Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Retired 9/30/2013
Publications
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Pesticide applicators Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? CA is working with NY to collect additional data on gloves as part of applicator training sessions
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Under Objective 1, CA has collected data from operating room staff regarding opinions about disposable versus reusable warm-up jackets. The data have been coded for subsequent analysis.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brasch, J., Rucker, M. and Haise, C. (2013), Medical textiles that suit the user: Predicting health care workers preference for disposable versus reusable surgical gowns, Health Marketing Quarterly, 30, 162-176.
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Three types of coveralls worn by local pesticide applicators were collected and shipped to Cornell for visual analysis by Cornell and California researchers. Those data have been reviewed for coding as to size and type of damage. Those data will be added to responses recorded on work logs and questionnaires providing an overview of coverall experiences and perceptions. Researchers in California, New York, Colorado, and Hawaii have been sharing background information on the application context on a regular basis to make sure the analyses accurately reflect local application situations. We are also developing a protocol for an online survey about gloves worn when applying pesticides. PARTICIPANTS: Joanne Brasch (graduate student), Margot Bennett (graduate student) TARGET AUDIENCES: Pesticide applicators PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The coverall data will be used in product development efforts. The glove study is intended to explore potential problems in acquiring and use of gloves for applying pesticides.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The results to date of the coverall project have been shared with participants as well as colleagues at Cornell, Colorado State University, and University of Hawaii. Since sizing has been an issue, we have also been collecting and sharing sizing information regarding products that are currently on the market. A method of visual analysis of the coveralls has been developed and we will begin that process shortly. Results of a medical textiles product project have been presented at several conferences with one article published and another submitted. PARTICIPANTS: Joanne Brasch (graduate student), Margot Bennett (graduate student) TARGET AUDIENCES: Healthcare workers, pesticide applicators PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Review of the questionnaire data and personal interviews with some of the participants has been useful in product development considerations for the next prototype.
Publications
- Rucker, M. H., Brasch, J. E., & Haise, C L. (2011) Textile products and prevention of hospital acquired infections: Understanding the hospital perspective. Journal of Medical Marketing, 11(2), 156-164.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Results of the medical textiles project have been shared with an audience of healthcare professionals and protective clothing specialists at a Sustainable Textiles and Medical Protection conference at UC Davis in June. It was shared with a similar audience at an ARTA annual meeting in Quebec City in July. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include users of medical textiles and the purchasing agents in their healthcare facilities. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Some of the hospital partners are reconsidering criteria to use in selecting medical textiles for their healthcare workers as a result of the critical incidents data generated by the survey of operating room nurses and doctors.
Publications
- Rucker, M., Brasch, J., & Haise, C., (2011 in press), Textile products and prevention of hospital acquired infections: Understanding the hospital perspective, Journal of Medical Marketing.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A new set of two-layer fabric systems has been evaluated for CAL FIRE (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection) as to radiant protective performance (RPP), air permeability, and total heat loss. Another project completed on behalf of CAL FIRE compared the RPP of one- and two-layer systems over a range of heat flux values. Results have been presented to CAL FIRE and at a statewide meeting of fire fighters. Results of a collaborative project with Cornell and University of Missouri on pesticide protective clothing have been presented at the 2009 European Conference on Protective Clothing. The results have also been presented at Oklahoma State University in March 2009 and at Cornell University in April 2009. PARTICIPANTS: CAL FIRE has been a partner in the two thermal protective clothing projects. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include fire fighters and the producers and users of chemical protective clothing. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The research on pesticide protective clothing has led to development of a prototype which allows for good range of motion without excess loose fabric that can catch on sharp objects in the environment, damaging the garment and reducing its protective capacity. The thermal protective clothing research has been used by CAL FIRE to recommend a new minimum RPP value for their protective clothing systems.
Publications
- Rucker, M., & Pan, N. (2009) Evaluation of the air permeability, total heat loss, and radiant protective performance of five protective clothing systems. Report to CAL FIRE.
- Ackerman, M., & Rucker, M. (2009) Prediction of protection times for wildland fire fighters exposed to thermal radiation. Report to CAL FIRE.
