Progress 05/06/11 to 05/05/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Both Industry and Academic professionals associated with Poultry Production. The primary emphasis in nutrition. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?All of these projects were conducted as part of both Post Doc, Ph.D. and M.S. graduate student research requirements for the students directly under my supervision. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Final reports created for the project sponsors and presentations at the Annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association. Published Abstracts and a dissertation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue the same line of enquiry to insure that we are doing everything possible to gain maximum performance of poultry with minimal impact to the environment.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Evaluation of Essential Amino Acids Availability of High Protein Yeast Extract in Chickens. 2016. Final Report to Jimmie Corley, Ph.D. Research & Technical Services Lesaffre Animal Feed Additives. Evaluation of Safmannan on Full Term Broiler Performance with Coccidiosis Vaccinated Broilers on Used Built-up Litter. 2016. Final Report to TJ Gaydos, DVM, MAM, DACPV. Research & Technical Services Phileo Lesaffre Animal Feed Additives. Evaluation of the Effect of Three Types of Yeast Cell Wall Additives in Broiler chickens when challenged with Salmonella. 2016. Final Report to TJ Gaydos, DVM, MAM, DACPV. Research & Technical Services Phileo Lesaffre Animal Feed Additives. Evaluation of AGD Nutrition-Fermenta Biotech Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Bioavailability. 2016. Final Report submitted to J. Bradley Reynolds AGD Nutrition 3630 FM 2181 Suite 106 Hickory Creek, Texas 75065 and Mr. Prashant Nagre Fermenta Biotech "DIL Complex", Ghodbunder Road Thane (W) 400 610 Maharashtra, India Evaluation of Yeast Cell Wall (LFA™ Safmannan) and Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) on Starter Broiler Performance in Birds Subjected to Bursa Vac and Clostridium perfringens Challenge. 2016. Final Report to Jimmie Corley, Ph.D. Research & Technical Services Phileo-Lesaffre Animal Feed Additives.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" *Morouj Al-Ajeeli, Yasser Jameel, Mohammed Hashim, Hector Leyva-Jimenez, Christopher Bailey, 2016. Phase one laying hens performance of Hy-line Brown laying fed soybean and soybean free diets using caged and cage free rearing system. Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 21.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" *Raghad A. Abdaljaleel, Morouj Al-Ajeeli, Mohammed M. Hashim, Yasser J. Jameel, Akhil M. Alsadwi, and Christopher A. Bailey, 2016. Effect of yeast cell wall supplementation on threonine requirements in broilers as measured by performance and intestinal morphology Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 46.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" *Morouj N. Al-Ajeeli, Yasser J. Jameel, Raghad A. Abduljaleel, Mohammed M. Hashim, Hector Leyva-Jimenez, and Christopher A. Bailey, 2016. Evaluation of production, quality parameters, and sensory attributes of eggs from Hy-line Brown layers fed soybean and soybean free diets using a caged and cage-free rearing system. Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 51.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" *Hector E. Leyva-Jimenez, Yasser J. Jameel, Morouj Al-Ajeeli1, Akhil M. Alsadwi1, and Christopher A. Bailey, 2016. Bioavailability evaluation of cholecalciferol in growing broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 54.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" *Akhil M. Alsadwi, Parth N. Shah, Carolyn L. Cannon, James A. Byrd, Denise Y. Caldwell, Hector E. Leyva Jimenez, and Christopher A. Bailey. 2016. Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 147.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
*Mohammed M. Hashim, Morouj N. Al-Ajeeli, Raghad A. Abdaljaleel, Akhil M. Alsadwi, Yasser J. Jameel, Hector E. Leyva-Jimenez, Akram U. Haq, Jimmie R. Corley, and Christopher A. Bailey, 2016. Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with two yeast cell wall strains using two feeding strategies. Poult. Sci. 95 (E-Suppl. 1) p 148.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Mohammed M. Hashim Ph.D. Poultry Science Graduated 2016
Dissertation Title: Study of the Yeast Cell Wall Components, Mannan Oligosaccharide and Beta Glucan, to Determine Their Individual and Synergistic Influence on Broiler Performance under Pathologic Stress
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2016. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Feeds and Pet Food Extrusion: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2016. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" Henuk, Y.L. and C.A. Bailey. 2016. Optimizing nutrition of commercial poultry industry for minimal negative impact of poultry wastes on the environment through precision feed formulation. In: Proceedings of the XXV Worlds Poultry Congress, Beijing, September 5 9, 2016. In press.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" Henuk, Y.L., M. Duangjinda, and C.A. Bailey. 2016. Characteristics and significant contribution of small-scale family poultry production in developing countries. In: Proceedings of the XXV Worlds Poultry Congress, Beijing, September 5 9, 2016. In press.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
" Henuk, Y.L., M. Duangjinda, and C.A. Bailey. 2016. Consumers erroneously perception on nutrition of free range eggs. In: Proceedings of the XXV Worlds Poultry Congress, Beijing, September 5 9, 2016. In press.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Both Industry and Academic professionals associated with Poultry Production. The primary emphasis in nutrition. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?All of these projects were conducted as part of both Post Doc, Ph.D. and M.S. graduate student research requirements for the students directly under my supervision. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Final reports created for the project sponsors and presentations at the Annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association. Published Abstracts and a thesis. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue the same line of enquiry to insure that we are doing everything possible to gain maximum performance of poultry with minimal impact to the environment.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The bioavailability of KINGDOMWAY cholecalciferol was evaluated in this study in order to ensure proper chemical and biological activity of this product in growing broiler chickens. Increasing concentrations of cholecalciferol were established (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 IU D3/kg diet) based on the "labeled" concentration (500,000 IU/g) of the KINGDOMWAY D3 and DSM concentrates. The two sources of cholecalciferol were used to set up a parallel study where both biological activities were compared based on performance and bone mineralization measurements. No significant (p>0.05) differences between sources (KINGDOMWAY vs DSM) in body weight, weight gain, feed gain ratio, feed to weight ratio and productivity index were observed in broiler chickens consuming increasing doses of cholecalciferol (D3). These results suggest that the performance was not negatively affected by the KINGDOMWAY cholecalciferol when compared to the DSM treatments. Also, the total ash weightwas similar for both sources at different concentration of vitamin D3. The results of this study suggest that the bone mineralization was significantly affected by the maternal deposition of vitamin D3, due to carryover effect from the parental breeder flock. Astudy was conducted to evaluate the combined influence of Safmannan A and exogenous enzyme when lowering the ME from 3050 to 2900 and 2750 kcal/kg and using corn/soybean or mixed ingredients diets (corn/soybean plus wheat midds, DDGS, MBM) plus test additives. The study was conducted over a six week rearing period in floor pens. The only pathogen challenge was the use of old broiler litter for bedding. The design was rather complex and could probably best be described as a 2x2x2 factorial with 2 separate control treatments. There were a total of 10 specific treatments. Both 2 way and 3 way interactions were observed so this report is based primarily on the one-way ANOVA statistical analysis. However, the factorial analysis is attached. The study concluded that using mixed ingredients diets significantly lowered the performance of the bird when compared to corn/soybean diets. Perhaps the nutrient density is overestimated for some of these ingredients within the database used to formulate the diets. The influence of adding the Enzyme/Safmannan treatment was more noticeable in mixed ingredients diets. Lowering energy 300 kcal/kg in the finisher mixed ingredients diet and adding the treatment improved FCR and PI to be as good as the positive control mixed ingredient diet. Note that body weight was numerically higher for both low energy treatments when the products were added to the mixed ingredient diets. The goal of the study was to evaluate full term broiler performance for Safmannan A and F fed at 250 ppm in all production phases versus feeding these products at 500, 250 and 125 ppm in starter, grower, & finisher phases respectively. The broilers were reared in floor pens with previously used pine shaving liter. The results demonstrated that either feeding regime for these two products were significantly better than control. Body weight was always higher in Saf-A and Saf-F treatments than control by about 50-70, 116-167, and 138-198 grams in starter, grower, and finisher phases respectively. No difference was observed in feed:gain ratio or FCR (includes chick weight) except in the grower phase where Saf-F 250 had lower phase feed:gain ratio, cumulative feed:gain ratio (P=0.057), and FCR. All products levels showed higher productivity index in grower and finisher phases than control. Both feeding regimes were effective and produced similar broiler performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of three inclusion levels (30, 60, 90 ppm) of beta glucan (Euglena gracilis) and compare it with the inclusion of yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 250 ppm on starter broiler performance subjected to Infectious Bursa Disease vaccine on day 10 and challenged with Clostridium perfringens (CP) on day 16 and 17. The overall results demonstrated that beta glucan treatments had higher body weight than control groups on day 16 (after vaccination stress). Specifically, beta glucan at 60 ppm showed significantly higher BW and WG than both control treatments. On day 21 (after CP challenge), all beta glucan treatments had higher BW than challenged control treatment. Weight gain was not significantly different between beta glucan treatments and both 30 and 90 ppm BG treatments were higher than challenged control and as good as non-challenged control. The yeast cell wall treatment was as good as the non-challenged control and all beta glucan treatments. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of heat stress and pathogen challenge on broilers fed reduced energy high wheat midd diets with or without a mixture of YCW and xylanase enzyme. The hypothesis was that supplementation of YCW enhances the health of the intestine, immunity, performance while the enzyme may support producing more energy from low energy high wheat midd diets, which would help broilers to get better performance and better defend against heat stress and challenge with pathogens. Three levels of energy (3000, 2900, and 2800 Kcal) were evaluated with and without supplementing mixture of (YCW 250 ppm plus Xylanase Enzymes 25/mg per US ton) on starter broiler performance. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan) was used to measure of bone mineral density (BMD) and percentage of fat (% fat) of each bird. It's considered one of thebest ways to measure body fat percentage and other non-fat tissue. Therefore, we used this method of measurement to compare the differences between high and low energy diets and the amount of fat accumulation. Results revealed that the body weight and weight gain of chicks fed low energy (2800 Kcal with YCW and enzyme; PVL) then (2900 Kcal with YCW and enzyme; PL) respectively were improved numerically at days 10, 16, 21, 24 as compared with chicks fed high energy (3000 Kcal with (PC) or without (NC) YCW and Enzyme). Also, no significant differences were found by DEXA scan among the treated groups, but % fat of birds fed low energy (2800 Kcal plus YCW and enzyme; PVL) were decreased numerically as compared with chicks fed high energy (3000 Kcal with (PC) or without (NC) YCW and Enzyme). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether or not Safmannan A affects threonine requirements in broilers. The hypothesis was that Safmannan A will increase threonine requirements due to increased intestinal mucosa deposition. Three different threonine to lysine ratios (60, 65, and 70%) were evaluated with and without yeast cell wall product (Safmannan A) on starter broiler performance. The protein concentrations were maintained at 22% at 2980 kcal/kg. The result showed that at day 7 there was a significant positive main effect for threonine 70 on feed gain ratio and productivity index compared with other treatments. Day 14 showed significant main differences benefits of threonine 70 compared with threonine 60 in phase weight gain, phase feed gain, cumulative feed gain ratio, productivity index and cumulative feed weight ratio. At day 21 there was also significant positive effects of threonine 70 compare with threonine 60 in body weight/bird, phase feed gain ratio, phase weight gain ratio, cumulative feed gain ratio, cumulative feed weight ratio and productivity index. Safmannan A did not significantly affect performance in this non-challenge study. Both jejunum and ilium intestinal samples were fixed in formalin for future analysis of intestinal histology. In summary, the 70% threonine to lysine ratio resulted in the best performance versus the lower threonine to lysine ratios (60 and 65%). We recommend our next study should evaluate threonine to lysine ratios of 65, 70 and 75%.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
" Y.L. Henuk and C.A. Bailey, 2015. Husbandry Systems Native Chickens In Indonesia. Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Vol. 11 pages 759-762. November 10-14, 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2015. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Camelina meal and table egg n-3 fatty acids. M. Hashim* and C.A. Bailey. Handbook of eggs in human function published by Wageningen Academics on March 24, 2015, p 297-304.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Reevaluation of the Vitamin D3 Requirement for Broiler Chickens - M.S. Thesis TAMU Library
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
*J. Fowler, *M. Hashim, !A. Haq, C. A. Bailey, 2015. Yeast cell wall and live yeast products and their combination in broiler diets formulated with weekly ingredient variations. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Volume 99, Issue 5, pages 932937, October 2015
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
*J. Fowler, *R. Kakani, !A. Haq, J. A. Byrd, and C.A. Bailey, 2015. Growth promoting effects of prebiotic yeast cell wall products in starter broilers under an immune stress and Clostridium perfringens challenge. J. Appl. Poult. Res., Volume 24, Issue 1, Pp. 66-72.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
*Justin Fowler, Wei Li and Christopher Bailey, 2015. Effects of a Calcium Bentonite Clay in Diets Containing Aflatoxin when Measuring Liver Residues of Aflatoxin B1 in Starter Broiler Chicks. Toxins, 7(9), 3455-3464; doi:10.3390/toxins7093455.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
A. Campasino, M. Williams, R. Latham, C.A. Bailey, B. Brown and J.T. Lee, 2015. Effects of increasing dried distillers grains with solubles and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion on growth performance and energy digestibility in broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. vol: 24 iss: 2 pg: 135 - 144.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
113 Comparison of a commercial ELISA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay to determine the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the broiler chicken. M. Al-Ajeeli*1, H. E. Leyva-Jimenez1, O. Gutierrez2, and C. A. Bailey1, 1Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 2Huvepharma, Inc., Peachtree, GA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
114 Evaluation of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol dynamics in broiler chickens. H. E. Leyva-Jimenez*1, A. Haq1, O. Gutierrez2, and C. A. Bailey1, 1Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2Huvepharma Inc., Peachtree City, GA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
