determine adaptation to the Upper Peninsula Climate.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Several variety adaption trials were conducted in the Upper Peninsula on alfalfa, corn hybrids for silage, potatoes, barley and oats. The results serve as a basis for variety selection by Northern Michigan Farmers. Research on the adaptation of crop alternatives such as forage brassicas, canola and lupins was conducted. The lupins were found to be tolerant to herbicides goal and sencor. A three year study with forage brassicas for extending the grazing season was completed. Forage brassicas were suitable for extending the grazing season for beef heifers and provided good gains while keeping costs down. A study was initiated to determine the effect of snow cover upon alfalfa winter injury. Four alfalfa cultivars with an extreme range of winterhardiness were evaluated in the study. Preliminary results show a direct correlation between snow cover and winter injury of alfalfa. In addition, the experimental procedure shows promise as a means of evaluating winterhardiness of
alfalfa cultivars by capitalizing upon the cold winter temperatures and snowfall at the Chatham location.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Several variety adaption trials were conducted in the Upper Peninsula on alfalfa, corn, potatoes, barley, and oats. The results serve as a basis for variety selection by Upper Peninsula farmers. See publications. Research on the adaptation of alternative crops continued in 1993. Crops evaluated include forage brassicas, canola, and sweet white lupins. We have identified herbicides for lupins which are safe and effective for use in controlling weeds in the crop. Anthracnose was a major disease of lupins in 1993. Some lines of lupins showed resistence to this disease. Forage brassicas were used effectively to extend the grazing season for beef heifers. The beef heifers showed good gains while grazing the crop. Forage brassicas can become an important supplemental pasture crop in Michigan. Winter canola did not survive the winter of 1992-93. However, the crop was not planted as early as it should have been due to the late arrival of seed sources. Previous research has
shown that planting winter canola by August 20 in the Upper Peninsula is necessary for winter survival and best yields.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Several variety adaptation trials were conducted throughout the Northern Michigan Region on alfalfa, canola, corn, potatoes and small grains. The variety performance trials serve as a basis for regional variety information recommendations. See publications. Evaluation of alternative crops for the region continued on forage brassicas, triticale, and sweet lupins. The forage brassicas and triticale have maintained stable yields for the past three years in trials throughout the region. Lupins maturity was negatively affected by the abnormal cool growing season. All but the early maturing lupin varieties did not mature at the Chatham site by winter. The crop kept producing vegetative growth throughout the entire season. The trial at Lake City matured by early October and all varieties were harvested. Yields at Lake City were very good with a range from 41 to 79 bushels per acre. Winter triticale yields were very good despite dry and cool weather at grain filling. Several
triticale lines produced yields in the 60 to 75 bushels per acre range. Both the lupin and triticale crops offer the livestock producer an opportunity to grow an economical source of feed with low inputs. Research has shown both these crops to be quite well adaptable to the region in terms of stable and economical potential on farms within the region. Spring canola was grown for certified seed production in the Upper Peninsula on a commercial basis for the first time.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Several variety adaptation trials were conducted on alfalfa, corn, canola, potatoes, and small grains throughout the region in 1991. See publications. Forage brassicas: several species and cultivars of forage brassicas were evaluated to determine differences in yield, growth habits, and yield and adaptation to the regional climate. Protein content ranged from 15 to 30 percent while yields ranged from 1.2 to 5 tons per acre dry matter. Forage brassicas have been found to be well adapted to the region and can be utilized by livestock producers to extend their grazing season. Sweet White Lupins: several strains and selections of sweet white lupins were evaluated for yield, lodging, maturity and disease resistance. Yields of some selections were significantly higher (100 bu/acre) compared to the standard variety, Ultra (40 bu/acre). Lupins appear to be well adapted to the region's climate and may offer a home grown source of protein for livestock producers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Identification of well adapted cultivars continues to be an important part of research in Northern Michigan. Variety trials were conducted on alfalfa, corn, potatoes, small grains, and triticale in 1990. A study was initiated in 1988 to evaluate tillage systems for small seeded legumes and small grains. Direct drilled barley was similar or slightly higher in yield to conventional tillage, however, test weigh was consistently higher. Higher rates of glyphosate resulted in significantly better alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover stands whether direct drilled or conventionally planted. Crop rotation resulted in better alfalfa establishment. Alternative crops, including sweet white lupin, canola, and brassicas, were evaluated to determine their adaptability to the region. Each of the crops shows potential as a viable crop for the area. In addition, several selections of lupines were made at Chatham which showed better adaptation. Herbicides were identified which