- Boorady, L. M., Rucker, M., Haise, C., & Ashdown, S. P. (2009) Protective clothing for pesticide applicators: A multimethod needs assessment. Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management. 6(20:1-17.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A new set of two-layer fabric systems for wildland fire fighting is being evaluated for CAL FIRE (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ) as to their radiant protective performance, air permeability, and total heat loss values. We are also cooperating with New York, Hawaii, Missouri, and Iowa on a study of problems and preferences related to protective clothing for structural fire fighting. In addition, we are continuing work with New York, Minnesota, and Missouri on improving pesticide protective coveralls. Another project involved a nationwide survey of doctors and operating room nurses regarding their experiences with and preferences for different types of medical textiles. PARTICIPANTS: A partner in the wildland fire fighting project has been CAL FIRE. Data on medical textiles problems has been presented at the American Society for Healthcare Environmental Services (ASHES) to alert practitioners to product problems that could be related to the spread of hospital-acquired infections. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences include healthcare workers and administrators, fire fighters, and pesticide applicators. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Prototypes of the redesigned pesticide protective coveralls are being evaluated for user protection and comfort. Data from the medical textiles survey indicated a variety of problems that could be reduced through product development efforts.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Research conducted in collaboration with CALFIRE (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection) involved initiating evaluation of the physical properties of a proposed new work pant. Initial tests of air permeability have already been conducted. In addition, we have collected data on perceptions of recycled fiber products and their virgin counterparts to determine possible barriers to acceptance of recycled material in protective clothing. We are also continuing to work with New York, Minnesota, and Missouri on redesign of pesticide protective coveralls to improve applicator acceptance.
Impacts
Prototypes of pesticide protective coveralls are being created by the NC170 design team; design changes include novel approaches to adding ease without adding bulk. Analysis of the data on perceptions of recycled versus virgin textile materials suggests that recycled fibers may be competitive with respect to functional features but not aesthetic features.
Publications
- Margaret Rucker and Carrie Haise, 2007, Consumer perceptions of recycled fibers. Proceedings, First International Symposium on Fiber Recycling, June 20 & 21, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Analyses of data on the effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protective performance of wildland fire fighter protective clothing systems have been completed during this period. The data showed a decline in thermal protective properties of the clothing under conditions of high heat flux and internal moisture. For both the radiant protective performance (RPP) tests and the thermal mannequin tests, the clothing systems were significantly more protective when the lower layer was dry than when it was wet. In almost all conditions, the addition of either the current logo or a prototype logo appeared to increase thermal protection rather than reduce it. However, additional testing under low heat flux conditions needs to be done before making an unconditional recommendation about continued use of silk screened emblems on fire fighter protective clothing. In addition to work on thermal protective clothing systems, work on chemical protective clothing continued during
this period. Data from five additional pesticide applicators were added to the California/New York data set. Content analysis of the interview and questionnaire data was completed and results were discussed during two videoconferences with colleagues from New York, Missouri, and Minnesota. The objective of the ongoing videoconferences is to improve the design of pesticide protective coveralls currently on the market.
Impacts
The testing of thermal protective clothing systems under both wet and dry conditions can guide fire fighting units in selecting ensembles that will be most protective under both conditions. The work on redesign of pesticide protective coveralls should provide applicators with products that are more protective and comfortable.
Publications
- Rucker, M. H., Crown, E. M. & Haise, C. L. 2006 (in press). The effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protective performance of wildland fire fighter protective clothing systems under two moisture conditions. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
This year's work in cooperation with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) involved testing of 12 protective clothing systems at the Protective Clothing and Equipment Research Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The objective of the testing was to evaluate how the presence or absence of logos and moisture affected the thermal protection offered by a two-layer clothing system. Preliminary analysis suggests that moisture is an important factor in increasing the extent of second and third degree burns as measured by the mannequin's sensors. The difference between wet and dry conditions was greatest for the logo on jacket/logo on t-shirt condition. Regarding progress on the pesticide protective clothing project done in cooperation with Dr. Susan Ashdown from Cornell University, 18 pesticide applicators working in California were interviewed, given questionnaires, and photographed while engaging in pesticide application
activities. The data have been forwarded to Dr. Ashdown for comparisons with data collected in New York.
Impacts
The testing of thermal protective clothing systems under both wet and dry conditions can guide fire fighting units in selecting ensembles that will be most protective under both wet and dry conditions. The pesticide protective clothing project will enable the redesign of protective coveralls so that they are both more protective and more comfortable.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Cooperative work with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) continued during this period. Additional radiant protective performance (RPP) tests were conducted on Nomex fabric swatches with two types of emblems and compared to a control swatch with no emblem. Both one-layer and two-layer systems were tested. In general, although the emblems burned for a brief period of time, the extra thickness resulted in better RPP values. Initial work on a cooperative project with Dr. Susan Ashdown from Cornell has begun. Contacts have been made on both the UC Riverside and the UC Davis campuses to quantify problems with protective coveralls used by agricultural pesticide applicators. To assess healthcare workers' perceptions of medical textiles, including fabrics with a new biocidal finish, a new survey of hospital purchasing agents and healthcare workers has been initiated, in which actual fabric samples have been included in copies of the
questionnaire.
