Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/06
Outputs Residual feed intake is being evaluated as a selection tool for beef cattle breeders. In our studies, numerical differences in fecal dry matter production, rumen turnover, ruminal residence time and lower gastro-intestinal residence time were lower in efficient animals. Increased digestion by the more efficient animals supports earlier findings. In another experiment, grazing behavior was evaluated in low residual feed intake animals compared with less efficient heifers. Variation in residual feed intake was not related to variation in subsequent grazing behavior. Studies were done to evaluate the influence of temperament of both the cow and the calf on calf serum protein 24 hours after birth and subsequent growth of the calf. Calf serum protein was higher in calves nursing less temperamental cows. Calves having higher serum protein were heavier at weaning than those with low serum protein. Calves with calm or average temperaments had heavier weaning weights compared
with temperamental calves. Temperament also influenced serum immunoglobulin concentrations in newborn calves. Less temperamental calves had improved concentrations of immunoglobulins absorbed from the colostrum and improved growth traits. When calves are vaccinated near weaning, calves with better temperaments had greater quantities of antibodies developed in response to vaccination. Body temperature of the calf influenced the response to vaccination with calves with elevated temperatures having a lessened quantity of antibodies in their blood. Transportation stress has a negative influence on body composition in cattle by reducing percent intramuscular fat and rib fat.
Impacts Selection of breeding animals with good temperament will improve passive transfer of immunity from the mother to the calf, improve growth rate of the calf through weaning and improve response to vaccination near weaning. Healthier calves will be heavier at weaning and continue to have improved growth traits.
Publications
- King, D.A., Schuehle-Pfeiffer, C.E., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Oliphint, R.A., Baird, B.E., Curley, K.O., Jr., Vann, R.C., Hale, D.S., and Savell, J.W. 2006. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci. 74:546-556.
- Curley, K.O., Jr., Paschal, J.C., Welsh, T.H., Jr., and Randel, R.D. 2006. Exit velocity as a measure of cattle temperament is repeatable and associated with serum concentration of cortisol in Brahman bulls. J.Anim. Sci. 84:3100-3103.
- Ramirez, J.R., III, Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., and Randel, R.D. 2006. Effects of parity and once daily suckling on follicular dynamics in postpartum Brahman cows. Abst. In 3rd Annual TAMUS Pathways Student Research Symposium, p. 6.
- Curley, K.O., Jr., Schuehle-Pfeiffer, C.E., King, D.A., Savell, J.W., Vann, R.C., Welsh, T.H., Jr., and Randel, R.D. 2006. Relationships of cattle temperament and physiologic responses to handling during typical management situations. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):32.
- Oliphint, R., Burdick, N., Laurenz, J., Curley, K., Vann, R., Randel, R., and Welsh, T. 2006. Relationship of temperament with immunization response and lymphocyte proliferation in Brahman bull calves. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):32.
- McGee, M., Curley, K., Randel, R., Neuendorff, D., Welsh, T., Musselwhite, A., Kelly-Quagliana, K., and Willard, S. 2006. Relationships between heifer temperament indices and fecal immunoreactive corticoid determinations. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):32.
- Ramirez, J.R., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., and Randel, R.D. 2006. Effects of parity and once daily suckling on follicular dynamics in postpartum Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):33.
- Brown, E.G., Tedeschi, L.O., Carstens, G.E., Lancaster, P.A., Fox, D.G., Forbes, T.D.A., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., and Rouquette, F.M. 2006. Meta analysis of residual feed intake with and without adjustment for carcass composition in growing and finishing calves. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 2):39.
- Curley, K.O., Jr., Lyons, J., Brown, M.S., Lawrence, T.E., Carroll, J.A., Vann, R.C., Willard, S.T., Welsh, T.H., Jr., and Randel, R.D. 2006. Influence of breedtype and temperament on anatomic and endocrinologic parameters of the bovine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):353.
- Willard, S., Ryan, P., Sykes, D., Crenshaw, M., Vann, R., Randel, R., Welsh, T., Bowers, S., Jones, M., and Chromiak, A. 2006. Effectiveness of ocular thermography for the determination of body temperature in livestock: A multi-species analysis. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):354.
- Vann, R.C., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Willard, S.T., Carroll, J.A., Brown, M.S., and Lawrence, T.E. 2006. Influence of breedtype and temperament on feedlot growth and carcass characteristics of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):396.
- Lancaster, P.A., Carstens, G.E., Forrest, D.W., Randel, R. D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., and Forbes, T.D.A. 2006. Relationship between residual feed intake and onset of puberty in Brangus heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 84(Suppl 1):417.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs Beef cattle temperament and stress responsiveness does not decrease residual feed intake as a measurement of feed efficiency but does decrease daily feed intake and average daily gain. Exit velocity and pen scores were correlated to each other and with serum cortisol concentrations but chute scores were not. As animals grew older and more experienced with animal handling facilities exit velocity, pen score and serum cortisol concentrations decreased. Exit velocity at weaning is a better indicator of carcass tenderness than measurements taken at entering the feeding facility or during the feeding period. However, calmer cattle produced more tender beef than more excitable and stress responsive cattle. Temperament may influence shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 but due to the low incidence of animals shedding this organism, we were unable to verify this hypothesis. Estrous synchronization protocols which include progestins, result in decreased secretion of
prostaglandin E when uterine endometrial caruncular tissues are incubated in vitro with compounds which stimulate prostaglandin E secretion.
Impacts Including measurements of animal temperament into beef cattle selection criteria can improve animal performance and carcass quality. These measurements should be made at weaning rather than later when calves are more experienced with animal handling facilities. Calves which are calm at weaning gain more weight more quickly and produce more tender beef.
Publications
- Tolleson, D. R., R. D. Randel, J. W. Stuth and D. A. Neuendorff. 2005. Determination of sex and species in red and fallow deer by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces. Small Ruminant Res. 57/2-3:141-150.
- Weems, C. W., Y. S. Weems and R. D. Randel. 2005. Prostaglandins and reproduction in female farm animals. The Vet. J. e-pub-Jan. 2005. doi:10.106/J.TVJ1. 2004. 11.014.
- Weems, Y. S., R. D. Randel, S. Tatman, A. W. Lewis, D. A. Neuendorff and C. W. Weems. 2005. In vivo progestin treatments inhibit nitric oxide and endothelin-1-induced bovine endometrial prostaglandin (PG) E (PGE) secretion in vitro. Prostaglandins 78:276-290.
- Jonovich, L., S. Mapel, D. Neuendorff, A. Lewis and R. Randel. 2005. Growth performance of weaned fallow deer fawns (Dama dama) is unaffected by Cattle-Ase supplementation. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):18.
- Randel, R. D. 2005. Reproduction of Bos indicus breeds and crosses. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):25.
- Willard, S. T., D. C. Lay, Jr., T. H. Friend, D. A. Neuendorff and R. D. Randel. 2005. Plasma progesterone response following ACTH administration during mid-gestation in the pregnant Brahman heifer. Theriogenology 63:1061-1069.
- Lancaster, P. A., G. E. Carstens, E. G. Brown, R. D. Randel, T. H. Welsh, Jr., T.D.A. Forbes, D. T. Dean and A. D. Herring. 2005. Relationships between residual feed intake, ultrasound and temperament traits in Brangus heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):325.
- Rouquette, F. M., C. R. Long, J. J. Cleere and R. D. Randel. 2005. Birth to harvest attributes of Brahman and Brahman-influenced steers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):26.
- Holloway, J., B. Warrington, D. Forrest, R. Randel and C. Long. 2005. Lifetime performance efficiency of F1 tropically adapted beef cattle breeds x Angus in arid rangeland. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 2):28.
- Weems, C. W., Y. S. Weems, T. Uchima, E. Lennon, A. Raney, K. Goto, A. Ong, H. Zaleski, S. Tatman, D. Neuendorff and R. D. Randel. 2005. Effects of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 on caruncular endometrial secretion of PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Biol. Reprod. Abstracts W577.
- Curley, K. O., Jr., J. Paschal, T. Welsh, Jr. and R. Randel. 2005. Repeatability of measures of Brahman bull temperament and their association with serum cortisol concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):336.
- Jonovich, L., D. Neuendorff, A. Lewis, T. Welsh, Jr. and R. Randel. 2005. Postpartum productivity of suckled beef cows supplemented with the fibrolytic enzyme Cattle-Ase. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):336.
- Jonovich, L., D. Neuendorff, A. Lewis, T. Welsh, Jr. and R. Randel. 2005 Production traits differ in different breedtypes of suckled beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):337.
- Falkenberg, S. M., R. K. Miller, J. W. Holloway, F. M. Rouquette, Jr., R. D. Randel and G. E. Carstens. 2005. Exit velocity effects on growth, carcass characteristics and tenderness in half-blood Bonsmara steers. Proc. 51st Int. Cong. Meat Sci. and Tech. p. 29.
- King, D., C. Schuehle, R. Randel, T. Welsh, Jr., R. Oliphint, K. Curley, Jr., R. Vann and J. Savell. 2005. Influence of animal temperament on the tenderness of M. longisimus lumborum steaks. Proc. 51st Int. Cong. Meat Sci. and Tech. p. 30.
- Schuehle, C. E., C. L. Adams, D. A. King, L. M. Lucia, E. Cabrera-Diaz, T. H. Welsh, Jr., R. D. Randel, K. O. Curley, Jr., R. A. Oliphint, R. C. Vann, G. R. Acuff and S. W. Savell. 2005. Relationship between stress responsiveness, animal temperament and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Proc. 51st Int. Cong. Meat Sci. and Tech.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs Animal temperament and stress responsiveness have been proven to be important factors in feed intake and average daily gain in bulls. The metabolic hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, has been found to be an indicator for improved residual feed intake in both growing steers and bulls. Temperament and stress responsiveness were not important factors in residual feed intake but were for animal performance and growth traits. Temperament measurements were correlated with adrenal function in Brahman cows and their calves. Breeds differ in their stress responsiveness and temperament with Bos indicus cattle being more temperamental and stress responsive than Bos taurus cattle. Animals which are more temperamental have decreased fat cover and intramuscular fat. More temperamental steers grow more slowly during the stocker phase and produce tougher carcasses following the feedlot phase. More temperamental animals have elevated basal concentrations of circulating cortisol
and respond less to a challenge with ACTH, the pituitary hormone causing adrenal secretion of cortisol. Inclusion of solvent extracted cottonseed meal which has been extruded is safe for fallow deer with regard to reproduction but does decrease gains in body weight.
