Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Specific study objectives were to: identify changes in the make-up and number of people using Minnesota state parks; identify and describe barriers and constraints to recreation participation in state parks; and develop and test management actions designed to promote greater outdoor recreation participation in the state park system. (1) A visitor survey of urban and rural residents in two Midwestern states was conducted to examine attitudes toward mountain lions and management alternatives. A community assessment was conducted in the lower Kaskaskia River basin to explore six communities' capacity for sustainable watershed management. The study was conducted in the St. Louis Metropolitan East region; communities ranged in population, density, and land cover. (2) A website was created around the benefits-based management framework and resides within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gateway website. It provides a inexpensive way to develop recreation management plans for managers with limited budgets, time and personnel. (3) A study was initiated to develop a method to assess visual quality of the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, urban river corridor. (4) Stakeholder inventories and interviews were conducted in two paired watersheds (Sand Creek and Vermillion River, Minnesota). Data were collected through a riparian landowner survey in the two paired watersheds (Sand Creek and Vermillion River, Minnesota). Posters and papers on the research were presented at professional conferences and as presentations in invited seminars or workshops for organizations such as the Community Research Team, Minnesota Association of Watershed Districts, Scott County Watershed Management Organization, the Minnesota River Interagency Study Team, and the St. Croix Basin Implementation Team. PARTICIPANTS: Forest Resources (K. Nelson, D. Fulton, D. Becker and M. Kilgore); Architecture and Landscape Architecture (D. Pitt); Division of Recreation, Parks and Leisure Studies(K. Russell); Tourism Center (I. Schneider); Curriculum and Instruction (S. Carlson, F. Finley) Cooperating agency personnel (not Agricultural Experiment Station): Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,Division of Parks and Recreation (C. Nelson, P.Arndt, J. Stedman, and others), Division of Trails and Waterways (S. Willhite and others), Office of Planning (T. Kelly, S. Asah, and others); USDAForest Service (P. Jakes, D. Bengston, S. Snyder, and others); National Park Service (J. Thompson, G. Vequist, S. Cinnamon, P. Labovitz, N. Poe, K. Miller, R. Krumenaker, J. Northup and others); US Army Corps of Engineers (S. Jackson, K. Perrault and others); US Fish & Wildlife TARGET AUDIENCES: Stakeholders in human dimensions of watershed and ecosystem management; recreation participants in state parks. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Outcomes from these studies increased awareness of the human dimensions of watershed and ecosystem management and especially an improved understanding of attitudes toward landscape changes such as the recolonization of mountain lions and declining water quality in the Midwest. Findings are being used by the Minnesota DNR Division of Parks and Recreation to market parks for visit use. Findings of these studies have been presented across Minnesota and the Midwest, Wisconsin and New Mexico. PI has consulted with personnel in the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Agriculture, and Department of Natural Resources on strategies for incorporating social science and community capacity indicators developed from these projects into agency planning and implementation.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Under the AES project title "Community and Visitor Benefits of Public Lands" work on two complementary grants has been ongoing. In 2011 work was initiated on two additional projects: "Nitrogen Budget Assessment to Determine Nitrogen Loading" and "Community Adaptive Capacity for Landscape Change." Each of these projects is related to public lands and water resource management and community benefits. Data collection for the project entitled "Constraints and Opportunities around Watershed-wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface" is near completion. In 2011 I conducted a stakeholder inventory in two paired watersheds (Sand Creek and Vermillion River, Minnesota) and key informant interviews with 38 stakeholders. These interviews have been transcribed and are being analyzed using qualitative methods. In addition, one undergraduate student conducted research associated with this project as both an Honors Thesis project and as an Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program experience for which she received a small grant. She has produced an honors thesis and defended her research. Work on a complementary project entitled "Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface" is also ongoing. Data were collected through a riparian landowner survey in the two paired watersheds (Sand Creek and Vermillion River, Minnesota). Data have been entered and are being analyzed. One preliminary technical summary report was prepared. Preliminary study findings have been presented as three posters and two oral papers at three professional conferences and as oral presentations in 10 invited seminars or workshops for organizations such as the Minnesota Association of Watershed Districts, Scott County Watershed Management Organization, the Minnesota River Interagency Study Team, and the St. Croix Basin Implementation Team. Semistructured interviews have been initiated in the nitrogen budget assessment project to identify opportunities and constraints around nitrogen management as perceived by agricultural producers in two southern Minnesota watersheds. The interview guide and protocol have been produced and approved by UMN's Institutional Review Board. The community adaptive capacity project is aimed at assessing forest-associated communities' capacity to adapt to landscape change in Minnesota. Our first case study community is Walker located near the Chippewa National Forest. The research team has conducted 20 interviews with key informants in Walker including municipal officials, business representatives, forest service personnel, educators and tribal representatives. Data analysis is ongoing. Graduate Student Years: 1.5 PARTICIPANTS: Constraints and Opportunities around Watershed-Wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface / Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface: Mae Davenport (PI) coordinated project planning and study design, met with stakeholders, supervised students conducting a stakeholder inventory, conducted key informant interviews, and trained students in interviewing and data analysis. Amanda Sames (graduate research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, reviewed literature, conducted key informant interviews, transcribed interviews and conducted data analysis. Paula Guetter (graduate research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, reviewed literature, conducted key informant interviews, transcribed interviews and conducted data analysis. Amit Pradhananga (graduate research assistant) reviewed the literature, met with stakeholders, and developed a theoretical framework to guide survey construction, administered the survey, and conducted data analysis. Sarah MacFarland (undergraduate research assistant) reviewed literature, conducted key informant interviews, transcribed interviews and conducted data analysis. Partner organizations include Scotty County and Dakota County, Minnesota, which provided assistance with study design and geographic information systems data. Nitrogen Budget Assessment to Determine Nitrogen Loading: Mae Davenport (PI) coordinated project planning and study design, met with stakeholders, supervised student conducting a stakeholder inventory, and trained students in interviewing. Bjorn Olson (research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, reviewed literature, and conducted pilot key informant interviews. Community Adaptive Capacity for Landscape Change: Mae Davenport (PI) coordinated project planning and study design, met with stakeholders, supervised students conducting a stakeholder inventory, conducted key informant interviews, and trained students in interviewing. Amanda Sames (research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, conducted key informant interviews, and analyzed data. Amit Pradhananga (research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, conducted key informant interviews, and analyzed data. Paula Guetter (research assistant) conducted key informant interviews. Bjorn Olson (research assistant) conducted key informant interviews. John Bussey (graduate fellow) conducted key informant interviews. Christine Yaeger (research assistant) conducted key informant interviews. Sarah MacFarland (undergraduate research assistant) conducted key informant interviews. TARGET AUDIENCES: The two projects, "Constraints and Opportunities Around Watershed-wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface" and "Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface" have served diverse audiences including resource professionals at the federal, state and local levels, educators, outreach and extension agents, and academics. When projects are completed in years 2012 and 2013, target audiences will include community leaders (e.g., elected and appointed officials), nonprofit organizations, and citizens. Each project will produce summary reports, which will be disseminated through websites and in print at special events. Science-based knowledge associated with the projects also has been delivered to undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Minnesota as part of a learning module on watershed management in a course entitled "Sustainable Land Use Planning and Policy." Science-based knowledge has been delivered to graduate and undergraduate research assistants as members of the research team. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Preliminary findings from the two studies, "Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface" and "Constraints and Opportunities around Watershed-Wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface," have been presented to diverse audiences of resource professionals and academics across Minnesota and in Wisconsin and New Mexico. Davenport (PI) has consulted with personnel in the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Agriculture, and Department of Natural Resources on strategies for incorporating social science and community capacity indicators developed from these projects into agency planning and implementation. Several of the invited seminars presented were webcasted to audiences across Minnesota and the greater Midwest. Through these seminars, stakeholders gained knowledge about social science research methodologies in general, and human community assessments, specifically. Attendees learned about assessment indicators and tools for engaging citizens and improving water resource management. I hosted a communications workshop at the Minnesota Association of Watershed Districts' Annual Conference where participants were engaged in interactive problem-solving activities to develop targeted outreach strategies based on behavior change theories in psychology and social psychology. Stakeholders have confirmed that they are using research findings from these studies to engage citizens, develop outreach strategies, and develop implementation programs that are informed by community assets and needs. Building on the projects conducted this year, Davenport has developed and submitted five proposals to state and federal grant programs.
Publications
- Davenport, M.A., Pradhananga, A. & Sames, A. 2011. The influence of local governance on watershed management in Minnesota: Capacities, constraints, and catalysts of change. (abstract). In: Abstracts of the International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, June 4-8, 2011, Madison, WI.
- Guetter, P., Sames, A., & Davenport, M.A. 2011. How do you define sustainable watershed management? Insight from stakeholders in two Minnesota watersheds. (abstract). In: Abstracts of the International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, June 4-8, 2011, Madison, WI.
- Oftedal, A., Davenport, M.A., Schneider, I.E., Zerger, C. Schreurs, B., & Vogel, M. 2011. An ecosystem approach to recreation location quotients. Forests 2(4):993-1012.
