Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Vegetable growers in the SE United States, both commercial and homeowner, peach growers in the SE United States,soybean and small grain farmers, soybean commodity groups, vegetable -soybean -and small grains seed companies, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, entomologists, agronomists, horticulturalists, and other plant science researchers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Education and training of graduate students in plant breeding and genetic resources conservation. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results are disseminated to communities of interest through published scientific journal articles, newsletters, conference proceedings, meeting abstracts, oral presentations, national crop commodity meetings, farmerfield days,and annual reports published on-line at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9592 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Germplasm Distribution in 2012 A total of 2920 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2012: R. Cerney, 1 Arachis accession (peanut); Dr. Howard Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 5 Benincasa (watermelon) and 192 Citrullus (watermelon) accessions; D. Gilbert, Lanherne Farms, 2 Capsicum spp. (pepper); W. Hucks, 1 Capsicum spp.; J. Quasha, 1 Capsicum spp.; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 132 Citrullus, accessions; M. McMillan, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 20 Citrullus, accessions; Dr. Mike Jackson, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 276 Ipomoea, (sweetpotato) accessions; Dr. K. Ling, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 1 Ipomoea accession; R. Schontag, 1 Ipomoea accession, 1 Sorghum (grain sorghum) accession, and 1 Trifolium (clover) accession; Dr. S. Kresovich, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 667 Sorghum accessions; G. Morris, University of South Carolina, 801 Sorghum accessions; A. Patrick, University of South Carolina, 2 Sorghum accessions; D. Rhodes, University of South Carolina, 86 Sorghum accessions; Dr. T. Stefaniak, University of South Carolina, 30 Sorghum accessions; L. Fischer, 3 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; Dr. W. Wechter, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 697 Vigna accessions. Project Summary - 2003-2013 During the life of the project 11,714 germplasm accessions were distributed from PGRCU, Griffin, GA, to plant breeders, plant pathologists, entomologists, other researchers, farmers,and seed companies in South Carolina. Researchers who requested accessions were employed by various universities in South Carolinaas well as by USDA-ARS. Many of the plant accessions were requested byUSDA personnel working at the USDA-ARS Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC. Some of the crop species requested include watermelon, sweetpotato, peanut, cowpea, sesame, pearl millet, grain sorghum, pepper, gourd, luffa, bamboo, eggplant, and Zoysia grass.Seventeen publications are listed for the life of the project.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S.K Kantartzi, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, and J.T. Velie. 2013. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2012. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 7-10, 2013. San Antonio, TX.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Walker, D.R., D.K. Harris, Z.R. King, Z. Li, R. Boerma, J.B. Buckley, D.B. Weaver, E.J. Sikora, E.R. Shipe, J.D. Mueller, J.W. Buck, R.W. Schneider, J.J. Marois, D.L. Wright, and R.L. Nelson. 2013. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations in the southeastern United States, 2009-2012. Crop Science (Submitted for publication, July, 2013.)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2007
Citation:
Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, G. Shannon, P. Arelli, and P. Chen. 2007. Public soybean breeding lines tested for reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) reproduction. Journal of Nematology 39:92.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2003
Citation:
Robbins, R. T., E. R. Shipe, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2003. Host suitability in soybean cultivars for the reniform nematode, 2001 tests. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences. January, 2003. Nashville, TN. TN A4 - A9.
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PLANT GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 476 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2011: Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 30 Citrullus, (watermelon) accessions; J. Allen, Rebellion Farm, 6 Sesamum (sesame); S. Bell, Liberty Christian Academy, 1 Pennisetum (pearl millet); F. Cates, Western Seed Multiplication, 7 Vigna (cowpea); D. Gilbert, Laherne Farms, 20 Capsicum spp. (pepper); Dr. Howard Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 4 Ipomoea (sweetpotato); W. Jones, University of South Carolina, 287 Sorghum spp. (grain sorghum); Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 96 Citrullus spp.; Dr. S. Kresovich, University of South Carolina, 5 Sorghum accessions; M. McMillan, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 15 Capsicum accessions: Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 5 Citrullus accessions. CULTIVAR RELEASES: Graham oat, formerly SC96-1246, has been released by the Clemson University Experiment Station. It is a mid to late maturity oat variety and was released because of its excellent seed yield potential. It was developed by W.D. Graham, B. Edge, C.R. Ray, and C. Myers. CaroTiger peach, formerly SC82035-13-48, has been proposed for release by the Clemson Experiment Station. CaroTiger is a high quality, attractive, late-season peach for both the commercial shipping and local, retail markets. Fruit has consistent large size averaging >7.62 cm in diameter or larger, and trees bear a full crop. Fruit shape, color, and overall attractiveness is excellent. Fruit are freestone, have very good eating quality, do not get soft too fast, have melting flesh, normal acidity and excellent sugar content. The cultivar was developed by D.W. Cain, D.R. Layne, and W.C. Newall, Jr. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: In 2012, eighteen elite breeding lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and identify resistant genotypes. Five pots containing plants of each genotype were inoculated with 2000 nematodes per pot. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. Seven of the 18 SC lines or varieties evaluated had ratings lower than the resistant check, Forrest. The resistant lines/varieties are SC98-1930, SC09-183, SC06-051, Motte, Santee, SC05-642, and SC07-786. The elite lines were also evaluated for resistance to southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in a field test near Blackville, SC. Three reniform-resistant genotypes, Santee, SC05-642, and SC07-786, also performed well in the root-knot field experiments at Blackville in 2011 and 2012. Based on nematode resistance traits and performance in non-nematode infested field nurseries selected, elite SC lines will be further evaluated in 2013 Southern Regional Soybean Tests for potential cultivar release. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Robert Robbins, Plant Pathologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Dr. John Mueller, Plant Pathologist, Clemson University, Edisto Research And Education Center, Blackville, SC. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable growers in the SE United States, peach growers in the SE United States, soybean and small grain farmers, soybean commodity groups, vegetable, soybean, and small grains seed companies, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, agronomists, horticulturalists, and other plant science researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them by plant breeders, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve human nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Development of nematode-resistant soybean cultivars should provide built-in genetic protection and decrease the application of nematicides thus decreasing farmer input costs and enhancing the environment. Crop germplasm collections maintained by USDA-ARS provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers. Increased crop production and crop nutritional enhancements through genetic improvement become increasingly important as the world population grows from 7 billion to a predicted 9 billion in less than 40 years.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, G. Shannon, K.M. Rainey, P. Chen, S.K Kantartzi, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, and J.T. Velie. 2012. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2011. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 3-6, 2012. Orlando, FL.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PLANT GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 481 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2010: Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 49 Citrullus, 14 Praecitrullus (watermelon), 9 gourd, and 1 Cucurbita accessions; Dr. H. Knap, Clemson University, 1 Pueraria (legume) accession; Dr. Ellis Caniglia, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 2 Citrullus accessions; Dr. S. Kresovich, University of South Carolina, 383 Sorghum accessions; Dr. J. Bohac,, 20 Ipomoea (sweet potato) accessions: K. Hazel,1 Vigna (cowpea) accession; Dr. M. Shepherd, Clemson University,1 Vigna accession. ANNUAL S-9 TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING: Meeting of Regional S-9 Technical Advisory Committee was held August 2-3, 2011 in Griffin, GA. An annual report and long-term plant regeneration plans were presented by Dr. Gary Pederson, Research Leader, and six USDA-ARS plant germplasm curators, respectively. Individual state reports were presented by Advisory Committee members. Committee members toured new equipment storage facilities, greenhouses, labs and the new -18C seed storage room. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: In 2011, twenty-one elite breeding lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and identify resistant genotypes. Five pots containing plants of each genotype were inoculated with 2000 nematodes per pot. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas from May 25 to September 6, 2011. Elite lines SC06-045 and SC06-051 had reproductive indices lower than the reniform resistant cultivar, Santee. Lines SC98-1930, SC07-786, and SC07-1490 were retested in 2011. The line SC98-1930 had reproductive indices lower than the resistant cultivar Hartwig while the other two lines had indices slightly higher than Santee. The elite lines were also evaluated for resistance to southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in a field test near Blackville, SC, and in 2011 state and regional field tests for agronomic traits and seed yield. Based on nematode resistance traits and performance in non-nematode infested field nurseries selected, elite SC lines will be further evaluated in 2012 Southern Regional Soybean Tests for potential future cultivar release. SOYBEAN RUST DISEASE: Participation in multi-year, multi-state, cooperative research led by Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, has led to identification of 64 soybean plant introductions that show varying levels of resistance to soybean rust disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant introductions confirmed to be resistant in these evaluations should be useful sources of genes for resistance to North American populations of P. pachyrhizi. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Robert Robbins, Plant Pathologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Dr. John Mueller, Plant Pathologist, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Dr. David Walker, Plant Geneticist, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable growers in the SE United States, soybean farmers, soybean commodity groups, vegetable and soybean seed companies, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, agronomists, horticulturalists, and other plant science researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Identification of soybean PIs resistant to soybean rust disease will provide parental material and enhance efforts by soybean breeders to develop improved soybean cultivars resistant to the potentially destructive disease. Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them by plant breeders, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve human nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Development of nematode-resistant soybean cultivars should provide built-in genetic protection and decrease the application of nematicides thus decreasing farmer input costs and enhancing the environment. Crop germplasm collections maintained by USDA-ARS provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers. Increased crop production and crop nutritional enhancements through genetic improvement become increasingly important as the world population grows from 7 billion to a predicted 9 billion in less than 40 years.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, G. Shannon, Katy M. Rainey, P Chen, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, and Jeff T. Velie. 2011. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2010. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 4-7, 2011. Atlanta, GA.
- Walker, D.R., H.R. Boerma, D.K. Harris, D.V. Phillips, R.W. Schneider, G.L. Hartman, M.R. Miles, D.B. Weaver, E.J. Sikora, S.H. Moore, J.B. Buckley, E.R. Shipe, J.D. Mueller, and R.L. Nelson. 2011. Evaluation of USDA soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the southern United States. Crop Science 51(2): 678-693.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PLANT GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 925 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2009: Dr. R. Fery, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 477 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; T. Johnson, 6 Arachis (peanut) accessions; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 26 Citrullus (watermelon) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 142 Citrullus, 13 Praecitrullus (watermelon), 14 gourd, 7 Luffa, and 23 Cucurbit spp. accessions; Dr. C. Kole, Clemson University, 1 Solanum (eggplant), 2 Momordica (gourd), 3 Cymbopogon (lemon grass), and 4 Catharanthus accessions; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 2 Cucurbita accessions; Dr. W. Wechter, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 35 Ipomoea (sweetpotato) and 141 Citrullus accessions: Dr. H. Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 2 Ipomoea accessions; Dr. K. Ling, Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 2 Solanum and 1 Catharanthus accessions; Dr. M. Jackson, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 7 Ipomoea accessions; J. Mullins, 2 Trifolium (clover) accessions; L. Reep, 1 Vigna accession; Dr. M. Shepherd, Clemson University, 1 Sesamum ( (sesame) accession; D. Sheriff, 12 Capsicum (pepper) accessions; and B. Stewart, 1 Abelmoschus (Okra) accession. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: In 2010, twenty elite breeding lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and identify resistant genotypes. Five pots containing plants of each genotype were inoculated with 2000 nematodes per pot. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas from May 26 to August 26. Elite lines SC98-1930, SC07-786, SC06-687, SC07-1490, and SC cultivar Motte had reproductive indices lower than the reniform resistant cultivar, Santee. The elite lines were also evaluated for resistance to southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and in 2010 field tests for agronomic traits and seed yield. Based on nematode resistance traits and performance in non-nematode infested field nurseries, SC07-786 and SC07-1490 will be further evaluated in 2011 Southern Regional Soybean Tests for potential future cultivar release. SOYBEAN RUST DISEASE: Participation in multi-year, multi-state, cooperative research led by Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, has led to identification of 64 soybean plant introductions that show varying levels of resistance to soybean rust disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Results are published in Crop Science Journal, Vol. 51, Issue No. 2, 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Robert Robbins, Plant pathologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Dr. John Mueller, Plant pathologist, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Dr. David Walker, Plant Geneticist, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable growers in the SE United States, soybean farmers, soybean commodity groups, vegetable and soybean seed companies, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, agronomists, horticulturalists, and other plant science researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Identification of soybean PI's resistant to soybean rust disease will provide parental material and enhance efforts by soybean breeders to develop improved soybean cultivars resistant to the potentially destructive disease. Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them by plant breeders, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve human nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections maintained by USDA-ARS provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers. Increased crop production and crop nutritional enhancements through genetic improvement become increasingly important as the world population nears 7 billion and is predicted to reach 9 billion in less than 40 years.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, G. Shannon, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, C. Overstreet, and J.T. Velie. 2010. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2009. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 4-7, 2010. New Orleans, LA.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PLANT GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 423 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2008: Dr. J. Ariss, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 15 Citrullus (watermelon) and 22 Solanum (eggplant) accessions; Dr. R. Fery, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 200 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; Dr. K. Harris, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 5 Citrullus accessions; S. Johnson, 4 Arachis (peanut) and 1 Abelmoschus (okra) accessions; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 34 Lagenaria (gourd) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 15 Citrullus, 37 Praecitrullus (watermelon) and 59 Lagenaria accessions; K. Lipp, 1 Abelmoschus accession; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 4 Citrullus and 8 Cucurbita accessions; J. Tkach, 2 Phyllostachys (bamboo) accessions; G. Walker, 10 bamboo accessions to include 1 Bambusa, 1 Pseudosasa, 1 Sasa, 1 Arundinaria, 1 Sinobambusa, and 5 Phyllostachys spp.; Dr. W. Wechter, USDA Vegetable Lab., Charleston, SC, 6 Ipomoea (sweetpotato) accessions. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: In 2009, twenty-one elite lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Five pots containing plants of each genotype were inoculated with 1600 nematodes per pot. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. Elite lines SC06-687, SC05-642, SC01-803, and SC03-9093 had reproductive indices lower than the reniform resistant breeding line, SC02-208. SOYBEAN RUST DISEASE: Soybean rust (SBR) was first identified in the United States in November, 2004. The disease is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and can cause severe yield losses under optimal temperature and humidity conditions. Plant introductions (PIs) are being evaluated to identify resistant genotypes. Under the direction of Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, researchers collaborated in 2009 to evaluate USDA germplasm accessions for SBR resistance in seven locations in the southern U.S. The objective is to identify and confirm PIs that exhibit resistance to rust isolates in multiple locations in order to provide soybean breeders with guidance in choosing parents for crosses made to develop rust-resistant soybean cultivars with competitive yields. Ninety-one genotypes across maturity groups III through IX were planted at Blackville, S.C. August 18, 2009. Portable lights were used to extend photoperiod and vegetative growth until SBR development which usually occurs in late August or September in South Carolina. Rust symptoms were first observed on known susceptible genotypes in mid October. Ten leaflets were collected from plants in each plot from November 5 to November 20. Leaflets were examined under a microscope for the presence of rust and rated for disease severity and sporulation by Dr. John Mueller, Clemson University. Data from were summarized and submitted to Dr. Walker to be combined with data from other U.S. locations. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Robert Robbins, Plant pathologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Dr. John Mueller, Plant pathologist, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Dr. David Walker, Plant geneticist, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable growers, soybean farmers, soybean commodity groups, vegetable and soybean seed companies, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, agronomists, and other plant science researchers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Identification of soybean plant introductions that are resistant to soybean rust disease provides soybean breeders with parental lines for future hybridizations to develop rust-resistant soybean cultivars for U.S. farmers. Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections maintained by USDA-ARS provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, S.R. Koenning, L. Rakes, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, and D.G. Dombek. 2009. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2008. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 5-8, 2009. San Antonio, TX.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: PLANT GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 146 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, USDA-ARS, at Griffin, Georgia to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2007: J. Crissman, S.C. Department of Agriculture, 1 Sorghum (Sorghum) accession and 2 Citrullus (watermelon) accessions; Dr. H. Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 18 Ipomoea spp. and 1 Operculina spp. (sweet potato) accessions; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 7 Citrullus (watermelon), 1 Praecitrullus (watermelon), and 26 Lagenaria (gourd) accessions; Dr. A. Lawton-Raugh, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 13 Indigofera spp. (special purpose legume) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 3 Citrullus spp. accessions and 1 Lagenaria accession; Z. Parsons, 1 Zornia (special purpose legume) accession; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 62 Lagenaria (gourd) accessions; G. Walker, 10 bamboo accessions to include 1 Bambusa, 2 Pseudosasa, 1 Arundinaria, 1 Sinobambusa, and 5 Phyllostachys spp. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: In 2008, twenty-six elite lines and/or cultivars from the Clemson University soybean breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. The test was conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. The lines SC98-1930, SC01-819, SC02-208, SC03-9093, SC04-83, SC01-803, and SC01-783A had reproductive indices lower than the resistant S.C. cultivar Santee. The glyphosate-tolerant line SC01-819 has been released and licensed to AgSouth Genetics and will be marketed as AGS 747 RR. SOYBEAN RUST DISEASE: Soybean rust (SBR) was first identified in the United States in November, 2004. The disease is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and can cause severe yield losses under optimal temperature and humidity conditions. Plant introductions (PIs) are being evaluated to identify resistant genotypes. Researchers collaborated in 2008 to evaluate USDA germplasm accessions for SBR resistance in seven locations in the southern U.S. The objective of these evaluations was to identify or confirm PIs that exhibit resistance to rust isolates in multiple locations in order to provide soybean breeders with guidance in choosing parents for crosses made to develop rust-resistant soybean cultivars with competitive yields. One hundred seven PIs across maturity groups I through IX were planted at Blackville, S.C. July 31. Portable lights were used to extend photoperiod and extend vegetative growth until SBR development which usually occurs in late August or September in South Carolina. Rust symptoms were first observed on known susceptible genotypes in early October. Ten leaflets were collected from plants in each plot from October 22 through November 6. Leaflets were examined under a microscope for the presence of rust. Data were collected from five locations and have been submitted to Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL, for summarization. A preliminary summary indicates that 46 PIs had low scores for SBR across the five locations. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Robert Robbins, Plant pathologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Dr. John Mueller, Plant pathologist, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Dr. David Walker, Plant geneticist, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Identification of soybean plant introductions that are resistant to soybean rust disease provides soybean breeders with parental lines for future hybridizations to develop rust-resistant cultivars for U.S. farmers. Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections maintained by USDA-ARS provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Arelli, P. Chen, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, Edward E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2008. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and public breeding lines in 2007. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 8-11, 2008. Nashville, TN.
- Walker, David R., Randall L. Nelson, Glen L. Hartman, J. Blair Buckley, Steven H. Moore, Raymond W. Schneider, David B. Weaver, Emerson R. Shipe, John D. Mueller, and H. Roger Boerma. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the southeastern United States and efforts to develop rust-resistant lines. Fifth International Crop Congress. April 13-18, 2008. Jeju, South Korea.
- Walker, D.R., R.L. Nelson, G.L. Hartman, B. Buckley, S. Moore, R.W. Schneider, D. Weaver, E. Shipe, J. Mueller, and H.R. Boerma. 2008. Identification and characterization of soybean rust resistance in Plant Introductions from the USDA soybean germplasm collection. APS Annual Meeting. July 26-30, 2008. Minneapolis, MN. In Annual meeting abstracts. p.98, S195. APS. St. Paul, MN.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: VEGETABLE GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 2,397 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2006: Dr. H. Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 44 Ipomoea spp. (sweet potato) accessions; L. Kantor, Total Agriculture, 1 Arachis (peanut) accession; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 1,674 Citrullus (watermelon), 30 Praecitrullus (watermelon), and 237 Lagenaria (gourd) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 151 Citrullus spp. accessions and 212 Lagenaria accessions; Dr. K. Ling, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 16 Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) accessions; R. Morris, 1 Hibanobambusa (bamboo) and 4 Phyllostachys (bamboo) accessions; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 17 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; G. Walker, 10 bamboo accessions to include 1 Sasa, 1 Bambusa, 2
Pseudosasa, 2 Arundinaria, 1 Indocalamus, 1 Sinobambusa, and 2 Phyllostachys spp. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: The line PI594651-L2, resistant to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria), was hybridized with the adapted S.C. cultivar, Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. One hundred ninety-eight F2 progeny were screened for resistance to M. arenaria and 33 lines have been identified as having some level of resistance. Four plants were selected from each resistant F2:3 line and the resultant F3:4 lines are currently being grown in a winter nursery in Puerto Rico. Soybean rust (SBR) was first identified in the United States in November, 2004. The disease is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and can cause severe yield losses under optimal temperature and humidity conditions. Plant introductions (PI) are being evaluated to identify resistant
genotypes. Researchers collaborated in 2007 to evaluate USDA germplasm accessions for SBR resistance in seven locations in the southern U.S. The objective of these evaluations was to identify or confirm accessions that exhibit resistance to rust isolates in multiple locations in order to provide soybean breeders with guidance in choosing parents for crosses made to develop rust-resistant soybean cultivars with competitive yields. Four hundred twelve accessions across maturity groups 000 - X were planted at Blackville, S.C. in late July. Portable lights were used to extend photoperiod and delay reproductive growth. Rust symptoms were first observed in late September. Ten leaflets from each of 323 accessions were collected during October and examined under a microscope for the presence of rust. The remaining lines matured and dropped leaves prior to onset of the disease. Data were submitted to Dr. David Walker, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL who will summarize results from all locations.