Impacts Selection against beef animals with poor temperaments could improve body weight gains throughout an animal's growth and fattening periods and improve palatability of beef. Use of exit velocity and pen temperament scores can predict an animal's stress responsiveness and these measurements can be used for selection criteria. Formulation of prepared feeds for deer can utilize solvent extracted and extruded cottonseed meal without harming reproductive efficiency.
Publications
- Redmon, L. A., G. M. Clary, J. J. Cleere, G. W. Evers, V. A. Haby, C. R. Long, L. R. Nelson, R. D. Randel, F. M. Rouquette, Jr., G. R. Smith and T. L. Thrift. 2004. Pasture and livestock management workshop for novices: A new curriculum for a new clientele. J. Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ. 33:7-10.
- Tatman, S. R., D. A. Neuendorff, T. W. Wilson and R. D. Randel. 2004. Influence of season of birth on growth and reproductive development of Brahman bulls. Theriogenology 62:93-102.
- Weems, Y. S., R. D. Randel, G. Carstens, T. Welsh, Jr. and C. W. Weems. 2004. Do calcium-mediated cellular signaling pathways, prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), estrogen or progesterone receptor antagonists, or bacterial endotoxins affect bovine placental function? Prostaglandins 73:265-278.
- Bowers, S., C. Brown, T. Strauch, S. Gandy, D. Neuendorff, R. Randel and S. Willard. 2004. Artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (Cervus elephus). Theriogenology 62:652-663.
- Weems, Y. S., R. D. Randel, S. Tatman, A. W. Lewis, D. A. Neuendorff and C. W. Weems. 2004. Effects of estrous synchronization on response to nitric oxide donors, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and endothelin-1 in vitro. Prostaglandins 74:45-59.
- Amstalden, M., P. G. Harms, T. H. Welsh, Jr., R. D. Randel and G. L. Williams. 2004. Effects of leptin on gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from hypothalamic-infundibular explants and gonadotropin release from adenohypophyseal primary cell cultures: further evidence that fully nourished cattle are resistant to leptin. Anim. Repro. Sci. 85:41-52.
- Fox, J. T., G. E. Carstens, E. G. Brown, M. B. White, S. A. Woods, T. H. Welsh, Jr., J. W. Holloway, B. G. Warrington, R. D. Randel, D. W. Forrest and D. K. Lunt. 2004. Residual feed intake of growing bulls and relationships with temperament, fertility and performance. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):6.
- Brown, E. G., G. E. Carstens, J. T. Fox, K. O. Curley, Jr., T. M. Bryan, L. J. Slay, T. H. Welsh, Jr., R. D. Randel, J. W. Holloway and D. H. Keisler. 2004. Physiological indicators of performance and feed efficiency traits in growing steers and bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):13.
- Curley, K. O., Jr., D. A. Neuendorff, A. W. Lewis, J. J. Cleere, T. H. Welsh, Jr. and R. D. Randel. 2004. Relationship between animal temperament and stress physiology in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):21.
- Jonovich, L. E., R. J. Hollenbeck, K. O. Curley, Jr., R. D. Randel and T. H. Welsh, Jr. 2004. Breedtype influences hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and responsiveness to exogenous bovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone (bCRH) in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):21.
- Vann, R. C., J. F. Baker and R. D. Randel. 2004. Relationship between measures of cow and calf temperament and live animal body composition traits in calves at weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):24.
- Vann, R. C., B. Macoon, J. D. Perkins and R. D. Randel. 2004. Relationship between temperament and growth traits in crossbred steers. J. Anim. Sci. 82(Suppl. 2):25.
- Riley, D. G., C. C. Chase, Jr., S. W. Coleman, R. D. Randel and T. A. Olson. 2004. Assessment of temperament at weaning in calves produced from diallel matings of Angus, Brahman and Romosinuano. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):6.
- Forbes, T.D.A., F. M. Rouquette, Jr., R. D. Randel and J. J. Cleere. 2004. Forage intake, digestibility and gain by five beef breedtypes grazing rye-ryegrass-bermudagrass pastures and subsequent feedlot performance. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):35.
- Mapel, S., D. Neuendorff, A. Lewis and R. Randel. 2004. Effect of gossypol from cottonseed meal consumption on performance of fallow does (Dama dama). J. Anin. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):159.
- Vann, R. C., J. C. Paschal and R. D. Randel. 2004. Relationships between measures of temperament and carcass traits in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):259.
- Curley, K. O., Jr., D. A. Neuendorff, A. W. Lewis, J. J. Cleere, T. H. Welsh, Jr. and R. D. Randel. 2004. Temperament alters adrenal response to exogenous ACTH in Brahman heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):260.
- Curley, K. O., Jr., D. A. Neuendorff, A. W. Lewis, J. J. Cleere, T. H. Welsh, Jr. and R. D. Randel. 2004. Effects of temperament on stress indicators in Brahman heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):459.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs Animal temperament and stress responsiveness have been inversely associated with carcass quality and performance traits. A series of experiments have been conducted to elucidate the interrelationship between various measurements of temperament and stress responsiveness in beef cows and their calves and with calf performance. Temperament measurements were 1) exit velocity from a squeeze chute 2) chute temperament score and 3) pen temperament score. In experiment I, temperament influenced (P<.02) exit velocity of the cow. Cow temperament was correlated (r = .45; P<.01) with exit velocity and calf exit velocity was correlated with chute score (r = .47; P<.01) and pen score (r = .55; P<.01). In experiment II cow temperament influenced (P<.05) calf exit velocity, chute score and pen score. Cow exit velocity was correlated (r=.31; P<.03) with calf exit velocity and with calf chute score (r=.38; P<.01). In experiment III crossbred steers had temperament measurements made at
weaning and growth traits were measured during a grazing season. Exit velocity influenced body weight gains and fat deposition with more temperamental steers having lower average daily gains, back fat and rump fat throughout the 168 day grazing season. In experiment IV circulating cortisol concentrations were correlated with exit velocity (r = 0.28) and chute score (r = .34) in beef cows. Excitable cows had increased cortisol concentrations and a suppressed response to adrenal stimulation.
Impacts Simple measurements of exit velocity from a squeeze chute are correlated with future performance of the calves a cow will produce. Exit velocity of a calf at weaning is predictive of future temperament and a growth performance of a calf. Measuring exit velocity from a squeeze chute is a simple procedure which can be used for selection of breeding stock or to sort stocker or feeder cattle into high and low performing groups.
Publications
- Hollenbeck, R.J., Willard, S.T., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H. 2003. Comparison of adrenal steroid secretion and plasma metabolites in temperate and tropically adapted beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):22.
- Brown, C.G., Neuendorff, D.A., Strauch, T.A., Lewis, A.W., Baldwin, B.C., Calhoun, M.C. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Comparison of circulating gossypol in two deer species consuming fuzzy whole or Easiflo cottonseed. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):26.
- Weems, C., Weems, Y., Welsh, T., Carstens, G. and Randel, R. 2003. Do calcium-mediated cellular signaling pathways, PGE2, estrogen or progesterone receptor antagonists, or bacterial toxins affect bovine placental function in vitro? J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):3.
- Weems, C., Weems, Y., Tatman, S., Lewis, A., Neuendorff, D. and Randel, R. 2003. Does estrous synchronization affect corpus lutem (CL) function? J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):3.
- Cleere, J.J., Rouquette, F.M., Jr., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Holloway, J.W. and Miller, M.F. 2003. Feedlot performance and carcass traits of Bonsmara, Angus and Brahman steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):87.
- Hollenbeck, R.J., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Strauch, T.A., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H., Jr. 2003. Breedtype influences adrenal responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):103.
- Curley, K.O., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Interrelationship between various measurements of temperament in Brahman cows and their Brahman calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):120.
- Curley, K.O., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Interrelationship between various measurements of temperament in Brahman cows and their Hereford-sired calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):120.
- Baker, J.F., Randel, R.D. and Long, C.R. 2003. Breed type and gender effects on chute exit velocity and chute temperament score in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):120.
- Vann, R.C. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Breed of sire and gender effects on chute exit velocity and chute temperament score in beef calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):121.
- Bowers, S., Gandy, S., Neuendorff, D., Dickerson, T., Mozisek, S., Randel, R. and Willard, S. 2003. Assessments of velvet antler growth rates using Digital Infrared Thermography in red deer stags. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):144.
- Randel, R.D., Mozisek, S.A., Neuendorff, D.A. and Lewis, A.W. 2003. Weaning at the onset of the breeding season fails to improve hind performance traits in Red Deer. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):170.
- Rouquette, F.M., Jr., Randel, R.D., Long, C.R., Chase, C.C., Jr., Paschal, J.C. and Miller, R.K. 2003. Pasture performance, feedlot gain, and carcass traits of Romosinuano crossbred, F-1 (Hereford x Brahman), and Brahman steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 1):227.
- Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Brown, C.G., Wade, M.L., Lewis, A.W., Keisler, D.H. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Effects of lasalocid on circulating concentrations of leptin and insulin-like growth factor I and reproductive performance of postpartum Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1363-1370.
- Willard, S.T., Carroll, J.A., Lammoglia, M.A., Kemper-Greene, C.N., Welsh, T. H., Jr. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone, growth hormone secretory dynamics and changes in follicular development during the bovine estrous cycle. J. Anim. and Vet. Adv. 2(2):102-109.
- Koch, J.W., Tatman, S.R., Chase, C.C., Jr., Welsh, T.H., Jr. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Comparison of testicular and epididymal sperm content in Angus, Brahman and Romosinuano bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):13.
- Tolleson, D., Rabbe, D., Randel, R., Stuth, J. and Busch, K. 2003. Prediction of blood plasma progesterone via near infrared transmittance spectroscopy. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):16.
- Hollenbeck, R.J., Willard, S.T., Welsh, T.H. and Randel, R.D. 2003. Comparison of respiration rate, body temperatures, and temperament in temperate and tropically adapted beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):22.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs Excessive heat can be detrimental to spermatogenesis in bulls. The Romosinuano is a tropically adapted Bos taurus breed from Colombia which has recently been imported into the U.S. Testicular and epididymal sperm content and daily sperm production were more similar to Angus bulls than to Brahman bulls. Variation in adrenal function, electrolyte balance and metabolites was studied in Angus, Brahman, Bonsmara, Bonsmara x Angus and Braunveigh crossbred steers. Electrolyte balance and metabolites were influenced by tropical adaptation. Brahman steers had the highest concentrations of glucose, plasma urea nitrogen, and cholesterol. Chloride and aldosterone were lower in Brahman steers than in less tropically adapted animals. Coat color and breedtype influence electrolyte balance, aldosterone secretion and metabolites. Thermoregulation and temperament were evaluated in the same steers. Dorsal body heat was the greatest in Angus steers and was positively correlated with
respiration rate which was also highest in Angus steers. Rectal temperatures were lower in the tropically adapted breedtypes. Thermoregulation was influenced by temperament. Rectal temperature was positively correlated with temperament score (1 = tame, 5 = wild) and escape velocity. Breed and color influenced thermoregulation as did temperament and escape velocity from a squeeze chute. Circulating gossypol, a toxic compound found in cottonseed, was evaluated in fallow and red deer males consuming either fuzzy whole cottonseed or Easiflo cottonseed (coated with a gelatinized starch solution containing iron as ferrous sulfate). After 84 days on feed circulating gossypol was lower in deer eating the Easiflo cottonseed than in those eating fuzzy whole cottonseed.