153 Effects of a calcium bentonite clay in diets containing aflatoxin when measuring liver residues of aflatoxin B1. Justin Fowler*1, Wei Li2, and Christopher A. Bailey1, 1Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2Office of the Texas State Chemist, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
412P Assessment of purified and semi-purified yeast cell wall products on starter broiler performance in birds subjected to infectious bursal disease vaccine and Clostridium perfringens challenge. M. Hashim*1, R. J. Arsenault2, J. Fowler1, D. C. Brown3, A. Garcia Estefan3, and C. A. Bailey1, 1Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, 3Phileo-Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
416P Evaluation of prebiotic yeast cell walls from two different yeast strains on starter broiler performance in birds subjected to bursa vaccine and Clostridium perfringens challenge. R. A. Abdaljaleel*1, M. Hashim1, D. C. Brown2, J. R. Corley2, and C. A. Bailey1, 1Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2Phileo-Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
420P Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of two free silver carbene complexes against Clostridium perfringens and lactobacillus acidophilus in an in vitro study. A. M. Alsadwi*1, J. A. Byrd2, D. Cadwell2, P. N. Shah3, C. L. Cannon3, and C. A. Bailey1, 1Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2U.S.D.A.Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, 3Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
432P Refined Clostridium perfringens challenge model to evaluate feed additives in broiler chicks. A. Haq*1, J. A. Byrd3, J. R. Corley2, M. Hashim1, C. A. Bailey1, and J. Fowler1, 1Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 2Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI, 3USDA-ARS, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Yusuf L. Henuk*, Jublin F. Bale-Therik, Gusti A. Kristina Dewi, and Chris A. Bailey, 2015. Native chickens and their production systems in Indonesia (This paper was accepted as an invited paper at The 1st International Conference on Native Chicken, 23-25 February 2015, Centara Hotel, Khon Kaen, Thailand) (www.ncab.kku.ac.th/ICONC2015).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2015. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Feeds and Pet Food Extrusion: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
|
Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Commercial Poultry Industry, Various Universities and Research Organizations working with Poultry. Efforts are directed toward improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? All of these projects were conducted as part of both Ph.D. and M.S. graduate student research requirements for the students directly under my supervision. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Final reports created for the project sponsors and presentations at the Annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association. Published Abstracts and a dissertation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue the same line of enquiry to insure that we are doing everything possible to gain maximum performance of poultry with minimal impact to the environment.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Non-Technical Summary The potential impact of the application of nutrient rich poultry manure on the environment is a major issue facing the poultry industry. Some states are considering banning the use of chicken manure as fertilizer. In Texas, manure cannot be applied to soils containing greater than 200 ppm available phosphorus. Precision nutrition, which essentially means meeting the bird's specific nutrient requirements as precisely as possible on any given day, offers the potential to reduce the environmental impact of poultry production by reducing the over supplementation of nutrients. Inherent within the concept of precision nutrition is improved efficiency of nutrient utilization so a maximum percentage of those nutrients potentially available to poultry are in fact absorbed and utilized by the animal rather than passing on through as fecal waste products. These concepts serve as the primary focus of this multifaceted CRIS/TAES project which examines a variety of strategies to maximize nutrient utilization by poultry. Accomplishments Major goals of the project 1) To reduce the environmental impact of poultry production by maximizing nutrient utilization using precision poultry diets. 2) To increase the effectiveness of by-product ingredients such as guar, cottonseed, and other by-product meals, in poultry feed. 3) To improve nutrient utilization of poultry via dietary incorporation of exogenous enzymes and other active compounds such as specific phyto-saponins. 4)To explore strategies capable of ameliorating the effects of mycotoxins (primarily aflatoxin). What was accomplished under these goals? The firststudy was designed to evaluate whether or not the new Canadian Pronady Product (Pronady-C) performed in a similar fashion as the previously tested Brazilian Pronady Product. Safmannan (Saf-A) was included as a type of baker's yeast cell wall Positive Control. In the pre-vaccine phase (d 1-10) the feed conversion ratios for Pronady-C were significantly improved when compared to both the Negative Control and the Saf-A treatments. Also, the Productivity Index for both Pronady products was significantly higher than the Control. Post-vaccine/Pre-challenge data showed that the cumulative F:G for both Pronady products was improved relative to Saf-A (with neither product being different from the Negative Control). The Productivity Index for that phase showed that both Pronady products were performing significantly greater than both the Saf-A and Control treatments. Upon termination, the post-challenge data showed no differences between any treatments for any of the variables analyzed. However, in looking at the phase F:G ratios, all values appeared lower than would normally be expected. The most plausible explanation for this is that on our final weigh date, the scale was reading approximately 250 grams heavy. To guard against this in future studies we will be calibrating the scale with a 1 lb reference weight both prior to and intermittently during the weighing process. Mortality was also somewhat lower than expected for this study suggesting our Clostridia challenge was not as severe as in previous experiments. In any event, results clearly indicate that there are no differences in performance between the two sources of Pronady and that they both perform well relative to the Negative Control and Safmannan-A. The 2nd study was set up to evaluate two YCW Saffmannan varieties (L-100 & 4101/RS 190 Cream) with combinations of the two. Our standard Clostridia perfringens challenge model was used for this evaluation. Before the vaccination (Day-10), there were no significant differences between any of the dietary treatments. Upon termination, after the IBD vaccine and the C. perfringens challenge, the non-challenged birds had a significantly higher Productivity Index and lower Mortality when compared to the Control birds that received the challenge. Birds fed the Safmannan (L-100) product had performance comparable to that of Non-Challenged group and were significantly better than those in the challenged Control treatment. A thirdstudy was conducted to evaluate prebiotic yeast cell wall Safmannan-A @ 250 ppm, Pronady @ 250 ppm, 50% purified β-Glucan at 130 ppm, and pure MOS at 53 ppm. A Non-Challenged (NC) control group was also included. The results showed significant differences between treatments throughout the study for several performance variables. At day 10 of age and before birds were stresses with IBD vaccine, the MOS treatment had significantly higher BW and WG than all other treatments. No significant differences were observed between other treatments. By the end of the study (Day 21) and after birds were challenged for two day with C. perfringens, except for the NC-Control group, there were significant differences in BW, WG, and Productivity Index (PI) when compared with the Controls. Pronady and MOS groups had BW and WG comparable to the NC-Control birds. In addition, the Pronady treatment had similar PI to the NC-Control group. Birds from the β-Glucan group had significantly lower BW, WG, and PI than NC-Control. For this study Safmannan-A did not perform as well as we have seen in most of our previous studies. A 4th study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of prebiotic yeast cell wall (Safmannan-A) at 125 ppm and (Celmanax), which is a refined functional carbohydrate product derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and blended with a rich supply of fermentation metabolites from the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At the end of the study, day 21 (post-challenge), BW/B of NC-Control and Saf 125 + Cel 250 was significantly higher than Safmannan-A 250 and Celmanax 500 treatments. C-F:G ratio of NC-Control and Saf 125 + Cel 250 was significantly lower than C-Control, Safmannan-A 250 and Saf 125 + Cel 500 treatments. The F:W ratios of NC-Control, Celmanax 500, and Saf 125 + Cel 250 treatments were significantly better than the C-Control treatment. As we have seen in previous studies the combinations performed a bit better than either product alone. A floor study was designed to investigate the dietary energy sparing effects of exogenous "enzyme" in combination with Safmannan pre-biotic fed at 250 ppm. There were no significant differences between treatments in the starter phase (16 days) for any of the variables analyzed. By the end of the grower phase (30 days), the reduced energy NC treatment had lower BW when compared to PC. The BW of the NC+Enz-1+Saf treatment showed improvement relative to NC and was comparable to the higher energy PC diet. There was an increase in the F:G ratio in that phase for NC, with all other treatments showing FCRs similar to that of the PC diet. In the finisher and withdrawal phases (36 and 45 days, respectively), the BW of NC+Enz-1 and NC+Enz-1+Saf were significantly higher than in the NC treatment, comparable to the BW of PC. NC+Saf had partial improvement in BW relative to NC, as it was not significantly different from either NC or PC. The broiler productivity index (calculated as: Livability [%] x Live weight [kg]/age [d]/FCR x 100) for the final phase (45 days) showed that the energy reduction of the NC treatment significant reduced broiler performance, relative to the PC feeding program. The Enz-1+Saf combination treatment improved productivity index to a level comparable to PC, while the single treatments (Saf, Enz-1, and Enz-2) were in the middle, being different from neither PC nor NC. There is not enough room to list accomplishments for the second, third and forth floor studys conducted.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Comparing the bioactivity of 25-OH-vitamin D3 (Bio-D") to cholecalciferol for starter broiler growth performance and bone mineralization. *J. Fowler, *M. Hashim, !A. Haq, O. Gutierrez, C. A. Bailey, Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting 2014, Corpus Christi, TX; 07/201
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Evaluation of liquid and solid based commercial kits on measuring xylanase activity in poultry diets. *M. Hashim, *J. Fowler, O. Gutierrez, C. A. Bailey, Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting 2014, Corpus Christi, TX; 07/2014
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Petzinger, C., C. Larner, J. J. Heatley, C. A. Bailey, R. D. MacFarlane, J. E. Bauer, 2014. Conversion of ?-linolenic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid derivatives and alterations of HDL density subfractions and plasma lipids with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Volume 98, Issue 2, pages 262270, April 2014.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
J Fowler, *M Hashim, **A Barrientos-Velazquez, Y Deng, C A Bailey, 2014. Utilization of a Spray-Applied Calcium Bentonite Clay to Ameliorate the Effects of Low-Levels of Aflatoxin in Starter Broiler Diets Containing DDGS. Natural Products and Chemistry Research. 02/2014; 2(2):127.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Christina Petzinger & J. J. Heatley & Christopher A. Bailey & John E. Bauer, 2014. Lipid Metabolic Dose Response to Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Monk Parrot (Myiopsitta monachus). Lipids (2014) 49:235245.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Justin Case Fowler. Ph.D. Detecting Aflatoxicosis In Broilers In The Evaluation Of Clay-Based, Toxin-Binding Feed Additives
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Improving broiler performance in reduced-energy diets with exogenous enzymes. *J. Fowler, *A. M. Alsadwi, *M. Hashim, *R. A. Abdaljaleel, C. A. Bailey Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting 2014, Corpus Christi, TX; 07/2014
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Evaluation of probiotic bacterial strains and prebiotic yeast cell wall on starter broiler performance in birds subjected to bursa vaccine and Clostridium perfringens challenge. *R. A. Abdaljaleel, *J. Fowler, *M. Hashim, !A. Haq, C. A. Bailey, Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting 2014, Corpus Christi, TX; 07/2014
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" A. Jabbar Tanweer & N. Chand & U. Saddique & C. A. Bailey & R. U. Khan, 2014. Antiparasitic effect of wild rue (Peganum harmala L.) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Parasitol Res (2014) 113:29512960
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Aflatoxin and Clay Adsorbents. Chapter 7, Aflatoxicosis in poultry: Remediation with bentonite clays. Justin Fowler and Christopher A. Bailey ( � 2014 ; ISBN: 978-0-89118-341 )
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Camelina meal and table egg n-3 fatty acids. M. Hashim and C.A. Bailey. Eggs in Promotion of Health to be published by Wageningen Academics in 2014 (undergoing final review)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2014. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Feeds and Pet Food Extrusion: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" Y.L. Henuk and C.A. Bailey, 2014. Husbandry Systems Native Chickens In Indonesia. Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Vol. 11 pages 759-762. November 10-14, 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey, 2014. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
|
Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Commercial Poultry Industry Various Universities and Research Organizations working with Poultry Efforts are directed toward improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? All of these projects were conducted as part of both Ph.D. and M.S. graduate student research requirements for the 4 students directly under my supervision. In addition we had an 2 additional graduate studentsparticipating asJ-1 Student Interns at both the Ph.D. and M.S. level. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Final reports created for the project sponsors and presentations at the Annual meeting of the Poultry Science Association. Published Abstracts: *J. Fowler, *M. Hashim, A. U. Haq, J.R. Corley, and C. A. Bailey, 2013. Evaluation of yeast cell wall products on full-term broiler performance in birds subjected to ingredient-based dietary stress. Poult. Sci. 92 (Suppl.1) p 27. *M. Hashim, J.R. Corley, *J. Fowler, A. Haq, M. Hume, L. Koenig and C. A. Bailey, 2013. Influence of yeast cell wall on hind gut microflora and early production laying hen performance. Poult. Sci. 92 (Suppl.1) p 28. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue the same line of enquiry to insure that we are doing everything possible to gain maximum performance of poultry with minimal impact to the environment.