Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Blueberry red ringspot virus was determined to be widespread on the NCSU research station at Castle Hayne, NC, and this led to the removal and loss of a significant percentage of seedlings and experimental selections in the NCSU genepool. Blueberry red ringspot virus was identified in several plants of elite southern highbush selection US 508 and this has delayed its joint release with USDA. Sufficient propagules from virus tested clean mother plants have now been generated that it is hoped it can be released in 2011. NC 3104 is another promising selection planned for release, but several questions remain due to the tendency of young plants to lodge during wind storms and the percent of fruit that comes off with stems attached has been excessive in some years. Both NC 3104 and US 508 are early ripening, large fruited and the fruit is very high quality.Two complex pentaploid selections, NC 2701 and NC 3465, are also candidates for release as soon as sufficient propagules are available. NC 2701 is almost seedless and produces large light blue very high quality fruit. NC 3465 produces very firm medium size, medium blue fruit that appears adapted to mechanical harvest. Both these selections ripen between highbush and rabbiteye blueberries. One hundred ninty-four new selections were identified in seedling progenies. Thieteen recently identified elite selections with apparent adaptation to mechanical harvest for the fresh market were established in a two rep trial in 2010. Seventeen thousand seedlings were established with blueberry growers and at Castle Hayne in 2010. Graduate studies determined that consumers do often object to the size and number of seeds in frozen rabbiteye blueberry fruits. However skin toughness did not increase over time in frozen storage at minus 14 fahrenheit, based on both sensory and objective measurements. PARTICIPANTS: The North Carolina Blueberry Council provided much of the financial support for the day to day operations of this project. The main collaborators have been Mr. Bill Cline, Plant Pathologist, North Carolina State University, and Dr. Jim Polashock, Plant Pathologist, USDA, Chatsworth, NJ. Recent grower collaborators include Ivanhoe Blueberry Farms, Ivanhoe, NC and Carter Blueberry Farms, White Lake, NC. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences are blueberry growers in North Carolina and blueberry breeding colleagues throughout the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The release of NC 3104 and US 508 will provide blueberry growers with two additional early ripening, large size, high quality southern highbush varieties that ripen at the most opportune time during the North Carolina marketing niche in late May and early June. The pentaploid selection NC 2701 will give growers a high quality variety that is essentially seedless. NC 3465 will provide another good quality variety adapted to mechanical harvest that bridges the gap between rabbiteye and highbush and is suitable for both fresh and processing. The determination that consumers do often object to the seed size and number in rabbiteye blueberry fruit emphasizes the need to select rabbiteye genotypes with smaller and or fewer seeds. Perceived increases in skin toughness in frozen fruit of rabbiteye blueberry over time appears to be related to the temperature at which the fruit has been stored. Research by this project has determined that when fruit is stored at minus 14 fahrebheit, skin toughness does not increase over time.
Publications
- Ballington, J. R. and S. D. Rooks. 2009. Blueberry plant named Carteret. United states Plant Patent No. US PP19,903 P3. United States Patent and Trademark Office. April 14, 2009.
- Ballington, J. R. and S. D. Rooks. 2009. Blueberry plant named New Hanover. United States Plant Patent No. US PP19,990 P3. United States Patent and Trademark Office. May 12, 2009.
- Wang, S. Y. and J. R. Ballington. 2007. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity in deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum L.). LWT 40:1352-1361.
- Wang, S. Y., R. Feng, L. Bowman, Y. Lu, J. R. Ballington and M. Ding. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Vaccinium stamineum: exhibition of anticancer capability in human lung and leukemia cells. Planta Med. 73:451-460.
- Brevis, P. A., J. R. Ballington and J. F. Hancock. 2008. Impact of wide hybridization on highbush blueberry breeding. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133: 427-437.
- Ballington, J. R. and S. D. Rooks. 2009.Blueberry named Beaufort. United States Plant Patent No. US PP19,764 P3. United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 24, 2009.
- Ballington, J. R. 2006. Taxonomic status of the rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium virgatum Aiton, and implications for its further improvement. Acta Hort. 715:73-75.
- Ballington, J. R. and S. D. Rooks. 2009. Blueberry named Robeson. United States Plant Patent No. US PP19,756 P3. United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 24, 2009.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Southern highbush selections NC 3104 and US 508 are planned for release as early ripening, large fruited, high quality cultivars for hand harvest in 2010. US 508 will be jointly released with USDA. NC 3129, NC 4122, NC 4126, NC 4131 and NC 4146 were determined to be most promising as potential future southern highbush cultivars in the second year of harvest and evaluation of replicated trials. NC 4131 and NC 4146 are adapted to mechanical harvest, and the remainder to hand harvest. Fifteen advanced southern highbush selections were determined to be worthy of establishment in replicated trials. In addition, 36 additional southern highbush selections were determined to be worthy of further trials. The complex pentaploid selections NC 2701 and NC 3465 are also planned for release in 2010 or 2011, depending on when sufficient plants are available for distribution to growers. Both these ripen between highbush and rabbiteye. NC 2701 is almost seedless and yet sets full crops with adequate cross pollination by rabbiteye. NC 3465 produces good quality fruit that is adapted to mechanical harvest for the fresh market. One hundred five elite selections were identified in seedling progenies in 2009. These included 81 southern highbush selections and 24 rabbiteye and rabbiteye hybrid selections. The crisp flesh trait was identified in five southern highbush progenies including Arlen x Georgia Gem, NC 4562 x NC 4361, Reveliie x NC 3476, Reveille x NC 3920 and NC 3773 x NC 2859. The crisp flesh trait was identified for the first time in a rabbiteye hybrid progeny, SHF2A 9:65 x Climax. Graduate studies determined that consumers do often object to the size and number of seeds in frozen rabbiteye blueberry fruits. However skin toughness of rabbiteye fruit did not increase over time in frozen srorage at minus 14 fahrenheit, based on both objective and sensory measurements. PARTICIPANTS: The North Carolina Blueberry Council provides much of the financial support for the day to day operations of this project. The main collaborators have been Mr. Bill Cline, Plant Pathologist, North Carolina State University and Dr Jim Polashock, Plant Pathologist, USDA, Chatsworth, NJ. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences are blueberry growers in North Carolina and blueberry breeding colleagues throughout the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The release of NC 3104 and US 508 will provide blueberry growers with two additional early ripening, large size, high quality southern hihgbush cultivars at the most opportune time during the North Carolina marketing niche in late May and early June. Tne pentaploid selection NC 2701 will give growers a high quality cultivar that is essentially seedless. NC 3465 will provide another good quality cultivar adapted to mechanical harvesting that bridges the gap between highbush and rabbiteye and is suitable for both fresh and processing. The determination that consumers do often object to the seed size and number in rabbiteye fruit emphasizes the need to select rabbiteye genotypes with smaller and/or fewer seeds. Perceived inreases in skin toughness in frozen fruit of rabbiteye blueberry over time appears to be related to the temperature at which the fruit has been stored. Research by this project has determined that when fruit is stored at minus 14 fahrenheit, skin toughness does not increase over time. Thus a successful upper threshold for successful frozen storage of rabbiteye fruit has been established. However further studies are needed to refine this threshold.