Impacts The tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, Romosinuano, has equal sperm production to the Angus breed. Coat color and breedtype influence electrolyte balance and metabolism in cattle. Breedtype and coat color influence thermoregulation as do temperament and escape velocity. Adding iron in a coating on fuzzy whole cottonseed can reduce circulating concentrations of the toxic compound, gossypol.
Publications
- Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Brown, C.G., Wade, M.L., Lewis, A.W., Keisler, D.H. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Effects of lasalocid on serum concentrations of IGF-I, leptin and reproductive performance of postpartum Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):65 (Abstr.).
- Landis, M.D., Carstens, G.E., McPhail, E.G., Randel, R.D., Green, K.K., Slay, L. and Smith, S.B. 2002. Ontogenic development of brown adipose tissue in Angus and Brahman fetal calves. J. Anim. Sci. 80:591-601.
- Holloway, J.W., Warrington, B.G., Forrest, D.W. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Preweaning growth of F1 tropically adapted beef cattle breeds x Angus and reproductive performance of their Angus dams in arid rangeland. J. Anim. Sci. 80:911-918.
- Rasor, C.C., Thomas, M.G., Enns, R.M., Salazar, H.C., Zang, H.M., Williams, G.L., Stanko, R.L., Randel, R.D. and Rios, J. 2002. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of the leptin gene Sau3A1-restriction fragment length polymorphism and evaluation of its association with age at puberty in cattle in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Prof. Anim. Sci. 18:141-146.
- Willard, S.T., Jaques, S.J., Vera-Avila, H.R. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Thyroid hormone response to thyroid-stimulating hormone and effects on luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized cow. J. Anim. and Vet. Adv. 1(4):174-179.
- Wilson, T.W., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Effect of zeranol or melengestrol acetate (MGA) on testicular and antler development and aggression in fallow bucks. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1433-1441.
- Willard, S.T., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2002. A comparison of trans-vaginal artificial insemination procedures for use in commercially farmed deer. Small Rum. Res. 44:135-140.
- Willard, S.T., and Randel, R.D. 2002. Testicular morphology and sperm content relative to age, antler status and season in axis deer stags (Axis axis). Small Rum. Res. 45:51-60.
- Willard, S.T., Brown, C.G., Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Bowers, S.D., Gandy, S., Kelly, K.Q. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Fallow and red deer velvet antler research: New methods for evaluating velvet antler growth and quality. Proc. 3rd World Deer Farming Congress. Austin, TX. Feb. 2002. pp. 129-135.
- Randel, R.D. and Brown, C.G. 2002. Adding fat or ionophore antibiotics to the diet of deer. Proc. 3rd World Deer Farming Congress. Austin, TX. Feb. 2002. pp. 193-203.
- Randel, R.D., Holloway, J.W., Villareal, J. and Gonzalez, A. 2002. Reproductive/Nutritional Management - The Role of Body Condition Score. Proc. Workshop on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources in North-East Mexico and South Texas "Advances and Perspectives". Monterrey, Mexico. June 6, 2002. pp. 29-33.
- Randel, R.D. 2002. Genetica y Reproduccion en Ganado de Carne. Proc. Seminario de Capacitacion "Servicios Tecnicos Ganaderos". Managua, Nicaragua. Aug. 29-30, 2002. pp. 1-18.
- Strauch, T.A., Abbey, C.A., Koch, J.W., Tatman, S.R., Chase, C.C., Jr., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H., Jr. 2002. Expression of mRNA for growth hormone receptor, IGF-I, FSH-receptor, and LH-receptor in testis tissue of Angus, Brahman and Romosinuano bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):19 (Abstr.).
- Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Brown, C.G., Wade, M.L., Lewis, A.W., Keisler, D.H. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Effects of lasalocid on leptin concentrations and reproductive performance of postpartum Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):19 (Abstr.).
- Brown, C.G., Neuendorff, D.A., Strauch, T.A., Lewis, A.W., Wade, M.L., Baldwin, B.C., Calhoun, M.C. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Consumption of whole cottonseed affects growth in red deer stags. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):30 (Abstr.).
- Bowers, S., Brown, C., Gandy, S., Wade, M., Strauch, T., Neuendorff, D., Randel, R. and Willard, S. 2002. Antlerogenesis in red deer stags: Relationships between velvet antler growth rates and temperature measurements. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):31 (Abstr.).
- Bowers, S., Brown, C., Strauch, T., Gandy, S., Neuendorff, D., Randel, R. and Willard, S. 2002. Observational versus electronic methods for detection of estrus in red deer hinds. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 2):31 (Abstr.).
- Hollenbeck, R.J., Bryan, T.M., Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Brown, C.G., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H., Jr. 2002. Breedtype influences adrenal responsiveness to ACTH in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):65 (Abstr.).
- Strauch, T.A., Neuendorff, D.A., Brown, C.G., Cobb, C., Kerby, J.L., Randel, R.D. and Rouquette, F.M. 2002. Effects of the fibrolytic enzyme preparation Cattle-Ase on growth of prepuberal crossbred heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):102 (Abstr.).
- Tatman, S.R., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Wilson, T.W., Looney, C.R., Williams, G.L. and Randel, R.D. 2002. Time of ovulation, serum LH and progesterone concentrations in estrous synchronized Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1):135 (Abstr.).
- Tatman, S.R. Growth and reproductive development of Angus, Brahman, Bonsmara, Romosinuano, Tuli and Wagyu bulls. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2002.
- Strauch, T.A. Leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I as metabolic indicators of reproductive performance in Brahman and Brahman-influenced cattle. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, December 2002.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs Including an ionophore antibiotic, lasalocid, in the diet of pregnant and postcalving Brahman cows failed to alter circulating concentrations of leptin. Cows receiving lasalocid had a greater % conceiving by 90 days after calving and tended to have higher first service conception rates than controls. Cows with short (30-37 day) intervals from calving to estrus had higher concentrations of leptin than cows with long (78-132 day) intervals. Feeding an ionophore prior to calving and throughout the postpartum interval may increase the number of cows rebreeding to calve at a yearly interval. Cows with higher concentrations of leptin after calving may have shorter intervals to estrus. Sexually mature tropically adpated Bos taurus bulls (Romosinuano) had testicular mRNA expression of GHR1A, IGF-I and FSH R more like Bos indicus bulls (Brahman) than temperate Bos taurus bulls (Angus). Alterations in genetic control of both metabolic and endocrine function appear to be linked
to tropical adaptation in cattle. Infrared temperature measurements of velvet antlers during antlerogenesis do not have the sensitivity required to reliably signify changes in antler growth rates. Coating whole fuzzy cottonseed with a gelatinized starch solution containing added iron was effective in reducing circulating gossypol in red deer stags and stags achieved similar average daily gains in body weight to controls. Body condition, antler growth and testis growth were reduced in stags consuming either coated or uncoated whole cottonseed. Cervids appear to be negatively affected by consumption of whole cottonseed in either form and feeding whole cottonseed should be avoided. Red deer hinds can effectively be detected in estrus by sterile marker stags and this may be aided by use of the heat watch electronic estrus detection system. For the heat watch system to be effective, the stags must be larger than the females.
Impacts Ionophore antibiotics can be used economically and effectively to improve postcalving reproduction in beef females. Alterations in genetic control of metabolic and reproductive endocrine function appear to be linked to tropical adaptation in cattle. Whole cottonseed should not be fed to deer. The heat watch system can aid in estrus detection in red deer.
Publications
- Tolleson, D., Osborn, B., Neuendorff, D., Greyling, M., Randel, R., Stuth, J. and Ginnett, T. 2001. Determination of gender in 4 wildlife species by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces. Texas Chapter The Wildlife Society 36th Ann. Meeting, College Station, March 8-10, pp. 66-67 (Abstr.).
- Tatman, S. R., Chase, C. C., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W., Wilson, T. W., Brown, C. G. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Comparison of traits at sexual maturity of recently introduced breeds to Angus and Brahman bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):229 (Abstr.).
- Koch, J. W., Livingston, K. N., Tatman, S. R., Alberts, D., Stocco, D. M., Chase, C. C., Jr., Randel, R. D. and Welsh, T. H., Jr. 2001. Comparison of adrenal and testis content of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme proteins in Angus, Brahman and Romosinuano bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):229 (Abstr.).
- Randel, R. D. 2001. Manejo reproductivo de la hembra Brahman. Memorias del Seminario Tecnico Latinoamericano de Grandes Especies. Feb. 22-25, 2001. Cancun, Mexico. pp. 76-92.
- Brown, C., Higginbotham, B. J., Randel, R. D. and Hamilton, C. 2001. White-tailed deer and non-targeted species usage of three supplemental feeds on an intensively managed property. 24th Annual Meeting, Southeast Deer Study Group. p. 18 (Abstr.).
- Brown, C. G., Forbes, T.D.A., Sieckenius, S. S., Hensarling, C. M., Strauch, T. A., Koch, J. W., Tatman, S. R., Stocco, D. M., Welsh, T. H. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Effects of supplementation or dietary additives on seminiferous tubules and testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in goats consuming Acacia berlandieri. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):23 (Abstr.).
- Wilson, T. W., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Effect of zeranol or melengestrol acetate (MGA) on testosterone production in farmed fallow bucks. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):24 (Abstr.).
- Vann, R. C., Baker, J. F., Neuendorff, D. A. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Real-time ultrasound measurements and body condition scores in deer. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):24 (Abstr.).
- Strauch, T. A., Forbes, T.D.A., Abbey, C. A., Sieckenius, S. S., Hensarling, C. M., Randel, R. D. and Welsh, T. H., Jr. 2001. Effects of supplementation or dietary additives on the somatotrophic axis in male goats consuming Acacia berlandieri. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):28 (Abstr.).
- Evers, G. W., Butler, T. J., Neuendorff, D. A. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Preference of summer annual forages by red deer. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):29 (Abstr.).