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. John Mueller, Pathologist, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC. Dr. David Walker, Soybean geneticist, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. Dr. Randall Nelson, soybean geneticist/germplasm curator, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL. Dr. Robert Robbins, Nematologist, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Vegetable growers, soybean farmers, soybean commodity groups, plant breeders, plant geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, agronomists, other plant science researchers.
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., Shipe, E., Arelli, P., Chen, P., Shannon, G., Rakes, L., Jackson, L.E., Gbur, E.E., and Dombek, D.G. 2007. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2006 tests. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Jan. 9-12, 2007. New Orleans. LA.
- Walker, D.R., Nelson, R.L., Hartman, G.L., Miles, M.R., Schneider, R.W., Moore, S., Weaver, D., Shipe, E., Mueller, J.D., and Boerma, H.R. 2007. Evaluations of soybean accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the United States. ASA/CSSA Meeting. Nov. 4-8, 2007. New Orleans, LA. In Annual meetings abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
VEGETABLE GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 2,950 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2005: Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 27 Citrullus spp. (watermelon) accessions, 490 Capsicum (pepper) accessions, and 520 Vigna (cowpea) accessions; Dr. K. Ling, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 81 Ipomoea spp. (sweet potato) accessions; Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 93 Citrullus spp. accessions and 1 Praecitrullus accession; Dr. C. Kousik, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 1,697 Citrullus and 31 Praecitrullus accessions; T. Bishop, Atlantis Research, Inc., 1 Curcurbita accession, 3 Zoysia (warm season grass) accessions, and 1 Hibiscus accession; M. Czako, University of South Carolina, 1 Miscanthus (warm season grass) accession; B. Murdock, Murdock Farms, 2 Citrullus accessions; and Dr. B.
Rhodes, 2 Ipomoea accessions. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION: Plants were selected from a 2006 F3 population resulting from the hybridization of PI594651-L2, resistant to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria), with the adapted S.C. cultivar, Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. F2 progeny are now being screened for resistance to M. arenaria in a greenhouse. In 2006 twenty-eight elite soybean breeding lines from Clemson University breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Tests were conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. The S.C. line, SC98-1930, had reproductive indices no different than the resistant control cultivar, Hartwig. The S.C. lines SC03-9153, SC03-045, SC01-783A, SC01-819, SC03-9438, SC03-9383, SC03-9093, and
SC02-208 showed reproductive indices no different than resistant control cultivar Forrest. These lines were also evaluated for seed yield and agronomic traits in fields not infested with nematodes and six of the resistant S.C. lines were selected for continued evaluation.
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., Rakes, L., Jackson, L.E., Gbur, E.E., Dombek, D.G., Chen, P., Shipe, E. and Shannon, G. 2006. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2005 tests. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences. January 3-6, 2006. San Antonio, TX.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
VEGETABLE GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION: A total of 612 germplasm accessions were distributed by the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2004: Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 33 Citrullus spp. (watermelon) accessions and 1 Capsicum (pepper) accessions; Dr. Janice Bohac, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 65 Ipomoea spp. (sweet potato) accessions; Mr. Paul Berland, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 346 Vigna spp. (cowpea) accessions. Dr. Amnon Levi, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 142 Citrullus spp. accessions; M. Bishop, 4 Citrullus, 8 Capsicum, and 3 Zoysia (warm season grass) accessions; T. Bishop, Atlantis Research, Inc., 4 Capsicum and 1 Solanum (eggplant) accessions; D. Patton, 1 Vigna accession; D. Stanton, Stantons Pedigreed Pepper Seed Company, 1 Capsicum accession; and L. Thomas, 3 Capsicum accessions. SOYBEAN GERMPLASM UTILIZATION: Plants
were selected from a 2005 F2 population resulting from the hybridization of PI594651-L2, resistant to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria), with the adapted S.C. cultivar, Dillon. The objective is to develop germplasm and/or cultivars with an improved level of M. arenaria resistance, high seed yield, and acceptable agronomic traits. Progeny will be screened for resistance to M. arenaria in a greenhouse. Two-hundred eight soybean plant introductions in maturity groups VI, VII, and VIII were obtained from Dr. Randall Nelson, USDA Soybean Curator at Urbana, Illinois, and planted at the Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC in 2005. The PIs had previously shown some level of resistance to Asian soybean rust disease (ASR), Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in USDA preliminary greenhouse evaluations and were planted in anticipation of naturally occurring rust disease in 2005. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response of the PI lines to
ASR in a field environment and identify resistant PIs. The experiment failed due to reduced germination and emergence resulting in very poor plant stands. Additional field screening of soybean germplasm for rust resistance is anticipated in 2006 since ASR was identified at several locations in South Carolina during the 2005 soybean growing season. In 2005 twenty-four elite soybean breeding lines from our breeding program were tested in a greenhouse to determine their suitability as hosts for reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis. Tests were conducted by Dr. R.T. Robbins at the University of Arkansas. Five SC lines, SC01-819, SC02-208, SC02-210, SC02-211, and SC02-212, had reproductive indices no different than the resistant control cultivar, Anand. Two lines, SC01-819 and SC02-208, will continue to be evaluated in 2006 USDA regional tests and are potential candidates for cultivar release.
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by USDA germplasm collection units provide a source of genetic diversity for U.S. plant breeders. The PIs, and germplasm lines subsequently developed from them, have the potential to improve crop yields, improve nutritional value of crops, and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease, insect, and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Chen, L. Rakes, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, and D. G. Dombek. 2005. Reproduction of reniform nematode on soybean cultivars in 2004 tests. Journal of Nematology 37(3):390-391.
- Robbins, R.T., E. Shipe, P. Chen, L. Rakes, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, and D.G. Dombek. 2005. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars in tests conducted in 2004. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conferences. January 4-7, 2005. New Orleans, LA.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Seed of soybean (Glycine max) germplasm line, LG00-3372, were obtained from the developer, Dr. Randall Nelson (Curator, Soybean Germplasm Collection), USDA-ARS, Urbana, Illinois. The line was released by USDA-ARS in 2004 because of genetically diverse parentage and high seed yield performance, 2002-2003, in tests in mid-western states. It is a maturity group III line and has an indeterminate growth habit. Parentage is PI561319A x PI574477. Both PI (plant introduction) parents are originally from China. The line was crossed with two elite South Carolina glyphosate-tolerant experimental lines in 2004 with the objective of combining diverse genes for seed yield with genes in the adapted lines which provide nematode resistance and agronomic characteristics suitable for the southeastern U.S.A. F1 plants from both crosses are currently being grown in a winter nursery and seed will be advanced in a F2 nursery in South Carolina in 2005. Another hybridization was made with
PI594651-L2, determined by researchers at the University of Georgia to have a high level of resistance to peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria). The PI was crossed with an adapted S.C. cultivar, Dillon, with the objective of combining an improved level of M. arenaria resistance with high seed yield and acceptable agronomic traits. Populations from these three crosses will be advanced to the F4 or F5 generation when experimental lines will be derived and evaluated for the specific traits under selection.