Publications
- Ballington, J.R. 2009. The role of interspecific hybridization in blueberry improvement. Acta Hort. 810:49-59.
- Ballington, J.R. and Rooks, S.D. 2009. Blueberry named 'Robeson'. United States Plant Patent 19,756 P3. February 24, 2009.
- Ballington, J.R. and Rooks, S.D. 2009. Blueberry named 'Beaufort'. United States Plant Patent 19, 764 P3. February 24, 2009.
- Ballington, J.R. and Rooks, S.D. 2009. Blueberry named 'Carteret'. United States Plant Patent 19,903 P3. April 14, 2009.
- Ballington, J.R. and Rooks, S.D. 2009. Blueberry named 'New Hanover'. United States Plant Patent 19,990 P3. May 12, 2009.
- Cline, W.O., Ballington, J.R., and Polashock, J.J. 2009. Blueberry red ringspot observations and findings in North Carolina. Acta Hort. 810:305-312.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Blueberry redringspot virus continued to be a problem on the research station at Castle Hayne, NC, and we continued to remove infected plants during the growing season. Thirty one new selections were identified at Castle Hayne. We have made progress on getting virus tested mother plants propagated and established in an insect proof screenhouse at Castle Hayne. PARTICIPANTS: Terry Bland was the technican for the NCSU blueberry breeding project. Bill Cline was my colleague in Plant Pathology at NCSU who was critical in cooperative evaluation of infection with blueberry red ringspot virus and also providing additional input on evaluation of elite breeding selections. TARGET AUDIENCES: Other blueberry breeding programs. North Carolina Blueberry Council. Blueberry growers in North Carolina. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
NC 4131 was the most promising selection for adaptation to mechanical harvesting for the fresh market in two replicated trials in eastern North Carolina. Eight elite selections were identified for inclusion in future advanced replicated trials. Sixteen new selections were identified in an F2 generation cross between V. elliottii and cultivated highbush blueberry. Six of these were equal to Reveille for fruit firmness. In addition, 15 small and very firm fruited selections with potential for mechanical harvest were identified in a cross of Reveille x NC 3920.
Publications
- Ballington, J. R. 2008. Vaccinium spp. blueberry, cranberry, lingonberry. Pp. 348-361. In: J. Janick and R. E. Paull (eds.) Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. CABI Int. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Blueberry red ringspot virus was identified in plants on the NCSU research station at Castle Hayne, NC, and in the commercial blueberry production area. The virus was first discovered in some plants of US 508 on the research station, so joint release of this selection as a new cultivar with the USDA was delayed. Virus free plants of US 508 have now been identified in the field so propagation of this selection is continuing with potential release in 2009.Pentaploid selections NC 2701 and NC 3465 have been determined to be worthy of release as new cultivars and they are now being propagated for release in a few years. NC 2701 fruit is essentially seedless and NC 3465 has excellent potential for mechanical harvest for fresh or processing. Tissue culture propagation has been successful with five advanced selections and five recently released cultivars. Released the Nantahala primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar with Dr. Gina Fernandez.
Impacts
Surveys of seedling progenies and selection plantings at Castle Hayne demonstrated that blueberry genotypes involving Vaccinium elliottii and V. simulatum in their background appeared especially susceptible to blueberry red ringspot virus. Pentaploid selections NC 2701 and NC 3465 bridge the gap between highbush and rabbiteye blueberries in season, enabling continuous production of blueberries in North Carolina from mid May until late August. The essentially seedless fruit of NC 2701 will be very favorable to people who wear dentures. Successful tissue culture propagation of advanced selections and recently released cultivars will aid in the rapid multiplication of these genotypes at and just after their release. Release of the Nantahala red raspberry will provide a superior quality primocane-fruiting variety for growers in western NC and similar regions that does not start ripening until the heat of summer has passed. It should signidicantly aid in further development
of the raspberry industry in the southern Appalachians.
Publications
- Ballington, J. R. 2006. Taxonomic status of the rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium virgatum Aiton, and implications for its further improvement. Acta Horticulturae 715:73-75.
- Wang, S. Y. and Ballington, J. R. 2007. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity in deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum L.). LWT 40:1352-1361.
- Wang, S. Y., Feng, R., Bowman, L., Lu, Y., Ballington, J. R., and Ding, M. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Vaccinium stamineum:exibition of anticancer capability in human lung and leukemia cells. Planta Med 73:451-460.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
US 508 and NC 3104 continue to look promising as large-fruited high quality early-ripening southern highbush selections with cultivar potential. Both selections produce fruit with very good color, picking scars and firmness. Plant adaptation of US 508 appears to be similar to northern highbush, with regard to soils. It is low chilling and early blooming and requires frost protection irrigation to insure regular cropping. NC 3104 produces a vigorous and narrowly upright plant, however it appears to have a somewhat limited root system, especially on younger plants, and has been subject to lodging during wind storms. NC 3104 fruit is similar to Duke with regard to stemming in years when that is more prevalent. NC 3104 is also low chilling and early blooming and will require frost protection irrigation for regular cropping in eastern North Carolina. In contrast to its O'Neal parent, NC 3104 has produced regular crops at Fletcher in western NC, without frost protection. NC
4122, NC 4131 and NC 4126 continue to be promising early, midseason and late-midseason selections respectively. This was the first year for identifying elite partially fertile selections among pentaploid progenies involving crosses between wild rabbiteye selections and cultivated highbush blueberry. The wild rabbiteye parents originated from the northern end of the range of the species in Arkansas and South Carolina. The selected partially fertile pentaploids will be backcrossed to cultivated rabbiteye genotypes to introgress improved winter hardiness and highbush fruit quality traits into the cultivated rabbiteye genepool, along with broadening the germplasm base in cultivated rabbiteye.