- Brown, C. G., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Consumption of whole cottonseed affects growth and reproduction of male cervids. Texas Chapter The Wildlife Society 36th Ann. Meeting, College Station, March 8-10, p. 13 (Abstr.).
- Strauch, T. A., Koch, J. W., Tatman, S. R., Chase, C. C., Jr., Abbey, C. A., Bryan, T. M., Randel, R. D. and Welsh, T. H., Jr. 2001. Evaluation of somatotrophic axis gene expression and function in Angus, Romosinuano and Brahman bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):230 (Abstr.).
- Tatman, S. R., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W., Wilson, T. W., Looney, C. R. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Time of ovulation and follicular development in estrous synchronized Brahman females. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):249 (Abstr.).
- Candler, K. C., Brown, C. G., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W., Sterle, J. A., Keisler, D. H. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Supplemental feeding lactating fallow does increased body condition score and circulating leptin but failed to improve reproductive efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):277 (Abstr.).
- Koch, J. W., Tatman, S. R., Neuendorff, D. A., Wilson, T. W., Lewis, A. W., Chase, C. C., Jr., Welsh, T. H. and Randel, R. D. 2001. The effects of management stressors on cortisol production in various breeds of bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):278 (Abstr.).
- Brown, C. G. Evaluation of whole cottonseed consumption on growth and reproduction in male cervids. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University. August 2001.
- Tatman, S. R., Neuendorff, D. A. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Comparison of SelectSynch and prostaglandin in estrous synchronization of Brahman females. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):3 (Abstr.).
- Randel, R. D. 2001. Determinants of reproductive efficiency in beef cattle. Memorias, XXIX Reunion Anual de la Asociacion Mexicana de Produccion Animal. pp. 120-138.
- Randel, R. D. 2001. Requerimientos de alimentacion para el desararollo adecuado de toros y vaquillas Brahman. Seminario de Capacitacion en Ganaderia. Oct. 23-24, Managua, Nicaragua. pp. 13-23.
- Randel, R. D. 2001. Factores que determinan la efeciencia reproductiva del ganado. Seminario de Capacitacion en Ganaderia. Oct. 23-24, Managua, Nicaragua. pp. 41-60.
- Tatman, S. R., Neuendorff, D. A., Wilson, T. W. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Influence of season of birth on reproductive development of Brahman bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):3 (Abstr.).
- Koch, J. W., Chase, C. C., Jr., Tatman, S. R., Neuendorff, D. A. Wilson, T. W., Randel, R. D. and Welsh, T. H., Jr. 2001. Comparison of endocrine and reproductive tissue weights in tropically-adapted Bos taurus, temperate Bos taurus and tropically-adapted Bos indicus bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):4 (Abstr.).
- Tatman, S. R., Chase, C. C., Wilson, T. W., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W., Brown, C. G. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Comparison of traits at puberty of four recently introduced breeds to Angus and Brahman bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):4 (Abstr.).
- Tolleson, D. R., Randel, R. D., Stuth, J. W., Willard, S. T. and Gandy, B. S. 2001. Detection of pregnancy in cattle using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):19 (Abstr.).
- Tolleson, D. R., Wilson, T. W., Randel, R. D., Neuendorff, D. A., Lewis, A. W. and Stuth, J. W. 2001. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces did not reliably predict serum progesterone (P4) in cows. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):19 (Abstr.).
- Strauch, T. A., Carroll, J. A., Abbey, C. A., McArthur, N. H., Durham, S. K., Lucy, M. C., Randel, R. D. and Welsh, T. H., Jr. 2001. Evaluation of somatotrophic gene expression and function in _ Angus or Brahman steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):19 (Abstr.).
- Brown, C. G., Candler, K. C., Neuendorff, D. A. and Randel, R. D. 2001. Inclusion of high fat rice bran in the diet of yearling red deer stags fails to improve growth or reproductive traits. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 2):23 (Abstr.).
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs Traits at puberty of the recently introduced breeds Bonsmara, Romosinuano, Tuli and Wagyu were compared with Angus and Brahman bulls. Bonsmara reached puberty at 291 days of age, 304 kg and 28.2 cm scrotal circumference. Wagyu reached puberty at 320 days of age, 259 kg and 24.5 cm scrotal circumference. Tuli reached puberty at 328 days of age, 279 kg and 26.1 cm scrotal circumference. Romosinuano reached puberty at 369 days of age, 291 kg and 26.0 cm scrotal circumference. Angus reached puberty at 373 days of age, 291 kg and 28.1 cm scrotal circumference. Brahman reached puberty at 427 days of age, 394 kg and 28.2 cm scrotal circumference. Pubertal traits of these recently introduced breeds compared favorably with both Angus and Brahman bulls. After the Angus, Brahman and Romosinuano bulls reached sexual maturity they were slaughtered and endocrine and reproductive tissue weights were recorded. Romosinuano bulls had the heaviest pituitary weights. Brahman bulls had
the lightest adrenal gland weights and the heaviest testicular and epididymus weights. Reproductive and endocrine tissue weights of the tropically adapted Bos taurus Romosinuano bulls were more similar to that of temperate Bos taurus Angus bulls than to tropically adapted Bos indicus Brahman bulls. Inclusion of GnRH treatment with prostaglandin for estrous synchronization of Brahman cows and heifers failed to improve either synchrony of estrus or fertility. Detection of pregnancy by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of bovine feces is not being accomplished by measurement of progesterone in the feces as serum progesterone was not related with fecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy results in progesterone treated castrate cows, yet pregnancy was being detected in both beef and dairy cows. Fall-born Brahman bulls have sexual maturity retarded during the cold months with short photoperiods compared with spring-born Brahman bulls which reach sexual maturity during longer
photoperiods in the warmer months.
Impacts Beef cattle are economically important and introduction of Bos taurus breeds with tropical adaptation may improve the quality of beef produced in the southern states. These recently introduced breeds compare favorably with the Angus breed for reproductive traits.
Publications
- Randel, R.D. 2000. The Brahman breed, its status, recognition and viability worldwide. Proc. 10th World Brahman Congress. Technical Conference. Aug. 21-22, 2000, Pretoria, S. Africa. pp. 1-16.
- Rocha, A., Padilla, R.F.J., Holloway, J.W., Lunt, D.K., Sanders, J.O., Long, C.R. y Randel, R.D. 2000. Crecimiento y caracteristicas reproductivas a la pubertad de ganado F1 Boran x Tuli comparado con Angus, Brahman y las cruzas de Angus x Brahman. Abstract. p. 10. XXXVI Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria. Sonora, Mexico.
- Gonzalez, R.H., Zomorano, G.L., Gonzalez, M.N.F., Camplido, B.L.G., Garcia, D.B.E., Perez, P.S., Randel, R.D. y Holloway, J.W. 2000. Evaluacion de la calidad del corte ribeye (Longissimus dorsi) en ganado F1 Tuli. Abstract. p. 126. XXXVI Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria, Sonora, Mexico.
- Wilson, T.W. Effect of zeranol or melengestrol acetate (MGA) on testicular development and aggression in farmed fallow bucks. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University. August 2000.
- Randel, R. D. 2000. Reproduction y genetica en bovinos productores de carne. Invited Keynote Address. XXXVI Reunion Nacional de Investigation Pecuaria. Sonora, Mexico. pp. 77-89.
- Tolleson, D.R., Wilson, T.W., Randel, R.D., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Stuth, J.W. 2000. Discrimination between physiologically different groups of cattle via near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):14. (Abstr.).
- Abbey, C.A., Livingston, K.N., Parent, S., Carroll, J.A., Forbes, T.D.A., Laurenz, J.C., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H. 2000. Use of a multi-probe ribonuclease protection assay to detect the presence of mRNAs of various cytokines in immune and endocrine system tissues of domestic livestock. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):15. (Abstr.).
- Brown, C.G., Forbes, T.D.A., Strauch, T.A., Tatman, S.R., Livingston, K.N., Welsh, T.H. and Randel, R.D. 2000. Effects of supplementation or dietary additives on testis function in goats consuming Acacia berlandieri. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):21. (Abstr.).
- Livingston, K.N., Forbes, T.D.A., Hensarling, C.M., Sieckenius, S., Vera-Avila, H.R., Alberts, D., Stocco, D.M., Randel, R.D. and Welsh, T.H., Jr. 2000. Induction of goat adrenal StAR and P450scc proteins by ACTH in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):22. (Abstr.).
- Willard, S.T., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2000. A comparison of artificial insemination techniques for farmed deer. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):22. (Abstr.).
- Wilson, T.W., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 2000. Effect of melengestrol acetate (MGA) and zeranol on testicular development and aggression in farmed fallow bucks. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):22. (Abstr.).
- Thrift, T.A., Carstens, G.E., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Wilson, T.W. and Randel, R.D. 2000. Effects of implanting gestating Bos indicus cows with trenbolone acetate on weight gains and reproductive performance. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):27. (Abstr.).
- Koch, J.W., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Sanders, J.O., Riley, D.G., Lunt, D., Holloway, J.W., Forbes, T.D.A., Lippke, H., Rouquette, F.M. and Randel, R.D. 2000. Influence of Bos taurus and Bos indicus breedtype on production of cortisol. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):210. (Abstr.).
- Stewart, J.L., Carstens, G.E., Randel, R.D. and Falck, S.J. 2000. Dose response effect of prenatal trenbolone acetate treatment on thyroid hormone concentrations and growth and reproductive performance of beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):259. (Abstr.).
- Padilla, R.F.J., Neuendorff, D.A., Wilson, T.W., Adkinson, R.C. y Randel, R.D. 2000. Comparicion de la sincronizacion del estro y fertilidad utilizando GnRH y hCG en combinacion con prostglandinas en hembras Brahman. Abstract, p. 9. XXXVI Reunion Nacional de Investigacion Pecuaria, Sonora, Mexico.
- Holloway, J.W., Randel, R.D., Montano, M., Vera, H., de los Santos, S., Guarneros, R., Gonzalez, E. and R. Laborin. 1999. Tropically adapted germplasm for quality beef in Mexico. INIFAP-TAMUS Livestock Workshop, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Oct. 18-19, 1999. pp. 29-32.
- Vera-Avila, H.R., Forbes, T.D.A., Welsh, T.H., Jr. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Dietary phenolic amines and nutritional deficiencies: Effects on adrenal and reproductive function in goats. INIFAP-TAMUS Livestock Workshop, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Oct. 18-19, 1999. pp. 49-60.
