Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In spring of 2010, a Honeycrisp apple trial on 31 rootstocks, as part of this North Central (NC-140) region research project, was established at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm at Urbana. Trees were planted in four blocks of two trees per rootstock per block, depending on availability of trees. Trees were spaced at 1.8 meters by 3.6 meters. Trees have been trained to the tall spindle training system and supported by four wires spaced at 0.5 meters apart from and tied to a wooden post every 15 meters. A 10 cm diameter wooden stake was used to support the trees until their growth reached the first wire. The unseasonably warm weather in February, March and April, 2012 resulted in trees blooming almost three weeks earlier than normal. On April 11 and 12, central Illinois was hit with an advective freeze that killed all the developing fruitlets of apple, peach, and pear trials at the farm. Additionally, the weather in July, August, and September of 2012 was very dry, causing the graft union on some trees to desicate and eventually break as a result of frequent wind gusts. Trees that died in 2012, were two on each of Geneva (G) 11, G.5202, G.935N, Cornell-Geneva(CG) 4814, Budagovsky(B)71-7-22 and one tree on each of G2034, G.935, G.41TC, CG.2034, PiAu.9-90, B.67-5-32, and B.7:20-21. The largest size trees were on B.64-194 and B.70:20:20 and the smallest were B.9. Tree suckering is not a serious problem on any of the rootstocks with M.9 producing the most with 3 suckers per tree. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Fruit farmers, pomologists, and tree fruit nurseries. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The experiment is in its early stages of development. However, the data from the study suggest that some dwarfing rootstocks exhibited incompatibility with the scion Honeycrisp, especially under dry weather conditions. It is apparent from this study that rootstock vigor has no influence on compatibility, since those that died had different vigor. Overall, however, the remaining trees in this trial have recovered quickly upon installation of a drip irrigation system.
Publications
- Kushad, M. 2012. Freezing damage to fruit trees and vines in Central Illinois. Illinois Fruit Veg. Newsletter. Volume 18 (3).
- Kushad, M. 2012. Know when to harvest Honeycrisp apples. Illinois Fruit and Veg. Newsletter. 18(10).
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In spring of 2010, a Honeycrisp apple trial on 31 rootstocks, as part of the North Central (NC-140) region research project, was established at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm at Urbana. Trees were planted in four blocks of two trees per rootstock per block, depending on availability of trees. Trees were spaced at 1.8 meters by 3.6 meters. Trees have been trained to the tall spindle training system and supported by four wires spaced at 0.5 meters apart from and tied to a wooden post every 15 meters. A 10 cm diameter wooden stake was used to support the trees until their growth reached the first wire. Trees were irrigated by hand in 2010 and 2011. In 2011, a persistent drought occurred between June to September, causing the trees to slow down their growth with two trees each on CG5202 and CG5935 rootstocks died as result of the drought. A single tree death also occurred on CG3041, 4003, 7:20-21, and CG 202N. The death occurred as a result of graft union desiccation. In Spring of 2011, some of the trees had bloomed but the blossoms were removed to allow the trees to develop their vegetative structures. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The experiment is in its early stages of development. However, the data from the study suggest that some dwarfing rootstocks may not exhibit incompatibility with the scion, in this case Honeycrisp, under favorable soil moisture conditions, but they may do so under water stress. It is apparent from this study that rootstock vigor has no influence on compatibility, since those that died had different vigor. Overall, however, the remaining trees in this trial have recovered quickly upon installation of a drip irrigation system.
Publications
- Potts, S., Han, Y., Khan, A., Kushad, M., Rayburn,L. and Korban, S. 2012. Genetic diversity and characterization of a core collection of malus germplasm using simple sequence repeats (SSR). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter (In Press).
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2010, a study was initiated at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm to examine the performance of Honeycrips apple cultivar grafted on 31 rootstocks in a high density planting. Trees were planted and randomized in a complete block design with 4 replicates of 1-3 trees each. Trees were spaced. Blocking was based on trunk cross sectional area with the largest trees of each stock planted in replicate one and the smallest trees of each stock planted in replicate four. Trees were spaced at 1.2 meters X 3.6 meters for a total of 2,315 trees/ha (937 trees/acre). Trees are being trained to the Tall Spindle training system. A three wire support system has been installed in each row as well as drip irrigation. Rootstocks include the following: Budagovsky 9, Budagovsky 10, Budagovsky 7-3-150, Budagovsky 7.20.21, Budagovsky 64-194, Budagovsky 67-5-32, Budagovsky 70-6-8, Budagovsky 70.20.20, Budagovsky 71-7-22, Geneva 41 normal, Geneva 41 tissue culture, Geneva 935 normal, Geneva 935 tissue culture, Geneva 202 tissue culture, PiAu 51-11, PiAu 9-90, Supporter-3, Malling 9-337, Malling 9. PJ-2, Malling 26 EMLA, Geneva 11, Cornell Geneva 2034, Cornell Geneva 3001, Cornell Geneva 4004, Cornell Geneva 4013, Cornell Geneva 4214, Cornell Geneva 4814, Cornell Geneva 5087, and Cornell Geneva 5202. Significant differences in trunk cross sectional area among the rootstocks, with trees on Budagovsky 7-3-150, Budagovsky 64-194, Budagovsky 70.20.20, and PiAu 9-90, being the largest and trees on Budagovsky 9, Geneva 11, Geneva 41 and Malling 9-T337 being the smallest. Other trees were of medium size but because of tree age the difference are not as clearly defined. Tree height also followed tree trunk cross sectional area. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Apple Growers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Previous observations on the Honeycrisp apple cultivar grafted on dwarfing and sub-dwarfing have shown serious limitations to tree vigor. Preliminary results from this study suggest that Honeycrisp tree vigor can be improved by selecting an appropriate rootstock. Future results from this study will help growers identify a rootstock that will improve tree vigor of Honeycrisp. This finding has significant implication in apple productions since many apple growers tend to use popular very dwarfing rootstocks like Budagovsky 9, which may not be the best for this cultivar.