Impacts
North Carlina blueberry growers are dependent on the NCSU blueberry breeding program for developing cultivars adapted to the unique climatic, pest and disease problems of the state. US 508 and NC 3104 when released will provide two additional options in the very favorable early part of the NC market window for continued success and growth of the industry. Identification of elite partially fertile pentaploid selections between wild rabbiteye genotypes and cultivated highbush hold a great deal of promise for the long term improvement of rabbiteye blueberries.
Publications
- Ballington, J. R., S. D. Rooks and W. T. Bland. 2006. The role of interspecific hybridization in the North Carolina State University blueberry breeding program. pp. 6-13 In: D. S. NeSmith (ed.) Proceedings of the 10th North American Blueberry Research and Extension Workers' Conference, June 4-8, 2006. Tifton, GA.
- Ballington, J. R. 2006. The taxonomic status of the rabbiteye blueberry and implications for its further development. Acta. Hort. 715:73-75
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
The southern highbush blueberry cultivars Beaufort, Carteret, and New Hanover, and the pentaploid cultivar Robeson were released. In advanced replicated trials US 508, NC 3104, and NC 3116 continue to look promising as future cultivars. NC 1871, NC 3129, NC 4126, NC 4131,NC 4141, and NC 4146 have also been established in replicated trials. Additional southern highbush selections NC 4011, NC 4122, NC 4124, and NC 4140 also continue to look promising. The pentaploid selections NC 2701, NC 3464 and NC 3465 were promising as future potential cultivars in a replicated trial at Castle Hayne. The hexaploid selections NC 2773, NC 3610, NC 3621, and Nc 3639 have also been established in replicated trials. Forty-six new selections were identified among seedling progenies in 2005. Among these were the first selections with cultivar potential involving Vaccinium simulatum from high elevations in the southern Appalachians in their background. This is potentially very significant
in that the latter species is late blooming and hopefully has contributed this trait to these offspring.
Impacts
North Carolina blueberry growers are dependent on the NCSU blueberry breeding program for developing cultivars adapted to the unique climatic, pest and disease problems in this state. In the last 10 years the NCSU breeding program has released 18 improved cultivars which should basically provide the new cultivars needed by the industry for the next decade.
Publications
- Rimando, A. M., Kalt, W., Mcgee, J.B., Dewey, J. and Ballington, J.R. 2004. Resveratrol, Pterostilbene, and Piceatannol in Vaccinium berries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:4713-4719.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
Released the Craven, Lenoir, and Pamlico fresh market mechanical harvest-adapted southern highbush blueberry cultivars to complement current cultivars and extend the season for these type cultivars for North Carolina blueberry growers. Determined that the elite southern highbush breeding selections NC 2901, NC 2925, and NC 3103 are worthy of release in 2005. NC 2925 is early to early-midseason ripening and adapted to either hand or mechanical harvest for the fresh market. It will be the first southern highbush cultivar that includes Vaccinium elliottii in its genetic background instead of Vaccinium darrowi. It produces a very vigorous upright plant that is broadly adapted to soils. NC 3103 is also an early to early mid ripening selection that produces large high quality fruit for hand harvest. NC 2901 is a late midseason ripening selection adapted to mechanical harvest for the fresh market, that is being released to further extend the season for cultivars adapted to
mechanical harvesting for the fresh market. NC 2849 will also be released in 2005. It will be the first pentaploid cultivar release from the NCSU breeding pogram. NC 2849 resulted from the cross; US 226[4x colchiploid derivative of US 126(V. corymbosum x V. myrtilloides)] x Premier. The fruit of NC 2849 ripens two weeks earlier than its Premier parent, and is of similar size, color and quality. It is adapted to mechanical harvesting but the fruit is too soft for fresh market outlets following mechanical harvesting, and its greastest potential utility will probably be for local markets/PYO. The plant of NC 2849 is very vigorous, upright, broadly adapted to soils including higher pH soils, and resistant to Phytophthora root rot. Forty four recent selections were determined to be worthy of establishment in duplicate plot trials. An additional replicated trial including two standard highbush selections, NC 1871 and NC 3129, and three southern selections, NC 4141, NC 4146, and NC 4011, was
established at the Sandhills Research Station. The tetraploid primocane-fruiting blackberry selections NC 536, NC 537, NC 538, and NC 539 were determined to be worthy of establishment in replicated trials for further evaluation as potential cultivars.Fourteen new raspberry selections were identified at the mountain horticultural crops research station at Fletcher, NC. The majority of these were in the cross Mandarin x Tulameen.
Impacts
North Carolina blueberry and raspberry growers are dependent on the breeding program at NCSU to develop cultivars adapted to the various regions of the state. The NCSU program has been very successful in developing adapted blueberry cultivars, and is the leader in developing cultivars adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh and processing markets. Developing raspberry cultivars adapted to warm humid regions is critical to the development of a stable raspberry industry in the state, and NCSU is the only institution that is systematically working toward that goal.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Released the Craven(NC2910), Lenoir(NC3115), and Pamlico(NC3201) mechanical harvest adapted southern highbush blueberry cultivars. These range from early to early-midseason ripening (Craven and Pamlico) to early-midseason to midseason ripening (Lenoir). They fill the need for mechanical harvest adapted cultivars to follow the early-ripening cultivar Reveille. NC 4011 (1/4 V. elliottii, 3/4 V. corymbosum) was determined to be an additional promising early season southern highbush selection with medium size high quality fruit on an upright bush, and apparent adaptation to both hand and machine harvest. It will be established in replicated trials in 2004. Thirty-three elite V. constablaei x rabbiteye hybrids were determined to be worthy of establishment in more extensive trials.From first round trials at Castle Hayne, NC, 129 recent selections were determined to be worthy of propagation for further trials. Fourteen heat- and variable winter temperature tolerant hybrid
raspberry selections were identified at the Sandhills Research Station at Jackson Springs, NC in 2001. These included six F1s between R. parvifolius and red raspberry and eight BC2s from R. parvifolius to red raspberry.