- Davenport, M.A., & Pradhananga, A. 2011. Exploring a moral obligation model of riparian buffer management among landowners. (abstract). In: Abstracts of the American Water Resources Association Annual Water Resources Conference, Albuquerque, MN, November 6-10, 2011.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work on one grant has been completed and another two complementary grants initiated. Each projects is related to public land and water resource management and community benefits. As part of the project entitled "Evaluating Watershed Health Risks through Integrated Water Quality Analyses, Community Capacity Assessments, and Outreach Appraisals," I analyzed data collected from June through July 2009 in a survey of residents living in 7 watersheds in southwestern Illinois. Project collaborators and I analyzed respondent data (n=1081) using descriptive and inferential statistics. These data were presented in four community workshops in June and August 2010. Workshop attendees were municipal planners, water resource managers, community-based organization representatives and citizens. In the workshops project collaborators and I presented water quality and community capacity findings. Also facilitated the Watershed Game created by Northland Non-point Education for Municipal Officials (NEMO) as an interactive learning tool aimed at increasing awareness of stream pollutants and best management practices among participants. We used an audience response system in the workshops (i.e., "clickers") to engage participants and provide instant feedback based on their responses. Developed two community summary reports: "Water Quality and Community Capacity in the Richland Creek Watershed" and "Water Quality and Community Capacity in the Silver Creek Watershed" available on our project website: http://kaskaskia.illinoisstate.edu/. Advised a M.S. graduate student on the project who received training in workshop planning, the Watershed Game facilitation, and program evaluation. This student has begun to appraise the effectiveness of the project outreach programs including the website, workshops, summary reports, and a traveling display which will be circulated throughout schools and libraries within the study communities. The display provides information on the definition of watersheds, describes potential pollutants of concern, and identifies actions residents can take to address water quality problems. The display is targeted toward students in K-12 grades. The program evaluation component is ongoing. Presented project findings to local stakeholders at invited seminars for the Metropolitan Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts and the Water Resources Science University of Minnesota Graduate Program Seminar Series. Also presented at two professional meetings including the 2010 National Water Conference. Initiated project entitled "Constraints and Opportunities around Watershed-Wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface." Conducted a stakeholder inventory in two study watersheds (Sand Creek and Vermillion River) and key informant interviews with 10 stakeholders. The interviews have been transcribed and are being analyzed using qualitative methods. Three graduate students (2 M.S. & 1 Ph.D.) are supported on this project and a complementary project entitled "Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface." In the process of developing a riparian landowner resident survey to be administered spring 2011. PARTICIPANTS: (1) Evaluating Watershed Health Risks through Integrated Water Quality Analyses, Community Capacity Assessments, and Outreach Appraisals: Mae Davenport (PI) conducted survey analysis, facilitated workshops, and wrote final summary reports. Currently coordinating outreach program evaluation. Jon Schoonover (PI) conducted water quality analysis, assisted with workshop facilitation and reviewed final summary reports. Karl Williard (PI) conducted water quality analysis and assisted with workshop facilitation. Erin Seekamp (PI) conducted survey analysis, assisted with workshop facilitation, coordinated outreach traveling display development and reviewed final summary reports. Joan Brehm (PI) assisted with workshop facilitation and reviewed final summary reports. Christine Yaeger (research assistant) facilitated workshops, wrote final summary reports and is conducting outreach program evaluation. Elliot Brinkman (research assistant) assisted with workshop facilitation and conducted survey analysis. The Southwestern Illinois Resource Conservation and Development (partner organization) assisted with workshop facilitation. Julia Friedmann (research assistant) and Charnsmorn Hwang (research assistant) conducted water quality analysis. Adam Newkirk (research assistant) assisted with workshop facilitation and is coordinating traveling display outreach. Five graduate students received training through this project in skill such as report writing, workshop facilitation, data analysis, and outreach evaluation. Workshop participants (e.g., community leaders and citizens) received training in watershed best management practices and community capacity-building. (2) Constraints and Opportunities around Watershed-Wide Riparian Zone Management at the Urban-Rural Interface / Drivers of Ecosystem-Based Community Management at the Urban-Rural Interface: Mae Davenport (PI) coordinated project planning and study design, met with stakeholders, supervised students conducting a stakeholder inventory, conducted key informant interviews, and trained students in interviewing. Amanda Sames (research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, reviewed literature, and conducted key informant interviews. Paula Guetter (research assistant) assisted with study design, met with stakeholders, conducted a stakeholder inventory, reviewed literature, and conducted key informant interviews. Amit Pradhananga (research assistant) reviewed the literature, met with stakeholders, and developed a theoretical framework to guide survey construction. Partner organizations include Scotty County and Dakota County who provided assistance with geographic information systems data. TARGET AUDIENCES: The "Evaluating Watershed Health Project" served diverse audiences including community leaders (city managers, planners, and elected officials), water resource professionals (engineers, NRCS staff), and citizens in southwestern Illinois through the various outreach components of the project (e.g., website, summary reports, workshops, and traveling displays). The website has been online throughout this reporting period with continuous updates of information. Four workshops were held during the summer that delivered science-based knowledge through the presentation of study findings and engaged participants in collaborative role-playing and learning (e.g., stream pollutant sources and watershed best management practices) through the Watershed Game. The summary reports are designed for a lay audience and are available for viewing or printing on the project website. Science-based knowledge associated with the project also has been delivered to undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Minnesota as part of a learning module on watershed management in a course entitled "Sustainable Land Use Planning and Policy." Science-based knowledge has been delivered to water resource professionals (Metropolitan Association of Soil and Water Conservation District representatives and Minnesota Department of Natural Resource staff) in two research seminars. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Workshops held as part of the "Evaluating Watershed Health" Project increased participants' (including citizens, community planners, and water resource professionals) awareness of water resource pollutants of concern in the Lower Kaskaskia River Basin located in southwestern Illinois. Participants also gained knowledge about community constraints and opportunities for sustainable watershed management. Workshop participants were engaged in collaborative role-playing exercise called the Watershed Game which achieved several learning objectives including increased awareness of sources of phosphorus, enhanced understanding of best management practices to address phosphorus, and facilitated decision-making skills centered on watershed-wide, interjurisdictional collaboration between communities and land uses (e.g., agriculture and urban). In the workshop evaluations, participants reported that they had gained knowledge and would apply that knowledge in their own household choices or community decision-making.
Publications
- Baker, M.L., Dhungel, S., Davenport, M.A., Leahy, J.E., & Bridges, C.A. 2010. An exploratory investigation of the roles friends groups play in national park management. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education and Leadership 2(3):285-300. Davenport, M.A., Nielsen, C., & Mangun, J.C. 2010. Attitudes toward mountain lion management in the Midwest: Implications for a potentially recolonizing large predator. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, Special Issue: Carnivores 15(5):373-388.
- Davenport, M.A., Bridges, C.A., Mangun, J.C., Carver, A.D., Williard, K.W.J., & Jones, E.O. 2010. Building local community commitment to wetlands restoration: A case study of the Cache River Wetlands in southern Illinois, U.S.A. Environmental Management 45(4):711-723.
- Davenport, M.A., Baker, M.L., Leahy, J.E., & Anderson, D.H. 2010. An exploratory study of place meanings in an Illinois State Park. Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration 28(1):52-69.
- Davenport, M.A., Yaeger, C., Schoonover, J.E., Seekamp, E., Brehm, J., Wiliard, K.W.J., & Brinkman, E. 2010. Water Quality and Community Capacity in Richland Creek Watershed, Illinois. Research Publication. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.
- Davenport, M.A., Yaeger, C., Schoonover, J.E., Seekamp, E., Brehm, J., Wiliard, K.W.J., & Brinkman, E. 2010. Water Quality and Community Capacity in Silver Creek Watershed, Illinois. Research Publication. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.
- Brehm, J., Seekamp, E., Davenport, M.A., Lord, E., & Brinkman, E. 2010. Community attachment as predictors for watershed concern in a "low" natural amenity landscape. (abstract). In Abstracts from the 16th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management. June 6-10, Corpus Christi, TX.
- Smith, J.W., Anderson, D.H., Davenport, M.A., & Leahy, J.E. 2010. Perceived community benefits from recreation resources: From scale development to development validation. (abstract). In Proceedings of the 2010 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, April 11-13, 2010, Bolton Landing, NY.
- Davenport, M.A., Seekamp, E., Brehm, J.M., & Slemp, C. 2010. Social networks and organizational coordination: Keys to local-level capacity for sustainable watershed management. (abstract). In Abstracts of the National Water Conference, February 21-25, 2010, Hilton Head, SC.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Understanding local residents' attitudes towards landscape changes on public and private lands is critical to effective ecosystem management. Key questions in this area of research include (1) are local stakeholders aware of landscape changes (2) what are their beliefs about the human-environment relationship, (3) what are their attitudes toward ecosystem management alternatives and (4) how does landscape change influence their individual behaviors and their community's collective action A visitor survey of urban and rural residents in two Midwestern states was conducted to examine attitudes toward mountain lions and management alternatives. Mountain lions are believed to be recolonizing the Midwest as confirmations of the presence of individuals and the potential for breeding pairs in states such as North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois have increased. Data from this study were analyzed using means, frequencies, and significance tests. Study findings were disseminated to communities of interest (e.g., wildlife advocates, managers, scientists) in a technical report and at a professional conference. A community assessment was conducted in the lower Kaskaskia River basin to explore 6 communities' capacity for sustainable watershed management. The study was conducted in the St. Louis Metropolitan East region, which spans the urban-rural interface of southwestern Illinois. The communities ranged in population, population density, and land cover (i.e., predominantly urban to predominantly agricultural). Forty-three key informant interviews were conducted with community gatekeepers and 6 focus groups were held with community planners and managers and concerned citizens. Data from this component of the study were analyzed using qualitative analysis procedures. Concomitantly, water quality data were collected from 45 subwatersheds in the study area. Study findings have been shared in a progress report to members of the Community Research Team, which is comprised of 65 diverse stakeholders in the study communities. Results also were disseminated to water resource practitioners and scientists at a professional conference. A website has been developed that will reach a diverse population of local stakeholders with internet access (e.g., water resource professionals, community planners and managers, educators, citizens). The website will describe the project and present project findings in a user-friendly format including maps, tables, photographs, real-time stream data, and project summaries. This project is ongoing. Graduate Student Years = 0.5 PARTICIPANTS: Participants include Christopher Slemp (M.S. student who graduated in December) and Natalie Mountjoy (Ph.D. student); community stakeholders participating in the surveys, interviews, and focus groups; and members of the community research team. Collaborators include Dave Eustis and Ed Wallbacher of Southwestern Illinois Resources Conservation and Development and Clay Nielsen of Southern Illinois University Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for the research are state wildlife and water resource managers; federal agencies including U.S. EPA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and communities (e.g., residents, planners and managers, local nonprofit organizations). PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Outcomes from these studies include increased awareness of the human dimensions of watershed and ecosystem management and especially an improved understanding of attitudes toward landscape changes like the recolonization of mountain lions and declining water quality in the Midwest. Results from these projects are synthesized into recommendations targeting natural resource and community managers. Outcomes will be better informed decisions around natural resource and community management.
Publications
- Anderson, D.H., Davenport, M.A., Leahy, J.E., Stein, T. and Nickerson, R. 2009. Local community benefits. In Driver, B.L. (ed.), Managing to optimize the beneficial outcomes of recreation. State College, Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
- Nielsen, C., Davenport, M.A., and Mangun, J.C. 2009. Urban and rural residents' attitudes towards mountain lions in two Midwestern states. (abstract). In: 2009 Defenders of Wildlife Carnivores Conference Proceedings, November 15-18, Denver, CO.
- Slemp, C. 2009. An assessment of community capacity for sustainable watershed management in the lower Kaskaskia River watershed. M.S. Thesis: Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
- Davenport, M.A., Seekamp, E., Slemp, C., and Brehm, J.M. 2009. Using multiple research methods to assess conflict and common ground in storm and wastewater management in the lower Kaskaskia River basin. (abstract) In: Abstracts of the 2009 American Water Resources Association Annual Water Resources Conference, November, 9-12, Seattle, WA.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Increasingly, public recreation managers are under pressure to involve stakeholders, including local communities, in managing public recreation areas. As a result, it is critically important to document the positive outcomes, including onsite and offsite benefits that recreation visitors and community residents attain. A website for public land managing agencies was created to provide managers with a web resource that would bring together research findings, information, resources, methods, and applications of benefits based recreation management generated by more than 30 years of work by researchers and managers. The website provides a heuristic model (1) of the way in which visitor and community benefits are impacted by an individual's attachment to a place, (2) an individual's trust in the public land manager to manage lands for the good of society, and (3) the overall impact that benefit attainment, place attachment and agency trust have on sustaining communities and resources long term. The website is designed around the benefits based management framework and resides within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gateway website. The field-tested process outlined in the website breaks down the implementation of benefits based management into a step-by-step, easy to follow process that can be accomplished without assistance from outside research professionals. Using the framework outlined on the website also provides greater management accountability across a greater number of stakeholder and constituent groups. The website also provides an inexpensive way to develop recreation management plans for managers with limited budgets, time, and personnel to devote to recreation management. A study was initiated to develop a method or tool to assess visual quality of the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota urban river corridor. This corridor is managed as a National Park Service (NPS) site--Mississippi National River Recreation Area. The NPS needs a way to assess current visual quality so that development decisions are informed and do not negatively impact management of the federally protected corridor. Stakeholder groups (developers, landowners, city, county, state and federal land managers, and citizens living within the corridor) were asked to participant in one of 12 focus/visual survey groups to identify key criteria and features of the corridor that should be included in a visual assessment tool for the corridor. Results are currently being used to develop a prototype visual assessment tool for urban river corridors. The tool will be tested in spring/summer 2009. Graduate student years = 1. PARTICIPANTS: The following individuals (graduate students and research associates) have worked on the Corps of Engineers webtools project: Jared T. Bowman, Master's student in NRSM (graduated in summer 2008); Raintry Salk, Research Associate in Dept of Forest Resources. Collaborators and contacts in the design of the US Army Corps of Engineers web based tool box include: Kathleen Perales, USACE Research Biologist in Engineer Research and Development Center; Scott Jackson, USACE Research Coordinator in Engineer Research and Development Center. TARGET AUDIENCES: Recreation resource managers of Corps outdoor recreation sites. Other federal land managing agencies with outdoor recreation responsibilities including USDA Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and USDI Bureau of Land Management. NPS park planners, especially those working in urban areas or with linear parks in areas where development pressure is of concern. Other federal land managing agencies with responsibilities for managing resources in highly developed areas and state, county, and municipal parks and recreation administrators, planners, and managers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Findings from a study completed in 2008 about why Minnesotans choose to recreate or not recreate in state parks identified key experiences desired and attained by state park visitors, significant constraints to visiting state parks and negotiation strategies potential visitors can use to create greater opportunities to visit parks and attain the physical and mental health benefits parks offer. Findings are being used by the Minnesota DNR Division of Parks and Recreation to market parks for visitor use, illustrate state park connections to building and sustaining local social and economic capital, make design changes in park facilities, and broaden park visitor offerings where appropriate.