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The yeast cell wall prebiotic used to evaluate broiler performance in birds subjected infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge consistently improved overall performance with an optimum concentration of about 250 grams per metric ton. We did not observe any prebiotic effects of feeding sodium butyrate over a 6-week production period.Severalnew vitamin D3 concentrates were evaluated and the NRC requirement for poultry was confirmed to be 200 IU/kg, which is at least 10x lower than what is typically fed in commercial poultry feeds. Astudy was designed to evaluate four different sources of Lesafre Yeast Cell Wall (YCW) on young broiler performance. The treatments consisted of Safmannan A (SAF-A), BIO YCW (BIO), CRESCO YCW (CRESCO), and CHINA YCW (CHINA). After 10 days on treatment (prior to any challenge) the broilers receiving the BIO treatment were performing better than all other treatments. This observation generally held true for the remainder of the study. After 16 days (6 days post vaccination with Bursa Disease Vaccine) both the BIO and CRESCO treatments produced significantly higher body weights than the control group with the SAF-A and CHINA treatment performing at an intermediary level. At the conclusion of the study, after several days of Clostridium perfringens challenge, industry feed conversions (includes initial chick weight) for both the BIO and CRESCO treatment were significantly better than CHINA treatment which was not different from the control. Anotherstudy evaluated the effects of 3 Lesaffre live yeast products on broiler performance using a clostridia challenge model. This was a 3-week study using a corn soy industry type diet testing P7, F53 or HR live yeast products fed at either 125 or 250 ppm with a negative control treatment. Since these were life yeast products, the test diets were fed in mash form rather than crumbled pellets. The 21-day results are shown in the table below. The F53 product at 250 ppm had lower performance when compared to the negative control, specifically in feed conversion and productivity index. The results suggest that the Lesaffre life yeast products are not particularly effective improving broiler growth performance when supplemented in a mash diet. Our previous studies with live yeast utilized pelleted feeds. In the factorial analysis, the 125 ppm dose performed significantly better than the 250 ppm dose. For feed-to-weight ratio on day-21, there was significant interaction between dose and product, with P7 at 250 ppm performing better than the other two products. A study was carried out to evaluate of AGD Nutrition’s Fermenta Biotech Vitamin D3 on starter broiler performance. For the production data (BW, FCR, Productivity Index, Mortality), there were no significant differences between either the two D3 products or the six concentrations of vitamin D. No treatment was significantly different than the 0 IU/kg Negative Control. For the tibia bone ash, there was a significant effect of product, with both the DSM (Control) and Fermenta Biotech (FB) product having higher bone ash than the Negative Control. Also, the Control product was higher than the FB (Control = 45.974±2.179; FB = 45.260±2.308). The fact that this small difference was deemed statistically significant may be attributed to the relatively high number of observations we had because bone ash was evaluated on a per bird basis (n≈98). When analyzed on a per pen basis, this difference was no longer significant. Both products performed well, with bone ash means exceeding 45%. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability of a new vitamin D3 concentrate manufactured in India for Dishman Netherlands. The positive control sample of vitamin D was supplied by Dishman Netherlands and manufactured in China. These two studies were based on creating a vitamin D deficiency in baby chicks by feeding them a custom vitamin premix devoid of vitamin D3 for a week or so and then adding increasing concentrations of vitamin and measuring both growth performance and bone ash after 2 additional weeks on the test vitamin D3. There were no significant effects of either vitamin D3 sample in our first study. We were concerned that we may not have depleted the baby chicks for a long enough time to eliminate all endogenous stores of vitamin D originating from the breeder flock that produced the hatching eggs. None-the-less we could conclude that there was no difference between the Dishman D3 supplement and the Chinese positive control sample.We modified the procedure slightly for the repeat study to increase the initial depletion time from 7 to 10 days and reduced the number of concentrations tested to increase our number of observations for increased statistical power. We again did not see any significant effects of either vitamin D3 test product on growth performance parameters. We did have a good response with respect to bone ash however, and obtained data consistent with previous studies we have performed. We can conclude that the Dishman D3 supplement manufactured in India has the same relative bioavailability as the Chinese positive control test sample. Based on this bioavailability we can say that diets formulated with either product should contain at least 500 IU D3 activity per kg of diet. Anotherstudy was designed to evaluate two vitamin D concentrates (Bio-D & Hy-D) against a DSM-D3 positive control on broiler chick vitamin D bioavailability. The bioassay was based on depleting the day-old chicks of maternal vitamin D stores for a 9 day period followed by the introduction of the 3 vitamin D supplements at concentrations ranging form 62.5 to 1000 IU/kg D3 over an additional 2-week rearing period. The vitamin D depletion diet was fed to 6 pens of birds for the entire experimental period to serve as a negative control treatment. At 23 days of age the birds were weighed and feed consumption determined to calculate a performance index. Tibia bones were collected from each chick, defleshed, defatted, dried and ashed to calculate percent tibia bone ash for each treatment. For production data, all treatments performed significantly better compared to the 0 IU/kg Negative Control. There were no dose effects for any of the variables when analyzed as a pure 3 x 5 factorial (BW, FCR, Productivity Index, Mortality). For tibia ash the main effect of dose was significant, with all doses having higher bone ash when compared to the Negative Control. As vitamin D increased to 1000 IU/kg, bone ash became significantly higher than in the lowest dose (62.5 IU/kg). There was also a main effect for vitamin D product. All products had significantly higher bone ash than Negative Control, and Bio-D performed better than DSM-D3. The Hy-D product was intermediate, not significantly different from either DSM D3 or Bio-D.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Petzinger, C., C. Larner, J. J. Heatley, C. A. Bailey, R. D. MacFarlane, J. E. Bauer, 2013. Conversion of ?-linolenic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid derivatives and alterations of HDL density subfractions and plasma lipids with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Article first published online: 19 APR p 1-9, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Cornejo J, Dierenfeld ES, Bailey CA, Brightsmith DJ, 2013. Nutritional and Physical Characteristics of Commercial Hand?Feeding Formulas for Parrots Zoo Biology 32: 469475 (2013)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Hassan, S.M., Y.M. Al-Yousef and C.A. Bailey, 2013. Effects of Guar Bean, Guar Meal and Guar Gum on Productive Performance of Broiler Chicks. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 7 (1):34-40, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Hashim, M., J. Fowler, A. Haq and C.A. Bailey, 2013. Effects of Yeast Cell Wall on Early Production Laying Hen Performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. December 2013 vol. 22 no. 4 792-797.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mohammed Malik Hashim. M.S. Evaluation of Yeast Cell Wall on Early Production Laying Hen Performance
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Radhika Kakani. Ph.D. Prebiotic Properties of Yeast Cell Wall Mannanoligosaccharides and Guar Gum Galactomannans in Starting Broilers
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
" *J. Fowler, *M. Hashim, A. U. Haq, J.R. Corley, and C. A. Bailey, 2013. Evaluation of yeast cell wall products on full-term broiler performance in birds subjected to ingredient-based dietary stress. Presented at the July, 2013 Annual Poultry Science Association Meeting in San Diego, California.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
" *M. Hashim, J.R. Corley, *J. Fowler, A. Haq, M. Hume, L. Koenig and C. A. Bailey, 2013. Influence of yeast cell wall on hind gut microflora and early production laying hen performance. Presented at the July, 2013 Annual Poultry Science Association Meeting in San Diego, California.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey. 2013. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Feeds and Pet Food Extrusion: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
" C. A. Bailey. 2013. Least Cost Feed Formulation in Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management: Short Course Manual" Riaz, M. N. and Mack, C. A. Eds; Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Aflatoxin and Clay Adsorbents. Chapter 7, Aflatoxicosis in poultry: Remediation with bentonite clays. Justin Fowler and Christopher A. Bailey
|
Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Five studies were conducted to evaluate live yeast or yeast cell wall (mannose oligosaccharides) on poultry performance in birds. One of these studies incorporated an infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge in the presence of high levels of ammonia. Ammonia was generated using old poultry litter with a little water. A typical study involves a basal industry type broiler starter diets prepared and fed to broiler chickens over a 3-week rearing period. The basal diet was divided into equally sized batches. Each batch was supplemented with live yeast or yeast cell wall additive at levels ranging from 0 to 500 g per metric ton of feed. On day 10 to 14 all birds were vaccinated with a commercial infectious bursal disease vaccine. For challenge studies on days 18, 19 and 20 all birds are challenged with clostridium perfringens by oral gavage. Birds and feed are weighed at 21 or 22 days of age and overall performance evaluated and a performance index calculated. The data collected in these studies will likely be disseminated as one or more publications in the journal Poultry Science. Two other studies dealt with an ammonia stress without Clostridium perfringens challenge. Yeast Cell Wall was also evaluated over a 6-month period in early production laying hens. The Yeast Cell Wall was fed at both 250 and 500 ppm with a 0 ppm control group. The fifth Yeast Cell Wall Study was a 6-wk floor study to evaluate yeast cell wall on full term broiler performance in birds subjected to ingredient based dietary stress. We also undertook an evaluation of full term broiler performance in birds fed diets prepared with sodium butyrate to determine if this material may have prebiotic properties that would make it an alternative to traditional antibiotics used in poultry production. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Akram Haq (Lab Technician) Dr. James A. Byrd (USDA Scientist) Justin Fowler (Graduate Student) Malik Hashim (Graduate Student) TARGET AUDIENCES: Commercial Poultry Industry Various Universities and Research Organizations working with Poultry Efforts are directed toward improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The yeast cell wall used to evaluate broiler performance in birds subjected infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge consistently improved overall performance with an optimum concentration of about 250 grams per metric ton. These yeast cell wall materials do not seem to have any beneficial effects on respiratory stress caused by the accumulation of ammonia in poultry production barns. Egg weights were significantly improved in early production laying hens fed 250 ppm yeast cell wall. Feeding 500 ppm yeast cell wall improved shell quality but not egg weight. We did not observe any prebiotic effects of feeding sodium butyrate over a 6-week production period.
Publications
- Juan Cornejo, Ryan Taylor, Thomas Sliffe, Christopher A. Bailey and Donald J. Brightsmith, 2012. Prediction of the nutritional composition of the crop contents of free-living scarlet macaw chicks by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Wildlife Research 39(3):230-233.
- Cornejo J, Dierenfeld ES, Bailey CA, Brightsmith DJ, 2012. Predicted metabolizable energy density and amino acid profile of the crop contents of free-living scarlet macaw chicks (Ara macao). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). Dec; 96(6):947-54.
- Kakani R, Fowler J, Haq AU, Murphy EJ, Rosenberger TA, Berhow M, Bailey CA, 2012. Camelina meal increases egg n-3 fatty acid content without altering quality or production in laying hens. Lipids. 2012 May;47(5):519-26.
- J. Fowler, M. Hashim, A. Barrientos-Velazquez, Y. Deng, C. A. Bailey, 2012. Evaluation of starting broiler performance in the presence of low-levels of aflatoxin and amelioration of toxicity using a calcium bentonite clay. Poult.Sci. 91(Suppl.1) p 84.
- A. Campasino, C. A. Bailey, *J.Fowler, M. Roux, B. Brown and J. T. Lee, 2012. The effect of increasing levels of DDGS and NSPase inclusion on growth performance and ileal digestibility in young broilers. Poult.Sci. 91(Suppl.1) p 16.
|
Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Seven studies were conducted to evaluate live yeast or yeast cell wall (mannose oligosaccharides) on starting broiler performance in birds. Four of these studies incorporated an infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Typical studies involved a basal industry type broiler starter diets prepared and fed to broiler chickens over a 3-week rearing period. The basal diet was divided into equally sized batches. Each batch was supplemented with live yeast or yeast cell wall additive at levels ranging from 0 to 1000 g per metric ton of feed. On day 12 to 15 all birds were vaccinated with a commercial infectious bursal disease vaccine. For challenge studies on days 18, 19 and 20 all birds were challenged with clostridium perfringens by oral gavage. Birds and feed were weighed at 21 or 22 days of age and overall performance evaluated and a performance index calculated. The data collected in these studies will likely be disseminated as one or more publications in the journal Poultry Science. An additional study was conducted to evaluate a novel fat based vitamin D3 concentrate (Dishman) on skeletal development in young broilers. Vitamin D3 supplements were tested at a dietary concentration of 2,000 IU D3/kg feed. A total of 120 Cobb 500 broiler chickens (1 day old) were placed in a Petersime Battery Brooder (5 birds per pen, 8 pen reps per treatment) and fed a commercial type corn soy broiler starter diet for a three week rearing period. A custom vitamin premix was used containing no vitamin D3 so the test treatments could be supplemented at 0 and 2000 IU D3/kg diet. Birds were depleted of vitamin D3 over the first 7 days of the study (all birds fed the Negative Control) Weekly feed consumption and gain per pen were recorded. At 7-days of age Vitamin D treatments were introduced for 14 days. At day-21 the birds were killed and the left leg of each chick was removed and tibia ash was determined. Another study was designed to evaluate the performance of poultry (broiler chickens) fed 20% distillers dried grains (DDGS) tainted with aflatoxin. A smectite clay (4TX, Gonzales TX) was included in all diets (0.5%) to evaluate amelioration of toxicity. Samples of both DDGS and corn were inoculated with live fungus cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus under green-house conditions to obtain sufficient quantities of tainted corn products to prepare 4 diets calculated to contain 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppb total aflatoxin when mixed with clean corn. A kaolinite clay (relatively inert with respect to binding aflatoxin) was included at 0.5% in half of the diets as a control. The broiler chickens were reared from 1 to 21 days of age, at which time they were killed and performance data collected. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Akram Haq (Lab Technician) Dr. James A. Byrd (USDA Scientist) Rahika Kakani (Graduate Student) Justin Fowler (Graduate Student) TARGET AUDIENCES: Commercial Poultry Industry Various Universities and Research Organizations working with Poultry Efforts are directed toward improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The mannose oligosaccharides used to evaluate broiler performance in birds subjected infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge consistently improved overall performance with an optimum concentration of about 250 grams per metric ton. The mannose oligosaccharides were not particularly useful for reducing overall mortality brought about by Clostridium perfringens challenge. Data collected from multiple experiments suggest the challenge model is effective for evaluating pre-biotic additives in poultry. We found no significant improvements in performance when adding 1000 ppm live brewer's yeast to the broiler diets. Regarding vitamin D trials, we found that the new fat based vitamin D3 gelatin beadlets were just as effective as traditional gelatin beadlets with respect to satisfying the birds vitamin D requirement. Aflatoxin toxicity was not significantly improved by the addition of the 4TX smectite clay.
Publications
- J. Cornejo, E. S. Dierenfeld, C. A. Bailey and D. J. Brightsmith. 2011. Predicted metabolizable energy density and amino acid profile of the crop contents of free-living scarlet macaw chicks (Ara macao). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Article first published online: 29 AUG 2011; DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01218.x
- S. Hassan, J. McReynolds, J. Byrd, A. Cartwright and C. Bailey. 2011. Effects of adding dietary guar meal, guar gum and saponin-rich guar meal extract on broiler chicks challenged with Clostridium perfringens. International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstract p 37.
- J.Fowler, R. Kakani, A. Haq and C. A. Bailey. 2011. Evaluation of stabilized gelatin Cholecalciferol beadlets on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 90(E-Suppl.1) p 81.