Publications
- Kushad, M. 2010. Performance of 'Michel Gala' on twelve rootstocks in a replant site. Transactions of the Illinois Horticultural Society. ISSN 0892-3477 : 72-73.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2006, a study was initiated at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm to examine the performance of 12 apple rootstocks in a replant site. The experiment was conducted using Mitchell Gala as scion wood in a randomized complete block using ten individual trees each as a single replicate. Each block was either fumigated by Telone C-35 at commercial rate or not fumigated. Trees were planted three weeks after the fumigation treatment. Rootstocks were Geneva 3041, Geneva 4210, Geneva 5935, Geneva 6210, Malling 9 T337, Budagovsky 9, Geneva 11, Geneva 16, Geneva 30, Malling 26, Malling 7, and M.alling 9 Pajam 2. Trees were trained to the vertical axis using metal stakes for support and drip for irrigation. No differences in tree growth were observed between the non-fumigated and fumigated treatments, except that more trees died of the non-fumigated than the fumigated treatment. However, there were significant differences in trunk cross sectional area among the rootstocks, with Malling 7 trees being the largest, followed by Geneva 11, and Geneva 5935. The smallest trees were on the rootstock Geneva 4210. Rootstocks also differed in tree height and spread with Malling 7 being the tallest and having the widest spread, while Budagovsky 9 and eight others were the shortest. Geneva 4210 has the narrowest spread with 1.38 meters. Rootstocks also differed in yield, with Geneva 16 producing the largest number of fruits and the greatest fruit mass, while Malling 7 producing the least number of fruits and the lowest fruit mass. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Preliminary results from this study suggest that rootstocks do not differ significantly in their performance in a replant site. This finding has a significant implication for apple production since many apple growers tend to leave a two year lag period between removing an old orchard and replanting trees at the same site. The general belief was that soil allelopathy reduces tree growth.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: In spring of 2006, a block of Mitchell Gala was planted at the University of Illinois Pomology Farm in order to test the influence of eleven different rootstocks in a replant site. The experiment is designed as a split plot of fumigated and non-fumigated. Each plot contained trees grafted on twelve rootstocks. Site was either fumigated by Telone C-35 at commercial rate or no fumigation. Trees were planted three weeks after the fumigation treatment. Rootstocks were Geneva (G) 3041, G4210, G5935, G6210, M.9 T337, Budagovsky 9, G.11, G.16, G.30, M26 EMLA, M7, and M.9 Pajam2. Second year data showed no differences in total fruit weight or number, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), tree height, or tree spread between the non-fumigated and fumigated treatments. However, there were statistical differences in TCSA between the rootstocks. M.7 showed the largest increase, followed by G.6210. The remaining rootstocks were similar in TCS. Rootstocks also differed in tree height with M.7 being the tallest and M.9PJ2 being the shortest. Total fruit number and total fruit weight were also statistically different among the rootstocks with trees on G.16 producing the highest yield while trees on M.7 producing the lowers yield. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Rootstocks offer growers the opportunity to control tree vigor, enhance productivity, and control diseases. In this study, second year data show that all rootstocks behaved similarly in the fumigated and non-fumigated treatments. Differences in tree quality were mostly attributed to differences in rootstocks. Preliminary data show that, under the experimental conditions in Central Illinois, there is effect of planting apple trees in a site that had previously been planted with apples.
Publications
- Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Buckeye Gala on nine rootstocks in the 2002 NC.140 trial. Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 69-71.
- Kushad, M. 2008. Performance of Michel Gala on twelve rootstocks in a replant site Trans. IL Hort. Soc. 72-73.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
The performance of Buckeye Gala (PV 1001) trees grafted on nine rootstocks including EMLA-26, M.26 NAKB, M.9 T337, M.9 RN29, Budagovsky 9 Europe, Budagovsky 9 Treco, Bergmer 756, Supporter 4, and Poland 14 was examined at the University of Illinois Pomology Farm. Fireblight infection is a major problem in this block. The nine rootstocks, however, responded differently to fireblight infection. The most serious tree mortality occurred on M.9 T337 where 100% of the trees in the trial died, followed by Supporter 4 with 86% and M.9B756 and M.26EMLA with 71% each. The least tree mortality occurred on M.9Europe, M.9Treco, and P.14 where only 15% of trees had died. Tree size as a function of trunk cross sectional area showed that B.9 Europe and B.9 Treco continue to be the smallest, while P.14 is the largest. Yield was adequate for M.26EMLA, M.9nic29 and M.26NAKB. Yield for the Supporter 4 was highest, but it is based on only one tree since the other trees in the trial had
died due to fireblight. There seems to be an alternate bearing pattern in trees grafted on M.9B756 and M.9Treco. Trees on both of these rootstocks produced significantly less fruits this year than last year. B.9Europe and P.14 had lower yield last year and this year. In contrast, M.26EMLA, M.9nic29, and M.26NAKB had relatively high yield in both years. Similar to last year, fruit from trees on M.9nic29 were among the largest (153.43 grams) while fruit from trees grafted on M.9B756 and B.9 Europe were the smallest. Rootstocks differed in their root suckering capacity with M.9nic29 producing almost 15 suckers per tree. None of the trees on M.26EMLA, M.9B756 and M.26NABK produced root suckers. In spring 2006 a block of Mitchell Gala was planted at the University of Illinois Pomology Farm in order to test the influence of different rootstocks in a replant site. The experiment is designed as a split plot of fumigated and non fumigated. Each plot contained trees grafted on twelve
rootstocks. Site was either fumigated by Telone C-35 at commercial rate or no fumigation. Trees were planted three weeks after the fumigation treatment. Rootstocks were Geneva (G) 3041, G4210, G5935, G6210, M.9 T337, Budagovsky 9, G.11, G.16, G.30, M26, M7, and M.9 PJ2. First year data showed no differences in trunk diameter or tree height between the non-fumigated and fumigated treatments. However, there were some statistical differences in trunk diameter between the rootstocks. M.7 showed the largest increase and M.9T337 and M.9PJ2 showed the smallest increase in truck diameter. There were no statistical differences in trunk diameter among the remaining nine rootstocks. Rootstocks also differed in tree height with M.7 being the tallest and M.9PJ2 being the shortest.
Impacts
Rootstocks offer growers the opportunity to control tree vigor, enhance productivity and control diseases. In the first study, both Budagovsky clones were less affected by fireblight than any of the Malling rootstocks. The Budagovsky clones also produced smaller trees and less root suckers. In the replant trial, first year data show that all rootstocks behaved similarly in the fumigated and non fumigated treatments. Differences in tree quality were mostly attributed to differences in rootstocks. Preliminary data indicate that there is little negative effect of planting apple trees in a site that had previously been an apple orchard.
Publications
- Kushad, M.M. 2007. Training and pruning high density apple orchards. Transactions of the Illinois Hort. Soc. 140:78-79.
- Kushad, M.M. 2007. Care for newly arrived trees before planting. Grapevine Midwest Fruit Explorer 8-9.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Two North Central Region NC-140 experimental trials are planted at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Campus. The oldest trial is the 2002 Buckeye Gala apple on nine rootstocks including Malling 26NAKB337, Malling (M) 26 EMLA, Supporter 4, Malling-9 RN29, Budagovesky (Bud) 9 Europe, Bud 9 Treco, Malling 9 Burgmer756, Malling 9 T337, and P.14. Tree size as a function of trunk cross sectional area TCSA showed that Bud-9 Europe and Bud-9 Treco are the smallest, while trees on P.14 are the largest. Yield per tree was adequate with the highest (28.7 Kg) on M.26NAKB and lowest (12.3 Kg) on Bud 9Treco. Fruit sizes were largest on M 9RN29 and smallest on Supporter 4. Rootstocks differed in their suckering capacity with Bud-9 Erurop producing more than 5 suckers per tree, while M.26NAKB and P.14 did not produce any rootsuckers. Fireblight has been a major problem in Illinois in the last three years. The nine rootstocks responded differently to fireblight infection.