Publications
- Leahy, J.E. and Anderson, D.H. 2008. Trust meanings in community-water resource management agency relationships: Landscape and urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 87:100-107.
- Anderson, D.H., Davenport, M.A., Leahy, J.E., and Stein, T.V. 2008. OFM and local community benefits. IN: B.L. Driver, Managing to Optimize the Beneficial Outcomes of Recreation. State College, PA; Venture Publ. Inc.
- Anderson, D.H. 2008. Targeting benefits for Minnesota state parks. IN: B.L. Driver, Managing to Optimize the Beneficial Outcomes of Recreation. State College, PA; Venture Publ. Inc.
- Fulton, D.C., Manfredo, M.J., and Anderson, D.H. 2008. Application of experienced-focused and outcomes-focused management to fisheries and wildlife management. IN: B.L. Driver, Managing to Optimize the Beneficial Outcomes of Recreation. State College, PA; Venture Publ. Inc.
- Weber, D.M., Senior, J., Zenon, D., and Anderson, D.H. 2008. "Healthy parks, healthy people:" Assessing the benefits gained by Australian park visitors. IN: B.L. Driver, Managing to Optimize the Beneficial Outcomes of Recreation. State College, PA; Venture Publ. Inc.
- Bowman, J.T. 2008. Connecting national wildlife refuges with green infrastructure: The Sherburne-Crane Meadows Complex. M.S. thesis. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Anderson, D.H., S. Wilhelm-Stanis, I.E. Schneider, and J.E. Leahy. 2008. Proximate and distant visitors: differences in importance ratings of beneficial experiences. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 26(4):47-65. Anderson, D.H. and D.C. Fulton. 2008. Experience preferences as mediators of wildlife related recreation participation-place attachment relationship. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 13(2):73-88.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Why Minnesotans choose to recreate or not recreate in state parks is of utmost concern to the Division of Parks and Recreation and to the Minnesota DNR in general. Parks provide Minnesotans with experience opportunities that are critical to their short and long term mental and physical health and well-being. Parks provide opportunities for the growth and maintenance of social and economic capital in communities located in close proximity to them. Parks are also a key component in sustaining ecological processes and the services provided by these processes. Declining numbers of visitors to state parks can impact the future of nature based outdoor recreation in Minnesota, the sustainability of rural communities, and the ecological health of the state. In sum both the economic and noneconomic benefits provided by parks is diminished when visitor numbers decline. Two surveys were developed and conducted to address declining numbers of visitors to Minnesota State parks. 1) A
visitor survey was developed and administered to a random sample of visitors across Minnesota's state park system. The visitor survey gathered data on visitors': a) sociodemographic characteristics, b) use of Minnesota state parks over time and how it may have changed, c) reasons for visiting state parks, d) perceived attachment and benefits derived from visiting parks, e) strategies used to negotiate time, budget, family and other potential constraints to visiting state parks, and f) perceptions of what state parks should be for future generations. 2) A random sample of Minnesota households was drawn to conduct a general survey of Minnesotans to determine their perception of state parks, use of the parks, reasons for not using the parks, and ways the DNR can manage parks to make them more accessible and attractive for visitors. A series of focus groups were also held. The purpose of the focus groups was to capture Minnesota residents who are underrepresented in state park visitation
and determine why they are underrepresented. Survey and focus group data are being used by the DNR to develop a marketing strategy that addresses the diversity of Minnesota's population and targets specific programs in state parks to increase visitation across all segments of the state's population. These studies are ongoing. Data analysis and dissemination of research results is just beginning. A one-hour television special on Minnesota TPT channel 17 was produced and aired in October and November 2007. The focus of the show was to highlight trend data showing a drop in outdoor and state park visitation, discuss reasons for the drop and how the trend might be reversed. Research findings from studies supported by this project over the past five years are being translated into a web based tool box for use by federal land managing agencies, especially the US Army Corps of Engineers. The tool box is developed to fit within the Corps' Natural Resources Management Gateway site and will be
accessible to all Corps of Engineers sites, other federal land managers and Corps' partners in management.
PARTICIPANTS: Participants in MN DNR state park visitor and household studies: The following individuals (graduate students and undergraduate students) have worked on the Minnesota DNR visitor and household survey projects: Sonja Wilhelm Stanis, Doctoral student in NRSM; RaeLynn Jones Loss, Masters student in NRSM; Juli Van Cleve, Undergraduate student in RRM; Kate Flitsch, Undergraduate student in RRM (graduated in spring 2007); Joe Thompson, Undergraduate student in RRM. Collaborators and contacts in the design of the DNR surveys include: Tim Kelly, DNR OMB; Patricia Arndt, DNR Parks and Recreation; Debbie Leider, DNR Marketing. Participants in US Army Corps of Engineers web based tool box. The following individuals (graduate students) have worked on the US Army Corps of Engineers web based tool box: Jared T. Bowman, Master's student in NRSM. Collaborators and contacts in the design of the US Army Corps of Engineers web-based tool box include: Kathleen Perales, USACE Research
Biologistin Engineer Research and Development Center; Scott Jackson, USACE Research Coordinator in Engineer Research and Development Center.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for research results of MN DNR state park visitor and household studies include: DNR Divisions of: Parks and Recreation, Trails and Waterways, Forestry, and Fisheries and Wildlife. Minnesota state legislators. Tourism providers with an emphasis on rural tourism and/or outdoor recreation. Target audiences for the US Army Corps of Engineers web- based tool box include: Recreation resource managers of Corps outdoor recreation sites. Other federal land managing agencies with outdoor recreation responsibilities including USDA Forest Service, National Park Service, US Fish & Wildlife Service, and USDI Bureau of Land Management.
Impacts
Survey findings from the Minnesota state parks focus groups and visitor survey are being used as input to strategies for marketing state parks. The DNR has used the findings to drive the development of the Minnesota State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. Reversing the downward trend in outdoor recreation at Minnesota state parks is viewed as one way to combat health issues such as the increase in obesity and hypertension. The findings also have economic implications for Minnesota's tourism industry and local businesses, especially in rural areas, that rely on state park visitors for their success. Results are being used to target areas of the state and identify tourism and state park programs that will attract an increased number of visitors to them.
Publications
- Weber, D.L. 2007. Understanding the relationship between park setting conditions and beneficial experiences, place attachment, and conservation action: A study of selected metropolitan and regional protected areas in Australia. Ph.D. Dissertation: The University of Queensland (Australia).
- Allendorf, T.D., J.L.D. Smith, and D.H. Anderson. 2007. Residents' perceptions of Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. Landscape and Urban Planning 82(1): 33-40.
- Anderson, D.H., Bruskotter, J., & Fulton, D.C. 2007. Green infrastructure planning in Sherburne County: Using the classroom setting to empower students as citizens in a participatory planning effort. In: Abstracts: 13th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management (ISSRM 2007): Landscape Continuity and Change-Social Science Perspectives and Interdisciplinary Conversations. Park City, UT.
- Anderson, D.H., Stanis, S.W., Schneider, I.S., & Leahy, J.E. 2007. Perceived importance of health benefits of recreation areas: Comparisons between local residents & visitors. In: Abstracts: 13th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management (ISSRM 2007): Landscape Continuity and Change-Social Science Perspectives and Interdisciplinary Conversations. Park City, UT.
- Anderson, D.H., Stanis, S.W., Schneider, I.E., & Leahy, J.E. 2007. Do local and non-local visitors differ in the importance they attach to on-site beneficial experiences? In: Abstracts of the National Recreation and Parks Association NRPA Congress and Exposition. Indianapolis, IN
- Anderson, D.H., J. Schertz, & J.L. Thompson. 2007. Community-agency relationships at Voyageurs National Park: Does trust matter? In: Abstracts of The George Wright Society Biennial Conference on Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites: Rethinking Protected Areas in a Changing World. St. Paul, MN.
- Davenport, M.A., D.H. Anderson, J.E. Leahy, & P.J. Jakes. 2007a. Reflections from USDA Forest Service employees on institutional constraints to engaging and serving their local communities. Journal of Forestry 105(1):43-48.
- Davenport, M.A., J.E. Leahy, D.H. Anderson, & P.J. Jakes. 2007b. Building trust in natural resource management within local communities: A case study of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Environmental Management 39(3):353-368.
- Enzler, S. & Anderson, D.H. 2007. Protecting ecosystems: The case of the Florida Everglades. In: Abstracts of The George Wright Society Biennial Conference on Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites: Rethinking Protected Areas in a Changing World. St. Paul, MN.
- Gwena (Muton), B.N. 2007. Decentralizing forest management in Cameroon: a conceptual look at the perception of procedural justice in community forest management process. Ph.D. Dissertation: University of Minnesota.
- Schertz, J.M. 2007. Civic Engagement and Trust Relationships At Voyageurs National Park. M.S. Plan B paper. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Resident perceptions of benefits attained from nearby natural areas can be impacted by: (1) agency understanding of resident dependence on an area and (2) resident trust in agency staff. Surveyed residents living adjacent to or nearby four federally managed resource areas: Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, and Lake Shelbyville, Carlyle Lake, and the Navigation Project on the Kaskaskia River, Illinois. Voyageurs is managed by the USDI National Park Service and the other three areas are managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The survey determined residents' (a) resource area use, (b) perceptions of individual and community benefits the resource provides, (c) resource dependence, (d) trust in the agency to manage the resource, (e) support for management, and (f) level of resource decision-making with the agency. Individual benefits measured included psychological and physical benefits from recreating in the resource area. Community benefits measured included
social, economic, and natural benefits a community attains as a result of its proximity to the resource. Place dependence measures included community members' perceptions of (a) community economic stability and character, (b) family legacy, personal experiences, and self-identity associated with the resource area, and (c) ecological processes the resource area sustains. Trust was related to community members' perception of agency staff's (a) technical and moral competence, (b) shared values with the community, and (c) procedural justice related to resource decision-making. Respondents indicate these resource areas are key to their ability to live healthy lives, build stronger family and community ties, and maintain an aesthetically and ecologically healthy environment. They agree these resource areas are vital to long term economic health and sustainable soil, water and air quality in their communities. Most respondents have strong family ties and family legacies associated with these
areas and indicate the significance of these areas in maintaining the rural character of their towns and the surrounding landscape. They support management actions to maintain resource health, area economies, and rural lifestyles. They agree that agency staff is technically and morally competent. But they strongly believe that agency staff generally do not share community values associated with the resource area and that agency processes and procedures for making resource decisions are unfair and unjust. Distrust in the agency results in low levels of civic engagement. When engagement is high, it is contentious rather than collaborative. Workshops involving community members and agency personnel were designed to build bridges between community members and agency staff and are in progress. In particular, workshops are designed to provide agency staff with ways to understand community values and to communicate how agency policies positively impact community values. These workshops will
be a method to assess and evaluate current implementation of agency policies whose ends are perceived to be unjust. (Graduate students=2.0)
Impacts
Civic engagement at the local level between communities and land managing agencies is often contentious and unproductive resulting in a perceived loss of economic, social, and natural capital to the community. Output from these workshops provides new insights into factors such as place dependency and trust and their relationship to a community's ability to attain benefits from public land management. Understanding the relationship of place dependency and trust to benefit attainment will result in new techniques to engage the public and public land managing agencies in sustainable land use management within and adjacent to public lands. More collaborative approaches to land management should result in greater social, natural, and economic rewards to local communities.