- R. Kakani, J. Fowler, S. Kallur, A. Haq, M. J. Bailey, and C. A. Bailey. 2011. Evaluation of the CYP1A1 and CYP2H1 gene expression in liver tissue of broilers fed with different concentrations of dietary aflatoxin. Poult. Sci. 90(E-Suppl.1) p 103.
|
Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Several studies were conducted to evaluate yeast cell wall (mannose oligosaccharides) on starting broiler performance in birds subjected to infectious bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Basal industry type broiler starter diets were prepared and fed to broiler chickens over a 3-week rearing period. The basal diet was divided into equally sized batches. Each batch was supplemented with a yeast cell wall additive at the rate of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 g per metric ton of feed. On day 12 to 15 all birds were vaccinated with a commercial infectious bursal disease vaccine. On days 18, 19 and 20 all birds were challenged with clostridium perfringens by oral gavage. Birds and feed were weighed at 21 or 22 days of age and overall performance evaluated and a performance index calculated. The data collected in this study will likely be disseminated as one or more publications in the journal Poultry Science. An additional study was conducted to evaluate a couple of vitamin D3 geletanized beadlets on skeletal development in young broilers. A total of 250 Ross x Cobb broiler chickens (1 day old) were placed in 2 Petersime Battery Brooder (5 birds per pen, 4 pen reps per treatment) and fed a commercial type corn soy broiler starter diet for a three week rearing period. A custom vitamin premix was used containing no vitamin D3 so the test treatments could be supplemented at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 IU D3/kg diet. A single mash basal diet was prepared and then sub-divided prior to preparing each individual treatment. Birds were depleted of vitamin D3 over the first 7 days of the study (all birds fed the Negative Control) Weekly feed consumption and gain per pen were recorded. At 7-days of age we began feeding the test samples of Vitamin D for 14 days. At day-21 the birds were killed, weighed and the right leg of each chick removed for determining both tibia ash (fat free and dried) and foot ash. Results will be reported at the annual Poultry Science Association meeting. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Commercial Poultry Industry Various Universities and Research Organizations working with Poultry Efforts are directed toward improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The mannose oligosaccarides used to evaluate broiler performance in birds subjected infectous bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge consistently improved overall performance with an optimum concentration of about 250 grams per metric ton. The mannose oligosaccarides were not particularly useful for reducing intestinal lessions brought about by Clostridium perfringens challenge. Data collected from multiple experiments suggest the challenge model is effective for evaluating pre-biotic additives in poultry. Regarding vitamin D trials, there were no significant differences between source of vitamin D3 gelatin beadlets for any of the variables tested. There were significant effects of dose for all variables with the exception of feeding efficiency. The data clearly confirm the NRC 1994 vitamin D3 requirement of 200 IU/kg of feed.
Publications
- Velazquez, A.L. Barrientos, C.A. Bailey, Y. Deng and J.B. Dixon. 2010. Evaluation of Bentonites as an Amendment in Poultry Feed Contaminated with High-Concentration of Aflatoxins. In: SEA-CSSJ-CMS Trilateral Meeting On Clays. June 8-10, 2010 Seville, Spain.
- Hassan, Sherif M., J.A. Byrd, A.L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2010. Hemolytic and Antimicrobial Activities Differ Among Saponin-rich Extracts From Guar, Quillaja, Yucca, and Soybean. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 162 (4): 1008-1017.
- Narciso-Gaytan, C., D. Shin, A. R. Sams, C. A. Bailey, R. K. Miller, S. B. Smith, O. R. Leyva-Ovalle, and M. X. Sanchez-Plata. 2010. Soybean, palm kernel, and animal-vegetable oils and vitamin E supplementation effect on lipid oxidation stability of sous vide chicken meat. Poultry Science. 89: 721-728.
- Brightsmith, Donald J., D. McDonald, D. Matsafuji, C.A. Bailey. 2010. Nutritional Content of the Diets of Free-linving Scarlet Macaw Chicks in Southeastern Peru. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 24(1): 9-23.
- Hassan, Sherif M., A.U. Haq, J.A. Byrd, M.A. Berhow, A.L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2010. Haemolytic and antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich extracts from guar meal. Food Chemistry. 119 (issue 2): 600-605.
- Kakani, R., D. A. Gamboa, M. C. Calhoun, A. U. Haq, C. A. Bailey. 2010. Relative Toxicity of Cottonseed Gossypol Enantiomers in Broilers. The Open Toxicology Journal. 4: 26-31.
- R Kakani, A Haq, J Fowler, E Murphy, T Rosenberger, M Berhow, and C. A. Bailey. 2010. Quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of eggs from hens fed Camelina sativa (camelina meal). Poult. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1, 558.
- Henuk, Y.L., Dillak, S.Y.F.G., S., Sembiring, S. and Bailey, C.A. 2010. Optimizing Nutrition of Commercial Livestock For Minimal Negative Impact on the Environment Through Precision Feed Formulation. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, (ISTAP), Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, October 19-22, 2010, 790-794. Bailey, C.A., Dillak, S.Y.F.G., Sembiring, S. and Henuk, Y.L. 2010. Systems of Poultry Husbandry In: Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production, (ISTAP), Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, October 19-22, 2010, 335-341.
- Henuk, Y.L. and Bailey, C.A. 2010. Reducing Negative Impact of Poultry Waste on the Environment Through Precision Feed Formulation. In: Proceedings of the 2010 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, Sheraton Greensboro at Four Seasons, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Camelina sativa (Camelina meal) commonly known as "false flax" is a rich source of omega 3 fatty acids. In order to establish a safe upper feeding level for commercial laying hens. After an acclimation period, each bird was individually weighed and 1 of 3 experimental diets containing 0, 5 or 10 % camelina meal was provided for three consecutive 28 day periods. Experimental diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric relative to the basal control feed. Weekly egg production per treatment block was recorded. Egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness and shell breaking strength was measured for all eggs laid on 1 day per week throughout the study. At the end of each 28 day period experiment each bird were individually weighed to determine the weight gain/loss. The data collected in this study will likely be disseminated as a publication in the journal Lipids. Three separate studies were conducted to evaluate mannose oligosaccharides on starting broiler performance in birds subjected to either cocci or infectous bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Basal industry type broiler starter diets were prepared and fed to broiler chickens over a 3-week rearing period. The basal diet were divided into 10 equally sized batches. Each batch was supplemented with one mannose oligosaccaride additives at the rate of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 g per metric ton of feed. On day 15 all birds were vaccinated. On days 18, 19 and 20 all birds except the negative control were challenged with lostridium perfringens by oral gavage. Birds and feed were weighed at 22 day of age and each bird was killed and examined for the presence of Necrotic Enteritis lesions. The scoring was based on a 0 to 3 score, with 0 being normal and 3 being the most severe. The data collected in this study will likely be disseminated as one or more publications in the journal Poultry Science. Saponin rich extracts from guar meal have recently been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and autoinducer-2 inhibition like activities. Bacterial cells communicate amongst each other using signaling molecules termed autoinducers, a process that has been termed quorum sensing. The autoinducer-2(AI-2) molecule produced by bacteria is considered to be a universal signaling molecule as it influences gene expression in a variety of bacteria. Natural and man-made products that can modulate AI-2 activity may have therapeutic value. The objective of this study was to compare AI-2 inhibition by saponin rich guar extracts and other commercially available Yucca and Quillaja saponins. The luminescence based response of the reporter strain Vibrio harveyi BB 170 was used as the basis for determining AI-2 activity. Conditioned media (cell free supernatant) from E. coli#5 (a prolific AI-2 producer) was used as a positive control. Freeze dried 100% methanol extracts of guar meal,Yucca and Quillaja saponins were tested for AI-2 inhibition. The data collected in this study will likely be disseminated as one or more publications in the journal Poultry Science. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Camelina meal appears to be a viable ingredient to increase relative concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in egg yolks when fed to laying hens at dietary concentrations up to 10% without adversly affecting egg prodcution. It appears the USDA will set an upper dietary limit of 10% camelina meal for use in laying hen diets. The mannose oligosaccarides used to evaluate broiler performance in birds subjected to either cocci or infectous bursal disease vaccination and Clostridium perfringens challenge consistently improved overall performance with an optimum concentration of about 250 grams per metric ton. The mannose oligosaccarides were not particularly useful for reducing intestinal lessions brought about by Clostridium perfringens challenge. Data collected from multiple experiments suggest the challenge model is effective for evaluating pre-biotic additives in poultry. Regarding the comparison of autoinducer-2 inhibition by saponin rich guar extracts and other commercial saponins The 100% extract showed an average inhibition of 79.5 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml(compared with positive control). The Yucca and Quillaja saponins respectively showed an average inhibition of 62.7 and 68.3 at the same concentration. AI-2 inhibition by these saponins was further analyzed by increasing the levels of concentration. Average inhibition by 100% methanol extract from guar meal was increased to 89.4 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml and to a 93.1 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The Yucca saponins could inhibit AI-2 to a level of 70.9 and 76.2 at the concentrations 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml respectively, whereas the average inhibition by Quillaja saponins was 74.7 and 81.2 at the concentrations 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml respectively. Saponin rich extracts from guar meal have shown higher inhibition levels compared to commercially available Yucca and Quillaja saponins. Understanding the mechanism behind AI-2 inhibition by saponin rich guar extracts could open doors to use guar saponins to control microbes in poultry feed and other formulations.
Publications
- Kakani,R.,P. Jesudasan, S. D. Pillai, and C. A. Bailey. 2009. Comparison of autoinducer-2 inhibition by saponin rich guar extracts and other commercial saponins. Poultry Science 88 (Suppl. 1):41.
- Hassan, Sherif M., A.U. Haq, J.A. Byrd, M.A. Berhow, A.L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2009. Haemolytic and antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich extracts from guar meal. Food Chemistry. 119 (2010) 600-605.
- Lee, T.J., C. A. Bailey, and L.A. Cartwright. 2009. In vitro Viscosity as a Function of Guar Meal and β-Mannanase Content of Feels. International Journal of Poultry Science. 8 (1) 2009.
- Hassan, Sherif M.,James A. Byrd, Aubry L. Cartwright and Chris A. Bailey. 2009. Hemolytic and Antimicrobial Activities Differ Among Saponin-rich Extracts From Guar, Quillaja, Yucca, and Soybean. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Published online: 15 November 2009
- Chou, W. K., X. Li, C. Bailey, and H. Zhou. 2009. Gene expression profiling among liver, bone marrow and kidney in broilers. Poultry Science 88 (Suppl. 1):51.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A study was conducted to evaluate mannose oligosaccarides on starting broiler performance in birds subjected to cocci vaccination and clostridium perfringens challenge. In this study, a basal industry type broiler starter diet was prepared and divided into 10 equally sized batches for a total of 10 treatments. Each batch was supplemented with one of the two mannose oligosaccharide feed additives at the rate of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 g per ton. On days 19, 20 and 21 all birds except the negative control were challenged with C. perfringens. Birds and feed were weighed at 22 day of age. On day 22 each bird was killed and examined for the presence of Necrotic Enteritis lesions. Mannose oligosaccharide supplementation did not significantly affect bird performance over the course of the study. In a separate study a water soluble probiotic water treatment (NutriZyme) was evaluated in broilers over a 7 week rearing period. NutriZyme contains phosphoric acid, seaweed meal and active yeast. A total of 600 vaccinated straight run broiler chicks were randomly placed in 20 floor pens (30 birds per pen). A custom made water system was used to supply the "NutriZyme" probiotic water treatment to every other pen of the broiler house. The water treatment (plus control) was replicated 10 timesAt the conclusion of the study birds receiving the control treatment weighed 3425 grams and those receiving the NutriZyme treatment weighed 3432 grams. Feed to gain ratios and the broiler productivity index score were absolutely identical. In another study yeast Biolex-MB40 (prebiotic mannose oligosaccharides) were evaluated with respect to performance and bone development in unchallenged broiler chickens. Broilers receiving the Biolex-MD40 yeast at 2% of the diet weighed significantly less than the control birds at day 7 and 14 but this difference was not significant by day 21 with the control group weighing 849g and the Biolex group weighing 821g. Cumulative feed conversion was significantly worse in the Biolex group (1.49 to 1.55). Bone ash was not significantly affected by the addition of the Biolex-MB40 yeast. Another study evaluated a new commercial source (China) of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on broiler performance and bone development. The experimental design employed a 2 x 4 factorial with 2 sources of vitamin D3 and 4 concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 ICU. The treatments were replicated 5 times (5 broiler chicks per pen for 25 total chicks per treatment). Weekly feed consumption and gain per pen were recorded. After a 3-week rearing period the birds were killed and the left foot of each chick removed at the tibio-metatarsal joint, labeled, dried for 2 days at 105 C, weighed, and placed in porcelain crucibles to be ashed at 600 C overnight. After 21 days of feeding the test sample of vitamin D produced significantly better performance for every variable measured including bone ash. A significant dose effect for bone ash was observed with the 25 ICU dose producing lower percent bone ash. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Poultry Scientist Commercial Poultry Producers Feed Manufacturers Feed Additive Manufacturers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Our first study of the year was a challenge study whereby the birds are stressed with a pathogen, in this case Clostridia perfringens. Unfortunately the challenge did not take and there were no significant differences between birds receiving the challenge and those not receiving the challenge. The mannose oligosaccharides (yeast cell wall) did not significantly impact performance. Over the last several years we have concluded that the mannose oligosacharide prebiotic treatments do not necessarily differenciate themselves from the control treatments unless the birds face some type of external challenge to their immune system. This study produced some of the best uniformity we have ever seen and suggest that the water soluble NutriZyme treatment has absolutely no effect on broiler performance. We believe the negative affects associated with feeding the prebiotic yeast product Biolex-MB40 were more likely due to the reduction in nutrient density rather than a "Pharmacological" or physiological effect of the mannose oligosaccharides themselves. There is apparently reluctance from U.S. poultry producers to adapt various vitamins manufactured in China. Our results suggest that the Chinese Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) product was as good or better than the control Cholecalciferol samples for all production parameters measured including bone ash. Based on this particular study there is no need to fear the Cholecaciferol product imported by Vernon Waldon Inc.