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) maintained by the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection supply a source of genetic diversity for soybean breeders. The PIs and germplasm lines developed from them have the potential to improve soybean seed yields and provide an increased level of resistance to economically damaging disease and nematode pests. Crop germplasm collections provide the raw materials necessary for development of genetically improved cultivars for U.S. farmers.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Seed of the following soybean (Glycine max) genotypes were obtained from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection at Urbana, Illinois (Dr. Randall Nelson, Curator) in 2003: PI 548316 (Cloud), PI 548658 (Lee 74), PI 548402 (Peking), PI 88788, PI 89772, PI 90763, PI 209332, and PI 437654. The PIs were used in a greenhouse bioassay to categorize two populations of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) (SCN) based on a revised classification scheme for SCN (Niblack et al., 2002. J. Nematology 34:279-288). Soybean plants were grown in cone-tainers and inoculated with 3000 SCN eggs per plant. Plants were allowed to grow for 30 to 35 days and were then harvested by cutting off the plant tops and removing sand and roots from the cone-tainers. Roots were then dipped in a container of water to remove additional sand. Washed roots were placed in trays separated by paper towels to keep the genotypes separated. Washed roots were rated using the following rating system: 0=0, 1=1
to 5 cysts, 2=6 to 10 cysts, 3=11 to 20 cysts, 4=21 to 40 cysts, 5= > 40 cysts. Based on response to nematode infection of the eight PIs, the two SCN populations utilized to screen for resistance in the Clemson University soybean breeding program were categorized as HG Type 2.5.7 (previously categorized as a race 3 population) and HG Type 1.3.5.6.7 (previously categorized as a race 14 population).
Impacts
Plant introductions (PIs) and old crop cultivars maintained and supplied by the USDA Germplasm Collection system are essential as uniform standards in screening for economically important crop pests. Eight soybean germplasm lines utilized in this bioassay are currently being used as standards in soybean cyst nematode evaluations by U.S. soybean breeders. These PIs are necessary to properly categorize SCN populations which are used in the development of improved, SCN-resistant soybean cultivars.
Publications
- Shipe, E.R., J.D. Mueller, S.A. Lewis, P.F. Williams, Jr., and R.K. Stephens. 2003. Registration of Santee soybean. Crop Science 43(6): 2305-2306.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Germplasm was distributed from the USDA Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at Griffin, GA to the following individuals in South Carolina in 2002: Mr. Michael Watkins, S.C. Foundation Seed Association, Clemson, SC, Vigna unguiculata, PI 612607; Dr. Judy Thies, USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 613 Capsicum spp. Accessions; Dr. Howard Harrison, USDA Vegetable Laboratory , Charleston, SC, 19 Macuna spp. accessions.
Impacts
Germplasm provided by the PGRC Unit at Griffin, GA will be screened for economically important traits and subsequently utilized in breeding programs at the USDA Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, for improvement of vegetable crops in the southern U.S.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
No germplasm reports were sent to Griffin for 2001. An EPA grant was awarded in late 2001 to collaborate on the use of velvetbean as a green manure crop with the USDA Vegetable Laboratory in Charleston, SC and the USDA Plant Germplasm Unit in Griffin, GA. Plots are in place and an MS graduate student has begun work on this project in cooperation with the units mentioned as well as Integrated Pest Management at Clemson University.
Impacts
It is hoped that the velvetbean will become, once again, an alternative cover crop and green manure crop in SC.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The use of plant germplasm from the USDA/ARS Regional Research Project S-009 (Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization) in the state of South Carolina was reported to the RPGRCU inn Griffin. A decision was made to collaborate with the Legume Curator and other experts on velvetbean on new investigations redeployment of velvetbean (Mucuna spp.), once near 3 million acres in the Southeastern U.S. With new challenges to corn and soybean production and marketing, increased rotation with a crop capable of reducing disease and insect pressure, reducing production levels, increasing soil fertility and providing new products for agricultural industries appears to be a promising option to growers. A 3-state research and education project, with collaborators from Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina was proposed to meet the need for new research, and region-wide extension on new and old cultivars and new uses of the velvetbean. The proposal was submitted to SARE and
subsequently to the USDA/ARS Regional IPM program, as well as other appropriate granting agencies. Integrated cropping systems utilizing winter legumes and grains are considered a vital part of this approach.
Impacts
Increased rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes should reduce environmental impacts of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, redistribute production and enhance farm gate prices, reduce the impact of nematodes and other pests and diseases on traditional crops, and improve soil fertility.
Publications
- Bill Rhodes, Howard Harrison, Brad Morris, Sharad Phatak, U. R. Bishnoi, C. Robert Taylor and R. Rodriguez-Kabana. 2001. New Crops for a New Millennium: I. Velvetbean. Proposal to Regional USDA CSREES Integrated Pest Management Program.
- Bill Rhodes and Maha Alkhazindar. 2001. Velvetbean: Reinventing the wheel. SC AgExpo. Myrtle Beach. Feb 8.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Populations derived from a cross between the Fusarium wilt-susceptible Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus cultivar 'New Hampshire Midget' and the Fusarium-wilt-resistant Citrullus lanatus var. citroides plant introduction (PI) 296341 were used for genomic mapping using RAPD, SSR and isozyme markers. Manuscripts are in review. Seeds were obtained from self pollinations of plants grown from watermelon clones putatively transformed with auxin genes. All the known genes of watermelon, including molecular markers, were updated. The relationship between private seed companies and public good was researched and discussed. A method using male sterility to produce hybrid watermelon seed was patented and licensed. The generation and identification of tetraploid parents for synthesis of triploid hybrids was enhanced.
Impacts
Possible impacts of our work include more rapid selection of genes for resistance and tetraploids from tissue culture, and less labor-intensive production of hybrid seed. An increased awareness of the public responsibility of multinational seed companies and other patent holders may facilitate compromise and cooperation in the preservation of diversity.
Publications
- Rhodes, Bill and Xingping Zhang. 1999. Hybrid Seed Production in Watermelon. In: Amarjit Basra, editor: Hybrid Seed Production in Vegetable Crops. Food Products Press. NY.
- Zhang, Xingping and Bill Rhodes. 1999. Method using male sterility and marker to produce hybrid seeds and plants. U. S. CPA Patent Serial No. 08/796,176.
- Rhodes, Bill. 1999. SEED: A WORLDVIEW: Putting the World's Seed Back into Circulation. J. New Seeds. 1(1): 99-101.
- Rhodes, Bill and Fenny Dane. 1999 Gene list for watermelon. (Citrullus lanatus L.). Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 22: 61-77.
- Rhodes, Bill, Xingping Zhang, Vance Baird and Halina Knapp. 1999. A tendrilless mutant in watermelon: Phenotype and Inheritance. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 22:28-30.
- Li, Ying, John F. Whitesides and Bill Rhodes. 1999. Preparation of nuclei from in vitro watermelon shoot tissue for cell flow cytometry. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 22:43-46.