Publications
- Anderson, D.H., K.M. Flitsch, J.L. Thompson, and J.E. Leahy. 2006. Community Benefits, Place Dependency, and Trust: The US Army Corps of Engineers Carlyle Lake Project. Technical Report prepared for US Army Corps of Engrs. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Anderson, D.H., K.M. Flitsch, J.L. Thompson, and J.E. Leahy. 2006. Community Benefits, Place Dependency, and Trust: The US Army Corps of Engineers Lake Shelbyville Project. Technical Report prepared for US Army Corps of Engrs. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Anderson, D.H., K.M. Flitsch, J.L. Thompson, and J.E. Leahy. 2006. Community Benefits, Place Dependency, and Trust: The US Army Corps of Engineers Navigation Project. Technical Report prepared for US Army Corps of Engrs. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Anderson, D.H., J.L. Thompson, J.M. Schertz. 2006. Voyageurs National Park 2005 Community Trust Study. Technical Report prepared for USDI National Park Service. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Anderson, D.H. and K. Phillips. 2006. Impacts on Individuals of Being Featured in RTC Website Stories. Technical Report prepared for Renewing the Countryside, Inc. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Anderson, D.H., et al., 2006. Green Infrastructure for Sherburne County. Technical report prepared for US Fish & Wildlife Service, Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Anderson, D.H. 2006. (abstract) Managing landscapes for sustainable recreation benefits. 12th ISSRM Conference on: Social Science and Resource Management: Global Challenges Local Responses, University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
- Anderson, D.H. 2006. (abstract) Managing parks: Visitor and community benefits. Best Practices for Parks and Outdoor Recreation Summit, Arboretum, Minneapolis, MN.
- Hong, A. and D.H. Anderson. 2006. Barriers to participation of Latino people at Dodge Nature Center. Journal of Environmental Education 37(4):33-44.
- Muton, B.G. and D.H. Anderson. 2006. (abstract) Roles and responsibilities of communities in forest management decision-making: Case Study of the Bimbia-Bonadikombo Natural Resource Management Council, Cameroon. 12th ISSRM Conference on: Social Science and Resource Management: Global Challenges Local Responses, University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
- Phillips, K. and D.H. Anderson. 2006. Impacts on People Featured in Renewing the Countryside Publications. Technical Report prepared for Renewing the Countryside, Inc. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Thompson, J.L., D.H. Anderson, J.M. Schertz. 2006. (abstract) Place Dependence at Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. 12th ISSRM Conference on: Social Science and Resource Management: Global Challenges Local Responses, University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The benefits approach to managing for recreational opportunities on federal and state lands is well established. Federal land managers, though, wish to expand the framework to include the role of nearby communities in providing additional recreation/tourism related opportunities. Research has shown that the communities' role in working with federal land managers is tempered by the communities' perception of agency understanding of a community's place attachment to the federal land they border and by a community's perceived degree of trust that the federal agency is technically and morally to carry out its management and that it will carry out its duties in a fair manner. Qualitative studies completed on three national forests, two national park sites, one fish & wildlife refuge, and three US Army Corps of Engineers projects resulted in a rich database that was used to develop scale items for six dimensions related to community-agency trust and two dimensions related
to community place attachment. Trust scales being tested include dimensions related to: technical competency, moral competency, shared values, social values, government values, and procedural justice. Place attachment scales include dimensions related to identity and functional attachment to place. Pilot tests of these scales are currently underway at Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, and Corps of Engineers projects (Lake Shelbyville, Lake Carlyle, Kaskaskia Navigation Project) in Illinois. Study results will be used to develop models of community-agency partnerships that will enhance trust between communities and agencies with respect to resource management. Increased levels of trust have been associated with long term community sustainability related to economic, social, and environmental factors and to higher valued management outcomes and benefits for communities. Preliminary results indicate that community members and agency personnel define trust and the agency's capacity to
do its job significantly different from one another. Agency personnel believe trust is outcome oriented and related to: a) agency values as outlined in federal legislation, b) individual knowledge and expertise of the agency's workforce, and c) the agency's capacity to do its job. Community members believe trust is process oriented and related to: a) cooperation of agency personnel with community members, b) collaboration with community members on management decisions that impact them, and c) communication formally and informally with community members. Outputs of the study will include a management tool for community and agency personnel to use to quickly assess the kinds and levels of trust that currently exist between them and guidance in increasing trust along the six trust dimensions measured. Graduate student years = 2.0
Impacts
Institutional, cultural, and historic constraints often get in the way of natural resource management. The management tool developed here provides communities and agencies with an unbiased way to assess their levels of trust. Knowing what kind of trust and how much of it exists can help communities and agencies identify barriers to working together on developing management plans that result in greater community connectedness and cohesion in rural areas. The National Park Service has expressed an interest in using this research to develop an agency-wide management tool. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is supporting development of this tool as part of their web-based toolbox for benefits based management of Corps projects.
Publications
- Nickerson, R., D.H. Anderson, M.A. Davenport, J.E. Leahy, and T.V. Stein. 2005. A Manager's Guide to Gathering and Using Visitor and Community Benefits Data to Manage Outdoor Recreation Areas. Handbook developed for USDI Bureau of Land Management. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. 201 pages.
- Payton, M., D.C. Fulton, and D.H. Anderson. 2005. Influence of Place Attachment and Trust on Civic Action: A Study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. Society and Natural Resources 18(6):511-528.
- Stein, T.V., D.H. Anderson, C.D. Pierskalla, R.N. Nickerson, and J. Clark. 2005. (abstract). Benefits-Based Management as a Research and Planning Framework for Nature-based Tourism and Recreation. In: The International Forestry Review. International Union of Forest Research Organizations XXII World Congress. August 9-13, 2005, Brisbane, Australia.
- Davenport, M.A., J.E. Leahy, D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2005. The Ozark National Scenic Riverways: An Examination of Trust between Natural Resource Agencies and Local Communities. Technical Report prepared for USDI National Park Service. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. 58 pages.
- Davenport, M.A., J.E. Leahy, D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2005. The Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie: An Examination of Trust between Natural Resource Agencies and Local Communities. Technical Report prepared for USDA Forest Service. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. 42 pages.
- Davenport, M.A., J.E. Leahy, D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2005. The Hiawatha National Forest: An Examination of Trust between Natural Resource Agencies and Local Communities. Technical Report prepared for USDA Forest Service. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. 44 pages.
- Davenport, M.A., Leahy, J.E. Anderson, D.H., and Jakes, P.J. 2005. (abstract) From broken promises to community parades: Lessons learned in a multi-agency exploration of community trust. In: The International Forestry Review. International Union of Forest Research Organizations XXII World Congress. August 9-13, 2005, Brisbane, Australia.
- Leahy, J.E. 2005. US Army Corps of Engineers and Kaskaskia Community Relationships: Social Capital, Trust, and Benefits. Doctoral Dissertation. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. (D.H. Anderson, Advisor) 163 pages.
- Leahy, J.E., D.H. Anderson, and M.A. Davenport. 2005. (abstract) The case of the Kaskaskia watershed's 'sleeping assets': A benefits-based management application for nature-based recreation. In: The International Forestry Review. International Union of Forest Research Organizations XXII World Congress. August 9-13, 2005, Brisbane, Australia.
- Leahy, J.E., K. Flitsch, and D.H. Anderson. 2005. Parks & Trails Council of Minnesota Membership Survey. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Davenport, M.A., and D.H. Anderson. 2005. Getting from sense of place to place-based management: An interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Society and Natural Resources 18(7):625-641.
- Anderson, D.H. 2005. Managing for Visitor and Community Benefits: What do we know, what do we need to know? In: Proceedings: Current Issues, Future Challenges. Parks and Leisure Australia National Conference. October 9-13, 2005, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- Anderson, D.H., J.L. Thompson, K.M. Flitsch, and J. Donnay. 2005. Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: 2005 Visitor Study. Technical Report prepared for USDI National Park Service. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota. 92 pages.
- Anderson, D.H., R.G Nickerson, Davenport, M.A., and Leahy, J.E. 2005. (abstract). Measuring visitor and community benefits of recreation: A research handbook for managers. In: The International Forestry Review. International Union of Forest Research Organizations XXII World Congress. August 9-13, 2005, Brisbane, Australia.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
(1) Public trust of land management agencies is impacted by a number of factors. Public distrust of land managing agency decisions can slow or completely halt agency management plan implementation designed to sustain biophysical, social, and economic benefits to citizens at the local, state, and federal levels. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) impact natural resource decision making and collaborative efforts between the public and land managing agencies. Often times they can bring the public and the agencies together to meet common land management goals. During summer of 2004 a survey was designed to look at membership in the Minnesota Parks & Trails Council. Specifically the study asked members their: a) perceptions of the organization and the role it currently plays as an advocate for Minnesota state parks and trails, b) beliefs about the impact the Council has on managing and expanding Minnesota state parks and trails, and c) suggestions about how the Council
can better represent them in the Council's efforts to advocate for Minnesota state parks and trails. The Council will use the study results to help them understand their members, why they join the organization, what they expect the organization to do that will result in high quality state parks and trails, how their organization promotes trust between land managing agencies and citizens, and the extent to which the Council adds value and provides benefits to Minnesota citizens through its advocacy for state parks and trails. (2) A pilot study designed to identify benefits accruing to people living in communities adjacent to public lands was completed for the Kaskaskia River watershed in central Illinois. The watershed contains three US Army Corps of Engineers projects. The pilot study was a qualitative approach to gathering data from key stakeholders in a number of communities in the watershed about the benefits they believe accrue to their communities as a result Corps management of
the projects. Key findings demonstrate a strong relationship between benefits and trust levels the public has for the agency and between benefits and the public's attachment to the watershed. Pilot study results are being used to inform the design and development of scale items related to benefits, community-agency trust, and community place attachment. The resulting scale items will be tested in several areas in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri where public lands managed by federal agencies (NPS, US Forest Service, USFWS, and US Army Corps of Engineers) impact local communities. Graduate Student Years = 4.0.