- Stahringer, R.C., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1999. The effect of aspirin administration and parity on plasma salicylate concentrations and postpartum reproductive parameters in Brahman cows. Prostaglandins 58:125-138.
- Lammoglia, M.A., Bellows, R.A., Grings, E.E., Bergman, J.W., Bellows, S.E., Short, R.E., Hallford, D.M. and Randel, R.D. 2000. Effects of dietary fat and sire breed on puberty, weight and reproductive traits of F1 beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2244-2252.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, which is responsible for the delivery of cholesterol into the mitochondria for steroidogenesis, was detected in the fetal ovary and testis of calves from 186 days of gestation through birth. A multi-probe ribonuclease protection assay system to detect the presence of mRNAs coding for 8 different cytokines in porcine tissues was tested for use in goat and cattle tissues and can be used to facilitate detection of cytokines associated with reproductive, growth, stress and responses in cattle and goats as well as swine. The resumption of follicular development and follicular waves on the ovaries of cows after calving was later in first calf heifers than in mature cows. The interval from resumption of follicular development to estrus was similar in both age groups. The extended interval from calving to estrus in first calf heifers is, at least partially, due to failure to develop follicles. Including either rice bran to increase the
fat in the diet to 5.2% or lasalocid, an ionophore antibiotic, reduced the interval from calving to estrus but combining the treatments lengthened the time to estrus and fertility. Yearling fallow bucks can have antler development decreased by zeranol implants through the antler growth period. Aggression is decreased during the early part of the rut by zeranol implants but returns to normal later in the rut. GnRH immunization decreased testicular development in yearling fallow bucks but antler growth and aggression were not suppressed. Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is an orally active progestin and when yearling fallow bucks were fed MGA at 100 micrograms per head per day they had increased antler growth and decreased aggression during the early rut. Both zeranol implants and MGA in the feed may improve venison production in intact male deer raised for venison. Consumption of Acacia berlandieri increased basal cortisol concentrations and production in vivo and in vitro in goats but
reduced ACTH stimulated in vitro production of cortisol by adrenal tissues. Consumption of Acacia berlandieri may alter adrenal gland responsiveness in grazing animals. Male goats consuming Acacia berlandieri were used to test the effects of energy supplementation on growth and development and was found to reduce the suppressive effects on growth and testis development and function. Energy supplements may enhance the ability of grazing animals to detoxify toxic compounds in Acacia berlandieri. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy of feces can detect gross differences in reproductive status of animals and appears to allow detection of pregnant animals through fecal analysis.
Impacts Beef cattle are important economically and improved survival of the calf and shortened intervals from calving to rebreeding will reduce costs of production. Technology to better utilize rangelands will increase returns from animals raised on rangelands. Reduced aggression in slaughter fallow bucks will allow for a greater domestic production of fresh venison when demands are high in the fall and winter months.
Publications
- Willard, S.T., Petty, S.J., Sasser, R.G., White, D.L. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Pregnancy detection and the effects of age, body weight and previous reproductive performance on pregnancy status and weaning rates of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). J. Anim. Sci. 77:32-38.
- Thrift, T.A., Bernal, A., Lewis, A.W., Neuendorff, D.A., Willard, C.C. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of induced hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism on growth and reproductive performance of Brahman heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1833-1843.
- Webb, S. M., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of dietary rice bran, lasalocid and sex of calf on postpartum reproduction in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):15 (Abstr.).
- Thrift, T.A., Bernal, A., Lewis, A.W., Neuendorff, D.A., Willard, C.C. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of induced hypothryoidism on weight gains,lactation and reproductive performance of primiparous Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1844-1850.
- Weems, Y.S., Lammoglia, M.A., Lewis, A.W., Randel, R. D., Sasser, R.G., Mortia, I. and Weems,C.W. 1999. PGE2 induces its own secretion in vitro by bovine 270-day placenta but not by 200-day placenta. Prostaglandins 57:199-205.
- Bernal, A., DeMoraes, G.V., Thrift, T.A., Willard, C.C. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of induced hypothyroidism on ovarian response to superovulation in Brahman (Bos indicus) cows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2749-2756.
- Robinson, J.J., Sinclair, K.D., Randel, R.D. and Sykes, A.R. 1999. Nutritional management of the female ruminant: Mechanistic approaches and predictive models. IN: Nutritional Ecology of Herbivores. Eds. Jung, H.G. and Fahey, G.C., Jr. Proc. Vth Int. Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. pp. 550-608.
- Green, C.N.K., Livingston, K.N., McPhail, E.H., Carstens, G.E., Randel, R.D., Hales, D.B., Alberts, D., Stocco, D.M. and Welsh, T.H., Jr. 1999. Detection of steroidogeneic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in fetal bovine gonads. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):12 (Abstr.).
- Padilla-Ramirez, F.J., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of dietary lasalocid and sex of calf on profiles of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in Brahman cows before and after calving. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):17 (Abstr.).
- Livingston, K.N., Forbes, T.D.A., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Hensarling, C.M., Sieckenius, S.S. and Vera-Avila, H.R. 1999. Interaction of nutrition and Acacia berlandieri on reproduction in female goats. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):21 (Abstr.).
- Wilson, T.W., Willard, S.T., Stahringer, R.C., Green, C.N.K., Neuendorff, D.A., Welsh, T.H., Jr. and Randel, R.D. 1999. A comparison of seasonal metabolic hormone changes between a temperate and a tropical species of farmed deer. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):21 (Abstr.).
- Webb, S.M., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Adams, T.E. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effect of zeranol implants and GnRH immunization on aggression, antler growth and testis function in yearling fallow bucks. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):22 (Abstr.).
- Webb, S.M., Neuendorff, D.A., Tatman, S.R. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Influence of dietary lasalocid on performance of Fallow does and their fawns. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):26 (Abstr.).
- Rasor, C.C., Thomas, M.G., Salazar, H.C., Enns, R.M., Zang, H.M., Ax, R.L., Williams, G.L., Randel, R.D., Stanko, R.L. and Rios, J. 1999. Allelic frequencies for a leptin Sau3AI RFLP in biologically diverse breeds of cattle in the southern United States and northern Mexico. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):135 (Abstr.).
- Webb, S.M., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Effects of parity status on postpartum follicular development and endocrine profiles in the Brahman. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):123 (Abstr.).
- Webb, S.M., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W., Adams, T.E. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Evaluation of aggression, antler growth and testis function in yearling Fallow bucks with zeranol implants or GnRH immunization. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):150 (Abstr.).
- Livingston, K.N., Koch, J.W., Hensarling, C.M., Sieckenius, S.S., Forbes, T.D.A., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr. and Vera-Avila, H.R. 1999. Interaction of nutrition and Acacia berlandieri on cortisol production in female goats. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):220 (Abstr.).
- Padilla, R.F.J., Neuendorff, D.A., Lewis, A.W. and Randel, R.D. 1999. Efecto de lasalocid en la dieta sobre niveles de hormonas reproductivas y poblacion folicular postparto en vacas Brahman. Abstract XXXV Reunion Nacional de Investigation Pecuaria, Yucatan. (Abstr.).
- Webb, S.M. Effects of parity, dietary lasalocid, fat supplementation, and sex of calf on postpartum profiles of progesterone, 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha and follicular development in Brahman cows. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University. May 1999.
- Forbes, T.D.A., Randel, R.D., Welsh, T.H., Jr., Hensarling, C.M., Siekenius, S.S., Livingston, K.N. and Vera-Avila, H.R. 1999. Metabolic responses of ingestion of Acacia berlandieri by Angora nannies. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):21 (Abstr.).
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs Including an ionophore antibiotics, lasalocid, to the diet of pregnant Brahman cows resulted in lower circulating triiodothyronine during the early postpartum period. The same ionophore antibiotic included in the diet of Fallow does during pregnancy and during subsequent lactation failed to alter weight gain and body condition of the does or weight gain of their fawns. In Brahman cows the inclusion of lasalocid or increased dietary fat (5.2% fat) resulted in a more rapid return to estrus compared with controls. The combination of lasalocid with increased dietary fat resulted in a later return to estrus and less normal first estrous cycles than in control fed cows. Steroidogenic acute regulatory was present in both male and female fetal gonads from 186 days of gestation through term. Metabolic differences exist between tropical (Axis) and temperate (Fallow) species of farmed deer. A high correlation was found between seasonal body weight changes and insulin in the
temperate (Fallow) species but not in the tropical species (Axis) which could be related to seasonal changes in food intake. Thyroid hormone concentrations increased during the winter in both species reflecting an adaptation to the colder season. Reproductive parameters in estrous cycling female goats are influenced by both nutrient intake and phenolic amines consumed in Acacia berlandieri. Zearanol implants and immunizations against GnRH were only marginally capable of suppressing aggression in yearling Fallow bucks. Zearanol delayed the onset of aggressive behavior for a few weeks but did not maintain the reduction in aggression. Immunization against GnRH was only 50% effective in eliminating aggression. When the immunization was effective weight gains were dramatically reduced.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Geary, T.W., Reeves, J.J., Schafer D., Evans, R.R., Randel, R.D., Rutter, L.M., Sasser, R.G., Garcia, R., Alexander, B., Holcombe, D., Hanks, D.R., Faulkner, D.B., Lucas, D.M., Rhodes, M.T., Lindsey, T., Sharp, M. and Colaianne, J. 1997. Norgestomet implants prevent pregnancy in beef heifers on pasture. J. Anim. Sci. 75:3089-3093.
- Lay, D.C., Jr., Randel, R.D., Friend, T.H., Neuendorff, D.A., Bushong, D.M., Lanier, E.K. and Bjorge, M.K. 1997. Effects of prenatal stress on suckling calves. J. Anim. Sci. 75:3143-3151.
- Rocha, A., Randel, R.D., Broussard, J.R., Lim, J.M., Blair, R.M., Roussel, J.D., Godke, R.A. and Hansel, W. 1998. High environmental temperature and humidity decrease oocyte quality in Bos taurus but not in Bos indicus cows. Theriogenology 49:657-665.
- Willard, S.T., Sasser, R.G., Jaques, J.T., White, D.R., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Early pregnancy detection and the hormonal characterization of embryonic-fetal mortality in Fallow deer (Dama dama). Theriogenology 49:861-869.
- DeFries, C.A., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Influence of fat supplementation on postpartum reproductive performance in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 76:864-870.
- DeMoraes, G.V., Vera-Avila, H.R., Koch, J., Lewis, A.W., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Effect of hypo- or hyperthyroidism on ovarian function in Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 76:871-879.