Impacts
North Carolina blueberry and raspberry growers are dependent on the breeding program at NCSU to develop cultivars adapted to the various regions of the state. The NCSU program has been very successful in developing adapted blueberry cultivars, and is the leader in developing cultivars adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh and processing markets. Developing raspberry cultivars adapted to warm humid regions is critical to the development of a stable raspberry industry in the state, and NCSU is the only institution that is systematically working toward that goal.
Publications
- Lyrene, P. M., N. Vorsa, and J. R. Ballington. 2003. Polyploidy and sexual polyploidization in the genus Vaccinium. Euphytica 133: 27-36.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Released the 'Columbus' rabbiteye blueberry. 'Columbus' is a midseason-ripening genotype with excellent fruit size, fruit color, fruit quality and storage capability (extended shelf-life). Its fruit will compete well with highbush blueberry fruit when shipped to northern markets in midsummer. We verified that the three mechanical harvest-adapted southern highbush blueberry selections NC 2910,NC 3115, and NC 3201, are worthy of release as new cultivars. these range from early to early-midseason in ripening (NC2910, NC3201), to early-midseason to midseason (NC3115). These are planned for release in early 2003, and will fill the need for mechanical harvest-adapted cultivars to follow the early-ripening cultivar Reveille. Eight recently identified selections, NC3104, NC3555, NC4063, NC4122, NC4126, NC4131, NC4146, and NC4149, were determined to be worthy of establishment in replicated trials. Fifty-four new seedling selections were identified at Castle Hayne in 2002. A
replicated trial including four elite NCSU primocane-fruiting red raspberry selections was established at Laurel Springs, NC. These four, along with one elite spring-fruiting genotype are currently being virus-tested and multiplied through tissue culture in for further testing. Nineteen new primocane-fruiting blackberry selections were identified at Reidsville, NC. Two thousand hybrid raspberry seedlings were established at Jackson Springs, Fletcher, and Laurel Springs, NC.
Impacts
North Carolina blueberry and raspberry growers are dependent on the breeding program at NCSU to develop adapted cultivars adapted to the various regions of the state. The NCSU program has been very successful in developing adapted blueberry cultivars, and is the leader in developing cultivars adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh and processing markets. Developing raspberries adapted to warm humid regions in NC is critical to development of a stable raspberry industry in the state, and NCSU is the only institution that is systematically working toward this goal.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
The southern highbush selection G-600 was released jointly with the USDA and named 'Arlen' in honor of retired USDA blueberry geneticist Arlen Draper. It is late ripening, broadly adapted to soils and a reliable producer of large , attractive good quality berries with good shelf-life. The rabbiteye selection NC 2013 was released and named 'Onslow' in honor of Onslow county in the commercial blueberry production area in eastern North Carolina. 'Onslow' produces large, attractive, good guality fruit capable of competing with highbush ripening in the same season. The elite southern highbush selections NC 2901, NC 2910, NC 3115 and NC 3201 continued to look good as potential mechanical harvesting cultivars. The midseason ripening rabbiteye selection NC 1567 continues to look good as a potential cultivar.Red raspberry selections NC 344, NC 450, NC 451 and NC 452 appear very promising as potential cultivars adapted to western North Carolina. These will be meristemmed and
virus-indexed and TC multiplied for widespread testing.
Impacts
Arlen is promising because it extends the season for high quality southern highbush fruit from NC. Onslow rabbiteye is very promising because it should be able to compete favorably with highbush fruit in major blueberry shipping markets. The four red raspberry selections will be critical for jumpstarting a red raspberry industry in western NC.
Publications
- Ballington, J.R. 2001. Collection, utilization, and preservation of genetic resources in Vaccinium. HortScience 36:213-220.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The elite southern highbush selections NC 2901, NC 2910, NC 3115 and NC 3201 continued to look promising as potential mechanical harvesting cultivars. The elite pentaploid selection NC 2849 is also still promising, but will require mechanical harvesting before the fruit gets fully mature to retain adequate firmness. The rabbiteye selections NC 1567 and NC 2013 also continued to look promising as large size mid- and late-midseason potential cultivars adapted to mechanical harvesting and with quality sufficient that the fruit will compete favorably with fruit of highbush blueberry cultivars in major markets. NC 2013 is planned for release in 2001.
Impacts
Adaptation to mechanical harvesting for fresh market blueberries is essential to maintain future profitability for N.C. blueberry growers. These selections upon release will add up to 7 additional cultivars that meet these criteria.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Six elite southern highbush genotypes adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh and processing markets looked promising in replicated trials at Ivanhoe and Castle Hayne, NC. These genotypes are NC 2898, NC 2901, NC 2910, NC 2925, NC 3115 and NC 3201. NC 3103 was outstanding as a hand harvest southern highbush selection at Castle Hayne, ripening earlier than Croatan, with fruit size equal to Sampson, excellent fruit quality, and very high yield. NC 2849 continues to look promising as a light blue fruited pentaploid selection for mechanical harvesting. It ripens ahead of Premier, and has good size and quality. Fruit firmness is the only concern with this selection. Both NC 1567 and NC 2013 looked very promising as potential new large fruited high quality midseason to late midseason rabbiteye cultivars.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Cline, W.O and Ballington, J.R. 1998. Eds. Proc. of the 8th North American Blueberry Research and Extension Workers Conference, May 27-29, 1998. Wilmington, NC. 293 pp.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Two southern highbush blueberry cultivars 'Duplin' (NC 1852) and 'Sampson' (NC 2675), along with the standard highbush cultivar 'Echota' (NC 945), were released. 'Duplin' and 'Sampson' represent potential replacements for the standard North Carolina cultivar 'Croatan' with improved fruit size and quality. 'Echota' is a late midseason cultivar which was released as a replacement for 'Jersey' in western North Carolina. Made 190 new blueberry selections at Castle Hayne, Ivanhoe, Jackson Springs and Salisbury, NC. These include 116 tetraploid selections and 74 hexaploid selections. The tetraploid selections included one group of 47 from elite wild highbush x cultivated highbush crosses and a second large group of 40 southern highbush selections. In addition, 12 highly stem blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) resistant F1's between resistant V. angustifolium and susceptible cultivated V. corymbosum were selected. The hexaploid selections included 23 from crosses of synthetic
hexaploid highbush with V. ashei. Made 42 new bramble selections including 34 raspberry selections and 8 blackberry selections. Seven of the blackberry selections are primocane fruiting.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ballington, J.R. 1998. The contributions of E.B. Morrow to blueberry improvement. In: W.O. Cline and J.R. Ballington (eds.). Proc. 8th North Amer. Blueberry Res. and Ext. Workers Conf., May 27-29, 1998, Wilmington, NC., pp. 8-9.