Impacts
Public lands provide a significant number of recreation and nonrecreation opportunities for citizens. Public lands are managed to provide benefits to people and society. Benefits include economic, social, and environmental benefits. The way these lands are managed impacts the ways in which these benefits are delivered and the public's reception of them. Understanding how the public trusts agencies to deliver benefits and how the agencies can encourage or build social and natural capital within an area can produce better collaboration between the public and land managing agencies and should result in management plans that get implemented rather than contested in the legal system.
Publications
- Lime, D.W., D.H. Anderson, and J.L. Thompson. 2004. Identifying and Monitoring Indicators of Visitor Experience and Resource Quality: A Handbook for Recreation Resource managers. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Payton, M., D.C. Fulton, and D.H. Anderson. 200x. Influence of Place Attachment and Trust on Civic Action: A Study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. Society and Natural Resources. (in press)
- Pierskalla, C.D., M. Lee, T.V. Stein, D.H. Anderson, and R. Nickerson. 2004. Understanding relationships among recreation opportunities: A meta-analysis of nine studies. Leisure Sciences 26:163-180.
- Fairchild, L. 2004. Private landowner perspectives affecting retention of restored wetlands. M.S. thesis. St. Paul, MN: Water Resources Program, College of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Davenport, M., Leahy, J.E., D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2004. Why Don't They Trust Us? Perceptions of the Agency-Community Relationship from the Agency Perspective. Book of Abstracts for the 10th International Symposium for Society and Resource Management.
- Davenport, M., and D.H. Anderson. 2004. An Interpretive Analysis of the Relationship between Sense of Place and Landscape Change in a Gateway Community. In: Proceedings of the 4th Social Aspects and Recreation Research Symposium--Linking People to the Outdoors: Connections for Healthy Lands, People, and Communities. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA.
- Davenport, M., and D.H. Anderson. 200x. Getting from Sense of Place to Place-based Management: An Interpretive Investigation of Place Meanings and Perceptions of Landscape Change. Society and Natural Resources. (in press)
- Flitsch, K., D.H. Anderson, J.L. Thompson, and J. Rosendahl. 2004. Estimating summer use in Voyageurs National Park. Technical Report--CPSP. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Goodrich, A. 2004. Barriers to participation for Hispanic/Latino people at Dodge Nature Center. M.S. Plan B paper. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Leahy, J.E., and D.H. Anderson. 2004. Fireworks, Duck Races, and Haunted Trails: A Benefits-based Management Research Project involving Rural Illinois Communities & Federally Managed Outdoor Recreation Areas. In: 2004 Society of American Foresters Conference Proceedings.
- Leahy, J.E., and D.H. Anderson. 2004. Community Benefits in the Kaskaskia Watershed: Preliminary Technical Report. Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, Mississippi.
- Leahy, J.E., M.A. Davenport, D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2004. Scales of Place: Resource Manager and Community Member Spatial Perceptions of Recreation Areas. Book of Abstracts for the 10th International Symposium for Society and Resource Management. Leahy, J.E., and D.H. Anderson. 2004. Social Capital and Trust in the Kaskaskia Watershed. Book of Abstracts for the 10th International Symposium for Society and Resource Management.
- Leahy, J.E., M.A. Davenport, D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2004. Community Trust in Natural Resource Agencies: Case Studies from Illinois. In: Proceedings of the 4th Social Aspects and Recreation Research Symposium--Linking People to the Outdoors: Connections for Healthy Lands, People, and Communities. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
(1) Based on our benefits based management (BBM) research, our model of BBM has been extended to include notions of trust, civic engagement, and place attachment. While public land managers are charged with providing benefits to people and society, they are often stymied in their attempts because of challenges they face in garnering public trust and promoting citizen involvement in land use planning and management. A study ompleted in 2003 on the Niobrara National Scenic River demonstrates the need for agencies to incorporate local values and integrate local knowledge in decision-making. (2) Natural resource management agencies favor collaborative efforts that include the public in decisions and actions. The collaborative management model faces serious challenges in the form of declining citizen involvement in community affairs and declining levels of trust in individuals and institutions. In a study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, we examined how place
attachment, the functional and emotional ties that connect people to places, and trust influence civic action levels. Findings indicate that both place attachment and trust are significantly related to civic action. According to data results, managers can potentially increase civic action levels by increasing levels of place attachment and individual trust. By monitoring place attachment and trust levels, managers can better direct civic action programs for the benefit of the natural landscape, community, and agency. (3) A pilot study completed this year explored the relationships between activity participation, motives for recreation experiences, attainment of benefits, and setting and place meanings. Results offer empirical evidence that the important meanings one ascribes to activity participation may be instrumental to one's development of place attachment to a recreation site and the benefits attained from that site. (4) We began a study with USDA Forest Service, the National
Park Service, US Fish & Wildlife Service, and the US Army Corps of Engineers to look at the trust relationship between the agencies and communities impacted by agency decisions, the perceived efficacy of the decisions, and the perceived benefits attained by communities as a result of the decisions. Graduate students=5
Impacts
Research focused on expanding the benefits based management framework to include notions of place attachment, civic engagement, benefit attainment, and trust in agency decision-making. Improved understanding of the fundamental trust process and its relationship to civic engagement, place attachment and perceived benefits is beginning to assist land managers in their collaborative planning efforts. This improved understanding comes from a better representation of how trust and its related components change over time in response to specific types of actions, depending on the type of agency, community, and geography of an area.
Publications
- Davenport, M.A. 2003. Mixing Metaphors: A Community-Based Vision for the Niobrara National Scenic River. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Minnesota.
- Davenport, M.A., J.L. Thompson, J.M. Rosendahl, D.H. Anderson, and S. Weisberg. 2003. Snowmobile Use in Voyageurs National Park: A Visitor Use Estimation Tool (pdf). University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 20p.
- Dougherty, E., D. C. Fulton, and D.H. Anderson. 2003. The Influence of Gender on the Relationship between Wildlife Value Orientations, Beliefs, and the Acceptability of Lethal Deer Control in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Society and Natural Resources 16(7):603-624.
- Flitsch, K.M., M.A. Davenport, J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2003. Visitor Use Trends on Niobrara National Scenic River: 1993-2001. CPSP Research Summary No. 34. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
- Fulton, D.C., and D.H. Anderson. 2003. Estimating Visitor Use Levels at Waterfowl Production Areas in Minnesota (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit and Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 34pp.
- Hwang, M-H. 2003. Ecology of Asiatic Black Bears and People-Bear Interactions in Yushan National Park, Taiwan. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Minnesota.
- Jakes, P.J., C. Schlichting, and D.H. Anderson. 2003. In press. A Framework for Profiling a Lake's Riparian Area Development Potential. Journal of Environmental Management.
- Naumann, J.C. 2003. Evaluating Service Quality at Three Rivers Park District. Plan B Master's Thesis. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN 81 pgs. + appendices.
- Payton, M.A. 2003. Influence of Place Attachment and Social Capital on Civic Action: A Study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. thesis. University of Minnesota.
- Payton, M.A., D.H. Anderson, D.C. Fulton, and E.M. Dougherty. 2003. Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge: A Study of Visitor Experiences and Preferences in Support of Comprehensive Conservation Planning (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources and Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 164pp.
- Pierskalla, C.D., M.E. Lee, T.V. Stein, D.H. Anderson, and R. G. Nickerson. 2003. In press. Understanding Relationships Among Recreation Opportunities: A Meta-Analysis of Nine Studies. Leisure Sciences.
- Rosendahl, J.M., D.H. Anderson, and J.L. Thompson. 2003. Results of a Fall 2001 Visitor Study at Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Summary of Visitor Characteristics (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 80pp.
- Rosendahl, J.M., D.H. Anderson, and J.L. Thompson. 2003. Results of a Spring 2001Visitor Study at Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Summary of Visitor Characteristics (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 81pp.
- Vlaming, J., D.H. Anderson, D.C. Fulton, J.M Rosendahl, and S.A. Hayes. 2003. Minnesota Waterfowl Production Areas 2001 Visitor Use Study (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit. 122pp.
- Rosendahl, J.M. 2003. Experience Preferences As Mediators of the Wildlife Related Recreation Participation-Place Attachment Relationship. Plan B Master's Thesis. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN 44 pgs. + appendices.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
(1) Benefits-based management (BBM) allows managers to take a holistic view of outdoor recreation areas, as well as the landscapes within which they are found, and acknowledge these recreation areas provide a diversity of values. Improving the way managers incorporate visitor and community benefit opportunities into recreation land management is a major concern of land managing agencies. Research has focused on the management of outdoor recreation areas and the benefit opportunities these areas provide for visitors. This past year new research was started with USF&WS Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, with Niobrara National Scenic Riverway (Nebraska), and with USACE Kaskaskia River Watershed, Illinois, to provide a structured approach to identify and plan for the diversity of values and benefits beyond the outdoor recreation area boundaries and including various communities of interest. Work has begun in both study areas to evaluate recreation experiences
and benefit attainment through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches with particular attention to carrying capacity, place attachment, and perceived resource values. (2) One factor potentially influencing benefit attainment is place attachment. Although significant in the social sciences for years, only recently has place attachment been integrated with BBM. Sense of place is often associated with an emotional bond between an individual and a particular place. Thus, natural resource areas are places that are an essential part of one's self. Several ongoing visitor use studies--Theodore Roosevelt National Park (ND), Niobrara Scenic Riverway (NE), USF&WS waterfowl production areas (MN), and Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (MN--have been and have identified a strong link between visitor place attachment, perceived benefits of the resource, and acceptance of management actions. In the studies noted above, place attachment has been linked to visitor support of
management programs, on-the-ground management actions, and visitor willingness to work with managers to develop sustainable visitor management. Similarly, community attachment to adjacent areas has been identified as being an important consideration in developing community-based support for natural resource and visitor management. (3) Efforts continue to develop reliable indicators and standards to monitor community and visitor attainment of benefits provided by natural areas. A field test of these indicators and standards is being designed for implementation in 2003 at Tettegouche State Park (MN). Graduate students=4
Impacts
Understanding community and visitor attachment and perceived value of public lands promotes ethical land use decisions, enables management goal establishment, assists managers in determining public reaction to management practices, and assists in dealing with public land management conflicts. Results from these studies are being used by managing agencies to communicate with and inform the public of agency programs and reasons for decisions that result in changes in landscape management.
Publications
- Anderson, D.H., D.C. Fulton, J.M. Rosendahl, and S.A. Hayes. 2002. Assessing noneconomic benefits of waterfowl production areas in Minnesota. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 85-86. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Rosendahl, J.M., D.H. Anderson, and J.L. Thompson. 2002. Results of a summer 2001 visitor study at Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Summary of visitor characteristics and investigation of group differences (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 149pp.
- Stein, T.V. and D.H. Anderson. 2002. Combining benefits-based management with ecosystem management for landscape planning: Leech Lake watershed, Minnesota. Landscape and Urban Planning 60:151-161.
- Thompson, J.L., M.A. Davenport, J.M. Rosendahl, D.H. Anderson, and S. Weisberg. 2002. Estimating snowmobile use in Voyageurs National Park. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 64-65. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Campbell, V.J., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2002. Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Community Survey (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 76pp.
- Anderson, D.H.,M,E, Lee, R. Nickerson, C.D. Pierskalla, and T.V. Stein. 2002. Understanding relationships among recreation opportunities: A meta-analysis of nine studies. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 133-134. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Anderson, D.H. 2002. Linking civic responsibility with thinking and learning about natural resources. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Environmental Education in China: Leadership for the Future, 30-34. June 20-22, 2002, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou PRC.
