Progress 07/01/80 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focused on evaluating the biological impacts of adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices by the Wisconsin cranberry industry. This report summarizes two years of data collection. 14 farms, representing a continuum from certified organic to high IPM adopters to low IPM adopters, were sampled through the growing season to determine abundance of beneficial natural enemies. Preliminary results have been given to the Wisconsin Cranberry Board in the form of a progress report. Second year results were presented to approx. 300 cranberry growers and pest management consultants at the January 2011 Wisconsin Cranberry School and a summary of the presentation was prepared for publication in the Proceedings. PARTICIPANTS: Daniel L Mahr is PI. Merritt Singleton is graduate research assistant. Russell Groves and David Hogg are University of Wisconsin collaborators. Theresa Cira is undergraduate hourly. 14 cranberry farms hosted the research. Wisconsin Cranberry Board, Ocean Spray Cranberries and University of Wisconsin - Extension are partner organizations. TARGET AUDIENCES: The Wisconsin cranberry industry, including corporate and independent pest management consultants. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
One significant outcome was data that showed that populations of beneficial natural enemies declined in cranberry beds after applications of broad spectrum insecticides. This supports the recommendations that (1)pesticide applications be made only when pest pressures warrant, and (2) when possible, selective insecticides should be used in place of broad spectrum insecticides. A second significant outcome was that, in spite of substantial adoption of IPM techniques over a 25 year period, there has not been a substantial increase in the presence of bluntnosed leafhopper (BNLH), the vector of the causal agent of falseblossom disease. Only 2 individual BNLH were collected out of over 14,000 sampled from cranberry beds over a two year period. The impact of this information is that growers and pest consultants are aware that the insect is present and should continue to be scouted, but it is not currently present at economically significant levels. A third outcome, derived from GIS analysis of land usage patterns within 1km of cranberry beds, was that natural enemy numbers were highest in those cranberry beds adjacent to good natural enemy habitat (such as forest, grassland, and vegetated wetlands).
Publications
- Singleton, M., and D. Mahr. 2010. Assessing Biological Impacts of IPM Adoption by the Wisconsin Cranberry Industry: A Progress Report. Wisc. Cranberry School, Proc. 18:36-39.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focused on evaluating the biological impacts of adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices by the Wisconsin cranberry industry. This report summarizes two years of data collection, though data analysis for Year 2 is still in progress. 14 farms, representing a continuum from certified organic to high IPM adopters to low IPM adopters, were sampled through the growing season to determine abundance of beneficial natural enemies. Preliminary results have been given to the Wisconsin Cranberry Board in the form of a progress report. First year results were presented to approx. 300 cranberry growers and pest management consultants at the January 2010 Wisconsin Cranberry School and a summary of the presentation is being prepared for publication in the Proceedings. PARTICIPANTS: Daniel L Mahr is PI. Merritt Singleton is graduate research assistant. Russell Groves and David Hogg are University of Wisconsin collaborators. Theresa Cira is undergraduate hourly. 14 cranberry farms hosted the research. Wisconsin Cranberry Board. Ocean Spray Cranberries and University of Wisconsin - Extension are partner organizations. TARGET AUDIENCES: The Wisconsin cranberry industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Sampling intensity was increased in 2010 in order to get potentially more statistically relevant outcomes.