- Ballington, J.R. 1998. Performance of own-rooted 'Premier' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) compared to 'Premier' grafted on Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. (sparkleberry) over four seasons. In: W.O. Cline and J.R. Ballington (eds.). Proc. 8th North Amer. Blueberry Res. and Ext. Workers Conf., May 27-29, 1998, Wilmington, NC. pp. 178-181. Rooks, S.D. and Bland, W.T. 1998. Performance of three New Zealand highbush blueberry cultivars in southeastern North Carolina. In: W.O. Cline and J.R. Ballington EDS. Proc. 8th North Amer. Blueberry Res. and Ext. Workers Conf., May 27-29, 1998, Wilmington, NC. pp. 31-35.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Three rabbiteye blueberry cultivars 'Montgomery' (NC 1877), 'Ira' (NC 1550) and 'Yadkin' (NC 2305) were released. The southern highbush cultivar 'Summit' (G-616) was released cooperatively with the USDA/ARS and the University of Arkansas. A standard highbush mechanical harvesting cultivar 'Pender' (NC 2161) was also released. 'Ira' and 'Yadkin' are self-fruitful rabbiteye cultivars, and all three rabbiteye represent improvements in fruit quality and resistance to fruit cracking. 'Pender' ripens in early-midseason and will provide a mechanical harvesting cultivar to follow the early ripening 'Bladen' and 'Reveille'. 'Summit' is a late-midseason cultivar that produces large very high quality fruit for hand harvest. Made 59 blueberry selections including 20 highbush and 39 rabbiteye. Made 53 new bramble selections at Jackson Springs, NC, and 62 at Reidsville, NC, in 1997. These included thorny, thornless and trailing and erect blackberries and heat tolerant raspberries.
Established one replicated raspberry selection trail at Waynesville, NC. Established 600 blackberry seedlings at Jackson Springs from crosses for primocane fruiting, and 175 F1 hybrid raspberry seedlings from a cross of NC 357 (R. parvifolius) and 'Cherokee'. Made 27 successful bramble hybrid combinations and 80 successful blueberry crosses. Successfully germinated blueberry crosses incorporating V. cylindraceum (Vaccinium section Hemimyrtillus) into the cultivated blueberry genepool.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SORIA, J.R.B. 1996. Chilling and forcing requirements for flowering of 'O'Neal' (southern highbush) and 'Tifblue' (rabbiteye blueberry plants. M.S. Thesis. N.C. State Univ., Raleigh. 74p.
- BALLINGTON, J.R., ROOKS, S.D., CLINE, W.O., MEYER, J.R. and MILHOLLAND, R.D. 1997. The North Carolina State University blueberry breeding program - toward V. x covilleanum? Acta Hort. 446:243-247.
- BALLINGTON, J.R. and ROOKS, S.D. 1997. Three new rabbiteye blueberries from North Carolina. HortSci. 32(4):595 (Abstract).
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Three rabbiteye blueberry selections, NC 1550, NC 1877 and NC 2305, are planned for release in 1997. All three selections are self-fruitful, with fruit as large as or larger than Tifblue, good firmness and picking scars, aromatic flavor, resistance to fruit cracking and adaptation to mechanical harvesting. NC 1877 is early-ripening while NC 1550 is early-midseason and NC 2305 is midseason. NC 1877 and NC 2305 are only moderately vigorous and should be easy to manage. NC 1550 and NC 1877 are also sharp-nosed leafhopper resistant. The early-midseason ripening standard highbush blueberry selection NC 2161 is planned for release as a mechanical harvesting cultivar, and the midseason ripening, very high fruit quality southern highbush selection G-616 for cooperative release from North Carolina, the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and the USDA, in 1997. The two elite southern highbush selections NC 1852 and NC 2675, and the standard highbush NC 945, are now
planned for release in 1998 when sufficient nursery stocks have been built up. Cropping was reduced, but not eliminated at Castle Hayne, NC. Sixty successful blueberry crosses were made at Raleigh and Castle Hayne, and one raspberry cross at Raleigh. Twenty-five hundred blueberry seedlings were established at Castle Hayne and Jackson Springs, and 1900 bramble seedlings at Jackson Springs and Waynesville.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- BALLINGTON, J.R. 1996. The deerberry Vaccinium stamineum L., Vaccinium section Polycodium (Raf.) Sleumer
- BALLINGTON, J.R. 1996. Performance of own-rooted 'Premier'.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
The southern highbush blueberry selections NC 1852 and NC 2675 will be proposed for release for the commercial blueberry production area in eastern NC as soon as sufficient nursery stocks are built up. The standard highbush selection NC 945 will be proposed for release for western NC as soon as sufficient nursery stocks are available. The rabbiteye selections NC 1550, NC 1560, NC 1564, NC 1877, NC 2013 and NC 2305 all appear worthy of release as new cultivars following four harvests seasons at the Sandhills Research Station and two harvest seasons at Castle Hayne, NC. A replicated trial comparing the pentaploid blueberry selection NC 2849 and the 5n x 6n selection NC 3490 with early-ripening standard rabbiteye cultivars indicated that both these genotypes show promise as potential cultivars ripening between highbush and rabbiteye season. Thirty-one successful blueberry crosses were made at Castle Hayne, including 7 BC1 and 6 BC2 crosses from 5n to either 4n or 6n
genotypes, and three 2n x 4n crosses. Established four new blueberry replicated trials at Jackson Springs and Castle Hayne, and a new duplicate plot trial at Reidsville, NC. Established 1800 Rubus seedlings from controlled pollinations at Reidsville and Jackson Springs, including blackberry, raspberry and blackberry x raspberry progenies. Five new promising raspberry selections were made at Waynesville, NC, from the cross, Mandarin x Glen Prosen.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Following three years of harvest and evaluation in replicated trials, the southern highbush selections NC 2675 and NC 1852 look very promising for eastern NC and the standard highbush selection N.C. 945 for western NC. NC 945 will be released as a new cultivar as soon as sufficient nursery stocks are built up. It is widely adapted, highly resistant to stem canker, and tolerant to stem blight in the field. NC 2675 and NC 1852 are also tentatively slated for release pending their success in grower observation trials over several additional years. The rabbiteye selections NC 1550, NC 1877 and NC 2013 continued to look promising through three harvest seasons in replicated trials at the Sandhills Research Station, Jackson Springs, NC. These selections are also tentatively slated for release pending their performance in a new replicated trial at the Horticultural Crops Research Station, Castle Hayne over 1-2 more years. The hexaploid interspecific hybrid selections NC 1827