Publications
- *Gutierrez, O., N. Surbakti*, A. Haq*, J. B. Carey, and C.A. Bailey. 2008. Effect of continuous multiphase feeding schedules on nitrogen excretion and broiler performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 17:463-470
- **Hassan, Sherif M., Amal K. El-Gayar, David J. Cadwell, C. A. Bailey, Aubrey L. Cartwright, 2008. Guar meal ameliorates Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks, Vet. Parasitology. 157:133-138.
- *Gutierrez, O., *C. Zhang, D.J. Caldwell, J.B. Carey, A.L. Cartwright, and C.A. Bailey. 2008. Guar meal diets as an alternative approach to inducing molt and improving Salmonella Enteritidis resistance in late-phase laying hens. Poult. Sci. 87:536-540.
- *Kakani, R., O. Gutierrez*, C. A. Bailey, P. Jesudhasan, and S. D. Pillai. 2008. Inhibition of autoinducer-2 activity by saponin rich guar extracts. Poult. Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):32.
- **Narciso-Gaytan, C., D. Shin, C. A. Bailey, A. R. Sams, and M. X. Sanchez-Plata. 2008. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid, flaxseed, and menhaden fish oil effect on lipid oxidation stability of sous vide chicken meat. Poult. Sci. 87 (Suppl. 1):42.
- **Hassan, S. M., O. Gutierrez*, A. Haq*, J. A. Byrd, C. A. Bailey, and A. L. Cartwright. 2008. Effects of guar meal against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. International Poultry Scientific Forum. Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract:137.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Saponins extracted from guar meal were evaluated for hemolytic and antimicrobial activities. Saponin rich extracts were prepared by rexing approximately 25 g guar meal with 250 mL ethanol:H2O(1:1) for 3 hr, ltering and distilling the ethanol using roto-evaporationat 50 C. Resulting aqueous fractions were partitioned three times with equal volumes of n-butanol to yield saponin rich fractions of 4.8% of the original material. Ethanol extracted n-butanol fractions were further puried by reversed phase ash column chromatography on a C-18 preparatory column eluting 2 fractions with 20, and 1 each with 60, and 100% methanol (MeOH). Fractions were collected,roto-evaporated and freeze-dried with yields averaging 1.72, 0.88, 0.91 and 1.55% of the original material, respectively. Freeze dried fractions were dissolved in PBS and ltered using 0.2 micrometer lters before use in two 96-well plate assays for hemolytic and antimicrobial
activities. The hemolytic assay measured blood cell lysis of serial dilutions of the extracts (66.66 to 0.52 microgram/mL) using negative and 100% lysis control wells. Antimicrobial activity was measured as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)using serial dilution of the extracts (1 mg to 7.8 microgram extract/mL)in 96-well plates with negative and ampicillin or novobicin positive controls. A gram positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram negative bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium)were surveyed. Hemolytic activity was observed in 100% MeOH guar fractions (P<0.05) but not in 20 or 60% fractions. Antimicrobial activity was detected upon exposure of 100% MeOH fractions to Staphylococcus aureus but not to E. coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. Several studies report adaptive physiological responses in animals fed high-fiber diets resulting in increased capacity for nutrient utilization. This study was conducted to determine whether similar adaptation occurs with
respect to true metabolizable energy (TME) of guar meal (GM) in adult Leghorn roosters. Guar meal contains approximately 11% crude fiber and 18% residual gum, which is comprised of a beta-1,4-linked D-mannopyranose chain with alpha-1,6-linked D-galactopyranose branches. A total of 28 roosters were subjected to an initial bioassay in order to establish a baseline TME of GM. A cross-over feeding experiment followed, in which basal diets and high-fiber diets (25% GM) were administered for a period of three weeks before subsequent bioassays were conducted. Results of this experiment indicate that birds which had consumed the high-fiber diet prior to assay had a ~9 % reduction in their ability to utilize energy from GM than birds fed the basal diet. Physiological responses were reversible in that birds consuming the high-fiber diet initially reverted to increased levels of energy utilization when administered the basal diet. However, this increase in energy utilization was intermediate to
baseline observations and most likely indicates that additional time is required for the complete recovery of the digestive ability of birds fed high-fiber diets.
PARTICIPANTS: Graduate Students working on Project: Omar Gutierrez PhD Sherif Hassan PhD Radhika Kakani MS Lab Tech: Dr. Akram Haq
TARGET AUDIENCES: Animal Nutritionist Poultry Nutritionist Poultry Industry
Impacts
This past year we have focused primarily on the nutraceutical affects of guar bean extracts as a potential alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. Several of our extracts, consistent with triterpenoid saponins, were found to have antibiotic like activity with respect to Staphylococcus aureus but not E. Coli or Salmonella. The active extracts were also found to be hemolytic, a well known characteristic of many saponins. Our most recent studies indicate significant anti-coccidial properties as well. These discoveries have the potential to both increase the value of guar as an alternative cash crop for Texas farmers as well as introducing a natural alternative to traditional antibiotic use in poultry feeds. Other studies indicate that birds which had consumed a high-fiber diet prior to TME assay had a ~9 % reduction in their ability to utilize energy from guar meal than birds fed the basal diet. Physiological responses were reversible in that
birds consuming the high-fiber guar meal diet initially reverted to increased levels of energy utilization when administered the low fiber basal diet.
Publications
- Hassan, S. M., O. Gutierrez, A. Haq, J. A. Byrd, C. A. Bailey, and A. L. Cartwright. 2007. Hemolytic and antimicrobial activity of guar meal extracts. International Poultry Scientic Forum Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Georgia. January 22 to 23, 2007 Page 728.
- Gutierrez, O., C. Zhang, A.L. Cartwright, J.B. Carey, and C.A. Bailey. 2007. Use of Guar By-Products in High Production Laying Hen Diets. Poult. Sci. 86:1115-1120.
- Gutierrez, O., A.L. Cartwright, and C.A. Bailey. 2007. Effects of Diet Preconditioning on the True Metabolizable Energy of Guar Meal. Poult. Sci. 86(Suppl. 1):399.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Two different methods were evaluated for extracting saponins from guar meal. In one method 25 grams of guar meal were placed in cellulose extraction thimbles and refluxed with 250 ml methanol for 24 hrs using Soxhlet extraction apparatus. In the second method, 25 grams of guar meal was refluxed directly for 3.5 to 4 hrs in equal volumes of water and absolute ethanol (125 ml of each). A roto-evaporator was used to evaporate the methanol extract to dryness and then approximately 100 ml of distilled water was added back. After filtering the solids from the ethanol-water extract, the ethanol was evaporated with the roto-evaporator leaving a volume of approximately 100 ml. The extracts were transferred to separatory funnels, equal volumes of n-butanol added and after vigorous shaking the solutions were left to partition overnight. The upper, saponin-rich n-butanol fractions were collected separately and the remaining aqueous fractions were partitioned two more times with
n-butanol. The pooled n-butanol fractions were next evaporated to dryness, a little water added and then either freeze dried or immediately subjected to preparative reverse phase C-18 (octadecylsilyl coated silica) flash chromatography. The average yield of the freeze dried n-butanol partitions (4 replicates) was 7.34% and 4.91% for the methanol and ethanol methods respectively. These extracts were next evaluated for hemolytic activity using serial dilutions of 3 mg freeze dried extract per ml isotonic saline. Chicken RBCs (100 ul whole blood) were added to 2 ml of the serial diluted isotonic saline and allowed to sit at room temperature for 2 hrs. Both the extracts were hemolytic at concentrations greater than 750 ug/ml. Saponin rich extracts prepared from guar meal, quillaja bark, yucca, and soybean were evaluated for antibacterial and hemolytic activities. Ninety six multi-well plate assays for hemolytic and antimicrobial activities were tested using 8 serial dilutions of saponin
concentrations from 5 to 666 ug/mL. A hemolytic assay used a 1% suspension of chicken red blood cells with water as a positive control and phosphate buffer solution as a negative control. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of S. aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli with ampicillin as a positive control and bacteria without saponin as a negative control. Optical densities of ELISA plate wells were read at 650 nm to assay hemolytic and bacterial growth. Results showed that saponin from different sources have different hemolytic and antibacterial activities. Guar and quillaja saponins were hemolytic, while yucca and soybean were not hemolytic at the concentrations tested. No saponin source had antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium or E. coli at the concentrations tested in this study. Both guar and quillaja saponin extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
Impacts
This past year we have focused primarily on the nutraceutical affects of guar bean extracts as a potential alternative to the prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. several of our extracts, consistent with triterpenoid saponins, were found to have antibiotic like activity with respect to Staphylococcus aureus but not E. Coli or Salmonella. The active extracts were also found to be hemolytic, a well known characteristic of many saponins. Our most recent studies indicate significant anti-coccidial properties as well. These discoveries have the potential to both increase the value of guar as an alternative cash crop for Texas farmers as well as introducing a natural alternative to traditional antibiotic use in poultry feeds.
Publications
- Bailey, C. A., G. W. Latimer, A. C. Barr, W. L. Wigle, A. U. Haq, J. E. Balthrop, and L. F. Kubena. 2006. Efficacy of montmorillonite clay (NovaSil PLUS) for protecting full-term broilers from aflatoxicosis. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:198-206.
- *Gutierrez, O., A. Haq, J. C. Wood, and C. A. Bailey. 2006. Evaluation of guar meal TMEn using feed-trained roosters. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):7-8.
- Narciso-Gaytan, C., C. A. Bailey, A. R. Sams, and M. X. Sanchez-Plata. 2006. Dietary lipid source and vitamin E effect on lipid oxidation stability of cooked chicken patties. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):115.
- Narciso-Gaytan, C., C. A. Bailey, A. R. Sams, and M. X. Sanchez-Plata. 2006. Dietary lipid source and vitamin E effect on lipid oxidation stability of raw chicken parts. Poult. Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):115.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effects of bacitracin MD and yucca saponin extract on broiler performance and litter ammonia production. Overall the birds grew very well, achieving an average bodyweight of 2.578 + .121 kg or 5.67 lbs after 42 days. Industry type feed conversions averaged 1.73 across all treatments. Mortality averaged only 3.6% and was not affected by treatment. All treatments performed significantly better than the control with respect to body weight gain (p<0.05) with the saponin extract @ 150 ppm performing better (p=0.108) than the control with respect to feed to gain ratio. Three out of four yucca saponin treatments resulted in significantly lower litter ammonia (p<0.05) at week four of the study but no treatment was significantly different from the control (p<0.05) by week Six. With the recent ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds in Europe, alternative methods of maintaining current levels of animal
production and performance are actively being pursued. XtractTM 6930 (Xtract) is a standardized formulation of oil plant extracts, including carvacrol, capsicum, and cinnamaldehyde, whose use as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics was evaluated. Treatments consisted of: 1) no-additive control; 2) Xtract 75g/ton; 3) Xtract 150g/ton; 4) Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD) 50 g/ton. Pens fed Xtract 150 g/ton (2.75 kg BWG; 1.74 FCR), were comparable to BMD 50 g/ton pens (2.75 kg BWG; 1.76 FCR), but were not significantly different from Control pens (2.73 kg BWG; 1.77 FCR). Birds receiving Xtract 75 g/ton were intermediate to Control and BMD groups with an average weight of 2.74 kg BWG and an FCR of 1.77. On day 42, 10 randomly selected birds from each pen were individually weighed, slaughtered, and processed. Breast meat and parts yield was determined as % of carcass weight. Although no significant differences were detected, Xtract 150 g/ton carcasses yielded similar quantities
compared to BMD 50 g/ton carcasses (68.78% and 68.52%, respectively). However, water uptake averaged 0.5% less for the Xtract group at 150 g/ton compared to the control. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous beta-glucanase and protease fed as dried extracts from Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae and Trichoderma viride on nutrient utilization in broilers. During phase three, significant differences were detected in feed conversion at P<0.05. After 5 weeks of feeding the birds weighted an average of 4.09 pounds with an average industry type feed to gain ratio of 1.60. Differences in cumulative feed to gain ratio were significant at P=0.068 however. After 6 weeks of feeding, the birds weighted an average of 5.39 pounds with an average industry type feed to gain ratio of 1.71. ME trials were performed using high (3140 kcal/kg) and low (3050 kcal/kg) energy pelleted broiler grower diets with and without the exogenous enzymes (1 lb per ton) and ME was improved by
about 70 kcal/kg at P=0.098.
Impacts
We continue to evaluate nutraceuticals, feed additives and feeding strategies to improve nutrient utilization in poultry. We see this as the most effective strategy of limiting the environmental impact of commercial poultry production on environmental pollution. While none of the feed additives evaluated this past year offer a dramatic improvement in nutrient utilization or ammonia reduction they all resulted in at least some improvement versus the controls. Further refinement of the additives themselves, synergistic combinations or new techniques of application may offer greater potential to favorably impact both the economics of poultry production as well as the environmental concerns. We will continue to explore these strategies in the coming years.
Publications
- Gutierrez, O., A. Haq, J. R. Corley, C. Kamel, and C. A. Bailey. 2005. Evaluation of Xtract on broiler performance and carcass yields when used in corn/soybean meal diets. Poult. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):52 .