Impacts
This project is still in progress, therefore the results can not yet contribute to an impact.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project focused on evaluating the biological impacts of adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices by the Wisconsin cranberry industry. This report summarizes the first year of data collection. 14 farms, representing a continuum from certified organic to high IPM adopters to low IPM adopters, were sampled through the growing season to determine abundance of beneficial natural enemies. Data are still being analyzed and a second year of data collection is planned. Preliminary results will be given to the Wisconsin Cranberry Board, in the form of a progress report. PARTICIPANTS: The Wisconsin Cranberry Board. 14 cranberry farmers cooperated by allowing sampling of their farms and providing pesticide use records. Ocean Spray personnel and private IPM consultants collaborated. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Organic farms had roughly 2x the natural enemies of conventional farms measured by two methods, pitfall traps and sweep samples, but identical numbers as sampled by yellow sticky traps. Total natural enemy numbers ranged from 771 to 2305. Data are still being correlated to IPM adoption level through assessment of insecticide toxicity data.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: RESEARCH Cranberry tipworm is a small midge, the larval stage of which kills the apical meristem of cranberry vines thus reducing flower and fruit production the following year. Tipworm has been controlled with organophosphate insecticides that are in the process of being terminated by EPA. In 2007, research was conducted for the third year to determine efficacy of several candidate insecticides in a diversity of chemical classes. Comparisons were made with the industry standard azinphosmethyl (which was terminated in 2006) and with untreated control plots. The most effective materials were synthetic pyrethroids (which are unlikely to become registered on cranberry because of aquatic issues), nicotinoids, and a diamide. However, pest pressure was low in 2007; trials will again be conducted in 2008. Results of 2007 research were reported to the cranberry industry at the 2008 Wisconsin cranberry school. OUTREACH Extension biological control. We are actively involved in the
Extension component of a multi-state soybean aphid importation biological control project. In 2007 we added considerable new information to the project's website coordinated by this project - http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/sabc/index.htm . I also participated in a region-wide distance education program on the project. We revised our Extension biological control manual UWEX publ A3842 - http://learningstore.uwex.edu/Biological-Control-of-Insects-and-Mites -An-Introduction-to-Beneficial-Natural-Enemies-and-Their-Use-in-Pest- Management-P1248C31.aspx . We added considerable new content, both text and photographs. Printing was in January 2008.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Daniel Mahr. Oversaw tipworm research; conducted laboratory component. Oversaw and conducted Extension activities. Dr. Robert Perry. Conducted tipworm field work and statistical analysis. Dr. Paul Whitaker contributed to Extension activities. Wisconsin Cranberry Board provided funding for tipworm research.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Wisconsin cranberry industry. North Central soybean farmers and agri-fieldpersons. All interested in adopting bio-intensive IPM.
Impacts
Tipworm data supplied to pesticide registrants will support new labeling to allow product usage for this target pest/site. 92% of respondents indicated that their knowledge about the role of natural enemies and their interactions with soybean aphids improved as a result of attending the distance education short course. 90% of respondents agreed that "Because I participate in this short course, I recognize the need to assess the impact of natural enemies before using an insecticide to control soybean aphids."
Publications
- McManus, P., D. Mahr, and T. Roper. 2007. Apple pest management for home gardeners. Univ. Wisc. Ext. Publ A2179: 12 pp.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
RESEARCH Cranberry tipworm is a small midge, the larval stage of which kills the apical meristem of cranberry vines thus reducing flower and fruit production the following year. Tipworm has been controlled with organophosphate insecticides that are in the process of being terminated by EPA. Research was conducted to determine efficacy of several candidate insecticides in a diversity of chemical classes. Comparisons were made with the industry standard azinphosmethyl (which was terminated in 2006) and with untreated control plots. Most currently registered cranberry insecticides were included in 2006 trials, as well as several unregistered materials. Some registered carbamates and organophosphates provided modest suppression, but not really control. An unregistered neonicotinoid and rynaxypyr (new unclassified chemistry) provided good results and will be studied once again in 2007. OUTREACH 1. Fruit Crops IPM. The development of educational programs to train fruit
growers to use IPM techniques continues to be a priority. In 2006 we conducted a 2-day training program for NRCS county staff regarding orchard pests and IPM, so that they have background information when growers apply for EQIP funds to intensify their IPM programs. Also in 2006 we began a series of initiatives to develop more proactive IPM education for berry growers. The first significant activity was a day-long IPM conference. 2. Extension biological control. We are actively involved in the Extension component of a multi-state soybean aphid importation biological control project. In 2006 we launched the project's website - http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/sabc/index.htm . I conceived the idea of a website, wrote the extension part of the proposal, and wrote roughly half of the current content.