and NC 1832 continued to look promising as small-fruited, productive and very high quality potential cultivars for homeowners in western NC. A total of 32 successful blueberry crosses and 9 successful (Rubus) crosses were made. Duplicate plot evaluation trials of new raspberry and blackberry selections were established at the Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC and the Upper Piedmont Research Station, Reidsville, NC.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Eight southern highbush blueberry selections were identified as worthy of trial as potential cultivars for mechanical harvesting for fresh market as well as processing. An additional 8 selections will be established in replicated trials for evaluation as potential hand harvested cultivars. N.C. 1852 and NC 2675 continue to be especially promising after two years of replicated trials in eastern NC and NC 945 and NC 1066 in western NC. The rabbiteye selections NC 1550, NC 1560, NC 1564, NC 2013 and NC 2305 are also very promising after 2 years harvests in replicated trials. Leafhopper resistant genotypes have now been identified in both first and second generation backcrosses from V. ashei to highbush. Intercrossing stem blight resistant highbush parents resulted in from 35-75% resistant seedlings. A total of 97 successful blueberry crosses were made. Viable sectional hybrids were produced with V. floribundum (section Pyxothamnus) and both 2n V. corymbosum and V. darrowi
(section Cyanococcus), and V. stamineum (section Polycodium) and 2n V. corymbosum with V. cylindraceum (section Hemimyrtillus). Mandarin and Latham were the most productive and vigorous summer fruiting raspberry cvs. Cherokee and Heritage were the best adapted primocane fruiting raspberries. Thirty-seven successful Rubus crosses were made. The tetraploid thorny-erect primocane fruiting blackberry selection NC 194 was released for use as a parent for incorporating the primocane fruiting trait into elite blackberry genotypes.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
New blueberry selections (174) identified, included 26 tetraploid highbush selections, 42 rabbiteye selections, 40 constablaei rabbiteye selections, 25 sharpnosed leafhopper resistant selections, 12 selections highly resistant to blueberry stem blight, and 33 species and species hybrid parental selections. The promising tetraploid selections NC 1066, NC 1524, NC 1852, NC 2625, NC 2675 and NC 3201 were also determined to be stem blight resistant. Five tetraploid selections, NC 2901, NC 2910, NC 2925, N.C. 2927 and NC 3201 were again noteworthy as potential cultivars for mechanical harvesting for fresh market outlets. A total of 108 successful blueberry crosses were made. Viable hybrid seedlings were produced from crosses of V. corymbodendron (section Pyxothamnus) from Andean Colombia with several genotypes of North American true blueberry (section Cyanococcus) species. New raspberry selections (70) identified included: 3 black raspberry selections, 4 selections of
Chinese species, and 63 red raspberry selections, including both summer and primocane fruiting types. The majority of the summer fruiting raspberry selections were BC2's from the Chinese species R. parvifolius to R. idaeus. Fifty-seven successful Rubus crosses were made, including diploid and tetraploid raspberry crosses, and tetraploid and hexaploid blackberry crosses. The first hybrid seedlings from crosses of a hexaploid blackberry (NC 121) with R. roseus (subgenus Orobatus) from Ecuador, were produced, and hopefully will flower and fruit in 1993.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Resistance to the sharp-nosed leafhopper in three BC2 progenies from V. ashei toV. corymbosum was identified. Resistance appears quantitative in nature and recessive. The resistant BC2 genotypes should be potentially valuable as parents for further incorporation of leafhopper resistance into highbush blueberry. Stem blight resistance was identified in V. myrtilloides (Canada blueberry) for the first time, and in additional genotypes of V. angustifolium from Maine, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, as well as in additional cultivated highbush seedling progenies. Thirty three elite wild V. corymbosum genotypes were selected from open pollinated populations originating in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, and Michigan. One viable hybrid seedling from V. floribundum (section Pyxothamnus) from Ecuador x NC 80-2-1 (V. myrsinites x corymbosum) (section Cyanococcus) was produced. Viable hybrids between B-85 (leafhopper resistant V. arboreum) (section
Batadendron) and V. darrowi, and both diploid V. corymbosum and V. pallidum (section Cyanococcus) were produced. Four additional prevarietal trials involving elite blueberry selections were established. The first fertile tetraploid fall-fruiting blackberry genotypes were developed. Fifteen elite selections among the Chinese raspberry species Rubus corchorifolius, R. hirsutus, R. innominatus, and R. phoenicolasius were identified. Four elite selections of sand blackberry (R. cuneifolius) from a seed source in New Hanover County, N.C. were identified.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Resistance to the sharp-nosed leafhopper was identified in three seedling progenies, including two progenies completely unrelated to current sources of resistance. In one pentaploid progeny among (4X) V. pallidum and V. amoenum (6X), the majority of the seedlings were at least moderately resistant and several were highly resistant. Based on these screenings, leafhopper resistance in the diploid species V. elliottii appears to be recessive. NC 2054 was named Reveille and released as an early-ripening southern highbush cultivar with small, very firm, high quality fruit, with an excellent picking scar, and a vigorous, very narrowly upright bush, that appears to be adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh consumption and processing. The tetraploid blueberry genotypes NC 945, N.C. 1066, NC 1852, NC 2625, NC 2675, NC 2678, and NC 3098, and hexaploid genotypes NC 1550, NC 1560, NC 1564, NC 1827, NC 1832, NC 1877, NC 2013, and NC 2305 were established in replicated
prevarietal trials. Raspberry cultivar trials at four locations across North Carolina and blackberry trials at two locations were established. A second viable F1 Vaccinium sectional progeny among V. crassifolium subsp. crassifolium (section Herpothamnus) and V. macrocarpon (section Oxycoccus) was produced. Viable F1 Rubus sectional progenies among R. trivialis (section Eubatus) and R. idaeus var. strigosus (section Idaeobatus) and among R. hirsutus (section Idaeobatus, subsection Rosaefoli) and R. idaeus were produced.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Resistance to sharp-nosed leafhopper in 33 blueberry genotypes from 2 crosses among 5X x 4X parents was identified. Eighteen genotypes were highly resistant. The leafhopper resistant genotype NC 3084 (from a 5X x 5X cross) was determined to be tetraploid, making it especially useful for transferring resistance to tetraploid highbush. NC 2054 is being proposed for release as an early-ripening cultivar adapted to mechanical harvesting for fresh market outlets. Southern highbush selections NC 1852, NC 2625, NC 2675, NC 2678, and NC 3098 are potential early to early-midseason ripening cultivars with excellent fruit size and quality. These selections have been propagated for establishment in replicated trials. Produced viable F1 Vaccinium sectional hybrid seedlings among V. elliottii (section Cyanococcus) and V. chamissonis (section Myrtillus); diploid V. corymbosum (section Cyanococcus) and V. crassifolium subsp. sempervirens (section Herpothamnus); V. crassifolium subsp.