- Weems, Y.S., Lammoglia, M.A., Vera-Avila, H.R., Randel, R.D., King, C., Sasser, R.G. and Weems, C.W. 1998. Effects of luteinizing hormone (LH), PGE2, 8-epi-PGE1, 8-epi-PGE2, trichosanthin and pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) on secretion of prostaglandin E or PGF2alpha in vitro by corpora lutea (CL) from nonpregnant and pregnant cows. Prostaglandins 55:27-42.
- Lay, D.C., Jr., Friend, T.H., Randel, R.D., Bowers, C.L., Grissom, K.K., Neuendorff, D.A. and Jenkins, O.C. 1998. Restricted nursing affects a calf's physiological and behavioral reactions to restraint and weaning. Anim. Behav. Sci. 56:109-119.
- Weems, Y.S., Lammoglia, M.A., Vera-Avila, H.R., Randel, R.D., Sasser, R.G. and Weems, C.W. 1998. Effect of luteinizing hormone (LH), PGE2, 8-epi-PGE1, 8-epi-PGE2, trichosanthin and pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) on secretion of PGE and PGF2alpha by corpora lutea (CL) from nonpregnant and pregnant cows. Prostaglandins 55:359-376.
- Hammond, A.C., Chase, C.C., Jr., Bowers, E.J., Olson, T.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Heat tolerance in Tuli-, Senepol- and Brahman-sired F1 Angus heifers in Florida. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1568-1577.
- Willard, S.T., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Voluntary feed intake, growth characteristics and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones in male and female Axis fawns (Axis axis). Small Rum. Res. 30:19-27.
- Willard, S.T., Flores-Foxworth, G., Chapman, S., Drew, M.L., Hughes, D.M., Neuendorff, D.A. and Randel, R.D. 1998. Hybridization between wapiti (Cervus elephus manitobensis) and sika deer (Cervus nippon): A comparison of two artificial insemination techniques. J. Zoo and Wildlife Med. 29(3):295-299.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs Including an ionophore antibiotic, lasalocid, to the diet of pregnant Brahman cows increased circulating prostaglandin F2alpha and progesterone as well as birth weights of their calves. Changes in body weight and condition were not influenced by lasalocid. Estrous synchronization of Brahman cows using a combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone on day 0, prostaglandin F2alpha on day 7 and human chorionic gonadotropin 48 hours after prostaglandin with insemination 15 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin resulted in a low conception rate compared with prostaglandin alone or in combination with gonadotropin releasing hormone with insemination 12 hours after the onset of estrus. No treatment tested gave acceptable pregnancy rates in Brahman cows. Adrenal gland development, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and steroidogenesis were studied in fetal Angus and Brahman calves. Body weight, pituitary gland weight, paired adrenal gland weight and circulating
adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol were increased with fetal age. Adrenal gland weights were lower in Brahman calves. Adrenal gland steroidogenic acute regulatory protein increased with fetal age. Circulating cortisol was positively correlated with paired adrenal weight, cortical area and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Prostaglandin E2 was found to increase its own secretion from day 200 or day 270 placental tissues in cows. Hard antlers on exotic male deer being raised for slaughter resulted in damage to the animals due to fighting. An attempt to remove the velvet antlers using elastrator bands resulted in 43.5% of the males having no antler regrowth with 56.5% having one or both antlers regrowing. This treatment did not result in satisfactory removal of the antlers. Zeranol implants at about 90 day intervals resulted in similar weight gains in treated and control fallow bucks. Both antler and testis development were suppressed in Zeranol treated bucks. Hard antler
removal was not required and aggression was suppressed in the Zeranol treated fallow bucks. This may be a useful treatment for fallow bucks raised for venison production.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- FUCHS, A-R., FIELDS, M.J., THATCHER, W.W., WILLARD, C.C., and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Oxytocin antagonist [d(CH2), Tyr(ME)2, Thr4, Tyr-NH2 9] ornithine vasotocin inhibits oxytocin induced PGF2alpha release in late pregnant cows. Biol. Reprod. 57(No. 2):436-441.
- LAMMOGLIA, M.A., BELLOWS, R.A., SHORT, R.E., BELLOWS, S.E., BIGHORN, E.G., STEVENSON, J.S. and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Body temperature and endocrine interactions before and after calving in beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 75:2526-2534.
- BROWNING, R., Jr., LEITE-BROWNING, M.L., LEWIS, A.W., AND RANDEL, R.D. 1996. Sire breed of calf influences peripartum endocrine profiles and postpartum anestrus in Brahman cows. Dom. Anim. Endo. 13(6):511-517.
- NOLAN, C.J., BLACKWELL, J.L., FRENCH, J.T., GARDNER, F.C., KNABE, D.A., RANDEL, R.D., JAEGER, L.A., JOHNSON, L. and WELSH, T.H., Jr. 1996. Use of neonatal porcine testis to study gonadotropin and growth factor control of steroidogenesis. Mol. Androl. Vo. 8:273-287.
- VERA-AVILA, H.R., FORBES, T.D.A., BERARDINELLI, J.G., and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Effect of dietary phenolic amines on testicular function and luteinizing hormone secretion in male Angora goats. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1612-1620.
- CHASE, C.C., Jr., CHENOWETH, P.J., LARSEN, R.E., OLSON, T.A., HAMMOND, A.C. and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Growth and reproductive development from weaning through 20-months of age among breeds of bulls in subtropical Florida. Theriogenology 47:723-745.
- LAY, D.C., Jr., RANDEL, R.D., CARROLL, J.A., FRIEND, T.H., WELSH, T.H., Jr., JENKINS, O.C., NEUENDORFF, D.A., BUSHONG, D.M. and KAPP, G.M. 1997. Effects of prenatal stress on the fetal calf. Dom. Anim. Endo. 14(4):73-80.
- LAMMOGLIA, M.A., WILLARD, S.T., HALLFORD, D.M., and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Effects of dietary fat on follicular development and circulating concentrations of lipids, insulin, progesterone, estradiol-17Beta, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2Alpha and growth hormone in estrous cyclic Brahman cows. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1591-1600.
- BROWNING, R., Jr., WARRINGTON, B.G., HOLLOWAY, J.W. and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Testicular size at weaning in tropically-adapted beef bulls as influenced by breed of sire and dam. Theriogenology 48:257-265.
- CARSTENS, G.E., MOSTYN, P.M., LAMMOGLIA, M.A., VANN, R.C., APTER, R.C. and RANDEL, R.D. 1997. Genotypic effects on norepinephrine-induced changes in thermogenesis, metabolic hormones, and metabolites in newborn calves. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1746-1755.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs Increasing the proportion of fat in the diet from 3.74 to 5.20% enhances follicular development during the postpartum period in first-calf and mature Brahman cows. Season influences follicular populations and size in Brahman cows with larger and more numerous follicles in the spring compared with the fall. High environmental temperature and humidity decreases oocyte quality in Bos taurus but not in Bos indicus cows. Removal of the ovary containing the largest follicle did not affect follicular waves or estrous cycle length in Brahman cows but did increase follicular populations in the remaining ovary. The size of the largest follicle and progesterone secretion were lower after ovariectomy. In pregnant Brahman cows increasing doses of ACTH increased the overall cortisol response. However, peak plasma cortisol was similar to all effective ACTH doses with cows receiving higher doses maintaining the response for a longer time period. Transportation stress caused an
increase in circulating cortisol similar to 1 IU ACTH per kg. Transported cows had lower concentrations of cortisol after the first two transportation stress periods. Shrink was greater for transported than in ACTH or control cows and decrease in response to each application of treatment. Pregnancy rates of fallow does were not influenced by doe age or sire type. The incidence of embryonic/fetal mortality was 2.8%. Of does that became pregnant, 83% conceived during the first 30 days of the breeding season.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- WILLARD, S.T., SASSER, R.G., GILLESPIE, J.C., JAQUES, J. T., WELSH, T.H., Jr. andRANDEL, R.D. 1994. Methods for pregnancy determination and the effects of body condition on pregnancy status in Rocky Mountain Elk (cervus elephus nelsoni). ThWILLARD, S.
- T., NEUENDORFF, D. A., LEWIS, A.W. and RANDEL, R.D. 1995. Effects of free gossypol in the diet of pregnancy and postpartum Brahman cows on calf development and cow performance. J. Anim. Sci. 73:496-507.
- ROCHA, A., CARPENA, M., TRIPLETT, B. L., FORREST, D.W. and RANDEL, R.D. 1995. Effect of undegradable intake protein from fish meal on growth and reproduction of peripuberal Brahman bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 73:947-953.
- CHASE, C. C., Jr., LARSEN, R.
- E., RANDEL, R. D., HAMMOND, A.C. and ADAMS, E.L. 1995. Plasma cortisol and white blood cell responses in different breeds of bulls: A comparison of two methods of castration. J. Anim. Sci. 73:975-980.
- LAMMOGLIA, M.A., HOLLOWAY, J.W., LEWIS, A. W., NEUENDORFF, D.A. and RANDEL, R.D. 1995. Influence of maternal and service sire breed on serum progesterone and estrogen before calving and plasma 13,14- dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F214 after c WILLARD, S.
- T., CARROLL, J.A., RANDEL, R.D., HARMS, P.G. and WELSH, T. H., Jr. 1995. Regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in vitro by anterior pituitarycorticotrophs from fallow deer (Dama dama). Dom. Anim. Endo. 12:283-292.