The most serious tree mortality occurred on M.9 T337 (100), M.26 EMLA (71%), and Supporter 4 (71%). Trees on M.26NAKB suffered 57% loss, trees on M.9 nic29 and M.9 B756 suffered 43% loss, and trees on Bud-9 Treco and Bud-9 Europe suffered only 14% loss. However, trees on P.14 did not suffer any loss to fireblight. The second and most recent trial was established in the spring of 2006 and involves testing the interaction of rootstock genotype and replant disease using Mitchell Gala as scion wood grafted on 12 rootstocks. Trees have grown very nicely but it is too early to report any data.
Impacts
Data generated from this project will enable growers to make informed decision about choosing rootstocks appropriate for Gala apple plantings. Information generated from this project will also be useful in identifying rootstocks that are prone to fireblight infection. Fireblight is a very serious disease of apples, especially in the Midwest.
Publications
- Kushad, M. 2006. Update on apple and peach rootstocks for commercial orchard production. Transaction of the Illinois Hort. Society. 139:51-53.
- Kushad, M. 2006. The fruit industry in Illinois: A review of its history and future outlook. Transaction of the Illinois Hort. Society. 139:59-66.
- Loepz, A., Peniche, R. and Kushad, M. 2006. Influence of thinning chemicals and rootstocks on fruit drop and qualiyt of Royal Gala apples. Transaction of the Illinois Hort. Society. 139:67-69.
- Marini, R., Kushad, M.M. and NC-140 Committee. 2006. Performance of Gala apple on four semi-dwarf rootstocks: Ten-year summary of the 1994 North Central Rootstock Trial. J. Amer. Pom. Soc. 60:58-68.
- Abbasi, N. and Kushad, M. 2006. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in Red Spur Delicious apple fruit are affected by DPA but not calcium in postharvest drench solutions. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 60:84-89.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Buckeye Gala (PV 1001) trees were propagated by TRECO and planted in spring 2002. Trees planted at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm were grafted on nine rootstocks including EMLA-26, M.26 NAKB, M.9 T337, M.9 RN29, B.9 Europe, B.9 Treco, Bergmer 756, Supporter 4, and Poland 14. A total of seven trees per rootstock were received and planted. Fireblight has been a major problem in Illinois in the last two years. The nine rootstocks responded differently to fireblight infection. The most serious tree mortality occurred on M.9 T337 (86%), M.26 EMLA (71%), and Supporter 4 (71%). Trees on M.26NAKB suffered 57% loss, trees on M.9 nic29 and M.9 B756 suffered 43% loss, and trees on B9 Treco and B.9 Europe suffered 14% loss. Only trees on P.14 did not suffer any loss from fireblight. Interestingly, Honeycrisp trees on B.9 Treco planted at the same time were not affected by fireblight. Tree size as a function of TCSA showed that B.9 Europe is the smallest, while Poland 14
and the two M26 clones were the largest. The remaining six rootstocks were similar in size. Yield was very good for six of the seven rootstocks, averaging about a bushel per tree. Only P.14 produced less than a bushel per tree. M.9 Supporter 4, M.9 nic29, and B.9 Europe have developed more than rootsuckers per tree, while the rest, on average, have developed less than one rootsucker per tree.
Impacts
Data from this trial has increased our understanding of the performance of Buckeye Gala on different rootstocks under Illinois climate. Fireblight continued to be a serious problem in this cultivar. Only trees grafted on P.14 and the two B.9 clones rootstocks have some resistance to fireblight. Based on these preliminary data we have concluded that B.9 Europe and B.9 Treco rootstocks may be recommended in areas prone to fireblight infection. However, we tentatively discourage growers from planting trees grafted on Poland 14 because of its poor yield performance. Information from this study continues to be shared with growers at the Illinois Specialty Growers Conference and at regional fruit schools.
Publications
- Robinson, T. and Kushad, M.M. 2004. Performance of the Cornell-Geneva rootstocks in multi location NC-140 rootstock trials across North America. Acta Hort. 667:269-272.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
In 2002, a trial of nine rootstocks grafted to 'Buckeye Gala' (PV 1001) trees was established at University of Illinois. Rootstocks included EMLA-26, M.26 NAKB, M.9 T337, M.9 RN29, B.9 Europe, B.9 Treco, Bermger 756, Supporter 4, and Poland 14. A total of seven trees per rootstock were planted. Fireblight was a major problem in Illinois in 2004. The nine rootstocks responded differently to fireblight infection. The most serious tree mortality occurred on M.9 T337 (86% or 6 out of 7 died), M.26 EMLA (71%, 5 out of 7), and M.26 NAKB (57%, 4 out 7). One tree from each of B.9 Treco and M.9 RN29 has died. All seven trees on only two rootstocks have survived (B.9 Europe and P.14). It is not known if these rootstocks are tolerant to fireblight or have not been exposed to the bacteria. Also, Honeycrisp trees on B.9 Treco planted in the same block were not affected by fireblight. Tree size as a function of TCSA showed that B.9 Europe and B.9 Treco are the smallest, while M.26
NAKB is the largest. The remaining six rootstocks were similar in size. It is too early to judge fruit size or yield since this is the first fruit set in these trees. Rootsuckering is higher in M.9 RN29 and in Supporter 4.
Impacts
Data from this trial has expanded our knowledge of the performance of different rootstocks under the Midwest climate. For example, Budagovski 9 Europe and Poland 14 were the least susceptible rootstocks to fireblight, while the most commonly grown rootstocks EMLA 9 and EMLA 26 were the most susceptible. Information from this study was shared with growers at the Illinois Specialty Growers Conference and at regional fruit schools.
Publications
- Kushad, M. 2003. Rootstocks selection for Illinois apple orchards. Trans. IL State Hort. Soc. 87-88.
- Kushad, M. 2003. Performance of 'Red Gala' in the 1994 NC-140 dwarf and semi-dwarf apple rootstock trial in Champaign. Trans. IL State Hort. Soc. 89-95.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
The performance of Royal Gala on 16 dwarf and 6 semi-dwarf rootstocks planted in 1994 at the University of Illinois Fruit Research Farm was evaluated in 2003. Tree mortality, size, root suckering, and yield were evaluated. Mortality since the trial was established was 40% in trees on Budagovsky-491, 20% in trees on Poland-16, 10% in trees on M.27EMLA, and 10% in trees on Budagovsky-469. Tree mortality was primarily from wind breakage at the graft union and a few due to borers damaging the trunk. Trees on most rootstocks have settled into their maximum potential size with trees grafted on EMLA-26 and Vineland-1 rootstocks being the largest and trees on EMLA-27 and Poland 22 being the smallest. Yield was very poor this year due to a combination of environmental and cultural factors. The unseasonably cold weather during pollination kept bees from moving out of their hives. Another factor that may have contributed to the relatively poor yield this year is the
over-thinning response from the chemical thinners. Consequently, poor yield was observed on all cultivars. Burrknot is a physiological growth that affects some rootstocks. Burrknot is an entry point for borers such as flathead apple tree borer and dogwood borer into the tree trunk causing girdling of the tree trunk and eventual death. Vigorous rootstocks such as Malling-26 EMLA and Malling-9 clones are more prone to develop burrknots than non vigorous ones such as Mark and Poland-16.