crassifolium and V. macrocarpon (section Oxycoccus); V. vitis-idaea and V. stamineum (section Polycodium); and V. crassifolium subsp. sempervirens x V. vitis-idaea. A sectional cross among V. darrowi (section Cyanococcus) and V. ovatum (section Pyxothamnus) produced an amphidiploid seedling. Soaking Rubus seeds in full strength commercial sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) for 24-48 hrs. is promising as a pregermination treatment. Stratification of seeds was not necessary following this treatment.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Cooperatively with entomologist J. E. Meyer, identified nonfeeding preference resistance to the sharp-nosed leafhopper in V. arboreum, V. ashei, V. crassifolium, V. elliottii, and V. stamineum. In 2 progenies involving backcrosses of resistant pentaploids (resistance from V. ashei) to cultivated (4x) V. corymbosum, approximately half the seedlings were highly resistant. The BC1 seedlings were only partly fertile, but it appears that transfer of sharp nosed leafhopper resistance from V. ashei to V. corymbosum is feasible. Resistance to stem blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) was identified in cultivated V. corymbosum seedling progenies, in V. angustifolium, and in V. elliottii. With cultivated V. corymbosum, Bluecrop, Morrow, Murphy, and NC 945 appeared to be prepotent parents for stem blight resistance. Produced viable F1 Vaccinium sectional hybrid seedlings among V. ovatum (section Pyxothamnus) and V. crassifolium (section Herpothamnus), and US 118 (section
Cyanococcus) and V. ovatum. NC2054 continued to look promising as a potential highbush blueberry cultivar producing small, early-ripening, firm, high quality fruit with an excellent picking scar, on a vigorous, very upright plant, and adapted to mechanical harvesting for both fresh consumption and processing. A tentative cultivar release is planned for this selection following the 1989 fruiting season. Citadel, Reveille, and Sentinel were top performers in a red raspberry cultivar trial in western NC, which also included Latham, Southland, and Titan.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Blue Ridge, Bounty, Cape Fear and O'Neal were released as highbush blueberry cultivars. Blue Ridge is an early- midseason cultivar with fruit that is medium-large in size, of excellent color, firmness and pleasant high acid flavor, but only a fair to poor picking scar. The plant is vigorous, with a very erect plant habit and broad adaptation to soils, both in the coastal plain and on lighter soils in the piedmont and lower mountains. Bounty is an early midseason cultivar like Murphy which it should replace. It is consistently productive with very large fruit of excellent color, scar, firmness and flavor. Plant habit, vigor and adaptation are similar to Murphy. Cape Fear is a mid-early ripening cultivar similar in season to Croatan. It is very precocious with very large fruit of fine color, picking scar and firmness, and average quality. The plant is vigorous, semi-upright in habit and of similar adaptation to soils as Blue Ridge. This cultivar has also shown excellent
field tolerance to stem blight. O'Neal is a very-early to early- ripening cultivar which should replace Wolcott. It is productive and produces very large fruit, with good color and excellent picking scar, firmness and flavor. The plant is vigorous and semi-upright with broad adaptation to soils both in the coastal plain and lighter soils in the piedmont. Greenhouse screening for reaction to the stem blight fungus determined that genes for resistance occur in Vaccinium angustifolium, V. arboreum and V. elliottii.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
HPLC analyses of the anthocyanins (Acy) in the fruits of Vaccinium spp. determined: Fruits of 6 spp. of section Cyanococcus contained the same 15 Acy previously found in V. corymbosum; Acy of section Herpothamnus, section Pyxothamnus, section Polycodium, and section Oxycoccoides species support a fairly recent origin for North American sections in Vaccinium; Acy of fruits of 5 section Myrtillus spp. indicate that black-fruited species contain the same 15 Acy as V. myrtillus. V. parvifolium (red-fruited) only contained cyanidin-3-arabinoside, Cy-3-galactoside, and Cy-3-glucoside. Analysis of Acy in fruit of 6 Gaylussacia species indicate that they are similar in Acy to species of Vaccinium sections Cyanococcus and Myrtillus. Reciprocal crosses between (4X) V. corymbosum cvs. and high, medium, and low frequency diplandroid producing diploid clones of V. elliotti and V. corymbosum produced 15 hybrids -11 tetrapolids, 2 triploids, and 2 apparent mixiploids from 3342
pollinations. No. hybrid/100 pollinations was the best criterion for assessing crossability. All V. elliotti hybrids were tetraploid while each successful 4X - 2X V. corymbosum cross produced at least one triploid or mixiploid. Unreduced pollen production was essential for hybrid production in 4X x 2X crosses. There was neither a consistent pattern between 2n pollen and 2n egg production in a clone, nor tetraploid genotype effect on crossability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Made 154 blueberry crosses; 4 for stem canker resistance inheritance, 10 to broaden germplasm base in highbush, 17 pentaploid and pentaploid BC1's, 35 rabbiteye including 2 true F2's, 7 rabbiteye-constablaei, 19 for an interspecific crossability study in tetraploids, 58 diploid crosses for unreduced gamete production studies, and 4 diploid sectional crosses. Made 16 Rubus crosses including 5 interspecific blackberry crosses, 10 interspecific raspberry crosses, and 1 raspberry x blackberry cross. Obtained USDA grant for collecting small fruit germplasm in the Pacific Northwest. This resulted in 22 Fragaria, 44 Ribes, 60 Rubus, and 89 Vaccinium species accessions for evaluation and maintenance. These accessions for evaluation included elite western black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) clones with fruit size equal to or larger than eastern U.S. cultivated types. Collected 17 Vaccinium and 19 Rubus species accessions in N.C. for evaluation as potential parents. Determined