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs Sympathomimetic compounds present in some range browse plants produce sympathetic stimulatory action when consumed by animals. These compounds cause reduced reproductive competence in both male and female animals. Their action appears to be through alteration of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function followed by suppression of pituitary-gonadal function. These plants are American acacias and related plants which are utilized by range livestock extensively during drought conditions. Soybean meal contains large amounts of isoflavone compounds which are bound to other compounds. These estrogenic compounds do not affect reproduction in cows when they are in the bound state. Brahman cows producing crossbred calves have longer intervals from calving to rebreeding than when they produce purebred calves. Calves with Tuli sires are smaller at birth, gain less weight by weaning, are smaller at puberty and reach puberty at younger ages. Including bypass protein and/or an
ionophore antibiotic in the diet of Brahman cows in excellent body condition (fat cows) does not improve postcalving reproduction. Measurement of pregnancy specific protein B in blood serum or plasma and ultrasonography are both accurate means of determining pregnancy status in exotic deer. The pregnancy specific protein B will detect pregnancy accurately by 28 days after breeding. Embryonic mortality was found in less than 4% of Fallow deer.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs Oxytocin receptors are capable of responding to exogenous oxytocin in pregnant cows with a large enough release of prostaglandin F(subscript 2)(alpha) from the uterine endometrium to result in corpus luteum regression but extraovarian sources of progesterone were capable of maintaining pregnancy. Small luteal cells may inhibit progesterone production by large luteal cells and arachidonic acid may directly regulate progesterone secretion in both large and small bovine luteal cells. The sympathomimetic compounds present in some plants produce excessive sympathetic stimulation and subsequent suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Supplementation of peripubertal bulls with by-pass protein resulted in greater weight gain and increased feed efficiency but did not affect age at puberty or testis growth and development. Testicular function continues throughout the year in Axis deer regardless of antler status. Hormonal profiles before and after parturition are
influenced by both breed of dam and service sire. Therefore, breed of service sire and dam may influence postpartum reproductive performance in cattle. Peak metabolic rate of newborn calves was reduced to calves born to Brahman cows compared to calves born to Angus cows and was affected by breed of service sire. Cows producing crossbred calves, particularly male calves, had higher concentrations of IgG, IgG(subscript 1), IgM and IGA as well as total immunoglobulins in the colostrum than cows producing purebred calves.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs Diets containing greater then or equal to 4 g of free gossypol per head per day adversely affect plasma alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in cows as well as their suckling calves. Serum concentrations of pregnancy specific and ultrasonography were both accurate methods of pregnancy detection in cow elk > 100 days pregnant. Changes in body weight and condition score were correlated with pregnancy status of cow elk similarly with cattle. Inclusion of by-pass protein (fish meal) into the diet of beef cows failed to improve reproductive or production traits of Brahman cows but when included into the diet of growing bulls body weight gains and feed efficiency improved without influencing age at puberty of Brahman bulls. Calves born to Brahman females had higher concentrations of thyroid hormones than calves from Angus females. Calves with Brahman siers responded more to norepinephrine with increased cortisol than calves with Angus sires. Brahman, Angus and reciprocal
crosses had similar absorption and serum concentrations of colostral immunoglobulins. Cows producing crossbred cows produced more total colostral immunoglobulins. Brahman cows had lower immunoglobulin concentrations but greater volume of colostrum compared with Angus cows. Neonatal Brahman calves have lower thermogenic responses to norepinephrine suggesting a limited capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs Heifers fed diets containing 5 g/day free gossypol from cottonseed meal and treated with bFSH to stimulate the ovaries had decreased (P<.05) follicular development compared with heifers receiving a soybean meal diet or 15 g/day of free gossypol from whole cottonseed. Granulosa cells collected from these follicles produced similar quantities of basal progesterone in vitro. Granulosa cells from follicles collected from heifers receiving either diet with free gossypol had suppressed responses to forskolin compared with controls. As the ability of forskolin to stimulate progesterone production was suppressed free gossypol may be acting upon the granulosa cell by blocking the adenylate cyclase enzyme. In vivo data indicate that free gossypol in the diet may be causing degeneration of bovine embryos in superovulated heifers. Heifers receiving 5 g/day free gossypol from cottonseed meal had an increased (P<.05) proportion of degenerating embryos on day 7 after breeding
compared with the soybean meal and whole cottonseed supplemented heifers. Bulls which received 2 g/day of free gossypol from direct solvent extracted cottonseed meal tended to have lowered daily sperm production compared with control bulls. Bulls receiving 4 g/day free gossypol had a lower proportion of epididymal sperm in the body and bulls receiving either 2 or 4 g/day free gossypol had a higher (P<.05) proportion of sperm in the tail of the epididymus than control bulls.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs Neither specific (thermal) or non-specific (electrical) transcutaneous stimuli applied chronically to the teat of lactating, ovariectomized beef cows activated neuronal pathways capable of preventing the post-weaning rise of LH. However, electrical stimuli chronically elevated the oxytocin baseline. Neural disconnection of the udder of mature multiparous beef cows did not result in a weaning-type endocrine or reproductive response. Innervation of the udder is not necessary for suckling-induced anestrus. High lipid diets icrease serum insulin concentrations in both optimal and low body condition cows in the absence of weight or BC changes. High lipid diets markedly lower serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Data suggest that enhanced ovarian function due to HL diets may be partially explained on the basis of changes in insulin secretion and fatty acid metabolism. Feeding postpubertal beef heifers high levels (8-16 g) of dietary free gossypol for 60
days created subtle changes in liver enzyme and serum potassium profiles, markedly increased red blood cell fragility, and had no detectable effect on reproductive endocrine function or conception. Bulls fed greater than or equal to 1.6 g of free gossypol had damaged seminiferous tubules but serum testosterone was not affected. Mature ruminants are not immune to gossypol toxicity. The prepubertal bovine uterus secretes prostaglandin-F(2)alpha in response to oxytocin as early as 6-8 months of age.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs Surgical denervation of the mammary gland of suckled beef cows at 2-3 weeks after calving eliminated all physical response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of the teat, but did not impair milk production or growth rate of calves. However, sham operated weaned cows did not respond normally to weaning. Therefore, study of the LH pulse generator must be performed in chronic denervated females. Heightened dietary lipid intake promoted normal luteal function in suckled beef cows in thin body condition and promoted the continuation of normal cyclicity. High lipid diets increased concentrations of androstenedione in follicular fluid and enhanced follicular development. Granulosa cells from cycling heifers fed high lipid diets exhibited greater steroidogenic potential than control heifers. High lipid diets increased the number of PP cows exhibiting estrous cycles by the start of the breeding season. Intercaruncular uterine endometrial tissue released more
prostaglandin F-(2) alpha than did caruncular tissue on days 20, 30 and at first estrus after calving. Secretion of prostaglandins decreased as days after calving increased. Pulsatile patterns of both immunologically active and biologically active LH were found in cows maintaining or losing body condition after calving. In vitro treatment of day 16 post-estrus uterine endometrium with pregnancy-specific protein B elevated secretion of prostaglandin-E(2) dramatically and may elevate secretion of prostaglandin-F(2) alpha.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs Placement of a latex "somatosensory mask" over the teats and ventro-lateral aspects of the udder of postpartum anestrous beef cows failed to block the negative effects of suckling on LH secretion, did not reduce the postpartum interval and may have potentiated the negative effects of suckling. High lipid diets (6-8% ether extract) enhanced development of medium-size follicles in cows during the early postpartum period, markedly increased introfollicular lipid metabolites in both estrous cycling and postpartum cattle, increased the number of postpartum cows exhibiting ovarian cycles by the start of the breeding season and increased the number of heifers reaching puberty prior to start of the regular breeding season. High lipid diets promoted normal luteal function in thin anestrous beef cows induced to ovulate with GnRH, but not cows in excellent body condition. Bioactive FSH increased in parallel with immunoreactive LH at estrus in estrous synchronized heifers. Two
minutes of uterine manipulation results in elevation in plasma prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite in multiparous but not primiparous cows. Relaxin concentrations in blood plasma increase relatively early prior to calving and are maintained at high levels during the last 5 days before calving. Infusion of 750 mg/kg glucose enabled newborn Brahman calves to maintain body temperature when chilled. Serum progesterone concentrations during the mudluteal phase in Brahman females decrease with age and are elevated by day 10 after conception.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs One-time use of SYNCRO-MATE-B (SMB) and 48-h timed AI in Brahman-cross yearling heifers yielded a 22% annualized return on investment after 5 yr. Heifers gaining continuously from weaning to target breeding exhibited higher reproductive performance than delayed-gain heifers. Return of calves before 96 h in temporarily weaned anestrous cows markedly reduced ovulation response. Diets with elevated lipid content eliminated short cycles in postpartum cows induced to ovulate with LHRH. Lowe-dose infusion of LHRH failed to enhance SMB estrous synchronization. Physical manipulation of the involuting bovine uterus on day 35 but not day 14 postpartum caused increased plasma concentrations of prostaglandin-F(2)alpha metabolite (PGFM) from 60-80 minutes and from 90-120 minutes after manipulation. Concentrations of PGFM are higher at 14 than at 35 days postpartum. Newborn Brahman calves are unable to maintain body temperature when chilled but 1 day old Brahman calves can.