- Campbell, V.J., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2002. Assessment of local communities' perceptions of cultural and archeological resources. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 243. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Campbell, V.J., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2002. Hopewell Culture National Historical Park: A Survey of Public Attitudes (pdf). CPSP Research Summary no. 27. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
- Davenport, M.A. and D.H. Anderson. 2002. A comparison of values visitors assign to overlapping management systems on the Niobrara National Scenic River. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 228-229. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Davenport, M.A. and D.H. Anderson. 2002. Comparing values visitors assign to the wilderness and scenic sections of the Niobrara River (pdf). CPSP Research Summary no. 33. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
- Davenport, M.A., K.M. Flitsch, J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2002. 2001 Niobrara National Scenic River visitor study (pdf). St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 111pp.
- Flitsch, K.M., D.H. Anderson, M.A. Davenport, and J.L. Thompson. 2002. Visitor use at Niobrara National Scenic River: Comparison between user groups. CPSP Research Summary no. 32. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program.
- Jakes, P., D.H. Anderson, and C. Schlichting. 2002. Lake Riparian Area Development Profiles - Describing the development potential for lakes in Itasca County, Minnesota (pdf). Appendix to this report: 44 profiles.
- Payton, M.A., D.C. Fulton, D.H. Anderson, and E. Dougherty. 2002. Understanding visitor uses, motives and benefits at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 212-213. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Payton, M.A., D.C. Fulton, D.H. Anderson, and E. Dougherty. 2002. Place Attachment and Social Capital at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. In: Book of Abstracts, The Wildlife Society's 9th Annual Conference, 156. September 24-28, 2002. Bismarck ND: Bismarck Civic Center.
- Rosendahl, J.M., D.H. Anderson, and J.L. Thompson. 2002. Understanding what makes a quality visitor experience at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 124. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Vlaming, J. and D.C. Fulton. 2002. Social and environmental classification of trout streams in southeastern Minnesota. In: Choices and Consequences: Natural Resources and Societal Decision-Making. Abstract Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, eds., Ewert, A., A. Voight, D. McLean, B. Hronek, and G. Beilfuss, 104-105. June 2-5, 2002. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation.
- Wang, G.A., D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 2002. Heritage management in the U.S. Forest Service: A Mount Hood National Forest case study (link to abstract). Society and Natural Resources, 15(4):359-370.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Research continues on developing and implementing the benefits based management framework in recreational settings. New studies were begun with the National Park Service, the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to identify specific on-site benefits accruing to individuals as a result of engaging in a variety of outdoor activities (hiking, canoeing, hunting, learning about nature, etc.) in different settings. Based on this work, modifications and additions to US Fish and Wildlife Service Comprehensive Conservation Planning processes are being field-tested. Research continues on the specific application of the framework to different types of recreational activities. Benefit opportunities and management recommendations have been defined for groupings of activities within the same recreational setting. But, parsing out a core set of benefits related to a specific activity in a specific type of setting has not been done. Research
was completed on two National Park Service studies this year: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. In both studies one of the objectives was to identify core sets of on-site benefits linked to specific areas (zones) within each park. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for managing zones within parks to provide opportunities for different types of benefits. The recommendations are now part of the general park management plans and are currently under review. Research is nearing completion on a study of Minnesota's waterfowl production areas and the benefits visitors believe these areas provide for individuals and for the nearby communities these areas serve. In general, these areas provide significant economic benefits to farmers in the area, environmental education opportunities to local schools, tourism income to local communities (especially during hunting season), protection of local watersheds, and protection from flooding.
Recommendations are being developed to integrate these findings with ongoing management efforts to enhance local community benefits. Graduate students=5
Impacts
Monitoring human caused impacts in natural resource areas continues to be of great concern to land managing agencies charged with maintaining the long-term health of natural resources. Results from these studies are being used by managing agencies to better communicate with and inform the public of agency programs and reasons for decisions that result in changes in landscape management. This year work we began work with the US Fish and Wildlife Service to incorporate the benefits based management framework in their Comprehensive Conservation Planning Process for Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. We also began work with the Minnesota DNR, Division of Parks and Recreation and Tettegouche State Park to implement and monitor several benefits based management objectives.
Publications
- Warzecha, C.A., R. Manning, D. Lime, and W. Freimund. 2001. Diversity in outdoor Recreation: Planning and managing a spectrum of visitor opportunities in and among parks. The George Wright Forum 18(3):99-111. Hancock MI: The George Wright Society.
- Dougherty, E.M., D.C. Fulton, and D.W. Lime. 2001. Deer Management in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: A Study of Local Residents' Attitudes. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Midwest Region, and Cuyahoga Valley National Park. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 79pp.
- James, E.B. 2001. Conflict Between PWC and Non-PWC Operators: A Study of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Plan B Master of Science Paper. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 92 pp.
- James, E.B., D.H. Anderson, C.A. Warzecha, and J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Comparison of Personal Watercraft Users and Nonusers, Summer 2000. Technical Report to the National Park Service, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 112pp.
- James, E.B., D.H. Anderson, C.A. Warzecha, and J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Comparison of Personal Watercraft Users and Nonusers, Spring 2000. Technical Report to the National Park Service, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 118pp.
- James, E.B., D.H. Anderson, C.A. Warzecha, and J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Comparison of Personal Watercraft Users and Nonusers, Fall 1999. Technical Report to the National Park Service, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 125pp.
- James, E.B., D.H. Anderson, C.A. Warzecha, and J.L. Thompson. 2001. Personal Watercraft Use in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Visitor Characteristics and Perceptions Across Three Study Seasons. CPSP Research Summary Number 21, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 8pp.
- Massaro, G.R. 2001. A cultural Resource Gap Analysis of the Minnesota State Park System. A Plan B Master of Science Paper. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 36 pp. plus appendices.
- Pierskalla, C.D. and Anderson, D.H. 2001. Going Beyond the X's and O's of Landscape Zoning: Using Vectors as Management Units. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference. Cleveland, OH. July 15-19. NOAA/CSC/20120-CD. CD-ROM.
- Rosendahl, J.M., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2001. Wilson's Creek National Battlefield: 1999-2000 Visitor Use Study. Technical Report to the National Park Service, Midwest Region, and Wilson?s Creek National Battlefield. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 76pp.
- Warzecha, C.A., D.H. Anderson, E.B. James, J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore: Comparison of Backcountry and Frontcountry Users. CPSP Research Summary no. 23, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 8pp.
- Warzecha, C.A. and D.W. Lime. 2001.Place Attachment in Canyonlands National Park: Visitors' Assessment of Setting Attributes on the Colorado and Green. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19(1):59-78.
- Rosendahl, J.M., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2001. Visitor Opinions Concerning Current Management Issues at Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. CPSP Research Summary Number 22, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp. Rosendahl, J.M., J.L. Thompson, and D.H. Anderson. 2001. Wilson's Creek National Battlefield: Comparison of Local and Non-local Visitors. CPSP Research Summary Number 26, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 4pp.
- Thompson, J.L., D.H. Anderson, M.A. Davenport, and J. Rosendahl. Submitted 2001. Methods to Estimate Snowmobile Use. In Proceedings of Snowmobile Effects on Wildlife Workshop, April 10-12, 2001, Lakewood, CO.
- Warzecha, C.A., D.H. Anderson, E.B. James, J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore: Comparison of Backcountry and Frontcountry Users, Summer 2000. Technical Report to the National Park Service, and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 105pp.
- Warzecha, C.A., E.B. James, D.H. Anderson, J.L. Thompson. 2001. Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore: Visitor Use Study, Fall 2000. Technical Report to the National Park Service, and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 77pp.
- Warzecha, C.A., D.H. Anderson, E.B. James, J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore: Fall Users. CPSP Research Summary no. 24, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 7pp.
- Warzecha, C.A., D.H. Anderson, E.B. James, J.L. Thompson. 2001. Visitor Use at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore: Comparison of Snowmobilers and Cross-Country Skiers or Snowshoers. CPSP Research Summary no. 25, St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 8pp.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Studies in benefits based management show great promise in linking biophysical indicators with social indicators to monitor landscape changes related to recreational and nonrecreational uses of natural resource areas. These studies are being conducted on three national parks in the midwest region of the country, five US Fish & Wildlife Service wetland management districts in Minnesota, and two forested riparian areas in Wisconsin managed by the US Forest Service. Identifying these linkages is important to developing and implementing landscape-monitoring plans supported by the public. Public acceptance of natural resource management techniques is often connected to the public's perception of the 'health' of a landscape. Understanding how the public perceives the importance of various landscape features, the short and long-term changes occurring on the landscape, current management actions to sustain the landscape and the benefits they believe they attain from living or
recreating in an area, allows researchers and managers to identify key social attributes associated with biophysical landscape features. For example, in recreation areas visitors are often concerned about widening of trails and entrenched trails. Biologists are concerned about soil loss, vegetative trampling and loss of vegetation bordering trails. By monitoring trail width and/or depth of trails, visitor concerns about the health of the area are linked to variables of critical concern to resource biologists. Management actions to address biologists concerns indirectly address visitor concerns and, as a result, are supported by the public. In nonrecreation areas or where people live adjacent to public lands, private landowner support for management actions appears to be directly tied to landowner perceptions of social attributes associated with biophysical landscape features rather than any knowledge of ecological processes associated with the landscape. Support for management actions
to sustain ecological processes is most likely to occur when the actions address social attributes associated with biological variables. For example, in the Bois Brule and Popple River watersheds in northern Wisconsin, a concern of riparian landowners is being able to catch pan-sized fish. Forest Service biologists are concerned with maintaining channel morphology, trapping stream-borne sediments along banks, maintaining an adequate source of fine and coarse woody debris, etc. By linking the production of pan-sized fish to the biologists concerns, landowner support is forthcoming for management actions directly tied to these concerns. Other studies developed a framework to profile lake riparian area development in Minnesota. The profiling method developed allows planners and managers to link existing riparian area development with social values and economic constraints associated with potential future development. Graduate students=5
Impacts
Monitoring human caused impacts in natural resource areas continues to be of great concern to land managing agencies charged with maintaining the long-term health of natural resources. Results from these studies are being used by managing agencies to better communicate with and inform the public of agency programs and reasons for decisions that result in changes in landscape management. Agencies such as the national park service and the US Forest Service are also using these study results to aid them in selecting biophysical indicators that are directly tied to social indicators perceived by the public as important to maintaining the health of landscapes.
Publications
- Rosendahl, J. M., J. L. Thompson, and D. H. Anderson. 2000. Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Visitor Survey. Technical Report to the USDI National Park Service, Midwest Region, and Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 51 pg.
- Schlichting, Ciara S. 2000. A framework to profile lake riparian area development in Minnesota. A Plan B Paper submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 73 pg. plus appendices. (thesis advisor)
- Sorley, Craig S. 2000. A Formative Evaluation of an Agroforestry Environmental Education Curriculum. A Plan B Paper submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 229 pg. (thesis advisor)
- Willhite, S. A. 2000. Trail user conflicts: A study of the Luce Line State Trail. A Masters of Science Plan Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 73pg. (thesis advisor)
- Thompson, J. L., J. M. Rosendahl, and D. H. Anderson. 2000. Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management: Emerging Issues and Practical Applications, Workshop Evaluation. Report to the Biological Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, Cooperative Park Studies Program. 36pg.
- Wang, T. L., D. H. Anderson, and D. W. Lime. 2000. Protecting resources and visitor opportunities: A decision process to help managers maintain the quality of park resources and visitor experiences. Park Science 20(2):23-27.