that it is feasible to develop either V. ashei (by intercrossing late blooming parents) or V. ashei-V. constablaei derivative genotypes that bloom with highbush blueberry in eastern N.C. and thus are reliably productive. Found that only 2% of V. ashei-V. constablaei derivative genotypes in one study both bloomed and ripened fruit with early season highbush blueberry. Identified flower bud hardy segregates in F2 progenies derived from V. darrowi x highbush blueberry and in F1's from (V. darrowi x stamineum) x highbush progenies.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Made 79 blueberry crosses including 40 for stem canker resistance, 26 for uplandadaptation, 12 diploid crosses for interspecific fertility and unreduced gamete production studies, and 1 diploid sectional cross (Cyanococcus x Batadendron). Made 1 Rubus cross (R. glaucus x (4n) red raspberry). Selected 119 elite clones from seedling progenies at White Lake, Castle Hayne, and Fletcher. Collected 130 Vaccinium and 30 Rubus species accessions for evaluation as potential parents. Released 2 ornamental evergreen groundcover blueberry cultivars ('Bloodstone' and 'Wells Delight') to the nursery industry. Determined the ripening season, fruit quality characteristics and parent potential of 11 Vaccinium species in southeastern North Carolina. Evaluated hexaploid species hybrid blueberry progenies for disease resistance, productivity, fruit quality, and potential as early-ripening clones for eastern N.C. and propagated elite clones for further testing. Determined that pentaploid
and pentaploid backcross blueberry progenies originated by the NCSU improvement program appear very promising for introgressing traits from rabbiteye into highbush blueberries. Surveyed the 5 native southern diploid true blueberry (Cyanococcus) species for pollen fertility and identified clones producing unreduced gametes. Determined that embryo dormancy occurs in the seeds of deerberry (V. stamineum). Established an advanced replicated trial among elite rabbiteye blueberry selections at Raleigh, for evaluation as potential cultivars.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Made 70 successful blueberry crosses including tetraploid crosses for stem canker and Phytophythora cinnomoni resistance, V. ashei x corymbosum BC1 and BC2 crosses to V. croymbosum, and 2n x 4n crosses involving production of unreduced gametes from sectional hybrid 2n parents. Made 40 successful strawberry crosses including recombination for resistance to red stele and strawberry anthracnose, inheritance of the day-neutral character, and outcrosses with both eastern and western North American F. virginiana selections to broaden the germplasm base. Made 72 new blueberry selections for tolerance to frost during bloom or late bloom to avoid frost, and mechanical harvesting potential. Made 34 new strawberry selections for red stele and anthracnose resistance. Established one replicated trial among elite ornamental blueberry accessions each at Pleasant Garden and Castle Hayne, NC. Collected 77 Vaccinium species accessions for evaluation as potential parents and for
phylogenetic studies.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Cold injury to flowers wiped out 90% of the crop in older advanced replicated trials at White Lake and Wilmington. Highbush hybrid selection NC 1688 cropped as well as standard highbush cvs. in these trials and the survivability and uniformity of the plants was outstanding. Made 60 blueberry crosses including species hybridizations and crosses for adaptation to mechanical harvesting. Made 27 new blueberry selections for adaptation to upland soils at Clinton, NC. Established replicated trials among advanced selections of V. crassifolium at Pleasant Garden and Bailey, NC. Began a cooperative screening program with USDA for screening strawberry progenies for red stele resistance and established 2000 screened seedlings at Clinton. Made 20 day-neutral and June-bearing strawberry crosses for adaptation to western North Carolina. Made 23 new strawberry selections at Clinton based on very high levels of field resistance to strawberry anthracnose and broadening the germplasm
base of our program.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Made 30 successful strawberry crosses including generic crosses between F. X ananassa and Duchesnea indica for immunity to anthracnose. Made 183 successful Vaccinium crosses including crosses at the 2n, 4n, and 6n level and sectional crosses between Cyanococcus X Polycodium, Cynococcus X Herpothamnus, and Herpothamnus X Pyxothamnus species. Established replicated strawberry trials at Clinton and Fletcher, NC including 134 elite selections and cultivars. Established two 4 replicate prevarietal ornamental blueberry trials at Pleasant Garden and Bailey, NC, which include 11 elite clones of the species V. crassifolium and V. sempervirens.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Made 69 June-bearing strawberry selections including 59 selections for adaptation to the coastal plain and anthracnose resistance and 10 selections for adaptation to western N.C. Thirteen day-neutral strawberry selections were made for adaptation to western N.C. Released the 'Everblue' and 'Johnblue' ornamental evergreen blueberry cultivars (V. darrowi). Made 13 tetraploid (V. corymbosum) blueberry selections for adaptation to eastern N.C. Highbush blueberry selections NCUS 1524 and NCUS 1688 continued to look promising and were established with 9 blueberry grower-cooperators in eastern N.C. and 8 cooperating researchers in the southeastern U.S. NCUS 1688 appears especially promising as an improved 'Wolcott' season selection which may have mechanical harvesting potential. These and 8 additional promising highbush selections were established in replicated prevarietal trials at White Lake and Castle Hayne, N.C. A one-acre trial planting including selections and
seedling progenies derived from V. constablaei x V. ashei crosses was established at the Mtn. Hort. Crops Res. Sta. at Fletcher, N.C. Collected 150 Vaccinium germplasm accessions from southeastern U.S. states.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 06/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Released 'Prelude, ' 'Sumner, ' 'Sentinel, ' and 'Rosanne' strawberry cultivars to nurserymen. Collected 236 new Vaccinium germplasm accessions from North and South Carolina, including V. my s from the northern extreme of its range in Southeastern South Carolina; verified the presence of native V. ashei (rabbiteye) in the Golisto River Basin in Southeastern South Carolina.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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