Impacts
Results will provide Wisconsin fruit growers with up-to-date information on insect pest management. Expected impacts are reduced pest management costs and reduced impacts on the environment while maintaining production of high quality fruit.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
RESEARCH Cranberry tipworm is a small midge, the larval stage of which kills the apical meristem of cranberry vines thus reducing flower and fruit production the following year. Tipworm has been controlled with organophosphate insecticides that are in the process of being terminated by EPA. Research was conducted to determine efficacy of several candidate insecticides in a diversity of chemical classes. Comparisons were made with the industry standard azinphosmethyl (to be terminated) and with untreated control plots. The standard provided best control, along with three synthetic pyrethroid insecticides not registered on cranberry. Neonicotinoid products provided some suppression in small plot studies but need additional research. Spinosad, azadirachtin, two insect growth regulators, and indoxacarb did not provide measurable control. OUTREACH 1. Apple Integrated Pest Management. The development of educational programs to train apple growers to use IPM techniques
continues. Two local growers IPM networks established in 2004 were continued in 2005. We also conducted apple IPM training workshops for county extension agents. We also coordinated with NRCS to provide $100,000 in state EQIP money for Wisconsin orchards to be used for IPM improvements that will reduce environmental impacts of orchard insecticides; about 15 orchards statewide participated for the first year in 2005. 2. Cranberry pest management. As part of a team to develop an electronic cranberry crop management library I wrote 10 new 3-5 page color illustrated electronic fact sheets on cranberry pests plus 15 one page profiles on cranberry insecticides. All can be viewed at http://www.hort.wisc.edu/cran/. 3. Extension biological control. One major project in this area is the Extension component of a multi-state soybean aphid biological control proposal. In this first year, work started on the biological control website and on acquiring photographs for various publications. A second
major project here is updating our primary North Central Regional extension biological control manual. Photographs have been accumulated for illustrating the manual and writing will be accomplished during 2006.
Impacts
Results will provide Wisconsin fruit growers with up-to-date information on insect pest management. Expected impacts are reduced pest management costs and reduced impacts on the environment while maintaining production of high quality fruit.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
No research was conducted under this project in 2004. Several outreach activities were conducted. The development of educational programs to train apple growers to use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques continues to be a priority. I serve on the Wisconsin Apple Growers Association (WAGA) IPM Committee, and I continue to be a primary organizer of the annual day-long Apple IPM Field Day. In 2003, development of an IPM marketing strategy for Wisconsin apple growers was initiated by the Center for Integrated Agricultural Sciences. Although growers have decided that IPM marketing is not a useful model for Wisconsin apple sales, they are intent on improving IPM practices. We organized two local growers' networks with IPM consulting in 2004. We also received a grant to train county Extension agents in IPM in the hopes of some of them eventually becoming network leaders in their own counties. We also hired a post-doc to work with state NRCS personnel to develop
policy to allow orchardists to apply for federal EQIP funding to offset the costs of adopting new IPM practices; a proposal to set aside $100,000 in state EQIP money for Wisconsin orchards was developed and submitted to NRCS. I also worked with CIAS on a professionally-developed video about the use of IPM in apple orchards. I gave a total of 18 extension/outreach presentations to a combined audience of over 800 fruit growers.
Impacts
Results will provide Wisconsin fruit growers with up-to-date information on insect pest management. Expected impacts are reduced pest management costs and reduced impacts on the environment while maintaining production of high quality fruit.
Publications
- Mahr, D.L., T.R. Roper, P. S. McManus, H. J. Hopen, and R. A. Flashinski. 2004. Cranberry pest management in Wisconsin. Univ. Wisc. Ext. Publ. A3276: 25 pp.
- Mahr, D. L., T. R. Roper, P. S. McManus, B. R. Smith, and R. A. Flashinski. 2004. Strawberry and raspberry pest management in Wisconsin. Univ. Wisc. Ext. Publ. A1934: 34 pp.
- Mahr, D.L., T.R. Roper, P. S. McManus, and R. A. Flashinski. 2004. Commercial tree fruit spray guide. Univ. Wisc. Ext. Publ. A3314: 39 pp.
- Mahr, D. L. 2004. How long do pesticide residues persist? Proc. Wisc. Cranberry Conference 12: 4 pp.
- Roper, T. R., D. L. Mahr, and P. S. McManus. 2004. Growing pears in Wisconsin. UWEX Publ. A2072. 25 pp.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Various conventional and "soft" insecticide programs were evaluated against a complex of apple pests at the Univ. of Wisc. Research station in Door Co., WI. Treatments included control, 7 applications of XR-225 starting at pink, 7 applications of Warrior starting at pink, a "standard" protocol of Lorsban at pink, Provado at petal fall, and 6 covers of Imidan, and a "soft" protocol of Confirm at pink, Actara at PF, 6/18, and 7/24, and Avaunt at 7/3, 7/9, 8/7, and 8/23. 2nd generation spotted tentiform leafminer levels were lower in all treatments than in the control. Mite counts were significantly higher in the "soft" program on 7/22 and 8/5, but significantly lower on 9/9. In October, codling moth and apple maggot damages were both highest in controls, followed by "soft" program; others were equal. All treatments provided significant control of plum curculio compared with controls.