Adrenal release of cortisol and thyroid secretions are elevated but insulin secretion patterns are unaffected by chilling. Energy compounds, glucose and triglycerides, are at higher levels in day old than in newborn Brahman calves. Lower circulating levels of energy compounds may be related to the lack of ability of newborn chilled Brahman calves to maintain body temperature.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs Timing of preovulatory endocrine events, estrus and ovulation in Brahman X Hereford (F-1) heifers synchronized with SYNCRO-MATE-B (SMB) was similar to that reported for European/English breeds. Bos indicus cross bulls serviced 70-80% of estrous females at the SMB synchronized estrus (bull:cow ratio 1:15-1:20). Evaluation favored SMB-AI over SMB-natural service and control females. Serm lipid metabolites increased linearly in percetage Brahman females early postpartum. Treatment of cows between 17 and 49 days after calving with 5 mg Alfaprostol and uterine palpation was effective in shortening the postpartum interval in lactating Brangus cows. Treatment with a single 5 mg i.m. injection of Alfaprostol between 29 and 42 days after calving shortened the postpartum interval in mature Brahman crossbred cows but not in Brahman crossbred heifers. Pregnancy rates to first embryo transfer were increased in Brahman cows and heifers receiving the Alfaprostol 29-42 days
after calving. Luprostiol, a prostaglandin analogue, was effective in estrous synchronization of Brahman cows and heifers at 7.5 mg. Doses above 7.5 mg Luprostiol suppressed first service conception rate. Newborn Brahman calves were found to be unable to maintain body temperature when cold stressed. These calves were not able to utilize the energy containing components of the blood as well as cross calves. This dysfunction may be related to thyroid function.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs Use of monthly herd health checks with prostaglandin (PG) estrus synchronizationincreased estrus detection from 63.2% in herd health checked controls to 79.8% in PG treated lactating dairy cows. First service conception rates (CR) were not affected but pregnancy rates (PR) were improved from 69% to 80% due to the increased number of cows inseminated. Cows treated with PG had fewer (1.3%) cows bred during elevated progesterone (P4) than controls (5.8%). Herds with low CR had more cows inseminated during high P4 and CR was correlated (+.75) with breeding cows during low P4. Increased estrus detection and accuracy in time of insemination can increase CR and PR in lactating dairy cows. Brahman heifers with estrus synchronized with Synchromate-B had lower CR (18.2%) compared with controls (72.7%). Serum LH at 12 hours after estrus, P4 profiles, P4 peak height and area under the P4 curve were lower in the treated heifers. Injection of PG on day 32 or days 21 and 32
after calving increased serum LH on day 32. Postpartum interval was shortened from 80 days in controls to 66 and 63 days in day 32 or day 21 and 32 PG treated Brahman cows and heifers. Pregnancy rates in controls (72%) were lower than day 32 (83%) or day 21 and 32 (89%) PG treated groups. Once daily suckling decreased postpartum interval and PG injection on days 21 and 32 increased numbers of cows and heifers bred by 90 days postpartum. Once daily suckling and PG combined gave the best results.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs Prostaglandin (PG) induced CL regression may lead to histological anomalies in the subsequent CL in Brahman cattle. An increased % of the luteal cells were types III, IV, and V as opposed to types I and II following PG induced CL regression and subsequent CL information. During PG induced CL regression the predominance of cell type is an accuratge indictor of CL regression and reduction of mitosis is the earliest sign of regression. During PG induced CL regression follicular steroidogenesis was greatest from 24-48 h after injection. The regressing CL maintained consistent progesterone (P4) content despite reduction in weight. Steroid treatment with estrogen (E(2)), P4 or E(2) and P4 of ovariectomized beef heifers enhanced immunosuppressive uterine protein activity. At least 2 immunosuppressive proteins are in uterine luminal secretions of pregnant cows with one between M.W. 201,000>258,000 and one between 5,400>20,000. Pretreatment of heifers with P4 and E(2)
increased in vitro LHRH-induced LH release from cultured pituitary cells with P4 stimulating more than E(2). The P4 and E(2) were more effective alone than in combination. E(2) augments pituitary responsiveness by increasing pituitary LHRH receptor content and P4 inhibits this effect and limits release of stored LH. Alfaprostol injected at the time of GnRH injection increased LH release in prepuberal Brahman heifers but did not affect LH release in E(2) treated ovariectomized heifers.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs Level of nutrient intake was shown to affect postpartum interval but did not affect pituitary function. When the ability to maintain body condition, regardless of nutrient intake, was taken into consideration postpartum interval was shorter and pituitary function was increased. Inclusion of the inophore antibiotic, Lasalocid, in the diet of Brahman bulls decreased age at puberty and enhanced pituitary and testicular function. Prepuberal and peripuberal bulls have higher levels of seminal estradiol-17Beta compared with mature bulls. The apparent source of the estradiol-17Beta is the fluids from the accessory glands as epididymectomized bulls had levels of seminal estradiol-17Beta compared with intact bulls. Estrus synchronization with the prostaglandins F2alpha, cloprostenol and Alfaprostol gave similar results between prostaglandins in synchronization and conception rates in dairy heifers. In a dose titration of 0, 250, 375 and 500 mug cloprostenol the 500 mug dose
resulted in smaller corpora lutea containing less progesterone following the synchronized estrus. Similar results with Alfaprostol at 0, .38, .75, 1.5 and 2.2.5 mg/100 Kg indicated that corpus luteum function was depressed following the synchronized estrus with either .38 or 2.25 mg/100 Kg.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs Interval from calving to first estrus (Monensin: 64.8 (plus/minus) 4.7 days andControl: 86.0 (plus/minus) 1.2 days) and proportion of cows in estrus by 85 days post calving (Monensin: 79% vs. Control: 50%) was altered by monensin feeding (p less than .05). An LH response to 1, 2 and 4 mg. estradiol 17 Beta was observed in 11 of 12 cows at each dose level. Monensin treatment did not alter any LH parameter in the 0, 1 or 2 mg. treatments. Interval to LH response and to LH peak were extended (p less than .05) by monensin feeding. An experiment was completed to determine the effect of GnRH, norepinephrine and epinephrine on serum LH in beef heifers. Epinephrine or norepinephrine alone had no effect upon serum LH. When combined with GnRH both hormones suppressed (p less than .05) the magnitude of the GnRH induced LH surge. An experiment was designed to examine the competency of the first CL in beef heifers. Heifers were divided into 3 groups (normal, abnormal and low
P(4)) by cycle length and serum P(4). Both normal and abnormal groups released more P(4) during the 2nd estrous cycle compared to the first cycle. Heifers which formed competent CL following puberal estrus exhibited elevated P(4) prior to 1st estrus whereas none of the low P(4) heifers had P(4) elevations before 1st estrus.
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs Breed and season (S) were shown to modify the ability of luteal cells (LC) to produce progesterone (P4) in vitro. Brahman (B) LC released less P4 than did Hereford x Holstein LC (P less than .05). Summer LC released more P4 than did winter LC (P less than .05). S effects on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in B cows were greatest between January and March. Less cows (P less than .005) exhibited an LH surge in January than in March, Monensin (M) increased the number of cows exhibiting an LH surge (P less than .10) in January. S effects on the LH surge appear to be partially modulated by nutritional factors. Epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin cultured with LC decreased P4 baseline and magnitude of P4 response to LH. These biogenic amines may have a local ovarian inhibitory effect on the release of P4. M was shown to enhance P4 in serum (P less than .10) and S exerts its greatest effect in February. Suckling was shown to depress the estrogen (E)
induced LH surge in postpartum cows (P less than .01). An increase in E to 4 mg overcame the suckling effect on the LH surge, however, the resulting surge was later in occurrence (P less than .05). M was shown to shorten postpartum interval (P less than .025) from 131.5 plus or minus 6.8 days in controls to 86.2 plus or minus 14.3 days.
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs Mature Brahman cows with suckling stimulus withdrawn had a longer duration of the estrogen induced LH surge (p less then .05) than did suckled cows. Suckling intensity was shown to affect serum LH levels in Brangus heifers. Once daily suckled heifers had higher (P less than .01) mean serum LH levels than did twice daily suckled heifers. The mean serum LH levels for the presuckling, midsuckling and first postsuckling samples were higher (P less than .05) than the last postsuckling sample. Bleeding stress did not affect serum LH. The suckling stimulus depressed serum LH and an increase in suckling stimulus further depressed serum LH. Ovariectomized Brahman cows when exposed to various estrogen dose challenges appeared to have an all or none LH response. An estrogen dose response was found with respect to the timing of LH response. An estrogen dose response was found with respect to the timing of LH response events. Higher doses of estrogen caused the LH surge to
start later, peak later and end later than surges induced by lower dosages of estrogen. A significant (P less than .05) breed effect (Brahman vs Brahman x Hereford vs Hereford) was found on total werum estrogen during the postestrus period (P less than .05). The timing of the highest estrogen titres before estrus coincides with timing data from previous estrogen injection studies. Data confirms breed difference in luteal function between Box taurus and Bos indicus. Seasonally induced differences occur in the bovine corpus luteum.
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs Nonsurgical recovery and transfer of embryos (E) from Brahman (B) cows (C) are best accomplished using a 40-43 mg total dose of FSH-P with E transferred to day 8 recipients in the expanded blastocyst stage. A 50 mg dose of melatonin injected I.V. depressed serum LH during the 1st-3rd hr after injection. Injection of melatonin failed to alter cyclicity or luteal function in B C yet serum progesterone decreased from Sept. through Dec. (P less than .01). Alternation of ruminal fermentation by monensin (M) affects pituitary capability. The LH response was greater (P less than .005) at the 1st and (P less than .005) at the 2nd 100 Mug GnRH injection in heifers receiving M compared to controls. Ovarian response to exogenous FSH-P is enhanced in sexually mature heifers by M. Heifers receiving a total dose of 10 mg FSH-P over 5 days did not differ between control and M fed groups when ovaries were removed before ovulation. Heifers ovulating had more CL/ovary (M 4.0+.9 vs
control 1.6+.4) (P less than .025) and more luteal weight (P less than .10) compared to control. Total serum estrogens (E2) were lower (P less than .05) in B compared to BxHereford (BH) or Hereford (H) heifers. The highest E2 were at 24, 16 and 8 hr before estrus, respectively, in B, BH and H heifers. Mature B C suckling calves had calves either removed or suckled at 6 hr intervals for a 72 hr period on day 21 postcalving. All C were injected with 20 mg E2.
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs Estrus (E) synchronization of Brahman (B) cows with Cloprostenol (C) caused the cows to be below 1 ng/ml serum progesterone (P) for 70 plus or minus 11.5 hr compared to 50 plus or minus 7.6 hr in controls. C treated cows had smaller corpora lutea (CL) with lower luteal P content. Induction of a fertile E in yearling B heifers with P and estrogen was not successful. E was induced without ovulation and luteal formation. A successful transplant of a mature ovary to the uterus of an immature, non-related, heifer was made. The technique can be used to study ovarian and uterine effects and maturation parameters. With induction of twinning procedures available via embryo transfer the development of more CL in pregnant recipients may be desirable. Four cows were successfully superovulated at 45 days of pregnancy and later calved normally. Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were quantitated in ovariectomized B, Brahman x Hereford (BH) and Hereford (H) cows after injection
of 20 mg of Estradiol-17Beta (E2). An LH surge was found in 5/6 B, 6/6 BH and 6/6 H cows. Elapsed time from injection to peak LH was 27.8, 23.8 and 22.2 hr for B, BH and H cows, respectively (P less than .05). Peak LH values also varied between breeds (B, 20.2 ng/ml; BH, 36.0 ng/ml; H, 113.2 ng/ml) (P less than .005). Duration of the surge did not vary between breeds. B are less reactive to a 20 mg dose of E2 than are BH or H.
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs Brahman (B) and Brahman x Hereford (BH) cows were lower in serum progesterone (P) days 2-11 after estrus (P less than .01) than Hereford (H) cows. Corpora lutea (CL) from were smaller (P less than .005) than were CL from BH or H. CL P was higher in H on days 8 and 13 than BH and H was higher than B on day 13 (P less than .12). P per CL tended to be higher in H on both day 8 and 13 than either BH or B. B CL tissue tended to have higher 3 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 Beta-HSD) activity than BH or H (P less than .10). 3 Beta-HSD was higher (P less than .001) in day 13 CL than in day 8 CL. B day 13 CL were higher in 3 Beta-HSD (P less than .05) than any other breed-cycle day group. Ovariectomized (OV) B cows given exogenous estradiol-17 Beta (EB) were less responsive than were BH or H cows (P less than .001) and BH were less responsive (P less than .10) at 1 mg EB than H. Time from injection to first stance was shortest in H (10.1 hrs), intermediate in BH
(12.8 hrs) and longest in B (19.3 hrs) (P less than .005). B and H OV cows have pulsatile serum luteinizing hormone patterns. The mean LH response in OV B and H cows was, respectively, 33.96 plus or minus 4.0 and 67.46 plus or minus 20.2 ng/ml serum after injection of 500 mug GnRH. Mean peak LH levels were, 93.7 plus or minus 7.0 and 184.96 plus or minus 67.9 ng/ml for B and H. LH levels were lower (P less than .005) in B than H throughout the response and total collection periods.
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