- Li, Ying, John F. Whitesides and Bill Rhodes. 1999. In vitro generation of tetraploid watermelon with two dinitroanilines and colchicine. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 22:38-40.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
In SC, 4 legumes, 8 pepper, 6 Ipomoea, and 1320 Citrullus Plant Introductions were requested from the USDA/ARS Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit at UGA, Griffin. The Citrullus germplasm collection will be used for mapping and germplasm enhancement at the USDA/ARS Vegetable Lab in Charleston. Chen et al. completed the interspecific hybridization between Cucumis hystrix and Cucumis sativus, recovery and regeneration of the embryo, and subsequent chromosome doubling to restore fertility. Populations from crosses with PI 296341 with fusarium wilt resistance are being explored for genetic markers to this resistance.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Hawkins, Leigh K., Fenny Dane, and Billy Rhodes. 1998. Genome mapping in Citrullus populations segregating for Fusarium wilt resistance. ASHS abstract of poster presentation. HortScience 33(3):499.
- Chen, Jinfeng, Jeffrey W. Adelberg, Jack E. Staub, Halina T. Skorupska, and Billy B. Rhodes. 1998. A new synthetic amphidiploid in Cucumis from a C. sativus x C. hystrix F1 interspecific hybrid. In: James D. McCreight, editor. Cucurbitaceae '98 - Evaluation and Enhancement of Cucurbit Germplasm. ASHS Press, Alexandria.
- Havey, M. J., J. McCreight, B. Rhodes and G. Taurick. 1998. Differential transmission of the Cucumis organellar genomes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97(7): 122-128.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
From the Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, in South Carolina, three requests for 44 accessions of Capsicum were made and these were distributed. One request for 61 accessions of legumes was filled. Two requests for 13 accessions of Ipomoea sp. were filled. One request for 10 accessions of bamboo was filled. The continued threat of seedborne Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli on watermelon seed lends significance to the putative resistance levels in PI 295843, PI 299378 at the PGRCU at Griffin and Congo 109991 from Hollar Seed Co. in future breeding programs. Similarly, the resistance levels in triploids means that a larger number of fruit will be free of blotch symptoms at harvest. These distinctly different types of resistance can be combined into one genotype.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Adelberg, J., X. Zhang and B. Rhodes. 1997. Micropropagation of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakei (Watermelon). In: V. Y. P. S. Bajaj, editor: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol. 39, High-Tech and Micropropagation. pp. 6-76. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Rhodes, B. B., C. Huey, A. I. Abramovitch, X. Zhang and T. B. Platt. 1997. Enhancement of triploid watermelon seed germination. 1995-96 Clemson University Vegetable Report, Clemson, SC. pp 76-79.
- Rhodes, Bill, Katherine B. Gruene, and W. Michael Hood. 1997. Honey bees waste time on triploid male flowers. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative 20:45-46.
- Rhodes, Bill and Xingping Zhang. 1997. Hybrid Seed Production in Watermelon. In: Amarjit Basra, editor: Hybrid Seed Production in Vegetable Crops. Food Products Press. NY (in press).
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Squash PI 438742 was planted in plots of 5 hills each in two locations at the Musser Farm (Clemson, SC). Plants were very vigorous, but not a single plant produced either male or female flowers. All requests for seed of putative watermelon fruit blotch- resistant selections made in '95, PI's 29584 and 299378, and Congo 109991 from Hollar Seed Co., were honored. Germplasm collected from Henan Province, China is being sent through quarantine.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Rhodes, B. B., X. P. Zhang, J. T. Garrett and C. Fang. 1996. Watermelon fruit blotch infection rates in diploids and triploids. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 19:70-72.
- Zhang, X. P., B. B. Rhodes, W. V. Baird, H. T. Skorupska and W. C. Bridges. 1996. Phenotype, inheritance and regulation of expression of a new virescent mutant in watermelon: juvenile albino. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 121 (4):609-615.
- Zhang, X. P., B. B. Rhodes, W. V. Baird, W. C. Bridges and H. T. Skorupska. 1996. Development of genic male-sterile lines with juvenile albino seedling marker. HortScience 31(3):426-429.
- Zhang, X. P., B. B. Rhodes, W. V. Baird, W. C. Bridges and H. T. Skorupska. 1996. Development of genic male-sterile watermelon lines with delayed-green seedling marker. HortScience 31(3):123- 126.
- Adelberg, J., X. Zhang and B. Rhodes. 1996. Micropropagation of Watermelon. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol. 39, High-Tech and Micropropagation V, Y. P. S. Bajaj (ed). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, in press.
- Havey, M. J., J. McCreight, B. Rhodes, and G. Taurick. 1996. Inheritance and evolution of the cucurbit organeller genomes. HortScience 31(4):601. (abstract).
- Zhang, Xingping, Bill Rhodes, Vance Baird and Halina Skorupska. 1996. A tendrilless mutant in watermelon: phenotype and development. HortScience 31(4):.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Cultures of Ipomoea indica Grif 6209, I. tricolor Grif 6146 and I. turbina Grif 6228 and ten cultures and 9 cultures of Ipomoea batatas var batatas were shipped to the U.S. Vegetable Lab at Charleston for genome studies. Watermelon, melon, cucumber and Luffa gourd germplasm were exchanged in China in a trip coordinated by the Office of International Cooperation and Development, USDA. Accessions to be included in the USDA germplasm collection were 50 cucumbers, 30 melons, 51 watermelons and 15 luffas. The gene list for watermelon was updated to include genes not listed in the #92 Cucurbits Genetics Cooperative report. Three major genes controlling watermelon seed size were defined in progeny from a cross of a large (3.255 g) seed parent with a small (0.066 g) seed parent. Because the triploid watermelon exhibits significantly more resistance than the diploid to the watermelon fruit blotch bacterium, Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, the triploid combination may be
considered unique germplasm.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Cucumis melon PI's (120) were shipped to the U. S. Vegetable Laboratory (Charleston) in '94 for disease resistance evaluation. Three Chile peppers, 3 sorghums, 4 peanuts, 6 watermelons, 12 Ipomoea relatives, and 7 corn PIs were shipped to South Carolina investigators in '94. The U.S. Vegetable Lab sent a compilation of downy mildew resistance ratings on Cucumis melo since '90 to GRIN. Zea mays PI 483314 "Tuxpan" had 13% albino seedlings. Zea mays var. pariviglumis PI 384061 flowered very late, with few mature seed at frost. PI 501297 peanut bloomed later than 5 other peanuts grown in Chesterfield, SC in the summer of '94. A USDA RSED team of four cucurbits scientists in China exchanged cucumber, luffa gourd, melon and watermelon germplasm and information related to these species. Germplasm collected from PRC consisted of 51 watermelons, 50 cucumbers, 30 melons, 15 luffa gourds and 2 bittergourds. Germplasm given to PRC included 13 cucumbers, 1 luffa gourd, 26 melons
and 11 watermelons.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
1373 Cucumis melo PI's were shipped to the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (Charleston) in 1993 for disease resistance evaluation. These PI's will be screened for downy mildew and alternaria resistance. Two hundred seventy-five US Plant Introductions (PIs) of Cucumis melo (melon) and the susceptible check cultivar, Perlita, were evaluated in replicated artificial inoculation studies in the glasshouse for resistance against Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria cucumerina). Individual plants were rated for disease reaction eight days post-inoculation using a 1-9 scale of increasing disease severity. Ratings were then used to calculate a disease index (DI) for each entry. Six PIs were classified as highly resistant with DIs that ranged from 1.8-3.0 and 64 PIs with DIs of 3.1-5.0 were classified as moderately resistant. Evaluations of C. melo PIs for resistance against downy mildew were continued on additional accessions that have become available from the NPGS. In an artificially
inoculated field test on 193 PIs and 4 check cultivars, 62 accessions and one or more plants with reaction type 2 (moderately resistant) or better. 500 Abelmoschus esculentus were shipped to the U. S. Vegetable Laboratory in 1993 for nematode screening.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Three Capsicum sp., 5 Abelnoschus esculentus, and 2 Vigna unguiculata plant introductions were shipped to South Carolina cooperators in 1992. In 1991, sixty-six watermelon PI's were obtained for Depei Lin of August 1st Agricultural College (PRC). Five of these PI's did not germinate. Self-pollinations of 61 PI's were made for selection and breeding. Lin and Rhodes proposed increase of an additional 100 watermelon PI's, but this was disapproved by the CCAC Committee. These PI's are being observed this year in Xingjiang. Lin shipped the 61 PI's received in 1991 back to the USDA Regional PI Station to demonstrate that they were intact and free of pathogens. Zhang and Rhodes reported on the inheritance of resistance to races 0, 1, and 2 of Fusarium oxsporum f. sp. niveum in watermelon PI 296341 in a cross with the susceptible cv. 'New Hampshire Midget'. Preliminary F(subscript 1), F(subscript 2) and BC data suggest that resistance to race 2 is inherited in a more complex