Impacts
Results will provide Wisconsin apple growers additional information useful in choosing between a multitude of pest management options. "Soft" insecticides are generally better for the environment, but may not be as effective in managing pests.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
The codling moth parasitoid Mastrus ridibundus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was released at two apple orchard sites in Door County, Wisconsin in early October, 2000. Trees were banded with cardboard strips prior to release. These strips serve as overwintering sites for codling moth and its parasitoids. Strips were removed in late winter and held in cold storage to simulate overwintering conditions. Strips were removed from cold storage in May to allow insects to emerge. Mastrus was recovered from both release sites, indicating that it can successfully over-winter under Wisconsin orchard conditions.
Impacts
Should Mastrus survive another year or two at the Door County sites it would indicate that it could be a successful biological control organism for Wisconsin and the Midwest. Further research is needed. These results provided the basis for submission of a grant proposal to continue the work.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The codling moth parasitoid Mastrus ridibundus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was released at two apple orchard sites in Door County, Wisconsin in early October, 2000. Trees were banded with cardboard strips prior to release. Strips were removed in late winter and are currently in cold storage awaiting processing to determine if overwintering pupae are parasitized.
Impacts
This research is in initial stages and no impact has yet occurred. Should the parasitoid become successfully established it could permanently lower the population of codling moth, which is the most serious insect pest of Wisconsin apple production. Should populations be permanently lowered, apple growers would be able to use fewer insecticide applications.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Several insecticides were field-evaluated for control of cranberry tipworm, Dasyneura oxycoccana. Populations were not sufficiently high to provide statistically-relevant data.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Laboratory and field studies were conducted on cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon (Ericaceae). Through gas chromotography and mass spectrophotometry, thirteen compounds were identified that are volatile leaf chemicals that may be important in attractancy of the tipworm to the cranberry terminal. Similar chemicals were found in Ben Lear, Stevens, McFarlin, and Searles cultivars. Individual chemicals were loaded into pheromone septa and placed in sticky traps for field evaluation of attractancy. Results were less than impressive, with the best material resulting in only a 2x increase in trap captures over controls. The tipworm life cycle was carefully studied in a northern Wisconsin growing region (Manitowish Waters). Five to six generations occurred in 1997, similar to what was seen in 1996. Studies to determine the actual economic damage done by tipworm were concluded in 1997. Only 8.3% of
terminals damaged by tipworm in 1996 flowered in 1997. Of the 723 terminals damaged in 1996, only 31 (4%) sideshooted during that year; the remainder simply formed buds which did not further develop. Of those injured in 1996, 70.8% sideshooted in 1997; most of the remainder died. None of these produced fruit in 1997. A natural enemy survey was continued. As in 1996, four parasite species were reared from tipworm larvae. The total parasitism averaged 7% compared to 2.3% in 1996. Studies of the predatory fly Toxomerus marginatus continued in 1997, with results similar to those found in 1996. Laboratory assays were conducted to confirm the presence of a sex pheromone in tipworm. Males were attracted to virgin females, but not to mated females. Neither virgin nor mated females were attracted to other females. Sticky traps in the field were baited with caged virgin females of different numbers; cages containing 10 females per trap caught a significantly higher number of males than did
unbaited traps.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
===WISO2563 Studies were conducted of cranberry tipworm, Dasineuraoxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and one of its predators, Toxomerusmarginatus (Diptera: Syrphidae). The probable existence of a virgin-female-produced sexpheromone of D. oxycoccana was demonstrated in laboratory olfactometerstudies. Males oriented to virgin females 87% of the time but oriented tomated females only 57% of the time, compared to blank controls. Inolfactometer studies, mated females oriented to macerated cranberry leaves87% of the time compared to blank controls. In paired comparisons of fourcranberry cultivars, mated females oriented to Ben Lear cv. 73% of thetime, followed by Searles (60%), Stevens (35%), and McFarlin (31%). Studies were conducted of Dasineura fecundity. At eclosion, femalescontained approximately 45 eggs. Oviposition was highest on Day 1, thendeclined daily during the 4-5 days of adult life. Total fecundityapproached 45 eggs/female; combined with dissection studies,
it isapparent that Dasineura oxycoccana is proovigenic. Seasonal fieldphenology studies indicated 4-5 generations per year, with the first twobeing the largest, confirming earlier work. Young larvae of Toxomerus did not begin feeding until two daysafter eclosion. An average of 63 second stage tipworm larvae were consumedduring the larval period of Toxomerus. Toxomerus adults occur inWisconsin in early spring, but do not appear in cranberry beds until afterthe onset of bloom in mid June, suggesting the adults require ne.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Cockfield, S.D., and D.L. Mahr. 1994. Phenology of oviposition of Dasyneura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in relation to cranberry plant growth and flowering. Great Lakes Entomol. 27:185-188.