Impacts
The survey of hospital purchasing agents and healthcare workers will lead to guidelines for increasing the acceptance of innovations in medical textiles. Testing of current and prototype emblems for wildland fire fighters in both wet and dry conditions will help reduce burn injuries in the variety of conditions faced by fire fighting teams.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Work during this period focused on evaluating the effects of silk screen emblems on thermal hazards faced by wildland fire fighters. A thermal mannequin was used to test six different emblem conditions - a Nomex protective jacket with 1) the standard emblem, 2) a prototype emblem, or 3) no emblem, paired with a t-shirt with either 1) the standard emblem or 2) no emblem. All of these tests were conducted on dry (conditioned) garments. Preliminary analysis suggested that emblems with fire retardant additives may reduce the heat transmitted through a Nomex thermal protective garment.
Impacts
This work has the potential to reduce burn injuries experienced by wildland fire fighters.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Preliminary analysis of data on use, maintenance and disposal of protective clothing by lawn care company employees has been completed. Responses were obtained from 156 businesses located in 6 countries. Data on maintenance suggests some potential problems with secondary contamination of household items; 43% of the respondents laundered uniforms at home. Data on personal protective equipment problems including clothing problems, were consistent with findings in Michigan. That is, the most common problems with PPE were getting employees to use it consistently and to use it properly.
Impacts
The data support project work now in progress on making PPE more comfortable and thereby increasing consistent and proper use of it.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Following development of a prototype thermal protective garment system for wildland fire fighters and physiological and thermal testing in the laboratory, prototypes were distributed to fire fighters for field testing. The fire fighters were asked to alternate wearing their standard protective clothing system with wearing the prototype system and to keep a weekly record of garment maintenance and problems. Following the fire season, they were asked to compare the two garment systems on 7 attributes, rate specific parts of the prototype as to mobility and give their opinions of 14 changes that differentiated the prototype from the standard system. Major findings were that the prototype system was rated better than the standard system on all 7 attributes with the two-way zipper on the jacket and reflective tape on the jacket sleeves being seen as particularly beneficial changes.
Impacts
Recommended changes in the wildland fire fighter protective clothing system should reduce physiological stress while maintaining thermal protection so that fire fighters can perform their jobs more efficiently and safely.
Publications
- Rucker, M. 2001. Field evaluation of the top layer of a two-layer thermal protective clothing system: Ratings of prototype garments as a whole, garment sections, and design features. A report to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Thermal mannequin tests were conducted to compare the thermal protection offered by three types of work pants commonly worn by fire fighters with a flame retardant (FR) cotton pant liner. Long sleeve cotton T-shirts were also compared with FR cotton sleeve liners. In addition, three back packs marketed for use by fire fighters were tested. Analyses showed that the FR cotton sleeve liners provided significantly more thermal protection than the cotton T-shirt; as for leg protection, the 5.6 oz/square yard FR liner was found to be equivalent in protection to the 8 oz/square yard cotton pant. All of the packs caught fire and burned during testing, indicating a need to consider a change in material or finish.
Impacts
Pending the outcome of confirmatory tests, consideration of a change in the second layer of fire fighters' protective shirts will not go forward. Furthermore, the state agency is exploring options to make the packs less prone to ignition. These actions should serve to minimize on-the-job burn injuries.
Publications
- Rucker, M., Anderson, E. and Kangas, A. 2000. Evaluation of standard and prototype garments for wildland firefighters. In Performance of Protective Clothing: Issues and Priorities for the 21st Century: Seventh Volume, ASTM STP 1386, C. N. Nelson and N. W. Henry, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
- Rucker, M. 2000. Field evaluation of the top layer of a two-layer protective clothing system and thermal mannequin evaluation of back packs and the second layer of a two-layer protective clothing system for wildland fire fighters. Report to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Thermal mannequin data on four types of protective clothing systems for fire fighters were analyzed to determine the significance of differences in systems and fit. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that, within size selections available to wildland fire fighters, fit did not produce significant differences in burn injuries. The differences in type of garment system were significant; all of the two-layer systems were significantly more protective than the one layer system. Physiological tests on fire fighters exercising in a human performance laboratory indicated that when protective garments were worn so as to maximize external heat protection, the more difficult it was to dissipate body heat. Field test data are now being analyzed to determine how systems compare when used in actual fire-fighting activities.