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Several laboratories have reported on the ability mannose, administered by feed or drinking water, to interfere with Salmonella intestinal colonization in commercial poultry. Guar gum has a mannose backbone with galactose bound to alternating mannose sugars. The mannose:galactose ratio in guar gum is approximately 2:1. Addition of Hemicell a galactomannanase, hydrolyzes the gum to produce mannose monomers and oligosaccharides as verified by the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization (MALDI) procedure. The objective of the present experiments was to investigate the ability of hydrolyzed guar gum to reduce the ST intestinal colonization in broiler chicks. Hydrolyzed guar gum solutions were as effective as mannose at inhibiting the ability of ST to agglutinate yeast cells while galactose had no inhibitory effect on agglutination. Two duplicate in vivo experiments were performed to determine the inhibitory ability of hydrolyzed guar gum, mannose, and galactose on
ST cecal colonization (Log10 ST cfu/g) in broiler chickens. Experiment 1 indicated galactose (2.18 cfu/g) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ST cfu recovered from broilers while mannose (3.88 cfu/g) and hydrolyzed guar gum (2.40 cfu/g) did not differ from control (3.37 cfu/g). In experiment 2, mannose (0.82 cfu/g) and galactose (1.24 cfu/g) fed broilers significantly reduced ST recovered from the ceca while no difference was observed between control (2.23 cfu/g) and hydrolyzed guar gum treatments (2.10 cfu/g). These experiments indicate that both mannose and galactose interfere with the ability of ST to agglutinate yeast cells in vitro and colonize the ceca of broilers. A 5 x 5 Latin square experiment was conducted to explore the feasibility of molting hens by feeding relatively high concentrations (15 or 20%) of guar hull by-product. Feed withdrawal birds, hens fed 15 or 20% guar hull without enzyme, and 20% guar hull with enzyme ceased laying at day 6, 10, 8 and 10 of treatment,
respectively but hens fed 15% hull with enzyme continued to lay throughout the 14-day molting period. Feed withdrawal hens resumed laying in week 3 of post-molt, and reached 50% hen-day egg production in week 4. Full-fed groups laid eggs in the first week of post-molt, and reached 50% egg production in week 3. The results showed that feeding guar hull by-product at 20% of complete diet may be a preferable molting approach to complete feed withdrawal. A 5 x 5 Latin square experiment was conducted to evaluate using low concentrations of guar germ or a combination of guar germ and hull (guar meal) in high production laying hen diets. Hens were fed either a non-guar control diet, or a diet with 2.5 and 5% guar germ, or 2.5 and 5% guar meal for 20 weeks. The results showed that both guar germ and guar meal can be fed to high production laying hens at up to 5% without adverse effects on laying hen performance and egg quality.
Impacts
Our research with poultry now suggests that guar meal has nutraceutical properties that improve intestinal health, food safety and provides prophylactic protection via intestinal attachment of residual guar gum galactomannan oligosaccharides to intestinal pathogens exhibiting type 1 fimbriae (salmonella) thus preventing colonization within the intestine. Currently, the United States imports approximately 90% of its guar bean needs from India and Pakistan even though many parts of Texas are ideally suited to guar production. Increased guar bean production within the State of Texas can have significant economic impacts with respect to water use, conservation tillage, guar meal and gum production as well as animal performance and health.
Publications
- Pimpukdee, K., L. F. Kubena, C. A. Bailey, H. J. Huebner, E. Afriyie-Gyawu, and T. D. Phillips. 2004. Aflatoxin-induced toxicity and depletion of hepatic vitamin A in young broiler chicks: Protection of chicks in the presence of low levels of NovaSIL PLUS in the diet. Poult. Sci. 83:737-744.
- Lee, J. T., S. Conner, A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2004. Quantitative measurement of negligible trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient analysis of guar meal fractions. (Accepted for publication in the J. Agri. Food Chem.).
- Lee, J. T., S. E. Tichy, C. A. Bailey, A. L. Cartwright, and D. J. Caldwell. 2004. Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) yeast agglutination and intestinal colonization in broilers by galactose or mannose liberated from guar gum. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):70.
- *Zhang, C., A. L. Cartwright, J. B. Carey, and C. A. Bailey. 2004. Evaluation of guar by-products in high production laying hen diets. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):105.
- *Zhang, C., J. B. Carey, A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey. 2004. Application of guar hull by-product as a full-fed molting supplement. Poult. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):83.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Several studies were conducted to evaluate guar in poultry feeds. A 2 x 5 factorial experiment investigated the impacts of two guar meal fractions (germ and hull) at five inclusion levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%) on intestinal viscosity, measures of growth, and feed conversion in broiler chickens fed to 20 d of age. Growth and feed conversion ratios were not affected by inclusion of as much as 7.5% of the germ fraction into poultry diets, while inclusion of the hull fraction reduced growth at all concentrations. Results suggest that residual gum was responsible for some deleterious effects seen when guar meal was fed. The germ fraction was a superior ingredient when compared with the hull fraction. The guar meal germ fraction constituting as much as 7.5% of the diet supported growth and feed conversion measures similar to those observed with a typical corn-soybean poultry ration. Two experiments were designed to study the effects of 2 guar meal fractions at 3
different concentrations, germ (0, 5.0, and 7.5%) and hull (0, 2.5, and 5.0%), and the effectiveness of a beta-mannanase at three levels (0, 1x, and 4x; 1x = 1.09 x 10(5) units/ kg) on broiler growth and feed conversion. Growth and performance were measured as a function of intestinal viscosity. Addition of the enzyme significantly increased body weight and reduced feed conversion ratio in diets containing guar hull fractions. Supplementation of beta-mannanase to feeds containing either fraction of guar meal reduced intestinal viscosity and alleviated the deleterious effects associated with guar meal feeding. In another study conducted with laying hens, it was found that birds could tolerate up to 10% guar meal in their diets but went into a molt at 15% guar meal. This may have implications as a non-traditional molting strategy. In several other studies, the effect of semi-continuous multiphase feeding on broiler performance and nitrogen excretion was evaluated. Feed consumption,
nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention were unaffected by the semi-continuous multiphase feeding, however, production costs per lb. of gain were improved slightly.
Impacts
Our research with poultry now suggests that guar meal has nutraceutical properties that improve intestinal health, food safety and provides prophylactic protection via intestinal attachment of residual guar gum galactomannan oligosaccharides to intestinal pathogens exhibiting type 1 fimbriae (salmonella) thus preventing colonization within the intestine. Currently, the United States imports approximately 90% of its guar bean needs from India and Pakistan even though many parts of Texas are ideally suited to guar production. Increased guar bean production within the State of Texas can have significant economic impacts with respect to water use, conservation tillage, guar meal and gum production as well as animal performance and health.
Publications
- Surbakti, Nasril, 2003. Continuous Multiphase Feeding of Broiler Chickens. Dissertation.
- Lee, J.T., C.A. Bailey, and A.L. Cartwright. 2003. Guar meal germ and hull fractions differently affect growth performance and intestinal viscosity of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 82:1589-1595.
- Lee, J.T., C.A. Bailey, and A.L. Cartwright. 2003. Beta-mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions. Poult. Sci. 82:1925-1931.
- Lee, J.T., C.A. Bailey, and A.L. Cartwright. 2003. Beta-mannanase removes growth inhibition associated with dietary guar meal. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):7.
- Surbakti, N., A.U. Haq, J. Carey, and C.A. Bailey. 2003. Effect of multiphase feeding on broiler performance and nitrogen excretion. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):17.
- Zhang, C., J.T. Lee, N. Surbakti, A.L. Cartwright, and C.A. Bailey. 2003. Guar meal in laying hen diets. Poult. Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):45.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of three distinct fractions of guar meal on broiler performance. The purpose of the first study was to determine the percentage of the different guar meal fractions that could be added before growth and consumption were affected. The second study was conducted to determine if Hemicell(a beta-mannanase enzyme) addition could alleviate some of the negative effects of feeding guar meal to broilers. The three fractions of guar meal studied were the germ fraction, the seed coat or hull fraction, and a combined fraction of the two, which was approximately a 25:75 germ to seed coat. The results of this study indicated the germ fraction could be fed at up to 5% of the diet while the hull and combined fractions could only be fed at 2.5% of the diet. The second study diets contained 5% of each of the three fractions with and without enzyme addition. No difference in body weight between the guar germ fraction and the control was
observed. The addition of enzyme improved cumulative feed conversion but had no effect on body weight. Guar meal contains high concentrations of protein and indigestible galactomannan polysaccharide. Two additional experiments examined effects of guar meal fractions (hull and germ) and beta-mannanase enzyme (Hemicell) on growth performance and intestinal viscosity in broiler chickens. The hull but not the germ fraction significantly depressed body weight. Feed conversion was not significantly affected until more than 5% guar meal was fed. Intestinal viscosity significantly increased at 7.5% germ and at 2.5% of the hull fraction. The guar meal germ fraction was fed without growth depression or increase in feed conversion up to 7.5% of the diet to 3 wk of age. The hull guar meal fraction depressed growth and increased feed conversion at as low as 2.5% of the diet. Guar meal increases intestinal viscosity and beta-mannanase enzyme reduces viscosity with a concomitant improvement of feed
conversion. Guar meal constituting over 5% of the diet depresses growth and performance of broilers presumptively due to a residual gum, galactomannan polysaccharide. The gum increases intestinal viscosity while decreasing nutrient absorption. In another experiment Hemicell was added at ten different concentrations levels ranging from 1/32 to 100 times the recommended dose. Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield LVDV-II cone and plate viscometer with a CPE-40 spindle. Hemicell significantly reduced the viscosity of all diets. A linear relationship between enzyme concentration and sample viscosity was observed between 0 and the enzyme level recommended by the manufacturer. This reduction in viscosity of the feed could offer a hypothesized method to decrease the intestinal viscosity of guar meal diets in vivo thereby improving performance of broilers.
Impacts
These studies suggest differences in feeding value between the 3 commercially available fractions of guar meal. The germ fraction is most appropriate for use in poultry feeds at levels up to at least 5% of the total diet. The hull fraction is not as well suited to poultry production at concentrations exceeding 2.5% of the diet. The addition of beta-mannanase enzyme reduces viscosity with a concomitant improvement of feed conversion. Given the relatively low cost of guar meal versus soybean meal it's inclusion in broiler feeds can lower production cost without reducing performance.
Publications
- Conner, Stacie, 2002. Characterization of Guar Meal For Use In Poultry Rations. Dissertation.
- Conner, S. R., J. T. Lee, A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey, 2002. Effects of Guar Meal on Growth and Feed Conversion of Broilers. Southern Poultry Science Society. 81 (Suppl. 1):113.
- Lee, J. T., S. R. Conner*, C. A. Bailey, and A. L. Cartwright, 2002. Hemicell Enzyme Decreases In Vitro Viscosity of Guar Meal Feeds. Southern Poultry Science Society. 81 (Suppl. 1):113-114.
- Lee, J. T., P. Zhang, C. A. Bailey, and A. L. Cartwright, 2002. Effect of Guar Meal and Mannanase on Growth Performance and Intestinal Viscosity in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Sci. 81 (Suppl. 1):41-42.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The annual legume, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) flourishes in arid climates such as north Texas. Currently guar is grown for its galactomannan polysacchride gum that is utilized as a thickening agent in cosmetics, foods, feeds and oil field drilling mud. Guar meal is the by-product of gum production and has been used successfully in limited quantities as a source of vegetable protein in animal feeds. In the separation of the gum containing endosperm, two distinct fractions are obtained. The first fraction from the splitting of the guar bean has higher germ content and the second fraction removes the hull from the remaining endosperm. A third fraction results from a combination of approximately 22% fraction one and 78% fraction two. Nutrient profiles for the three fractions were determined by proximate and amino acid analysis. The crude protein content of the guar by-product meals averaged 45, 36, and 38% for fractions one through three, respectively. Methionine
concentrations averaged 0.53, 0.44 and 0.45% while lysine averaged 2.00, 1.54 and 1.64%, respectively. Dry matter averaged about 91, 94 and 93%. Feeding studies suggest that guar meal can be a viable source of protein for poultry feeds. Although guar meal can be used as a source of vegetable proteins in animal feeds, a major impediment to protein digestibility is commonly attributed to a trypsin inhibitor. Defatted raw soybeans, dehulled soybean meal and three guar fractions evolved from various stages of guar gum production were assayed for trypsin inhibitor activity using the American Oil Chemists' Society official method Ba 12-75. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-phase feeding program in which the nutrient content of the diet was changed every 24 hours versus a single-phase feeding program in which a single diet was fed over a 21-day growing period. In Experiment 1, 144 day-old straight run broiler chicks were randomly placed in 24 separate battery
brooder pens and fed either a broiler starter diet containing 22% protein (3146 kcal ME/kg) or a linear blend of two diets so that birds received a diet containing 24% protein (3124 kcal ME/kg) on Day 1 and 20% protein (3168 kcal ME/kg) by Day 21. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 with the exception that 24 day-old straight run broilers were individually caged and the control diet contained 23% protein while the blended diet ranged from 26 to 20% protein. Poultry metabolizable energy was maintained at 3200 kcal ME/kg. Multi-phase feeding had no significant influence on feed consumption, daily gain, feed conversion or net fecal nitrogen in either experiment. Serve as committee chairman for 3 students.
Impacts
Results indicated that the trypsin inhibitor activity of the raw guar beans, guar splits (gum), and the three guar meal fractions were substantially less than the trypsin inhibitor activity of heat treated dehulled soybean meal. Trypsin inhibitor activity is likely not the significant impediment to protein utilization in guar meal.
Publications
- Nasril, C. Zhang, A.U. Haq, J. Carey, C.A. Bailey, 2001. Multi-Phase Versus Single-Phase Feeding During the Broiler Starter Period; Effects on Performance and Nitrogen Excretion. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1).
- Conner, S .R., J. Lee, A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey, 2001. Nutrient characterization of guar meal fractions. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1).
- Conner, S .R., A. L. Cartwright, and C. A. Bailey, 2001. Reassessment of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Guar Meal. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1).