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
This research relates to the management of insect pests on cranberry. Egg hatch phenology of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana, populations from Wisconsin and Washington was related to duration of winter; egg development was most rapid following longer simulated winter conditions. Larval survival and development of first generation blackheaded fireworm was found to be related to food quality; 61% died when provided old foliage vs. 11% provided with newly growing foliage, and length of the first larval stadium was 65% longer on old foliage. Phenology models were developed to predict development of first and second generation blackheaded fireworm larvae. The first generation model was accurate to within 2.5 days when diet parameters were included. The second generation model did not include diet parameters and was accurate to 3.6 days. Blackheaded fireworm egg hatch was monitored in Wisconsin and British Columbia. A linear spline model predicted 50% hatch of
overwintering Wisconsin eggs within 5.5 days, but did not accurately predict hatch of eggs in British Columbia. A linear model predicted hatch of summer generation eggs within 1 day in both locations. Methods were sought to predict pheromone trap catches and oviposition of blackheaded fireworm in Wisconsin, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. Real-time after a biofix point predicted 50% hatch better than degree days.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
All research on this project was to develop insect management practices for cranberry. Two commercially produced species of entomopathogenic nematodes were tested against cranberry tipworm with unfavorable results. A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis was evaluated against cranberry tipworm in the laboratory and the field; although, some mortality occurred, Bti did not provide adequate control. The insect growth regulator cyromazine was evaluated against cranberry tipworm in laboratory and field studies; significant but inadequate control was achieved and further studies are warranted. Eighty-three parasitoids were reared from cranberry tipworm for identification; a Tetrastichus and a Platygaster predominated. Additionally, an unidentified syrphid fly was commonly found feeding on tipworm larvae and may be important in natural control. Several studies were conducted investigating Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and its purified
endotoxin for control of blackheaded fireworm. The endotoxin was found to have an LC50 of 23.5 (mu)g toxin/ml of artificial diet, but field trials using commercial preparations gave variable and less-than-desirable results.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Studies report herein relate to insect pest management on cranberry. Several biological control studies were conducted. Trichogramma minutum and T. pretiosum both parasitized blackheaded fireworm eggs in both laboratory and small caged field studies; field parasitization rates were less than 4%, but release conditions were less than ideal. In a survey of natural enemy induced field mortiality of blackheaded fireworm larvae, 40% died from natural NPV infection and only 0.3% from parasitism. Three species of parasites were reared. Ten percent of summer generation blackheaded fireworm eggs were parasitized by native Trichogramma pretiosum. In studies of predation of cranberry girdler eggs, up to 28% artificially placed eggs were predated in the field within 48 hours. Confirmed predators included several species of Carabidae and Staphylinidae and the cricket Nembius fasciatus. Both size of predator complex and rate of egg predation were greater in fields unsprayed
with insecticides. Phenological models for the entire seasonal life cycle of blackheaded fireworm have been developed and largely field validated. Overwintering egg hatch is different in Washington than Wisconsin, therefore, different predictive models will be necessary. Additional phenological models are being developed for cranberry tipworm, sparaganothis fruitworm, and cranberry girdler.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