Impacts
Modifications in fire fighter protective garments made as a result of project findings to date should reduce on-the-job burn injuries. These modifications include reformulation of the material used to put the fire fighters' emblem on the jacket and a change in fiber content of the second layer of the protective clothing system.
Publications
- Rucker, M., Anderson, E., Haise, C. and Kangas, A. 1999. Design of prototype protective garments for wildland fire fighters. Proceedings of the International Textile and Apparel Association, 50-51.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/01/98
Outputs
During this period, fire fighter protective clothing prototypes, protective outfits currently being worn by California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) and U.S. Forest Service garments were tested on a thermal mannequin for ability to withstand direct exposure to fire. In addition, 18 fire fighters followed a standardized exercise protocol wearing each of the three types of protective clothing; physiological measures as well as subjective evaluations of stress were obtained from each of the fire fighters. Analyses of both sets of data are currently in progress.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- ANDERSON, E. 1998. Design of fire fighters' protective clothing. M.S. project report, Textiles. University of California, Davis. 56 p.
- SUN, G., PAN, N., and RUCKER, M. 1998. Evaluation of materials and design features for wildland fire fighter protective clothing. Report to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Work during this period has centered around a project on protective clothing forwildland fire fighting in collaboration with the California Department of Forestry (CDF). Discussions have been held with personnel from CDF on several occasions to determine their opinions regarding major requirements for protective uniforms. Video tapes of fire fighters have been obtained to analyze for additional factors to consider in modifications of the clothing. A plan of work has been developed to include testing fabrics for both radiant protective performance and thermal protective performance as well as durability, permeability and pliability. Materials that pass the initial screening will be used in constructing garments for further evaluation. A protocol has been developed to test uniforms made of different materials in terms of impact on physiological stress under simulated work conditions. Arrangements have been made with the Department of Exercise Science to utilize their
Human Performance Laboratory facilities to measure the heat stress experienced when walking on a treadmill while wearing the uniforms and other personal protective equipment. Another project that has been under development is an extension of previous work on disposal of textile products in general and protective clothing in particular. The impact of selected variables, including cost and convenience, will be studied in relation to reuse versus discard decisions.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
The focus of the work during this reporting period has been on collecting information to be used in a project on gloves for citrus workers. Our research team has examined a variety of available gloves for desirable features and secured materials for development of our own prototypes. In addition, we have continued to interview glove users about their needs.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
The study on transfer of Cypermethrin from carpet to apparel fabrics was concluded with the addition of a cotton interlock and a polyester interlock fabric to the original experimental cotton jersey and cotton/polyester jersey. Significantly less of the pesticide transferred to the cotton interlock than to either the 100% polyester interlock or the 50% cotton/50% polyester blend jersey. Less pesticide was transferred to the 100% cotton jersey than to either of the polyester containing fabrics but the difference was not significant. Currently, work is being done on evaluating existing glove types and developing an improved prototype for citrus workers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
The needs assessment regarding protective gloves for agricultural application ofpesticides showed that several attributes of gloves currently being used by growers were especially problematic. These problems included impaired manual dexterity, thermal discomfort, hand constriction, and difficulties in removal. Major findings of the five-state farm family survey included that most applicators assumed that common work clothing protects from dermal exposure to pesticides. This assumption appeared to work,against applicators' adoption of special precautions, whereas poor information delivery systems seemed to be the major problem in getting launderers to follow safe practices. With respect to use of pesticides in the home, lack of precautions were attributed to perceived protection by government, little danger in low dosages and expense and possible social ridicule that could occur if one used special protective gear.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Four types of fabric were tested for frictional transfer of pesticide from carpet to types of material common to children's apparel. The test fabrics included a 100% cotton jersey, a 50% cotton/50% polyester jersey, a 100% cotton interlock knit and a 100% polyester interlock knit. Carpet samples were contaminated with Cypermethrin (registered trademark) in an O'Brien (registered trademark) spray chamber. An Atlas Crockmeter (registered trademark) was used to provide the frictional contact between carpet and apparel fabric samples. Analysis of variance results indicated that the effects of both time and fabric type were significant. Both the 100% polyester and the polyester blend picked up more of the pesticide than either cotton fabric; the differences between the cotton interlock versus polyester interlock and the cotton interlock versus the polyester blend were significant.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