Impacts
Ten years after planting, data from this trial has expanded our knowledge of the performance of different rootstocks under the Midwest climate. For example, our data show very little yield and size difference between five of the Malling-9 rootstock clones. Our data also show that Poland-1 rootstock continue to produce very poor yield compared to the other rootstocks. Our data on burrknot development will help growers avoid stocks prone to this problem. Data generated from this study was shared with growers at the Illinois Specialty Growers Conference and at regional fruit schools.
Publications
- Kushad, M.M. 2003. Rootstock selection for Illinois apple orchards. Transactions of the Illinois Hort. Society 87-88.
- Kushad, M.M. 2003. Performance of 'Red Gala' in the 1994 dwarf and semi-dwarf apple rootstocks trial in Champaign. Transactions of the Illinois Hort. Society 89-95.
- Kushad, M.M. 2003. Posharvest handling of small fruits for the fresh market. Proceeding of the Illinois Strawberry Small Fruit. 57-62.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
The performance of `Royal Gala' on 16 dwarf and 6 semi-dwarf rootstocks planted in 1994 at the University of Illinois Fruit Research Farm was evaluated in 2002. Tree mortality, size, root suckering, and yield were evaluated. Similar to data from 2001, tree survival has also been excellent this year with only one tree on Bud 469 showing a sign of weakness. Trees on most rootstocks have settled into their maximum potential size with trees grafted on EMLA-26 and Vineland-1 rootstocks being the largest and trees on EMLA-27 and Poland 22 being the smallest. Yield was variable this year due to a combination of environmental and cultural factors. The unseasonably cold weather during pollination had prevented bees from pollinating the blossoms during full bloom in the middle of April. Another factor that had contributed to the relatively poor yield this year is ineffectiveness of the thinning program, also due to weather. The usual thinning chemicals that we used this year
such NAA and Seven failed to accomplish adequate thinning. However, when an additional thinning treatment was applied it provided excessive thinning, especially on vigorous rootstocks. Consequently, yield was poor on trees grafted on grafted on Malling-26, Vineland-1, and Malling-9 clones. Trees grafted on dwarfing and subdwarfing rootstocks were more productive with trees grafted on Mark rootstock producing more than 3.5 times the number of fruits per tree (270 fruits/tree) than trees on Malling-26 (79 fruits per tree). Yield efficiency was also greater for trees on the smaller trees such as Poland-16 than the trees on the larger rootstocks, such as Malling-26 and Vineland-1. Rootsuckering continues to be very high in trees grafted on most rootstocks. Only trees on Malling-9 Poland-22, Malling-26, and Poland-2 have less than five rootsuckers per tree.
Impacts
Nine years after planting, data from this trial has expanded our knowledge of the performance of different rootstocks under the Midwest climate. For example, our data show very little yield and size difference between five of the Malling-9 rootstock series. Our data also show that Poland-1 rootstock continues to have very poor yield compared to the other rootstocks. Data from this study has been presented in seven grower schools, two twilight meetings, and at the Illinois Specialty Crops Conference.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Trees of 'Royal Gala' apple grafted on 16 dwarf and 6 semi-dwarf rootstocks and planted in 1994 at the University of Illinois Fruit Farm were evaluated in 2001 for survival, growth, yield and rootsuckers. Overall tree survival and growth in 2001 were excellent. None of the trees had died and only six have died since the trial was established; Budagovsky 491 (2 trees); Malling 27 EMLA (1 tree); Poland 16 (2 trees); and Budagovsky 469 (1 tree). Based on trunk cross section area (TCSA) and tree height and spread, the most vigorous were trees are on Vineland-1, Malling 26 EMLA and the Malling 9 clones, while the least vigorous were Malling 27 EMLA, Poland 22, and Budagovski 469. Among the semi-dwarf rootstocks, Poland 1 was the largest and Geneva 30 was the smallest. Yield based on fruit number per tree was excellent this year. The highest yields among the dwarf rootstocks were from trees on Malling 26 EMLA (463 fruits/tree) and Malling 9NAKBT337 (414 fruits/tree) and the
lowest yields were from trees on the subdwarfing rootsotocks such Poland 22 (158 fruits/tree) and Malling 27 EMLA (143 fruits/tree). Yield efficiencies based on number of fruits per trunk cross sectional area were variable among the rootstocks with trees on Poland 16 having the highest yield efficiency of 1.74 and Vineland 1 trees having the lowest yield efficiency of 0.83. Yield and yield efficiency were similar among the semi-dwarfing rootstocks with trees Geneva 30 producing 483 fruits/tree; trees on Malling 26 EMLA producing 451 fruits/tree; trees on Poland 1 producing 411 fruits/tree; and trees on Vineland 2 producing 380 fruits/tree. Yield efficiency was highest among Geneva 30 (0.98) and lowest among Poland 1 (0.72). Root suckering was highest in Mark and Poland 16 and lowest in Malling 26 EMLA with about 2 suckers/tree. Among semi-dwarfing rootstocks, Vineland produced the most suckers followed by Geneva 30 and Poland.
Impacts
The year 2001 data has increased our understanding of the performance of these rootstocks under different climatic conditions. Based on these data, I have given six talks at growers schools in Illinois and has presented the data at the annual meeting of the North Central Region Committee (NCR-140) meeting in Fresno, California. I have also used the information to respond to growers questions about the best apple rootstocks for Illinois.
Publications
- KUSHAD, M.M. 2001. Including fruits in your diet and your health. Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc. 134:40-42.
- KUSHAD, M.M. 2001. Year 2000 results from the 1994 NC.140 dwarf and semi-dwarf apple rootstock trial. Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc. 134:85-89.
- KUSHAD, M.M. 2001. Five-year yield and plant survival of six blackberry cultivars grown in central Illinois. Proceedings of Illinois Small Fruit and Strawberry. 7-9.
- MATUSHESKI, N., WALLIG, M., JUVIK, J., KLEIN, B., KUSHAD, M. and JEFFERY, E. 2001. Preparative HPLC method for the purification of sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile from Brassica oleracea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:1867-1872.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Tree survival, growth, yield, and root suckers for 'Royal Gala' apple planted in 1994 were evaluated among 16 dwarf and 6 semi-dwarf rootstocks. Overall tree survival and growth in the year 2000 have been very good. None of the trees had died and only six have died since the trial was established; Budagovsky 491 (2 trees), Malling 27 EMLA (1 tree); Poland 16 (2 trees); Budagovsky 469 (1 tree). Based on trunk cross section area (TCSA) and tree height and spread, the most vigorous were Malling 26 EMLA and the Malling 9 clones, while the least vigorous were Malling 27 EMLA, Poland 22, and Budagovski 469. Among semi-dwarf rootstocks, Poland 1 was the largest and Geneva 30 was the smallest. Yield was average this year. The highest yielding dwarf rootstocks were Malling 9 NAKB337 and Malling 26 EMLA. Yield efficiency was variable among the semi-dwarf rootstocks. Yield and yield efficiency were similar among the sem-dwarfing rootstocks. With Malling 26 EMLA producing 44
Kg/tree, Vineland 2 producing 38 Kg/tree and Geneva 30 and Poland 1 producing about 29 Kg/tree. Root suckering was highest in Mark and Poland 16 and lowest in Malling. Among semi-dwarfing rootstocks, Geneva 30 continues to have the most suckers followed by Poland 1 and Vineland 2.