This project focused primarily on the study of cranberry insects. The following objectives were accomplished in 1990. A cranberry insect/crop phenology predictive model was planned. The model will initially have the following models: blackheaded fireworm egg and larval development; cranberry tipworm oviposition phenology; plant bud break and flowering phenology; and pheromone trap catch anticipation. Programming will begin in 1991. Blackheaded fireworm egg hatch and larval development was determined. Overwintering eggs had a developmental threshold of 9.9(degree) and required 112DD for hatch. Summer generation eggs had a threshold of 7.9(degree)C and required 79DD for hatch. Overwintering eggs did not fit a linear development model but summer eggs did. Two non-linear models were developed for overwintering eggs; these will be field tested in 1991. The linear model for summer generation predicted egg hatch in the field to within one day. Studies on cranberry tipworm
were conducted. An assessment of fruiting potential of first-year regrowth from damaged terminals showed that only 1% of regrowth uprights produced flowers, as compared to 35% in undamaged uprights. The application of 15-20mm of sand to the beds in winter reduced first generation tipworm infestations fran 33% in unsanded controls to 4% in sanded blocks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
This project involved studies of cranberry insect pests with the objective of refining pest monitoring methods. Phenology of cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), was studied. Dates of peak occurrence of developmental stages were as follows: egg: 6/7, 6/29, 7/27; early larva: 6/7, 6/21, 7/27; mid larva: 6/21, undet., 8/3; late larva: 6/15, undet., 8/3; pupa: 6/21, undet., 8/10. Preliminary research for the development of a degree day model was conducted on cranberry girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Fifty percent male flight occurred at about 400 DD (degrees C) (est. base 10 degreesC) after first pheromone trap catch. Data for egg hatch after peak flight were also gathered but are not yet analyzed. Field studies were conducted to develop a DD model for egg hatch of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). At an estimated base of 5 degrees C, the following events occurred: 50% egg hatch at
approximately 100 DD post oviposition; 50% fifth instar at approximately 325 DD post oviposition; and 50% pupation at approximately 480 DD post oviposition. Also at an estimated base of 5 degrees C, 718-762 DD were accumulated between first and second generation male flight peaks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
This report covers two research projects on insect pests of cranberry. Cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was examined to elucidate life cycle. Peak egg laying periods occurred during the third week of May and the second and third weeks of June. Larval populations were highest from the end of May to the end of June, when they averaged 538 per 800 terminals. During the remainder of the year they averaged 72 larvae per 800 terminals, with egg, larval, and pupal activity all declining markedly by the end of August. An attempt was made to monitor adult populations with variously colored sticky cards, but very few adults were trapped. For the second year, a study was completed to determine the relationship between sweep sampling and actual population levels of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In both years, the study indicated that R-squared was low with early instars but relatively high with later
instars, indicating that later instar larvae are more likely sampled by sweep net than are early instar larvae.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Four programs were conducted under this project in 1987. 1) A study of the abundance and species complex adult Phyllophaga spp. (Scarabaeidae) was conducted from 1984 through 1987. The most abundant species attracted to blacklight traps were P. futilis, implicita, and rugosa. This complex has changed significantly from previous Wisconsin studies. There does not appear to be any true annual cyclic appearance of individual species or the entire complex. 2) A three-year study of the most important pests attacking commercial cranberry was continued. Distribution, seasonal activity periods, and relative abundance were determined by weekly sweep-sampling of 12 commercial marshes. Descriptions are being prepared for the larvae of several Lepidoptera. 3) Research was initiated on cranberry tipworm (Cecidomyiidae) to determine an adult monitoring method and the overall yearly life cycle. Sticky traps effectively monitored adults, but approximately 80% trapped were males.