fashion than resistances to races 0 and 1.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Germplasm of 216 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in S.C. in 1991 for evaluation and/or incorporation into breeding programs. This was a marked increase from the 88 distributed in 1990 but still less than half the 563 distributed in 1989. Eleven cooperators received germplasm samples for study. The resistance of 301 muskmelon introductions to downy mildew were reported. PI 124112 was reported to have a high resistance to downy mildew while PIs 124111, 122847, and 124210 were classified as having 100% resistance. The resistance of 15 introductions of brussels sprouts, 2 kohlrabi, and 331 introductions of cabbage to downy mildew were reported. Low resistance in a few brussels sprouts and no resistance within kohlrabi introductions were reported. Within the cabbage introductions some low levels of resistance was reported which may be useful in future breeding efforts. Advanced lines of watermelon PI 189225 and 299379 were reported to have been shared
with other breeders. Watermelon line R309 was reported to be resistant to race 2 anthracnose.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Germplasm of 88 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in S.C. in 1990 for evaluation and/or incorporation into breeding programs. This is a marked reduction in requests, down from 563 distributed in 1989. Sixty-eight of these introductions were of Cucumis melo for use at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory in Charleston, S.C. Interspecific hybridization in the genus Trifolium using embryo and ovule culture to rescue hybrids and to introduce desirable traits was reported by Nancy H. Ferguson. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium offers a route to enhancement of forage germplasm by introducing traits which increase longevity while maintaining the superior forage quality of T. repens. Cowpea P.I. 441917 was reported by Richard L. Fery and Philip D. Dukes to exhibit the highest level of resistance to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognito) they have ever observed in an innoculated cowpea test. A relatively mild winter in 1990 followed by moderate,
well-distributed rainfall the remainder of the year resulted in no losses of plant germplasm in the Clemson University Botanical Garden in 1990.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Germplasm of 563 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in S.C. in 1989 for evaluation and/or incorporation into breeding programs. One hundred and twenty-three of these accessions were Hibiscus samples distributed to private (non-research) individuals for evaluation in the home landscape. Evaluators reported using these accessions for various purposes including ornamental, for fishing poles and for gardening stakes. Resistance to race 2 anthracnose and race 1 fusarium wilt was reported in Watermelon Line 7 (Southpaws, 1990) from PI189225. All 348 Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) and 43 B. oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussel sprouts) accessions available for distribution were evaluated for resistance to race 2 downy mildew and data submitted to GRIN by Claude E. Thomas. The relatively mild winter of 1988-89 resulted in no losses of ornamental plant material in the Clemson University Botanical Garden. The frequent rains of the summer of 1989
resulted in no losses of plants due to drought, however, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, PI 443014, introduced from Norway by D.W. Bradshaw in 1980, died, probably from root rot. Realizing that root rot had been a problem, new plants had been propagated for further study of this problem.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Germplasm of 3131 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina in 1988 for incorporation into breeding programs. P.I. 189225 was reported to be an important source of resistance (tolerance) to Celletotrichum lagenarium in watermelons. During the last year seed from nine Ilex selections were sent to the Mlynany Arboretum in Czechoslovakia in response to a request to assist in expanding the Ilex collection there. Also during the last year computer indexing of the entire collection in the Clemson University Botanical Garden was initiated. Over 1200 species and varieties have been indexed to date with columns of data recording; Genus, species, variety, common name, year of acquisition, leaf emergence , first bloom, full bloom, finish bloom, rebloom, fruit color and maturation, fall leaf color, and vigor for the year.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Germplasm of 973 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina in 1987 for incorporation into breeding programs. Twenty-five plant introductions of Cucumis melo were reported to be evaluated for resistance to southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognito. P.I. 482449 was reported to have higher resistance than the standard resistant check VBL line 701A. P.I. 482456 was reported to exhibit resistance equal to 701A. P.I. 482453 and PI. 482461 were reported to be spineless and P.I. 482455 was reported to be pale green turning yellow at maturity. Muskmelon breeding line MR-1 was reported to be resistant to both downy and powdery mildew and released. The relatively mild 1986-87 winter conditions resulted in little winter injury and no winter losses of plant introductions in the arboretum. Heavy crops of fruit were recorded on most Ilex species and cultivars in the collection. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana P.I. 443014 appears to be susceptible to
a form of rootrot but it has not yet been determined what form.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Germplasm of 109 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina in 1986 for incorporation into breeding programs. Seven lines of Cucumis metuliferus were reported to exhibit resistance to Meloidogyne incognita root knot nematodes. A large number of new accessions of ornamental plants were received from the National Arboretum and from southern nurseries. Low temperatures in the winter of 1985-86 of -14C were followed by a record drought in the spring and summer of 1986. Limited irrigation in June of plants under evaluation was followed by total irrigation restrictions in July. Pyracantha crenulata and Lonicera nitida were killed by cold temperatures of winter 1985-86. Ligustrum coriaceum and Raphiolepis exhibited cold injury but survived. Surprisingly, the following plants which can be used as indicator plants for cold damage were not affected by -14C: Rhododendron indica, Michelia fuscata, Cleyera japonica, Loropetalum chinensis, Illicium
floridanum, and Osmanthus fragrans. After irrigation restrictions were imposed in July, Taxus baccata died of drought and Pychnia pubens was damaged but survived.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Germplasm of 8 plant introductions was distributedto cooperators in S.C. in 1985for incorporation into breeding programs. Watermelon lines with good wilt resistance but only fair anthracnose resistance were developed by B.B. Rhodes from lines incorporating genes from P.I. 18922 and P.I.299379. P.I. 293557 and P.I. 293570 were reported by R.L. Fery to be useful cowpea accessions as lines of resistance to southern green stink bug. Tolerance appears to be the mechanism of resistance. The Clemson University Horticultural Gardens received 58 new accessions of ornamentals from the National Arboretum as well as 51 new accessions for evaluation from southern nurseries. Three hollies, Ilex crenata 'Carefree' (P.I. 275853), Ilex crenata 'Tyke' (P.I. 276082) and Ilex crenata 'Crescent' (P.I. 276112) have been placed in commercial production. Following the -20C last winter there was widespread cold injury and death of plants in the Camellia japonica collection while no
permanent injury to the holly collection was recorded. Berry crop throughout the the holly collection was unusually light this year and may be a carryover from the very heavy crop last year. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana P.I. 443014 from Norway propagates readily and uniformly by cuttings under mist when taken after frost in early winter. Original specimens now in 4th growing season continue outstanding performace in both growth rate and from.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Germplasm of 149 plant introductions was distributed to cooperators in SC in 1984 for incorporation into breeding programs. Resistance to race 2 anthracnose was reported in P.I. 189225 and P.I. 299379 by B.B. Rhodes. The following muskmelon cultivars with P.I. pedigrees were released by P.E. Nugent: C879-11, C879-J2, C922-B1, C922-B2, C922-B3, C929A, C929B, and C963D. The following clones of foragegrasses with P.I. pedigrees were released by E.F. McClam: Tall Fescue-SCG82C, Hardinggrass-SCG82A, and Hardinggrass-SCG82B. The Clemson University Horticultural Gardens received 7 new accessions of ornamental plants from the National Arboretum and 28 accessions from the N.C. State University Arboretum. In addition, 2 Vaccinium releases from N.C. State University were planted as ground covers. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, P.I. 443014 from Norway after 3 growing seasons in various locations in S.C. ranges from 4'-6' in height and shows good promise as an ornamental plant.