The focus of work to date has been on assessing retention and transfer of pesticide from nylon carpet to two types of apparel fabric, a 100% cotton fabric and a 50% cotton/50% polyester knit blend. The carpet samples were sprayed with Cypermethrin(superscript R) using an O'Brien Spray Chamber. One third of the samples were used to establish dissipation curves and the remaining two thirds were placed on a crockmeter and rubbed with the apparel fabrics to determine potential pesticide transfer. To determine the potential for transfer over time, crocking was done at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 96, 192 and 384 hours after spraying. Based on preliminary analysis, it appears as if the dissipation of Cypermethrin(superscript R) from carpet follows a first order rate of reaction curve. It also appears as if little transfer occurs after the carpet dries. Amounts transferred remained relatively constant, a zero order dissipation curve, from 6 hours to 384 hours with the blend consistently
picking up more than the 100% cotton fabric.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
In recent years, there has been growing concern about residential use of pesticides. However, in spite of the heavy use and potential misuse of pesticides for home and garden, there has been relatively little work done on the effects of applications in residences. The present project included two studies. One involved a survey of consumers about perceived pest problems and actions taken to resolve those problems. The survey has been completed and analysis of the data has begun. Another study has involved taking carpet samples that have been treated with common household pesticides and assessing for retention and transfer. Some field work has been completed and samples are presently being analyzed for pesticide retention.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Work has progressed on designing experiments and developing methodology in two areas. One is the selection of glove material and design so as to minimize hand exposure to pesticides. The other is assessing secondary contamination of household textiles and apparel of family members following pesticide application.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Five-state comparative analyses of the regional survey data have been completed. Analyses of pesticide applicator data indicated a tendency to be overly optimistic with respect to the protection afforded by everyday work clothing; the majority of growers in each state assumed that this type of clothing provided protection from dermal exposure regardless of the formulation or application method used. Furthermore, although most growers reported following recommended practices such as wearing gloves during pesticide application and storing pesticide soiled clothing separate from other laundry, enough deviation occurred to indicate the need for continuing education on pesticide hazards. Analyses of the launderer data indicated that relatively few farm families were obtaining available information on the care of pesticide contaminated clothing. Among those who did obtain such information, many did not adopt recommended procedures except for those dealing with separate
washing in hot or warm water. In California, data have also been collected on home use of pesticides and an article based on those data is in press. Result of this study indicated that although over one-fourth of the sample experienced health problems associated with pesticides, people were generally disinclined to use any protective gear for home use of pesticides or give special care to clothing worn when applying pesticides.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Analyses of questionnaire data from the five states cooperating on the survey offarm families have been conducted. A paper on pesticide applicators' attitudes and practices has been completed and a paper on storage and decontamination of the clothing is in progress. Analysis of the applicator data indicated that while many applicators followed recommended practices regarding selection, use, and storage of protective clothing, a sizable number deviated from these recommended practices in one or more ways. For example, there was some evidence of repeated wearing of pesticide-contaminated clothing and storage of the clothing with other family laundry. Furthermore the majority of growers in each state assumed that general work clothing protected them from pesticides coming in contact with the skin. These data suggest the need for more and different educational programs to inform farm families about safe use of pesticides and protective clothing.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Work has been done with the four other states cooperating in conducting the regional survey to assure that data files are free from errors and in a standard format so that regional analyses can be conducted.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
The final version of the regional questionnaire, including core questions and some additional items selected for use in California, was mailed to a sample of 500 growers. Following the initial mailing, postcard reminders and follow-up letters with duplicate questionnaires were sent to nonrespondents. In addition, follow-up calls were placed to those nonrespondents for whom telephone numbers could be obtained. To date, 130 completed questionnaires have been returned. Data from these questionnaires have been entered into a computer file for joint analyses with data from the four other states cooperating in conducting the regional survey.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
A pilot study has been completed in this state to assist in refining the questionnaire to be used by the five states involved in the survey component of this project. The pilot questionnaire was mailed to a sample of both commercial pesticide applicators and individual growers. Based on responses to this questionnaire as well as data collected in Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Oklahoma, a core set of questions has been selected for use in each state's questionnaire. A master for the core has been mailed to each state for use as is or with addtional items of special interest to that state. Mailings of the final version of the questionnaire are now in progress.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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