Peak flight of second generation occurred during the 3rd and 4th weeks of July. Eggs were found from late July to late August. Low levels of larvae were found from early June to mid August. 4) An examination of blackheaded fireworm (Tortricidae), a major pest of cranberries, was initiated. Diapause of overwintering eggs can be broken by exposing them to a regimen of cooling and freezing. Correlations between sweep sampling and direct larval census have been conducted. Larval dispersion pattern is aggregated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Research focused on studies on insect pests of cranberries. During 1986, analysis was conducted on two years of field sampling data. Of 30,000 insects collected by weekly sweep net sampling, approximately 20,000 were non-pests in one of the following categories: beneficial natural enemies, beneficial pollinator species, plant feeding on weeds in the cranberry bed, plant feeding on cranberries, but never commonly enough to cause economic injury, incidental migrants from outside the bed, or otherwise feeding within the bed, but not on cranberries. About 7,500 adult and 2,300 larval cranberry pests have been identified to species. Data processing is still underway and summaries of abundance, activity periods, etc., are not currently available. Cranberry insect pheromone traps were also evaluated. Sparganothis sulfureana has two generations per year, with peak adult flight periods occurring in late June-early July, and again late August-mid September. Rhapobota
naevana naevana had two identifiable flight periods on most commercial marshes sampled. Peak flight periods were mid June and again in late July to early September.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Six pyrethroid and two carbamate insecticides were evaluated for control of spotted tentiform leafminer when egg, 1st instar, 2nd instar, and 3rd instar, respectively, were targeted by a single application to apple foliage in the field. There was 82-100% egg mortality from insecticidal treatments, compared with 26% mortality in checks. There was 43-100% 1st instar mortality with 25% in checks. There was 72-100% 2nd instar mortality with 38% in untreated checks. There was 63-100% 3rd instar mortality with 53% in checks. Research continued on seasonal activity and abundance patterns of cranberry insects. Significant findings include no cateches of Acleris minuta in pheromone traps; identification by pheromone trapping of two generations of Sparganothis sulfureana, with adult flight periods peaking in mid June and late Aug.-early Sept.; determination that the adult damage and oviposition period of Systena frontalis is mid July through August. Phyllophaga adults were
sampled by blacklight traps in 6 Wisconsin locations. Twelve species were recovered, with 77% being P. futilis and 17% P. rugosa. Soil sampling for Ataenius spretulus larvae in two southern Wisconsin golf courses demonstrated a single generation per year, with peak 3rd instar larval activity during the last half of July.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/83 to 09/30/84
Outputs
Three European Red Mite (ERM) control programs were conducted. In the first program 5 registered apple miticides were compared. Kelthane, Omite, Plictran, Vendex, and VYydate were applied at lowest label rates on June 13 (petal fall). A second application was applied at highest label rates after populations began to build (Aug. 17). Kelthane, Plictran, and Vendex provided better control than Omite and Vydate. In the second program, the experimental miticide DPX Y5893 was evaluated. In one treatment, a single application was applied on June 19. A second treatment had a second application applied August 2. On Aug. 16, check trees average 929 ERM/20lvs, whereas the single and double DPX applications had 20 and 21 ERM/20 lvs, respectively. A single petal fall application of DPX provided season-long control. In the third test, the miticidal activity of fluvalinate was evaluated. Applications were applied June 12, Aug. 10 and 23. On all sample dates, fluvalinate
treatments had significantly lower ERM populations than check trees and trees treated with azinphosmethyl. In another study, adult flight activity of black turfgrass ataenius (BTA) was monitored on four Wisconsin golfcourses by blacklight trapping. Traps were set up in late April to early May, operated nightly, emptied 3 times weekly, until early October. All BTA and Phyllophaga spp. adults were counted. In one location, Hurley, WI, only 3 BTA adults were trapped. Trap catches in the other 3 locations totalled 26,882 BTA adults.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Four chemical programs were evaluated for control of European red mite, green fruitworm, and other apple insect pests. Treatments were: (1) Orthene to first cover, followed by Guthion, (2) Guthion full season, (3) Mavrik full season, (4) FCR 1272 full season. All treatments provided significantly better GFW control than check. Mavrik provided best protection against ERM. Several products were evaluated against honeysuckle witchesbroom aphid. Orthene, Cygon, and Meta-Systox-R provided 100% control for 3-4 weeks. Diazinon provided slightly less control, with shorter residual activity. Di-Syston granules (2%) at the rate of 1 lb formulation per plant incorporated did not provide control. Orthene EC as a soil drench resulted in foliar burn at rates not providing complete protection. MSR at label rates provided good protection when applied to the soil, without phytotoxicity. During the actively growing period May-July, maximum of 3 week residual activity can be