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Studies were conducted to explore strategies for developing carotenoid producing Lactobacillus casei using genetic engineering, in a hope that carotenoid biosynthesis could be realized in probiotic strains of lactobacilli. First, an E. coli-lactobacillus shuttle vector pCSVMS was constructed based on the plasmid pCAR16 containing the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (crt) genes of Erwinia uredovora. This was accomplished by incorporating a strong gram-positive promoter region of lactococcus expression vector pMG36e and a gram-positive origin of replication of pAMb1 derived vector pIL253 plasmid, into pCAR16 to create pCSVMS. After transformation, the resulting vector both successfully expressed carotenoid biosynthesis in E. coli and shuttled between E. coli and Lactobacillus casei, while maintaining structural stability. Since carotenoid biosynthesis was not expressed in Lactobacillus casei harboring pCSVMS, genetic modification of the vector pCSVMS was attempted in
order to achieve carotenoid production in Lactobacillus casei through site-directed mutagenesis of the original ribosome binding site of the crt gene cluster. To further explore ways to achieve carotenoid production in Lactobacillus casei, another shuttle vector, pCMS was constructed using the polymerase chain reaction to introduce gram-positive plasmid derived ribosome binding sites in front of each subsequent crt gene in the cluster. To promote transcription, the promoter and ribosome binding site from the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis derived vector pMG36e, was inserted upstream of the crt gene cluster. The former sequences were positioned such that translation of the first crt gene (crtE) of the cluster was coupled to translation of a short open reading frame terminating within the crtE initiation site. The recombinant plasmid pCMS was electroporated into Lactobacillus casei after addition of a gram-positive origin of replication from pIL253 and transformants were obtained.
Restriction analysis of the plasmids prepared from the recombinant strain of Lactobacillus casei confirmed that the shuttle vector pCMS was structurally intact and stable in Lactobacillus casei although carotenoid production was not yet achieved.
Impacts
A study was designed to evaluate the relative toxicity of (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers in 0 to 3 wk-old broilers. Treatments consisted of broiler starter diets formulated with either a glandless which did not contain gossypol, a commercial glanded (62.2% (+)-gossypol), or a glanded moco (83.2% (+)-gossypol) crushed cottonseed (CCS) (six replicates/treatment) plus a soybean meal negative control. Glandless cottonseed was mixed with the moco cottonseed (2.4% free gossypol) so that both the commercial glanded and moco glanded cottonseeds contained equivalent concentrations of free gossypol (2.0%). The cottonseed treatments were added at 5 and 10% of the diet. Body weights and feed conversions were determined weekly. Body weights and feed to gain ratios of broilers fed 5 and 10% glandless CCS and 5% moco CCS were not significantly different. Broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded CCS weighed significantly less than all other treatments. Feed to gain ratios were
significantly higher for broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded and 10% moco CCS as compared to 5% moco and glandless CCS, 10% glandless CCS and control. Relative liver weights of birds receiving 10% moco CCS were significantly less than those receiving 10% commercial CCS. The data clearly showed that broilers fed moco CCS containing a relatively high (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio performed better than broilers receiving commercial CCS with a lower (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio.
Publications
- Sattar, Minawar 2000. Strategies for developing carotenoid producing lactobacillus species by genetic engineering. Dissertation TAMU Library.
- Bailey, Christopher A., Robert D. Stipanovic, Michael S. Ziehr, Akram U. Haq, Minawar Sattar, Leon F. Kubena, Hyeong L. Kim, and Robson de M. Vieira, 2000. Cottonseed with a high (+)- to (-)-gossypol isomer ratio favorable to broiler production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:5692-5695.
- Gamboa, D.A., M.C. Calhoun, S.W. Kuhlman, A.U. Haq, and C.A. Bailey, 2000. Use of Expander Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets Formulated on an Available Amino Acid Basis. (accepted for publication in Poultry Science).
- Gamboa, D.A., M.C. Calhoun, S.W. Kuhlmann, A.U. Haq, and C.A. Bailey, 2000. Tissue Distribution of Gossypol Enantiomers in Broilers Fed Various Cottonseed Meals. (accepted for publication in Poultry Science).
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Several experiments were conducted to to determine the toxicity of sorghum ergot in broiler chickens. Toxicity studies were conducted in 0 to 3-week-old broiler chickens and in "full term" broiler chickens from 0 to 6-weeks of age. The concentration of the sorghum ergot alkaloid, dihydroergosine in the feed for both studies was 6 micrograms/gram of sorghum seed. In the 3-week toxicity study, 150 "straight run" broilers were housed in 24 brooder pens with 6 birds per pen. Eight pens received ergot free sorghum, eight pens received ergot sorghum cleaned of chaff, and another eight pens received ergot sorghum not cleaned of chaff. Both growth and feed efficiency were reduced in the broilers receiving the ergot sorghum however these numerical differences were not significant. In the 6-week toxicity study, 300 "straight run" broilers were housed in 20 broiler house pens with 15 birds per pen. Ten pens received ergot free sorghum while the other ten pens received the
sorghum containing ergot. Growth was significantly reduced in broilers receiving sorghum containing ergot from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Feed conversion was significantly reduced in 3-week-old broilers receiving ergot sorghum. Differences in feed conversion at 6 weeks of age were not significant. The mortality in both of these studies was not significant. Two experiments were conducted to determine the maximum safe level of an expander solvent cottonseed meal (CSM) in diets fed to Coturnix quail when reagent-grade and feed-grade mono-dicalcium phosphate was utilized as a source of inorganic phosphorus. Reagent grade phosphorous source was used to reduce the iron content of the diet. The feed-grade phosphorus contained 15,000 ppm iron. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated with 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28% CSM and contained 24% protein and 2900 kcal ME/kg diet. Diets were formulated using true digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids. The CSM used in the reagent-grade study contained
1.21% total gossypol and 0.098% free gossypol with a (+) to (-) isomer ratio of 59.6:40.4. Estimated iron to free gossypol ratios ranged from 1.4:1 for the diet with 7% CSM, to 0.4:1 for the diet with 28% CSM. For the feed-grade study the CSM contained 1.40% total gossypol and 0.15% free gossypol with a (+) to (-) isomer ratio of 61.8:38.2. Estimated iron to free gossypol ratios ranged from 2.2 to 1 for the diet containing 7% CSM, to 0.5 to 1 for the diet with 28% CSM. These results of the reagent-grade phosphorus study suggest expander solvent cottonseed meal can be fed to Coturnix quail at up to 21% of the diet without adversely affecting performance when diets are formulated using true amino acid digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids using a low-iron source of phosphorus. The 28% CSM diet was estimated to contain 99 ppm iron and 274 ppm free gossypol.
Impacts
Results from the feed-grade phosphorus study indicate that when using true digestibility coefficients for essential amino acids and a high-iron source of phosphorus, Coturnix quail can be fed a diet with up to 28% expander solvent cottonseed meal for 7 weeks without adversely affecting performance or mortality. The diet with 28% CSM was estimated to contain 200 ppm iron and 409 ppm free gossypol.
Publications
- Martin, G. P., 1999. The effects of feeding management on growth and production of broiler breeder females. Dissertation, TAMU Library.
- Gamboa, David A., 1999. Evaluation of Gossypol Isomers and Protein Quality in Cottonseed Meal Fed to Broilers and Turkeys. Dissertation, TAMU Library.
- Bailey, C. A., J. J. Fazzino, Jr., M. S. Ziehr, M. Sattar, A. U. Haq, G. Odvody, and J. K. Porter, 1999. Evaluation of sorghum ergot toxicity in broilers. Poultry Sci. 78:1391-1397.
- Ziehr, M. S., M. Sattar, M. C. Calhoun, and C. A. Bailey, 1999. Use of cottonseed meal in Coturnix quail diets formulated with reagent-grade mono-dicalcium phosphate. Poultry Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1):69.
- Sattar, M., M. S. Ziehr, M. C. Calhoun, and C. A. Bailey, 1999. Use of cottonseed meal in Coturnix quail diets formulated with feed-grade mono-dicalcium phosphate. Poultry Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1):70.
- Fazzino Jr., J. J., 1999. The evaluation of sorghum contaminated with ergot on broiler chicken performance. Thesis, TAMU Library.
- Ziehr, M. S., 1999. Use of cottonseed meal in diets for Coturnix Quail. Thesis, TAMU Library.
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Progress 12/04/92 to 11/30/98
Outputs
Numerous experiments were conducted to determine the ability of carotenoid pigments to stimulate immune function in poultry. Beta-carotene and canthaxanthin were the primary pigments under investigation. Vitamins A and E were also studied in several experiments. A dissertorial study on the immunoenhancing effects of dietary beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in chicks concluded that both carotenoids increased hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus in SCWL cockerels. However, In vitro beta-lymphocyte blastogenesis was not significantly increased. A thesis on the combined immunoenhancing effects of vitamins E and A, E and beta-carotene and E and canthaxanthin concluded HI antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus were not significantly affected by treatment. Vitamin E, however, was effective ameliorating the toxic effects of high concentrations of vitamin A. A dissertorial study on the neonatal immune response of chicks hatched from
breeders fed diets supplemented with beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein or vitamin E concluded vitamin E alone or in combination with beta-carotene when fed to breeders was effective in enhancing B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation of newly-hatched chicks. When chick bursal lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of beta-carotene, canthaxanthin or lutein, lymphocyte proliferation was not significantly affected. A dissertorial study on the effects of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin on the health of chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin concluded that the carotenoids did not significantly enhance antibody production to either Newcastle disease or infectious bursal disease virus. Vitamin E did enhance bursal lymphocyte proliferation with or without aflatoxin. In conclusion, it appears Vitamin E is generally more effective in enhancing immune function of poultry than the carotenoid pigments.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- *Sattar, M., and C. A. Bailey, 1998. Developing beta-carotene producing Lactobacillus species by introducing a biosynthetic gene cluster from Erwinia uredovora. Poultry Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1):56.
- *Fazzino, J. J. Jr., C. A. Bailey, M. S. Ziehr, M. Sattar, and G. Odvody, 1998. The effects of sorghum ergot on broiler performance. Poultry Sci. 77 (Suppl 1):7.
- *Students for whom I serve as committee chairman, 1998.
- Shermer, C. L., K. G. Maciorowski, C. A. Bailey, F. M. Byers, and S. C. Ricke, 1998. Cecal metabolites and microbial populations in chickens consuming diets containing a mined humate compound. J. Sci. Food Agric. 77:479-486.
- Bailey, C. A., M. S. Ziehr, A. U. Haq, J. J. Fazzino, Jr., R. D. Stipanovic, L. F. Kubena, and H. L. Kim, 1998. Performance is enhanced in broilers fed cottonseed with a high (plus) to (minus) gossypol isomer ratio. Poultry Sci. 77 (Suppl. 1):42.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Experiments were conducted to determine the biological availability of bound and free gossypol in cottonseed meals (CSM), establish the correlation between available gossypol and chick/poult performance, and to assess the relative toxicity of the (+) and (-) isomers of gossypol. Experimental diets were formulated on a digestible amino acids basis. Body weight (BW), feed conversion (FC) and mortality were used as parameters to evaluate performance. Concentrations of total and the (+) and (-) isomers of gossypol were determined in lyophilized plasma and tissues. In the first experiment, eight different CSM processed by different methods and differing in free gossypol were fed at 28% of the starter diet. Accumulation of total gossypol occurred at a faster rate in liver than plasma or any other tissue. Within the range of free gossypol fed, tissue concentrations of gossypol increased linearly, whereas proportions of gossypol isomers tended to plateau. In the second
experiment an expander solvent CSM was included in starter and grower diets at 7, 14, 21 and 28%. At 42 days FC of birds fed the 28% CSM diet was higher than control. Tissue concentrations of gossypol increased linearly as dietary free gossypol increased, and isomers reached steady state proportions that were a function of both gossypol intake and period of consumption. Ground seeds of two G. barbadense accessions and a G. barbadense cultivar differing in proportions of (+) and (-) isomers were used in a third experiment as a sources of gossypol. No birds died during the 21 d experiment, but feed consumption decreased as dietary (-) gossypol increased. Concentrations of the (+) and (-) isomers in plasma and tissues reflected consumption of individual (+) and (-) isomers of gossypol. A fourth experiment was similar to experiment 2 using turkeys rather than broilers. Overall performance was not detrimentally affected by the inclusion of CSM. Pattern in tissue deposition and the
proportions of gossypol isomers deposited were similar to broilers. Results from these experiments suggest that CSM at levels up to 28% of broiler starter (345 ppm Fe) or 21% in grower diets (270 ppm Fe) can support adequate performance when formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. Results indicate that toxic effects of gossypol in broilers are due primarily to the (-) isomer. Plasma concentration of total gossypol plus or minus 10 micrograms per mL appear to be well tolerated by both broilers and turkeys.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Okotie-Eboh, L.F. Kubena., A.D. Chinnah, and C.A. Bailey, 1997. Effects of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin on aflatoxicosis in broilers. Poultry Sci. 76:1337-1341.
- Shermer, C.L., K.G. Maciorowski, C.A. Bailey, F.M. Byers and S.C. Ricke, 1997 Cecal metabolites and microbial populations in chickens consuming diets containing a mined humate compound. Accepted in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
- Gamboa, D. A., S. Ziehr, M. Calhoun, C. A. Bailey, 1997. Use of plasma and tissue gossypol levels to assess the availability of free and bound gossypol in broilers fed cottonseed meals. Poultry Sci. 76 (Suppl. 1):81.
- Gamboa, D. A., A. Haq, M. Calhoun, C. A. Bailey, 1997. Comparative toxicity of (+) and (-) gossypol isomers fed to broilers. Poultry Sci. 76 (Suppl. 1):80.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
A carotenoid shuttle vector has been developed for shuttling carotenoid genes (beta-carotene) between Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei. The recombinant shuttle vector (pCSVK1) was prepared using a Lactobacillus replicon and erythromycin resistance marker from plasmid pLP503, a different shuttle vector for Lactobacillus and E. coli. Plasmid pCSVK1 expresses B-carotene, resulting in orange colonies in E. coli. Plasmid pCSVK1 was successfully electroporated and amplified within L. casei although B-carotene synthesis was not expressed. Shuttling pCSVK1 from L. casei back to E. coli again resulted in orange colonies indicating the plamid maintains its structural stability and its ability to express B-carotene synthesis in E. coli while functioning as a shuttle vector between E. coli and L. casei. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dehulled soybean meal produced by an expander process on broiler chick performance. The results suggest
significantly increased protein solubility relative to conventionally produced soybean meals. Both body weight gain and feed conversion was significantly improved. Amino acid availability was found to be significantly higher in the expander processed soybean meal. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of (+) and (-) gossypol isomers on chicken health and performance. The (-) gossypol isomers were found to be significantly more toxic than the (+) isomers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Gamboa, D. A., M. Calhoun, C. A. Bailey, 1996. Evaluation of toxic effects of gossypol in Broilers. Poultry Sci. 75 (Suppl. 1):38.