- Anderson, D.H., R. Nickerson, T.V. Stein, and M.E. Lee. 2000. Planning to provide community and visitor benefits. Pg. 197-212. In: Gartner, W.C. and D.W. Lime (eds.) Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
- Fish, T.E. 2000. Landowner perceptions of ecosystem health in upper great lakes states riparian landscapes. Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 123 pg. plus appendices. (thesis advisor)
- Fulton, D.C., K.C. Nelson, D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime, eds. 2000. Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management: Emerging Issues and Practical Applications. St. Paul, MN: Cooperative Park Studies Program, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 154 pg.
- Fulton, D.C., K.C. Nelson, D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime. 2000. Priority Issues and Future Directions in Human Dimensions Research. pp 1-7. in: Fulton, D. C., K. C. Nelson, D. H. Anderson, and D. W. Lime, eds. Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management: Emerging Issues and Practical Applications. St. Paul, MN: Cooperative Park Studies Program, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Pierskalla, C. D. and D. H. Anderson. 2000. Turning qualitative text into interval-level data: A computer content analysis approach. Pg.15-18. In: D. N. Bengston (ed.) Applications of Computer-aided Text Analysis in Natural Resources. GTR NC-211. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station. Pierskalla, C.D., D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime. 2000. Managing wilderness areas within limits of acceptable change. In: Proceedings-Pioneering New Trails. Society of American Foresters 1999 Convention, September 11-15, 1999, Portland, OR.
- Jakes, P. and D.H. Anderson. 2000. Diverse perspectives on community. Society and Natural Resources 13(5):395-398.
- Jakes, P.J. and D.H. Anderson (eds). 2000. Special Issue: Diverse Perspectives on community. Society and Natural Resources 13(5).
- Lime, D.W., D.H. Anderson, and T.L. Wang. 2000. A Decision Process to Maintain the Quality of Recreation Resources and Visitor Experiences pp 59-70. in: Fulton, D. C., K. C. Nelson, D. H. Anderson, and D. W. Lime, eds. Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management: Emerging Issues and Practical Applications. St. Paul, MN: Cooperative Park Studies Program, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources.
- Lochner, D. W. 2000. Evaluation of Fire Ecology: Understanding Theory and Practical Application Continuing Education Course. A Masters of Science Plan B Paper submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 37 pg. plus appendices. (thesis advisor)
- Pierskalla, C. D. 2000. Understanding and Managing Leisure Event Opportunities of Natural Landscapes: An Ecological Approach to Outdoor Recreation. Ph.D. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota. 146pg. (thesis advisor)
- Pierskalla, C.D., D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime. 2000. Examining leisure event opportunities of Isle Royale National Park: bridging the gap between social process and spatial form. Pg. 155-159. In: Cole, D.N., McCool, S. F., Borrie, W. T., O'Laughlin, J., Compilers. Wilderness Science in a Time of Change ConferenceVolume 4: Wilderness Visitors, Experiences and Visitor Management. RMRS-P-15-Vol-4. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, CO.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Benefits based management research clearly shows that different recreation resource areas provide unique sets of beneficial experiences to visitors. Beneficial experiences appear to be dependent on setting characteristics, particularly biophysical, social, and managerial characteristics. Managers can manipulate the particular set of benefit opportunities provided, such as ability to learn more about nature, to socialize with other visitors similar to oneself, to become more environmentally aware and to become more physically fit, by their choices of management tactics. To assist managers in choosing the most appropriate tactics related to a specific set of benefits, research to identify resource indicators and standards is being conducted in one Minnesota state parks and three national parks across the country. Similar research has also begun in wildlife production areas managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Research is also being conducted in non-recreation
areas to assess the usefulness of a benefits based management approach to land use management in riparian areas. Research in riparian areas in and adjacent to U.S. Forest Service lands is examining how riparian landowners use their lands and how they perceive their uses benefit the riparian ecosystems. Landowners are also being asked to identify management tactics they believe will result in sustainable land use practices and tactics that they will support. The objectives of the latter are to determine how knowledgeable landowners are about the impacts of their actions on the health of riparian areas, and to determine the kinds of management actions the Forest Service would be successful in implementing with landowner support. Research results indicate that landowners with a longer history of ownership in an area are less likely to view their land use practices as harmful than landowners with a shorter history of ownership. Regardless of length of land tenure, most landowners have
little understanding of the impacts of their land uses on the health of riparian areas. Graduate students=5
Impacts
The impact of the benefits based management research in recreation areas has been fewer reports of visitor caused impacts to visitors and resources. Visitors report satisfying experiences; managers report improved resource conditions. An impact for non-recreation areas is that agencies need to educate landowners about their actions' effects on resource sustainability. Agencies can develop programs or work with partners to develop and provide education programs.
Publications
- Anderson, D.H. and P. Jakes. 1999. Understanding students' perceptions of their control over environmental conditions. In: Applications of Social Science to Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Region. Abstracts of International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, ed. Brown, S., 7. July 7-10. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Printery.
- Fredrickson, L.M. and D.H. Anderson. 1999. A qualitative exploration of the wilderness experience as source of spiritual understanding. Jour. Environmental Psychology 19:21-39.
- Stein, T.V., D.H. Anderson, and D. Thompson. 1999. Identifying and managing for community benefits in Minnesota state parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 17(4):1-19.
- Stein, T.V., D.H. Anderson, and T. Kelly. 1999. Using stakeholders' values to apply ecosystem management in an Upper Midwest landscape. Environmental Management 24(3):399-413.
- Jakes, P. and D.H. Anderson. 1999. Perceptions of riparian areas: their importance and use. In: Applications of Social Science to Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Region. Abstracts of International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, ed. Brown, S., 101. July 7-10. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Printery.
- Koth, B.A. 1999. The Tourism Development System in Rural Communities: A Destination Typology. Ph.D. Diss. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources.
- Pierskalla, C.D., D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime. 1999. Isle Royale National Park social indicators and standards of quality as reported by hiking and boating visitors. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Research Summary No. 14. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources. 4 pp.
- Thompson, J.L., D.H. Anderson, and P.J. Jakes. 1999. Promoting environmental stewardship among youth: approaches for success. In: Applications of Social Science to Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Region. Abstracts of International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, ed. Brown, S., 201. July 7-10. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Printery.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Research to apply, monitor and evaluate the benefits based management (BBM) framework is underway at several national park and Minnesota state park sites. In particular research has been directed at understanding how outdoor recreation managers address unacceptable visitor caused impacts on public lands. Part of the BBM framework has been operationalized as a manager's handbook to: (a) provide resource managers with a step-by-step, easy to use process for identifying and defining unacceptable impacts to biological and cultural resources as well as visitor experiences and (b) identify a range of strategies and tactics managers can use to address impacts to resources and experiences. The handbook outlines the decision process managers use to address visitor caused resource problems. The process involves identifying and prioritizing problems, identifying strategies and tactics to address unacceptable impacts, selecting appropriate tactics for implementation, and
evaluating and implementing tactics to determine if desired results are achieved. A method was developed to field test the handbook and evaluate its effectiveness. The method involved using four national park as test sites. At each park, researchers met with park professional staff to implement methods, described in the handbook, to resolve current use problems the park was experiencing. Sections of the handbook that describe the decision process and accompanying worksheets were revised based on the way professional staff actually solve problems in the field. Revised worksheets were tested and evaluated and finalized. Parts of the BBM framework that suggest that parks fulfill different niches in terms of providing different sets of experience and benefits based outcomes were also tested. Based on data gathered in six Minnesota state parks, park setting and management objectives clearly influence the kinds of benefits visitors and community residents realize. Although some benefit
opportunities can be found in all parks, no two parks produce the same set of benefit opportunities. Understanding the set of benefit opportunities a particular park produces and the relationship of the park setting and management objectives to that set of opportunities, allows planners and managers to actively provide for a wide range of benefit opportunities across a landscape. In doing the latter, agency personnel are better able to direct visitors to the kinds of settings they desire based on the benefits they hope to attain.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Anderson, D.H., D.W. Lime, and T.L. Wang. 1998. Maintaining the quality of park resources and visitor experiences: A handbook for managers. Publ. no. TC-777. University of Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul, MN.
- Nickerson, R.G. 1998. Understanding the personal onsite beneficial experiences of Minnesota state park visitors. Ph.D. diss. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN.
- Anderson, D.H., J.L. Thompson, P.J. Jakes. 1998. Professionals get involved in environmental education: a way for youth to learn about forestry. Journal of Forestry 96(2):25-29.
- Anderson, D.H., D.W. Rose, K. Brooks, T. Burk, H. Hoganson, K. Puettman. 1998. Integrated natural resource planning. In: Proceedings of the Second Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources. Natural Resource and Environmental Issues, vol. 7, 1-9. March 7-10, 1998, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
- Lewis, M.S. and D.H. Anderson. 1998. Gasoline consumption by snowmobiles in Minnesota: updating the 1992 gasoline consumption model. Final Report to MN Department of Administration, St. Paul, MN. 30 pp.
- Stein, T.V. and D.H. Anderson. 1998. Community benefits study: Itasca and Tettegouche State Parks. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. 138 pp.
- Stein, T.V. and D.H. Anderson. 1998. Landscape values study for Leech Lake Watershed and Red River Basin. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Office of Planning. 46 pp.
- Nickerson, R., D.H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla, W. Johnson, K. Hagerty. 1998. 1993 Fall study of visitor experiences and benefits at Tettegouche state park. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. 103 pp.
- Nickerson, R., D.H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla, W. Johnson, K. Hagerty. 1998. 1993 Study of visitor experiences and benefits at Interstate state park. 112 pp.
- Nickerson, R., D.H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla, W. Johnson, K. Hagerty. 1998. 1993 Study of visitor experiences and benefits at St. Croix state park. 111 pp.
- Pierskalla, C., D.H. Anderson, and D.W. Lime. 1998. Isle Royale National Park: 1997 visitor survey results. Final Report to USDI National Park Service, Denver Service Center and Isle Royale National Park. 194 pp.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
Research continues on understanding and applying the benefits based management (BBM) framework to a variety of landscapes. BBM focuses on the outputs of land management efforts. It emphasizes benefits that accrue to individuals, neighboring communities, the larger society, and the environment from public land management. Studies focused on recreational lands show that while recreational visitors must be considered in planning and management decision making, communities and their needs, desires, and preferences, are as important to the success of managing an area to provide long-term benefits to people and society. Without the support and services communities near recreational lands provide, BBM techniques applied to visitor use are marginally successful. BBM must be integrated with community needs and have the community's support to be effective. The same notion holds true for BBM applications to nonrecreational landscapes--communities within those landscapes must be
actively involved in the planning and management of the landscape for BBM to be an effective management tool. Research to examine how the USDA Forest Service can link the heritage resource management concept with ecosystem management continues. Often times, heritage resources involve Native American claims. Respecting those claims and making them a part of the larger forest management plan is complicated by treatiese that predate the existence of the national forest. Strategies for working with Native American and other stakeholders have been suggested and are under consideration by the Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Nickerson, R., D. H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla and Wm. Johnson. 1997. 1993 study of visitor experiences and benefits at Itasca State Park. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. 112 pp.
- Nickerson, R., D. H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla and Wm. Johnson. 1997. 1993 study of visitor experiences and benefits at Forestville/Mystery Cave State Park. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation. 110 pp.