show good tolerance to sweet white lupin with acceptable weed control.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Identification of well adapted cultivars continues to be an important part of research in Northern Michigan. Variety trials were conducted on alfalfa, corn, potatoes, and triticale in 1989. A study was initiated in 1988 to evaluate tillage systems for small seeded legumes and small grains. Direct drilled barley was similar in yield to conventional tillage, however, test weight was higher. Higher rates of glyposate resulted in significantly better alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover stands whether direct drilled or conventionally planted. Insecticides also resulted in increased alfalfa stands. Alternative crops, including sweet white lupin, canola, and brassicas, were evaluated to determine their adaptability to the region. Each of the crops shows potential as a viable crop for the area. Herbicides were identified which show good tolerance to sweet white lupin with acceptable weed control.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Identification of well adapted cultivars continues to be an important part of research in Northern Michigan. Variety trials were conducted on alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, and potatoes in 1988. A study was initiated in 1988 to evaluate tillage systems for alfalfa, barley, and corn. Other parameters such as fertility, weed control, and seed rates were compared under different tillage systems. Another study was initiated in 1988 to determine the effect of fertility and herbicide use on forage yield and quality, weed infestation, and persistence of alfalfa. We are also examining how weed control and fertility management influence stand longevity of two diverse alfalfa germplasm. Alternative crops including sweet white lupin, rapeseed, and tritical were evaluated to determine their adaptability to the region. Winter rapeseed and sweet white lupin show excellent potential as new crops for the area with excellent yield and quality for each crop. Herbicides were
indentified which showed good efficacy and tolerance to sweet white lupin.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
A major effort has been directed toward variety evaluations of the diversified crops grown in the Upper Peninsula. Variety evaluations of the following crops are as follows: Corn, Barley, Oats, Alfalfa, Potato, and Canola. Results from the variety tests are used as the basic of variety recommendations for the area. Studies were conducted on the response of spring barley to direct drilling without tillage. Initial results show yields similar to tilled plantings with slightly higher test weight. Studies will be continued in 1988. Weed control studies in birdsfoot trefoil were initiated to determine crop tolerance with selected herbicides as well as their effect upon seed yield. Studies will be continued in 1988. Studies on nitrogen fertilizer management in russett burbank potatoes were conducted in 1986-87. Results indicate a contribution of up to 80 lbs./A nitrogen from the preceeding alfalfa plowdown crop. Fertilizer nitrogen rates up to 120 lbs./A produced
significantly higher yields of number 1 grade potatoes. Efficacy of Diquat herbicide for fall vine kill was directly related to fertilizer nitrogen rates.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
A major effort has been directed toward variety evaluations of the diversified crops grown in the Upper Peninsula. Variety evaluations of the following crops and locations of these tests are given below. Corn Hybrids - Southern and North Central Upper Peninsula, Barley & Oat - Southern, North Central and Eastern Upper Peninsula, Alfalfa - North Central Upper Peninsula, Dry Edible Beans - Southern Upper Peninsula, Potato - Southern Upper Peninsula, Canola - Southern, North Central and Eastern Upper Peninsula. Barley management studies were conducted at three locations in the Upper Peninsula. These studies will conclude in 1987. Results of these studies show potential for increasing efficiency in barley production. The effect of plant growth regulators upon birdsfoot trefoil growth and seed production was evaluated this year. Results are inconclusive at this time. Nitrogen fertilizer management studies on potatoes were conducted during the 1986 season. Initial
results indicate more nitrogen is being utilized by potatoes from the preceding alfalfa crop than previously thought. These studies will be continued in 1987.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Identification of well adapted cultivars is an important part of research in theUpper Peninsula. Varieties of alfalfa, corn, barley, oats, potatoes and soybeans were evaluated in 1985. A study which was initiated in 1983 to determine nutrient needs of birdsfoot trefoil for seed and forage production showed significant differences in seed yield due to fertilizer treatments. Low P rates increased yields of trefoil seed compared to increased rates of P and K fertilizer. Norcen seed yields were higher than Viking yield. Significant winterkill occurred during the winter of 1984-85 with Viking while Norcen stands persisted. A research project on barley production practices continues to show significant yield increases when certain production practices are incorporated into barley management. These practices include increasing the planting rate, nitrogen fertilizer and using a plant growth regulaor. A net income increase of $20-30 per acre was obtained with this
management system without irrigation compared to the conventional management system. Alternative crops including triticale, canola, lupine and fababeans were evaluated in several locations. The purpose of this project is to determine the viability of growing new crops to diversify the agriculture in northern Michigan.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Identification of well adapted cultivars is an important part of research in theUpper Peninsula. Varieties of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, corn, small grains, potatoes and soybeans were evaluated in 1984. A study which was initiated in 1983 to determine nutrient needs of birdsfoot trefoil for seed and forage production showed significant differences in seed yield due to fertilizer treatments. Low P rates increased yields of trefoil seed compared to increased rates of P and K fertilizer. Norcen seed yields were higher than Viking yield. A research project on barley production practices showed significant yield increases when certain production practices were incorporated into barley management. These practices included altering the planting rate, nitrogen fertilizer and the use of a plant growth regulator. A yield of 120 bushels per acre was obtained with this management system without irrigation compared to average yields in the region of 45 bushels per acre.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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