Impacts
The year 2000 data has enhanced our knowledge of the performance of these rootstocks under different climatic conditions. Based on these data I have given five talks at growers schools in Illinois and has presented the data at the annual meeting of the Northcentral Region Committee (NCR-140) meeting in Wooster, Ohio. I have also used the information to respond to grower questions about the best apple roostocks for Illiois.
Publications
- Marini, R., J. L. Anderson, B. Barritt, G. Brwon, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, P. Domoto, D. Ferree,J. Garner, G. Greene, C. Hampson, P. Hirst, and M. Kushad. 2000 Performance of 'Gala' apple on four semi-dwarf roostocks: a five-year summary of the 1994 NC-140 semi-dwarf tootstock trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 54:84-91.
- Marini, R., J. L. Anderson, B. Barritt, G. Brwon, J. Cline, W. Cowgill, P. Domoto, D. Ferree,J. Garner, G. Greene, C. Hampson, P. Hirst, and M. Kushad. 2000 Performance of 'Gala' apple on 18 dwarf roostocks: five-year summary of the 1994 NC-140 semi-dwarf tootstock trial. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 54:92-107.
- Kushad, M. 2000. Roostocks for Illinois. Proc. Illinois State Hort. Soc. 133:44-45.
- Kushad, M. 2000. Marketing strategies for a small produce farm: meeting the demands of the 21 st century. Proc. Illinois State Hort. Soc. 133:32-34.
- Kushad, M. 2000. The vertical axe: a simple and easy way to manage training systems for apple. Proc. Illinois State Hort. Soc. 133:52-55.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
In 1994, trees of 'Gala' (Malus domistica Borkh) on eighteen rootstocks were plated at University of Illinois Fruit Farm. Rootstocks for this trial included six selection of Malling-9 (M.9), two from Budagovski (Bud) series, three from Poland (P) series, and two from Vineland (V) series. M.27 EMLA, Bud. 491, P.16, and P.22 produced the smallest size trees. V.1, M.26 EMLA, M.9 RN29, and M.9 NAKB337 produced the largest size trees. M.9 EMLA, M.9 PAJAM 1, M. 9 PAJAM 2, Ottawa-3, Bud.9, Mark, and Bud.469 produced intermediate size trees. Among the most dwarfing rootstocks, P.16 and P.22 produced the highest yield while M.27 EMLA produced the lowest yield. Yields were very similar among the intermediate size rootstocks. In contrast, there were significant differences in yield among the most vigorous rootstocks with M. 9 EMLA producing the highest yield followed by M.9 NAKB337, M.9 PAJAM 1., and V.1. Yield effeciency was highest among the most dwarfing rootstocks and lowest
among the most dwarfing rootstocks.
Impacts
This study has demonstrated that 'Gala' yield is significantly influenced by rootstocks. Data will likely benefit apple growers by providing them information that they can use when starting new orchards. By planting 'Gala' grafted on M.9 EMLA, trees are likely to outyield some of the most popular rootstocks such as M. 26 EMLA or M.9 NAKB337. However, if growers are interested in achieving the highest yield efficiency, then they should select a very dwarfing rootstock such as P.16 or P.22.
Publications
- ABASSI, N., LUSHAD, M., and ENDRESS, A. 1998. Active oxygen scavenging enzymes activities in developing apple flowers and fruits. Scientia Hort. 74:183-194.
- KUSHAD, M. 1998. Chemistry of apple cider. Manual of the Illinois Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Plan. 3rd Edition. 15-17.
- KUSHAD, M. 1998. E. coli and apple cider. Manual of the Illinois Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Plan. 3rd Edition. 47-50.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Tree growth, yield, and rootsuckers for 'Royal Gala' apple planted in 1994 were significantly different among 16 dwarf and 6 semi-dwarf rootstocks. Among the dwarf rootstocks, the most vigorous were Vineland 1 and Malling 26 EMLA and the least vigorous were Malling 27 EMLA, Poland 22, and Budagovski 469. Among semi-dwarf rootstocks, Poland 1 was the largest and Geneva 30 was the smallest. The highest yielding dwarf rootstocks were Ottawa 3 with 23 kg/tree, Mark with 20 kg/tree, and Budagovski 9 with 17 kg/tree. The highest yielding semi-dwarf rootstocks were Geneva 30 with 54 kg/tree and Vineland 2 with 43 kg/tree. Rootuckering was highest in Mark and Poland 16 (8 and 6 suckers/tree, respectively) and lowest in Malling 9 with 0 suckers/tree. Among dwarfing rootstocks, Geneva 30 had the most suckers/tree (8) followed by Poland 1 with 6 suckers/tree.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kushad, M. M.. 1997. Yield and size of 'Royal Gala' apple trees on seven rootstocks. Proc. Illinois State Hort. Soc. 130:19-22.
- Kushad, M. M. 1997. Apple cultivars for Illinois. Proc. Illinois State Hort. Soc. 131:1-4.
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Yield and tree size of Jonagold and Empire varieties on seven rootstocks (P1, Bud 9, M.26EMLA, M.9EMLA, MAC.39, and M.27EMLA, and Mark) and three training systems planted in 1990 continue to suggest that there are interactions between rootstocks and training systems. Empire and Jonagold on M.9 Emla, Mark, Bud-9, and M.26 Emla rootstocks produced higher fruit yield using the vertical-ax training system than the central leader or slender Spindle. P.1 and M.27 Emla produced the lowest yield regardless of the training system. Gala on B.9 and Mark had the highest yield, while Gala on P.1 and M. 9 Emla had the lowest yield. Second year data of Gala fruit firmness, soluble solids, starch, and ethylene production from all 7 rootstocks were similar at harvest. However, after 3 months in cold storage, fruit from Mark and M.27 Emla were slightly softer than the other rootstocks. Data confirms 1995 data.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- KUSHAD, M. and NC.140 Cooperators. 1996. Performance of the NC.140 cooperative apple rootstock planting I. Survival, tee size, yield, and fruit size. Fruit Var. J. 50:6-11.
- KUSHAD, M. and NC.140 Cooperators. 1996. Performance of the NC.140 cooperative apple rootstock planting II. A 10 year summary of TCA, yield, and yield efficiency at 31 sites. Fruit Var. J. 50:11-18.
- KUSHAD, M. 1996. Starting a small scale orchard business. Proc. Small Acr. Conf.34-41.
- KUSHAD, M. 1996. Apple rootstocks for medium and high density plantings. Trans. Illinois State Hort. Soc. Porc. 129:9-11.