expected from systemics. Once growth slows in summer, this period can be extended to 4-5 weeks. For maximum protection, sprays should be applied mid-May, early June, late June, mid-July, and mid-August. Winter pruning and destruction of previous year's terminals does not provide control. Natural enemies consisted primarily of syrphids and coccinellids, and in no case resulted in adequate plant protection.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Four chemical programs were evaluated for control of European red mite, green fruitworm, and spotted tentiform leafminer. Treatments were: Orthene followed by Guthion, Bay Sir 8514, Pay Off .025 a.i., and Pay off .04 a.i. All treatments provided significantly better GFW control than check. Orthene/Guthion and both Pay Off Treatments provided best ERM control. Bay Sir and both Pay Off treatments provided best control of STLM. Oftanol was evaluated for chinch bug control on home lawns. Good control resulted in one test in Madison. Mixed results occurred in a test on 3 lawns in Green Bay. Further evaluation is needed. Oftanol was evaluated for control of Phyllophaga rugosa grubs on a golf course in Cable, WI. Results were variable, but control appeared adequate. Safer's Insecticidal Soap was evaluated for control of honeylocust plant bug and honeylocust leafhopper. Post-treatment levels of plant bug decreased 67% on treated trees and increased 16% on untreated
trees. Post-treatment levels of leafhopper decreased 59% on treated trees and increased 57% on untreated trees. Biology and control studies of honeysuckle witchesbroom aphid were initiated. Malathion, Orthene, and ACCO Tree and Shrub Wash were evaluated for control. Orthene, a systemic, significantly reduced aphid numbers and terminal damage when applied at 3-4 week intervals. The 2 contact materials did not provide adequate control. Two studies were conducted on leafhopper control on marigolds.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Several areas of research were conducted under this project number in 1981. Acephate and chlorpyrifos were sprayed on cranberry plots. Fruit samples were taken at harvest and shipped to cooperating labs for residue and flavor analysis. Field degree day computers wre evaluated for their usefulness in predicting insect activity periods in commercial cranberry plantings. Northern cranberry areas accumulate heat units later in the season, but at the same rate as central locations. Northern locations accumulated fewer total degree days. Soil DD lagged behind canopy DD. Self-contained DD computers operated well under field conditions. Nine-chemical/treatment regimes were tested against per psylla. Pydrin alone or in rotation with BAAM gave significantly better control than other treatments. Systox, Di-Syston, and Imidan were compared to untreated plots for insect control on non-bearing apple trees. No significant differences were observed in shoot growth. Systox and
Imidan resulted in significantly greater growth in trunk circumference. Twelve chemical control programs were evaluated against the apple insect pest complex. These data have not been analyzed. Acephate and insecticidal soap were evaluated for control of Leafhopper transmission of aster yellows virus to marigolds. Weekly sprayings of acephate provided significantly better control than checks, but did not give complete protection.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
The following three areas of research were conducted under this project in 1980. Pramex (permethrin) was evaluated for control of chrysanthemum leafminer as compared to the standard Wisconsin treatment of Orthane and diazinon. Results are presented in the format of material and formulation, rate of active ingredient per 100 gal water, and mean number mines/plant at harvest: Pramex 13.3% EC, 63 ml, 18.1; Pramex 13.3% EC, 126 ml, 10.1; Orthene 75 SP/diazinon 50W (in weekly rotation), 8.25 oz/8 oz, 102.9; check, untreated, 156.9. Twelve pesticide/rate combinations were evaluated for control of five apple fruit pests. (1) Apple maggot and (2) plum curculio: populations were very low and three were not significant differences in damaged fruit betweeen treatments and check. (3) Codling moth: Pounce, 3 rates of HAG 107, BAY SIR 8514, Larvin, and Guthion all registered significantly less fruit damage than the check. (4) Fruittree leafroller and green fruitworm: Pounce, 3
rates of HAG 107, BAY SIR 8514, FMC 35001, and Guthion all registered significantly less fruit damage than did Larvin or the check for both species. The experimental acaricide UC55248 was evaluated against Eurpoean red mite on apples; 2 programs were used: 1 lb active/100 gal water in 2 cover sprays 16 days apart. For the single application, the pre-treatment population of 256.25 mites/20 leaves was reduced to 11.5 after 5 weeks. For the double application, the pre-treatment population of 267.5 mites/20 leaves was reduced to 10.0 after 5 weeks.
Impacts
(N/A)
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