- Haq, A.U., C.A. Bailey and A. Chinnah, 1996. Effect of beta-Carotene, Canthaxanthin, Lutein, and Vitamin E on Neonatal Immunity of Chicks When Supplemented in the Broiler Breeder Diet. Poultry Sci. 75:1092-1097.
- Bailey, C. A., L. J. Srinivasan, and R. B. McGeachin, 1996. The Effect of Ethoxyquin on Tissue Peroxidation and Immune Status of Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels. Poultry Sci.75:1109-1112.
- Haq, A.U., and C.A. Bailey, 1996. Time course evaluation of carotenoid and retinol concentrations in post-hatch chick tissue. Poultry Sci.75:1258-1260.
- Haq, A.U., and C.A. Bailey, 1996. Effect of different carotenoids on lymphocyte proliferation (in vitro) of newly hatched chicks. Avian Diseases 40:823-827.
- Okotie-Eboh, L.F. Kubena., A.D. Chinnah, and C.A. Bailey, 1996. Effects of beta-Carotene and Canthaxanthin on Blood Chemistry and Humoral Immunity of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Aflatoxin. Accepted by Poultry Sci.76:xxx-xxx.
- Bailey, C. A., K. E. White, and S. L. Domke, 1996. Evaluation of menefee humate TM on the performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 75 (Suppl. 1):84.
- Baltmanis, B. A., C. A. Bailey, A. Blue-McLendon, and R. Angel, 1996. Baseline gastrointestinal tract data in ostriches fed a complete versus a forage-based diet. Poultry Sci. 75 (Suppl. 1):15.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Pcar16 plasmids (a gene cluster which mediates the biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids such as beta-carotene donated by Norihiko Misawa) from Erwinia uredovora have been successfully amplified in Escherichia coli. Experiments to transform Lactobacillus acidophilus and bulgaricus by electroporation are underway. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a "new" solvent extracted dehulled soybean meal on broiler chick performance. This soybean meal was produced by an expander process developed by the Texas A&M Food Protein Research Center. The results suggest significantly increased protein solubility relative to conventionally produced soybean meals. Both body weight gain and feed conversion was significantly improved after three weeks of feeding. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a humate feed additive on broiler performance. This naturally occurring humate contains over 12 chelated minerals essential to the growth and well being of
chickens. Results suggest that incorporation of the material at 0.5% of the diet results in significant improvements in body weight gain and feed conversion.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Experiments were successfully conducted to clone a pCAR16 plasmid from Erwinia uredovora (gene cluster which mediates the biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids such as (beta)-carotene donated by Norihiko Misawa) into Escherichia coli. Both 3' and 5' primers were synthesized for PCR amplification of chicken farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase. The primers are currently being tested against rat cDNA. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 5 types of cottonseed meal on growth and performance of broilers and to develop HPLC assay procedures for determining free gossypol isomers in chicken blood and other tissues. Both (+) and (-) isomers have been quantified at a ratio approximating 90:10 in liver and 75:25 in plasma. The tissue concentrations have been correlated with the dietary concentrations of free and total gossypol. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of isopropanol extracted soybean meal on growth and feed conversion in broiler chickens.
The results of these experiments suggest there is no difference between isopropanol extracted meal and hexane extracted meal.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of (beta)-glucanase and alpha galactosidase enzyme preparations on growth and performance of broilers fed grain sorghum based diets. The long term goal of this research is to enhance meat production and feed efficiency in broilers fed grain sorghum. In initial trials there were no significant differences in the performance of broilers fed either enzyme preparation. Experiments continue, evaluating different preparations and application rates. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Lysoforte (a modified triglyceride produced by the KEMIN Corporation) on growth and feed conversion in broiler chickens. The long term goal of this research is to enhance meat production and feed efficiency in broilers fed grain sorghum. Lysoforte did not significantly increase the performance of male broilers in the initial study of this compound. Additional experiments using female broilers are being contemplated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
(beta) Carotene and canthaxanthin were investigated with regard to enhancing thebroilers ability to respond to a viral challenge of infectious bursal disease (IBD) while being fed diets containing toxic levels of aflatoxin. IBD titers were for birds consuming diets containing canthaxanthin were significantly higher than those not receiving canthaxanthin suggesting canthaxanthin may have potential to reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin. (beta) Carotene, canthaxanthin and lutein were investigated for there ability to enhance neonatal immunity in chicks hatched from broiler breeders fed the supplemental carotenoid. The results of 3 separate experiments were mixed, but in general the chicks from carotenoid fed breeders did not respond to Newcastle Disease vaccination significantly better than the controls. Ethoxyquin was investigated for its ability to enhance immune function in poultry. Ethoxyquin significantly reduced tissue peroxidation in liver, spleen and kidney but
did not enhance the broilers response to Newcastle Disease vaccination. Laying hens were investigated for their ability to deposit (beta) carotene, retinol and alpha tocopherol in eggs. Concentrations of all 3 compounds were significantly increased in egg yolks, but only vitamin E increased to levels that would be considered economically significant. A blended antioxidant/chelate mixture was compared against ethoxyquin with respect to ability to delay lipid peroxidation and xanthophyll degradation in stored poultry feeds.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine the oxidative stability of poultry feeds treated with ethoxyquin (Santoquin) or a blended combination of butylated hydroxytoluene, MTBHQ, EDTA and citric acid. The results suggest the blended antioxidant was just as effective as ethoxyquin with respect to preventing the oxidative destruction of carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids in stored poultry feeds. A study was conducted to see if it was possible to enrich chicken eggs with (beta)-carotene and vitamin E. Eggs are being analyzed for their vitamin content at this time. A study was conducted to investigate the interaction of canthaxanthin and (beta)-carotene with aflatoxin in broiler chickens. The data are awaiting statistical analysis. A series of studies were initiated in an attempt to optimize the nutrition and reproductive performance of ratites. Carotenoid enriched diets are being fed to both Emus and Ostrichs and their growth and performance monitored. We have
learned there is a great deal of variation in the porosity of ostrich hatching eggs leading to decreased hatchability. We have discovered that it is possible to predict the relative hatchability of an egg by measuring its weight loss after only 7 to 10 days of incubation. It is then possible to modify the incubation environment as a function of the 1 week weight loss and greatly increase the embryos chance of surviving the 42 days to hatch. We have evaluated the effects of semduramicin on weight gain, feed conversion and broiler yield.
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
A series of experiments were conducted to determine the combined effects of vitamin E with vitamin A, beta-carotene, and canthaxanthin on the performance of cockerel chickens. Elevated concentrations of vitamin E were observed to spare the toxic affects of high levels of vitamin A as well as improve feathering. The chicks were able to tolerate up to 100 mg/kg beta-carotene or canthaxanthin without ill effects. Antibody titers to newcastle disease virus were determined after vaccinating for the disease. The data are awaiting statistical analysis. A series of experiments were conducted to determine in vitro bursal lymphocyte blast-ogenesis from chickens fed supplemental beta-carotene and canthaxanthin. Bursal blasto-genesis generally increased with increasing dietary carotenoid. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of ethoxyquine on the immune system of cockerel chickens. The data are awaiting statistical analysis. An experiment was conducted to
determine the effects of various natural and synthetic pigments on broiler skin pigmentation. Multiple regression models are being developed to predict broiler skin color hues based on specific concentrations of individual dietary carotenoids.
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
An experiment was conducted to determine the immunoenhancing effects of beta-carotene in cockerel chickens. The results suggest a 3-fold enhancement of antibody titer to newcastle disease virus in birds fed .03% beta-carotene. An experiment was completed to determine the immunoenhancing effects of beta-carotene in day-old chicks hatched from breeders fed 1% beta-carotene. The results suggest a 2 fold increase in bursal lymphocyte blastogenesis as measured using an in vitro mitogen stimulation assay. An experiment was completed to determine the immunoenhancing effects of beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and retinol when directly incubated with bursal lymphocytes using an in vitro mitogen stimulation assay. The carotenoids did not directly affect blastogenesis at the concentrations used in this study. An experiment was completed to determine the anti-oxidant potential of liquid ethoxyquine and a chelator/ethoxyquine combination with respect to carotenoid stability in mixed
poultry feeds. The results suggest that liquid ethoxyquine is more affective at preventing oxidation than the chelator/ethoxyquine combination. An experiment is in progress to determine the optimal level of dietary beta-carotene and canthaxanthin necessary to maximize the immune response to newcastle disease vaccination in cockerel chickens.
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
An experiment was completed on the metabolizable energy value of 9 varieties of grain sorghum. The results suggest some of the lighter, white and cream colored sorghums have higher metabolizable energy than the red varieties. An experiment completed on modeling broiler growth during the finishing period. The results will be incorporated into a computer program which will determine the optimum diet to feed given varied ingredient prices and market strategies. An experiment was completed on the effects of various concentrations of methionine and lysine on aflatoxicosis in broilers. The data is currently being analyzed. An experiment was completed on the effects of lincomycin and narasin:nicarbazin on broiler growth and feed efficiency. The results suggest that lincomycin did not significantly increase weight gain or feed efficiency when fed in combination with narasin:nicarbazine. Aquatic millifoil was analyzed for carotenoid content. The results suggest this
aquatic plant contains significant amounts of B-carotene and lutein and could potentially serve as a pigment source for poultry.
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Experiment completed on the quantification of Calbindin (calcium-binding protein) in heat stressed laying hens. Results suggest intestinal calbindin is significantly higher in heat stressed laying hens. Experiment completed on the effects of dietary protein on ochratoxicosis in broiler chicks. Results suggest increasing protein levels may be of some benefit in decreasing the toxic effects of ochratoxin. Experiment completed on the effects of supplemental phenylalanine on ochratoxicosis in broiler chicks. Results suggest supplemental phenylalanine may decrease the toxic effects of ochratoxin A in broilers. Experiment completed on the deposition of xanthophylls in egg yolks from laying hens fed Turf Bermuda grass meal. Results suggest that laying hens can deacylate lutein esters and chlorophylls prior to deposition into developing ova. Experiment completed on the processing and feeding of Turf Bermuda grass to laying hens. Results suggest Turf Bermuda grass is
an excellent source of xanthophylls for laying hens.
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of heat stress on adult Single Comb Leghorn hens. The hens were randomly placed in individual cages in 1 of 2 semi-environmentally cotrolled rooms, 10 birds/room. After a 1-2-week acclimation period where the hens were maintained at approximately 22C, the temperature in one of the rooms was raised to 35C using up to 3 electrically powered space heaters. This temperature was maintained for another 7 to 10 days. The hens were fed a practical type laying hen diet ad libitum throughout both studies. Feed consumption and egg production were monitored over the duration of both experiments. Eggs were weighed daily and retained for egg shell quality measurements. At the end of the experimental period blood was withdrawn from each hen which was then killed by cervical dislocaton. Blood was retained to measure serum concentrations of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Parthyroid glands were carefully removed
from each bird and weighed. Duodenal loops were excised from the hens, slit open with a scapel, then rinsed in isotonic saline and Tris-HC1 buffer (pH 7.4). Mucosal height was then measured and removed with a glass microscope slide. Mucosa was then homogenized in Tris buffer and centrifuged. The supernatant was retained for calcium binding protein assays and elecrophoresis. Both egg production and egg weight were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the heat stressed hens. Mucosa height was significantly increased (P<0.
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Tetramehylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) an organic sulfur compound has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of a lesion similar to one seen in tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). Dyschondroplasias tend to give a similar picture at the level of the light microscope. The goal of this investigation is to establish that the lesion induced by TMTD is morphologically the same as observed in TD lesion induced via dietary manipulation (high protein/high energy) in order to utilize it as a model in the study of TD. TMTD was fed at 30ppm to 25 male Indian River chicks from 0 to 3 weeks of age, as a control, 0ppm was fed to another 25 male Indian River chicks. Growth plate and metaphysis from the control and growth plate, lesion and metaphysis from TMTD birds were processed for electron microscopy every 3 days up to 3 weeks of age. To date, gross observations reveal that as early as 9 days in TMTD, the presence of an abnormal lesion was apparent. In sagital sections, the
lesion extends the length of the growth plate. The lesion increases longitudinally with age and at 3 weeks of age resembles the standard TD lesion. Preliminary ultrastructural studies reveal the lesion consists of hypertrophic cells, at times necrotic. The proteoglycan and collagen of the lesion extracellular matrix appears less dense as compared to the normal growth plate hypertrophic zone. We are now in the process of detailed morphological examination of the lesion and analysis of the serum and bone minerals.
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
It is generally accepted that an interrelation exists between the chemical structure of the organic eggshell matrix and the structure of the inorganic calcium carbonate crystals making up the eggshell. The nature of the interrelationship between the various chemical groups of the organic and inorganic matrices of the calcified eggshell is poorly understood. We are conducting studies on the water-soluble proteins comprising the eggshell matrix to determine their role in eggshell formation. Three water-soluble components were identified electrophoretically after first dissolving membrane-free eggshell in 10% EDTA-0.7% acetic acid. Electrophoretic mobilities in 7.5% acryamide were 0.458, 0.625 and 0.708 respectively. Two water-soluble proteins were detected by isoelectric focusing after first dissolving the eggshell in 10% EDTA-TRIS, pH 7.4. These components both had isoelectric points between 4.0 and 4.5, and were also detected in intestinal mucosa homogenates.
Work is continuing on the purification and characterization of these proteins.
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