- KUSHAD, M. 1996. History of the domestic Apple tree. Trans. Illinois State Hort.Soc. Proc. 129:33-35.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Data from Gala, Jonagold, and Empire varieties on seven rootstocks and three training systems indicate that there is an interactions between rootstocks and training systems. Empire and Jonagold on M.9 Emla, Mark, Bud-9, and M.26 Emla rootstocks produced higher fruit yield using the vertical-ax training system than the central leader or slender Spindle. P.1 and M.27 Emla produced the lowest yield regardless of the training system. Gala on B.9 and Mark had the highest yield, while Gala on P.1 and M.9 Emla had the lowest yield. Trees and fruit buds survived the previous winter freeze of -32 degrees C. Tree mortality of Gala on M.27 Emla was very high compared to other rootstocks due to incompatibility. Gala fruit firmness, soluble solids, starch, and ethylene production from all 7 rootstocks were similar at harvest. However, after 3 months in cold storage, fruits from Mark and M.27 Emla were less firm than the other rootstocks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
Search for more-dwarfing apple rootstocks adaptable to Illinois growing conditions which will enable growers to use high density planting systems such as vertical axis and slender spindle with tree densities of 1500 to 2500 trees per hectare, and moderate densities of 500 to 1000 trees/ha. using central leader, trellis and other systems. Tree size after 5 growing seasons is P.1 > EMLA.26 > B.9 > MARK > EMLA.9 > MAC.39 > EMLA.27. In the relatively strong soils of Illinois, P.1 and EMLA.26 are too vigorous for densities above 1000 trees/ha. even when combined with moderate growing cultivators, but are useful for densities of 500 to 800 trees/ha. B.9 is useful for densities of 500 to 1600 trees/ha. Tree size and performance of EMLA.9, MAC.39 and EMLA.27 is erratic and disappointing. P.1 and B.9 are sturdy, precocious trees. Cumulative production per tree ranking is B.9 > MARK > EMLA.26 > P.1 > EMLA.9 > MAC.39 >EMLA.27.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Since 1960 the trend in U.S. apple orchards is toward smaller trees spaced more closely to increase efficiency of land and labor through the use of less vigorous stions (ST) (combination of the scion cultivar CV on a dwarfing rootstock RS) and efficient cultural systems. British developed RS (Malling Series) form the basis for dwarfing ST currently used in the U.S., but cold hardiness and resistance to fireblight (FB) were not major selection criteria. Both are major factors in Illinois and other states in the Midwest. MM.111 is the leading RS in Illinois, but is only about 20% dwarfing. None of the more dwarfing British RS is dependable in Illinois for FB susceptible CV, thus preventing Illinois growers from moving to more profitable medium and high density plantings. Initial NC-140 programs developed and consolidated data on the British RS. Now efforts are directed towards RS from several European and domestic sources. Mark (from Michigan) shows strong dwarfness,
precocity and efficiency but develops abnormal callus tissue at the crown and is too fireblight susceptible for Illinois use with Jonathan and Golden Delicious, major Illinois CV. B.9 (Russia) and P.1 (Poland) are sturdy, precocious and efficient with mid-range dwarfness, but need more field testing with FB susceptible CV.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
Since 1960 the trend in US apple orchards is toward smaller trees spaced more closely to increase efficiency of land and labor through the use of less vigorous stions (ST) (combination of the scion cultivar CV on a dwarfing rootstock DRS) and efficient cultural systems. British developed RS form from the basis for dwarfing ST, but cold hardiness and resistance to fireblight (FB) were not major selection criteria. Both are major factors in Illinois and other states in the midwest. MM.111 is the leading DRS in Illinois, but is only about 20% dwarfing. None of the more dwarfing British RS is dependable in Illinois for FB susceptable CV, thus preventing Illinois growers from moving to more profitable medium and high density plantings. Initial NC-140 programs developed and consolidated data on the British DRS. Now efforts are directed towards DRS from several European and domestic sources. Mark (from MI) shows strong dwarfness but develops abnormal growth at the crown and
is too FB susceptable for use with Jonathan and Golden Delicious. Bud.9 (Russia) and P.1 (Poland) show good dwarfing and precosity, but need more testing under FB susceptable CV. Mark, Bud.9 and P.1 under FB susceptable CV Gala, Jonagold and Empire are included in the orchard systems trial.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/90 to 09/30/91
Outputs
1984 APPLE ROOTSTOCK TRIAL: With Starkspur Supreme Red Delicious as the scion, these scion-rootstock combinations (stions) fall into 4 tree-size groups: large, semi-large, semi-small and small. B.490, MAC.1, seedling, P.18, M.4 and Ant.313 are large trees bearing their first substantial crop in their eighth leaf. P.1 EMLA.7 and EMLA.26 are semi-large. P.1 continues to look good as a competitor with EMLA.7 and EMLA.26 in tree size and shape, precocity and yields. MAC.39, C.6 and CG.24 are semi-small. MAC.39 has 40 precent tree loss. In the small group, B.9 and CG.10 have the highest yields, no tree losses, and sufficient vigor for a spur-type scion. P.2, P.16 and P.22 do not have enough vigor for spur-type scions. P.1, B.9 and CG.10 appear to be the most useful for Illinois conditions and are worthy of furthur trials. 1990 APPLE ORCHARD SYSTEMS TRIAL: This high density block compares central leader training with slender spindle, vertical axis and modified
vertical axis using 3 cultivars and several rootstocks. At the close of the second leaf, variation in growth among the stions was readily apparent. Jonagold and Gala are vigorous scions whereas Empire shows moderate vigor. P.1 and B.9 are the most vigorous rootstocks with EMLA.9 and Mark showing somewhat less vigor.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/89 to 09/30/90
Outputs
1984 Planting: P.1 continues to perform well as an alternate to M.26 for medium-sized trees. In the size range between M.26 and M.9, C.6, CG.24 and MAC.39 are efficient producers, but 40% of the MAC.39 trees have died. B.9 and CG.10 are efficient producers in the M.9 size range. P.2, P.16 and P.22 are too weak for spur-type Red Delicious under Illinois conditions, but may be useful for more vigorous scions. 1980 Planting: This block was terminated in 1990. MAC.9, later named MARK, was smaller than M.26, had abnormal growth completely surrounding the trunk at the ground level, and developed the highest percentage of black heart in the trunk. Its use in Illinois is questionable. There was little difference between the performance of M.9 and EMLA.9. MAC.24 is a large tree, slow to bear, suckers profusely and should be discarded. Orchards Systems Study: Planted in April, 1990, this high-density block compares central leader trees with slender spindle and vertical
axis trees using 3 cultivars and several rootstocks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/88 to 09/30/89
Outputs