Cryptomaria japonica NA44781 after 3 years from seedlings vary in size from 5'-11' tall and are more open in form than other Cryptomaria accessions. 'Emerald Sea' junipers obtained from the Soil Conservation Service have grown to a spread of 6' diameter in 4 years. Following the -15C freeze on Dec. 25, 1983, Ilex crenata Radicans P.I. 275793 died and Ilex crenata Radicans P.I. 275077 sustained major injury.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Germplasm of 319 plant introductions were distributed to cooperators in SC in 1983 for incorporation into breeding programs. Capsicum frutescens P.I. 123474 and Capsicum chinense P.I. 224428 were reported as being highly resistant to southern stem blight (Sclerotium rolfsii). Two Capsicum introductions (P.I. 163192 and P.I. 271322) previously reported resistant to southern stem blight were reported to be susceptible. Several introductions of southern pea were reported to have high metribuzin tolerance. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, P.I. 443014, introducted from Norway requires well-drained soil and full sun for survival in SC. All plants planted in light shade or which were over irrigated have died.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Six hundred sixteen (616) new plant accessions were distributed to cooperators in 1982 to be incorporated into breeding programs. Four P. I. selections of Ilex Crenata Radicans growing in the Clemson Horticultural Gardens were named, registered with the Holly Society of America, and released. The four P.I.'s were: P. I. 275853-Ilex Crenata 'Carefree; ' P. I. 276080-Ilex Crenata 'Gayle; ' P. I. 276082-Ilex Crenata 'Tyle; ' and P. I. 276112-Ilex Crenata 'Crescent.' Nine P. I.'s of Lycopersicon Peruvianum were reported to be highly resistant to root knot nematode. Ten P. I.'s of okra were reported somewhat resistant to Fusarium Oxysporium f. sp. Vasinfectum. Two Citrullus P. I.'s with resistance to race 2 anthracnose and two P. I.'s with resistance to gummy stem blight have been incorporated into breeding lines.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Fifteen hundred forty-eight new plant accessions of seed were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina in 1981 to be incorporated into breeding programs. PI299778 Citrullus lanatus was reported as being resistant to anthracnose pathogenic on watermelon cucumber and cantaloupe. Nine plant introductions of Cucumis sativus were reported resistant to downy mildew. Three introductions of Vigna unguiculata spp. sequipedalis were reported to be resistant to Cercospora leaf spot. PI 443014 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Triumph van Boskoop' from Norway have survived the hot dry summer and have grown 15-25 cm in one year from seed.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Seventeen hundred thirty-five new plant accessions of seeds were distributed to cooperators in SC from January 1980 to December 1980 to be incorporated into breeding programs. Seven plant introductions of Trifolium were reported to add resistance to clover yellow vein virus and peanut mosiac virus. Five Trifolium accessions were reported to hybridize with Trifolium hybridum. One P.I. Accession was reported to be resistant to Epilachna varivestris. In addition, 22 new accessions or ornamental plants were received from the National Arboretum, 23 ornamental accessions from the US Plant introduction Station in Glenn Dale, MD, 5 accessions from the US Soil Conservation Service and 1 accession from NC State University were received and planted in the Clemson Horticultural Gardens. Seed of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Triompf van Boskoop' P.I. 443014 have germinated and are growing in the Clemson Horticultural Gardens. Flower judging teams of the Garden Clubs of SC
participated in evaluations of variety trials.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Six hundred and fifty-four new accessions of seeds were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina from January 1979 to December 1979 to be incorporated into breeding programs. Two plant introductions, Desmodium perplexum and Desmodium sandwicense, were reported as being useful for widlife food. Plant materials for propagation were released to Vocational Agricultural Teachers and nurserymen in South Carolina. Evaluation of ornamentals grown in the Horticultural Gardens were continued. Bloom dates, fruiting, and susceptibility to cold damage, drought, and insect damage was recorded and is being summarized for publication in a Research Series publication. P.I. #262710 - Acer ginnala was reported as being as interesting slow-growing specimen tree suffering from die-back after 13 years growth in the Arboretum. P.I. #317211 - Betula platyphylla 'japonica' was reported as being a useful specimen plant with good form and color contrasts. P.I. #239487 - Cryptomeria
japonica was reported as being an excellent specimen tree of upright form and maintaining a good rich green color year round. P.I. #286608 - Metasequoia glyptostroboides 'National' was reported as being an excellent specimen tree with rapid growth. P.I. #285468 - Myrsine semiserrata was reported as being of open irregular form but having unusual flowers and fruit.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Fifty-six new accessions of seeds were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina from January 1978 to December 1978 to be incorporated into breeding programs. Six P.I. accessions of Curcurbita were evaluated and reported to be susceptible to cucumber beetle. Eighteen P.I. accessions of Curcurbita were reported to be resistant to Downy Mildew. Two P.I. accessions of Cucumis melo were reported to be resistant to pickleworm Diaphania nitidalis.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
Two hundred seventy-one new accessions of seed were distributed to cooperators in South Carolina from October 1977 to December 1977. Propagation to expand germplasm of P.I.'s grown in the Clemson Horticultural Gardens was initiated in preparation for the establishment of a new and larger arboretum.
Impacts
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