Observations on the various apple rootstocks for 3 plantings follow. 1980 Planting: EMLA 27 is too weak and all 10 trees died. MAC 24 and OAR 1 are large trees with numerous root suckers and low yields. MAC 9 and M 9 are too dwarfing for Starkspur Supreme Red Delicious under Illinois conditions. Ott 3 is intermediate in vigor and is precocious. It is worthy of further testing. 1984 Planting: Bud 9, CG 10, P 16, P 2 and P 22 do not have enough vigor under Illinois conditions to support useful trees of Starkspur Supreme Red Delicious. However, they may be useful for more vigorous cultivars such as Jonathan, McIntosh, Golden Delicious, Gala and others. M 4, MAC 1, P 18, Ant 313 and Bud 490 produce large trees similar to domestic seedling. They are slow to initiate bearing and tend to sucker. P 1, CG 24, MAC 39 and C 6 are intermediate in vigor and they are precocious. P 1 is especially interesting. 1985 Planting: Evaluates MARK (MAC 9) and M 26 as rootstocks for 4 main
varieties grown in Illinois. MARK is more precocious than M 26 thus produces a smaller tree. Tree losses are 12 percent for Jonathan and Empire on MARK and 9 percent on M 26. No Red Delicious or Golden Delicious trees died. Tree loss on M 26 is a problem in Illinois, therefore tree losses on MARK are disappointing.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/87 to 09/30/88
Outputs
Using guidelines specified by the NC-140 research committee, data were collectedon both the 1980 planting and the 1984 planting. The 1980 planting is nearing maturity and will be removed after the 1989 data are recorded. MAC 24 and OAR 1 are large trees with extensive root suckers. OTT 3 and EMLA 9 are medium size trees and are worthy of further testing. Mac 9, M9 and EMLA 27 are too weak for spur-type Red Delicious cultivars. The more precocious combinations in the 1984 planting are starting to bear. Mac 1, Bud 490, Ant 313, M4, P-18, Seedling, and P-1 are large, vigorous trees. M26, M7, CG24, Mac 39 and C6 are medium size trees and may be useful. Bud 9, CG10, P-16, P-2 and P-22 are too weak for spur-type Red Delicious.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/86 to 09/30/87
Outputs
Leaf growth varied between 20 apple dwarfing rootstocks growing in the stoolbed. Ottawa 3 rootstock had the largest leaves and MAX 24 the smallest. The more vigorous rootstocks of EMLA, Budagovski and Polish series were recorded in the intermediate size range. This variation in leaf size has an impact upon scion response when grown on each specific rootstock. Development of the graft-union apple dwarfing stock/scion combinations showed abnormal morphological characteristics associated with the different degrees of dwarfing. The effect of regenerative growth of wound tissues between the stock and scion may be determined microscopically during the first year's growth after budding. Thickening of the outer bark was apparent on M.9, M.26 and M.27 rootstocks when combined with "Granny Smith'. Interstems of M.9 on MM.111, Antonovka and Ottawa 11 rootstocks with 2 scion cultivars were established in 1976 by NC-140 Regional Committee. Tree loss on MM.11 was 9% or less over
9 years, but losses exceeded 16% on the other rootstocks. Trees of 'Empire' were 25% larger and 36% more productive than trees of 'Sturdeespur', as well as more efficient on each rootstock. 'Sturdeespur' and trees on Antonovka were most efficient followed by Ottawa 11 and MM.111. Scions and interstems on Ottawa 11 suffered the greatest winter injury, MM.11 the least with Antonovka intermediate. Continued evaluation in the NC-140 1984 planting (19 rootstocks) and the 1980-81 planting (9 rootstocks).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 09/30/86
Outputs
Development of the graft union in apple dwarfing stock/scion combinations showedabnormal morphological charcteristics associated with the different degrees of dwarfing. Thickening of the outer bark was apparent on Malling 9 (M.9), Malling 26 (M.26) and Malling 27 (M.27) rootstocks when conbined with Granny Smith. The restrictive influence upon the vascular tissues with the graft union are was continued with successive periods of tree growth. The vascular system of extrememly dwarfing rootstocks was characterized as: the major portion of the phloem contained large areas that were non-functioning; regenerative tissues developed into swirling patters by which the vascular tissues became abnormally constricted and oriented at a right angle to the normal, longitudinal pattern of growth; senescence of vascular tissues accentuated the swirling formation of regenerative phellogen that became necrotic, & thus perpetuated necrosis within this vital area; and sinks of
ca-containing crystals were found contiguous to senescing and/or necrotic areas in the functioning phloem adjacent to the cambium. Specific phenomena found in graft unions included: Ca accumulation in necrotic areas contiguous to the graft wound; starch accumulation adjacent to phellogen; callus development on a radial plane in relation to the stem axis; xylem vascular tissues had thickened walls in the union area with extensive fibers; storied cambial development within the union; radial-ray proliferation and swirling of vascular tissues within the union area.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
All trees of the 21 apple dwarfing rootstocks (1984 planting, NC-140) had variedgrowth habits, with the scions on their own roots showing poor horticultural characteristics. Commercial production of the 1980-81 plantings have shown that MAC 9, Ottawa 3, EMLA 7, EMLA, 9, EMLA 26, and M.9 rootstocks produced a significant crop in 1985. Oregon rootstock No. 1 and MAC 24 were not productive. MAC 24 suckers profusely and has produced the most vigorous trees in this planting. The nutritional status of 22 apple dwarfing rootstocks, evaluated for stool bed production in 1983-84, showed few significant differences in leaf P and K content. Ca and Mg concentrations were highest in Polish and Budagovski rootstocks and lowest on EMLA 111. Leaf B levels on vigorous and semi-dwarfing EMLA rootstocks and Fe levels in MAC, Polish, and Budagovski series were higher than in other rootstocks. Positive correlations between leaf Ca and Mg occurred in 17 rootstocks, while negative
correlations between N and Fe were observed in 21 rootstocks. Vascular tissue development has shown definite anomalous growth due to stock/scion interactions. Scanning electron microscopy evaluations show swirling, abnormal orientation of vascular elements. The compatibility between stock and scion showed excessive effects upon phloem growth. For example, EMLA 27 rootstock affected a large portion of phloem, resulting in 60% of it being nonfunctional. Ca accumulated in abnormal necrotic tissues within and contiguous to the functioning phloem.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Evaluation of trees with M.9 stem pieces (as interstems for dwarfing of apples) showed that they are sensitive to extreme cold weather (-31.7C). Eight year old trees (of potential commercial age) were all injured and a significant number died. These rootstock combinations would not be recommended for successful commercial production because of root suckering and small tree size. A rootstock planting (NC-140) made in 1980 has produced the following information: (1) Starkspur Supreme/EMLA 27 flowered early and became senescent; (2) MARK 9 produced adequate fruit for commercial production in the 4th leaf; (3) MARK 24 continues to be non-productive, although it is highly vigorous with profuse root suckering and is capable of adequate commercial production in the 4th leaf. It continues to have an effect upon leaf size and shape of the scion of 'Starkspur Supreme'; (4) leaf size was significantly affected by roostocks with EMLA 27 producing the smallest leaves.
Nutrient-element comparisons were made on 26 different apple-dwarfing rootstocks in the stool-bed. Significant differences were noted in calcium content, with the Polish and Budagoski series being higher than those of the EMLA series. The vascular system of extremely dwarfing rootstocks was characterized as: (1) the major portion of the phloem contained large areas that were non-functioning.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Variations between the stock and scion tissues of Granny Smith/M 26 were found to be: (a) a relatively large area of non-functioning phloem in Granny Smith and the functioning phloem developed into a deviation from a straight line, longitudinally from the roots to the tree top; (b) the horizontal development of the phloem-ray cells was not contiguous with that of the xylem-ray cells; (c) the functioning phloem adjacent to the cambium was characterized as partially developed; without organized phloem-ray cells [which should extend through this vital tissue to provide continuous development into the xylem (wood)]; (d) the M 26 tree trunk was characterized as having large areas of non-functioning phloem. The functioning phloem comprised a large portion of the outer bark, but the phloem-ray cells deviated away from the normal horizontal development; (e) calcium-containing crystals were found in sink areas in the functioning phloem of dormant trees and was related to the
extent of dwarfing as these areas were senescent and could be characterized as being in a 'physiological old-age condition'; (f) potassium and calcium decreased in the following order for the tissues as indicated: functioning phloem, cambium, non-functioning phloem and xylem. Growth comparisons of Starkspur Supreme Red Delicious (Paganelli cv) showed that the dwarfing of 9 different rootstocks during pre-fruit development was characteristic for the given rootstock.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Nine dwarfing apple rootstocks have been established in cooperation with the NC-140 Regional Committee with 23 locations in the U.S. and Canada. After two years' growth, dwarfing characteristics show that EMLA 27 is most dwarfing. EMLA 9 is more vigorous than the regular EM. 9. MAC 24 rootstock is too vigorous at this early stage of development and has produced many root suckers. Under these conditions, it would not be recommended until further cultural practices have been evaluated. Interstem combinations of 10 and 25 cm. EM.9 stem piece have been precocious in fruiting but have a short life problem. The cultivars utilized with this combination were Empire and Sturdeespur Delicious (Miller strain) with Antonovka and MM 111 as rootstocks. Profuse suckering occurred in all combinations and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) was found in newly formed suckers of Antonovka. A combination of fire blight, winter injury, sunscald and borers have caused a high percentage of
tree mortality in the six years since planting. The dwarfing for these two cultivars was too great with the 25 cm. stem piece, as contrasted to excellent tree size with the 10 cm. piece. Graft-union evaluations of Granny Smith/EM 26 and MM 106 show that K and Ca. were translocated in lower amounts through the EM 26 union than that of MM 106. Significant amounts of Ca. were stored in the non-functioning phloem, declining as the tissues progressed into the xylem. The functioning phloem contained more Ca. This may be related to dwarfing and to the Ca.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Tree performance as related to incompatibility and growth of tissues between thestock and scion of selected dwarfing rootstocks and apple cultivars by use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the following: Orchardists must maintain ultimate care to produce uniformity in growth during the formative years to produce adequate callus development at the juncture between stock and scion; maintain and develop a straight trunk at the graft-union in order to facilitate a well-developed and continuous vascular system between the interacting components. Cellular-profile development has been made on Granny Smith/M.26, MM 106, M.9, M.7a; Granspur/M-7a; Redchief Delicious/seedling, M.7a, MM 106, M.9, MM 111. SEM studies show extensive differences exist between Granny Smith and the different dwarfing rootstocks. The Granny Smith wood is highly fibrous, with extensive phloem development occurring on the opposite side of the graft-union. These studies reveal isolated areas
of Ca accumulation in the non-functioning phloem and increased amounts throughout the functioning phloem, but its presence was negligible in the xylem. Current studies include determination of the ultimate effect upon development of tissues within the graft-union area. Rootstock-cultivar combinations currently under study are 3 strains of virus-certified and non-certified Granny Smith and virus-certified and non-certified M.26; MM 106 and M.7a.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Interstem combinations of 10.0 and 25 cms of M.9 stem piece with Antonovka and MM 111 as rootstocks have produced profuse suckering since the second year's growth in the orchard. Erwinia amylovora was observed on young succulent sprouts from Antonovka seedling. Presence of the sprouts contributes to immaturity of tissues at the ground level due to growth interaction and prolonging dormancy. Some winter injury was evident during the 4th growing season. The 25 cm M.9 stem piece caused too much dwarfing for economic yields to be achieved and would be too dwarfing for spur types. At this early stage of development, the stem pieces have developed abnormal growth characteristics such as: (1) flattening and twisting of the stem piece; (2) burr knot formation on the stem piece; (3) extreme growth reduction above and below the union; (4) subsequent sprout formation from the development of burr knots below the union. It was found that some apple cultivars unite between the
scion and stock and produce a straigher tree trunk with chip budding as compared with T-budding. This prevents abnormal development of spongy bark within the union areas. Spongy bark is undesirable because a large portion of it has non-functioning phloem and becomes susceptible to winter injury and disease problems. Ca exceeded K in all areas examined by the electron microprobe. Functioning phloem in the graft union of Granny Smith/M.26 contained 3.5 times as much Ca as K.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Evaluation was made of 'Empire' and 'Sturdeespur Delicious' (Miller Strain) withthe interstem piece of M.9 on MM. 111, Antonovka or Ottowa 11 rootstocks. Suckering was profuse on all combinations which has adverse implications on cultural management. The 4" (9.5 cm) stem piece produced a tree canopy which permitted more light penetration than the 10" (11.2 cm) piece. Tree characteristics were more dwarfing and less desirable for future production. The combination of 'Sturdeespur Delicious' (Miller Strain)/M9/MM111 produced growth restrictions so severe that it would not be advisable to plant these combinations. Tissue development of Granny Smith/M26 and Bartlett pear/provence quince was studied utilizing scanning electron microscopy and the electron microprobe for Ca evaluation between stock and scion. Variability in specific tissues occurs with functioning phloem on the Granny Smith side of the union being the highest. Ca was also variable in the Bartlett
pear/provence quince union with Ca accumulation occurring near the union of the Bartlett pear tissue.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Effects of different rootstocks upon tree growth have been recorded using "Spur types" of 'Red Delicious' grown on M.26, M.7, MM 106, MM 111 rootstocks. Vigorous growth has been maintained and staking is not required for these rootstocks in Illinois, except for training in the formative years. MM 111 has produced a more upright tree than M.26. Sprouts around the tree base have not been a problem. M.7 has proven to be an excellent rootstock in Illinois. However, it requires good cultural practices such as mulching, irrigation and an adequate supply of nutrient-elements in balance with a moderate pruning program. An interstem planting was made in 1976 in cooperation with NC-140. Fifty percent of the trees had sprouts at the tree base at the end of the 1st-year's growth and 100% two years later. M.9 stem piece grew much larger with the combination of Empire/M.9/Antonovka and Miller Spur/M.9 /Ottowa 2. The 25 cm M.9 stem piece produced more dwarfing than the 10 cm
piece. However, in both cases, the stem piece was flattened with abnormal growth. The following morphological characteristics have been found on these combinations: M.9/MM 111 (MM 111 smaller); MAC 27/MM 111 (MM 111 dead or dying with abnormal growth, large necrotic areas in union); M.9/Ottowa 2 (M.9 dead or no growth); Miller Spur/M.9 (large necrotic areas in M.9 with it being larger); Antonovka/M.8 (Antonovka dying).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
Continuation of studies concerning stock/scion interstem interrelationships of various dwarfing rootstocks on productivity for apples. Incompatibility was found in the M.9/Ottowa combination. Summarization of data from 13-year study on mulching has been made and will be published.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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