- Nickerson, R., D. H. Anderson, B. Perger, C. Pierskalla, and Wm. Johnson. 1997. 1993 study of visitor experiences and benefits at Tettegouche State Park. Final Report to MN Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreaiton. 114 pp.
- Pierskalla, C., D. H. Anderson, and D. W. Lime. 1997. Isle Royale National Park 1996 visitor survey, final report. St. Paul, MN: Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota. 178 pp.
- Stein, T. V. 1997. Understanding how rural community stakeholders value and benefit from natural landscapes. Ph.D. dissertation. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
- Stein, T. V., and D. H. Anderson. 1997. Identifying people's perceived benefits, issues, and concerns for fish and wildlife service lands in western Minnesota. Final Report to USFWS. St. Paul, MN: Dept. of Forest Resources. 92 pp.
- Stein, T. V. and D. H. Anderson. 1997. Identifying landscape values of citizen groups. In: Proceedings of the 1996 SAF National Convention: Diverse forests, abundant opportunities, and evolving realities. Nov. 9-13, 1996, Albuquerque, NM. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
- Wang, G. A. 1997. Linking hertage resource management and ecosystem management: An example from the United States Forest Service. Ph.D. dissertation. St. Paul, MN: Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Two new management philosophies are currently in development to help public landmanagers respond to the wide diversity of public opinion: ecosystem-based management and benefits-based management (BBM). BBM may help to apply the philosophy of ecosystem-based management. BBM focuses on the outputs of recreation. It broadens the scope of outdoor recreation by emphasizing the benefits that accrue to more than just recreation participants while they are in the process of recreating. Neighboring communities, the larger society, and the environment benefit from the existence of outdoor recreation areas; therefore, the management of those areas must take a much more holistic approach. Studies are developing techniques to identify and measure values people hold about the landscapes they live and recreate in. These values help explain the benefits people believe accrue to them and their communities. Knowing and understanding these values and their subsequent benefits helps
managers define appropriate outputs of their management actions. This year a demonstration management plan was written for Tettegouche State Park. The plan focuses on ecosystem management and the production of benefits for communities near the park. Managers in partnership with a citizens advisory board have zoned the park and will manage zones according to the benefit opportunities citizens believe are best produced in those zones.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Freimund, WA, DH Anderson, DG Pitt. 1996. Developing a recreation and aesthetic inventory framework for forest planning and management. Natural Areas Journal 16(2):108-17.
- Fredrickson, LM. 1996. Exploring spiritual benefits of person nature interactions through an ecosystem management approach. PhD diss. St. Paul: Dept For Res, Univ. Minnesota.
- Flekke, G, L McAvoy, DH Anderson. 1996. The potential of an expert system to address congestion and crowding in the national park system. In: Congestion & crowding in the national park system, ed. DW Lime, 133-42. MN Ag Exp Sta 86-1996.
- Lewis, MS, DW Lime, DH Anderson. 1996. Paddle canoeists' encounter norms in Minnesota's Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Leisure Sciences 18(2):143-60.
- Lewis, MS, DW Lime, DH Anderson. 1996. Use of visitor encounter norms in natural area management. Natural Areas Journal 16(2):123-33.
- Penney, CA. 1996. Assessing natural resource related behaviors and beliefs of children. MS thesis. St. Paul: Dept For Res, Univ. of Minnesota.
- Anderson, DH, CA Penney, PJ Jakes. 1996. Do environmental attitudes and behaviors of adolescents impact their views of environmental responsibility In:6th int'l symp on society and resources management: Social behaivor, natural re.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Tourism & recreation result in short- & long-term noneconomic, as well as economic, benefits for individuals & communities. Benefits-based management attempts to identify benefits, especially noneconomic, accruing to each of these entities so better planning and management of recreation resources occurs. Little is known about noneconomic benefits of recreation resources accruing to individuals and communities as a result of management practices. Traditional techniques do not lend themselves to identifying & measuring such benefits. Three studies have been undertaken to develop & test procedures to identify, measure & use noneconomic benefits information in setting policy, planning & managing recreation resources: (1) visitor identification of noneconomic recreation benefits. (2) identification & measurement of noneconomic benefits to communities in close proximity to recreation resources; & 3) identification of how people value landscapes and what they value on the
landscape. Findings from all 3 studies show that people living in & visiting rural areas value these areas primarily as places to preserve & conserve natural & unique outdoor opportunities & as places to maintain & improve the health of individuals. Participants were also able to identify specific types of partnerships, programs, & processes for sustainable development in these areas.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
(1) Recreation resource management of public lands is moving from activity and experience-driven management approaches to a benefits-driven approach (BDA). BDA extends and enhances management options for scarce recreation resources. It attempts to provide desirable and satisfying activities, settings, and user experiences, and to provide/promote on-site uses that result in on- and off-site benefits to individuals, groups, local areas, and regions. During 1994, work was completed on identifying individual on- and off-site benefits visitors associated with 6 MN state parks. Work was initiated with communities surrounding 2 of the parks to identify community benefits realized from a park's existence. A new planning process was also initiated to partner community leaders with park administrators to develop benefits based planning and plan implementation process. (2) National Park Service managers are defining a visitor experience resource protection (VERP) framework
within which to manage national park service areas. A method to incorporate BDA within VERP was proposed for the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (CVNRA). Data relevant to BDA and VERP were collected and analyzed. Study findings are being used to develop a new recreation resource management plans.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
(1) A data based Recreation Resource Inventory Model (RRIM) has been proposed and is being field tested. RRIM is based on the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum and refined with an aesthetic assessment model. It works with resource inventories to identify the uniqueness and attractiveness of forested settings. Interval measures of attractiveness derived by RRIM allow classification of and inventory of regional recreation potential. Distributions of setting conditions are used to develop goals to improve recreation opportunities and/or identification of forest management impacts. RRIM can identify cumulative regional and temporal impacts caused by various forest production scenarios. (2) Recreation resource management of public lands is moving from activity and experience driven management approaches to include a benefits driven approach (BDA). BDA extends and enhances management options for scarce recreation resources. It attempts to provide desirable and satisfying
activities, settings and user experiences and to provide/promote on-site uses that result in on- and off-site benefits to individuals, groups, local areas and regions. During 1993 six MN state parks, representing ecoregions across the state, were chosen as BDA test sites. Data from these sites is being used to develop a profile of users and on-site benefits unique to the park. Data will then be used by the MN DNR in developing recreation management plans and marketing materials for state parks. GSY=1.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Most forest roads were developed for timber management, yet 90 percent of their use is for recreational opportunities. A Road Impact Model (RIM) was developed to compare existing and potential road/recreation opportunities in forest lands. One of the strengths of RIM is its spatial analysis ability. It can be applied to nonrecreatonal as well as recreational impacts of forest roads. Software has been developed for an expert knowledge system, the Expert Management Consultant (EMC), that selects appropriate management techniques to deal with the impacts of recreational overuse in natural areas. EMC has the ability to look at an existing situation, determine the management objectives for an area, determine the specific type of social or biological resource damage occurring, and generate an array of appropriate actions to address the damage. EMC is being field tested and refined. The software will be installed at national park field locations in the midwest region.
A method was also developed for determining snowmobile gas consumption within Minnesota. The methodology and resulting equations rely on the number of registered snowmobilers, the average fuel efficiency of snowmobiles registered, the average number of miles snowmobiles are driven per season, and snowfall averages for selected sites and days in the state. The methodology was developed for determining the dedicated share of the unrefunded gas tax that goes to the state's snowmobile account. GSY=2.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
A study of Minnesota residents attitudes toward planning and management related to long-distance trails in the state indicates that the majority overwhelmingly believe the state needs more trails and trails need to be located closer to where people live. As far as paying for long-distance trails, residents think that a mix of options involving state and federal monies, special taxes on recreational equipment and user fees should be used. Additionally, residents believe that long-distance trail corridors should serve a variety of social, economic and environmental needs. To more efficiently allocate trail funding dollars, a self-administered monitoring program of snowmobile use in the state was conducted. Findings show use patterns, average number of trips per season, distance traveled and expenditures to local communities resulting from snowmobile use. A modified Delphi technique was used to determine the most significant research driven innovations for recreation
resource management over the past 25 years. Techniques that allow for accurate assessment of visitor use, monitoring social and physical impacts of use and allocating opportunities within an area were rated the most significant contributions from research to management. A diary study of visitors to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness is underway. Results from the study will be used to recalibrate the visitor use distribution model currently used to manage the area. GSY = 2.0.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
A study of Minnesota citizens' perceptions of nonhunting wildlife values indicate direct and indirect benefits. This examination is one of the first attempts to quantify the importance to people of such indirect values as vicarious, existence, and bequest wildlife benefits. A survey of Minnesota residents that purchase cross-country ski licenses focused on desired attributes of ski trails. A unique research technique employed a "mail-order catalogue" to measure respondents' perceptions of quality trail settings. Findings confirm skiers are attracted to different types of trails and settings depending on factors such as their experience, time available, and motivations. Ongoing research is exploring methods to monitor social conditions in wildland settings. Studies in Minnesota and Wisconsin identify crowding, litter, and both unavailable and impacted campsites as factors contributing to negative experience. Improved systems to monitor social conditions influencing
experience are being developed. We are also exploring the use of image capture computer technology which allows modification of existing landscape conditions to portray realistic changes. The array of images can be used to study respondents' perceptions of change and desired resource conditions. Additional research is evaluating the effect of professional training courses on job performance of outdoor recreation resource managers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
A study of Minnesota citizens' perceptions of nonhunting wildlife values is nearing completion. Nearly 1,000 questionnaires evaluating such benefits have been summarized; reports are in preparation. Responses indicate a variety of direct and nondirect values resulting from wildlife resources. Attempts to quantify nondirect values, such as vicarious, existence, and bequest wildlife benefits, have been achieved with limited success. A survey of MN residents that purchase cross-country ski licenses has focused on desired attributes of ski trails. A questionnaire patterned after a mail-order catalog has been sent to several hundred skiers. Returns have been coded and are being tabulated. The survey provides new information on how respondents define quality trail settings in terms of trail width, distance, landscape characteristics, topography, and alternative routes. Preliminary findings suggest skiers do not seek one predominant trail type but seek a variety of different
types of trails and settings. Additional research has been initiated to evaluate methods to monitor social conditions/impacts in wildland settings. Information recently collected on visitor perceptions of problems and concerns in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is being reviewed with a goal of developing improved social monitoring systems for both areas. New systems will permit comparative analyses as well as desired trend information sought by area managers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Preparation of a state forest land-use policy analysis report continues. The primary focus will be on off-road-vehicle regulations and the determination of areas (both quantity and location) where this use will be permitted. Questionnaires soliciting the values associated with wildlife were mailed to 1000 Minnesota residents. The returns have been coded and tabulated. Analysis and interpretation are underway. A preliminary look at the data indicates strong support for off-site (i.e., nonextractive and nondirect experience) values, and an indication that the question of ownership of wildlife is unresolved. A survey instrument patterned after a mail-order catalog has been through several drafts and is nearly ready for mailing/distribution. This instrument should provide realistic input from cross-country skiers as to how they would like to have funds allocated to different types of trails. The survey instrument will be accompanied by an evaluation questionnaire
that will provide information on the suitability of the survey instrument itself. A newly initiated international study will investigate the appeal and management strategies for long-distance hiking and skiing trails. A number of presentations were made at national and regional symposia.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
The focus of the public forest land-use study has shifted from overall allocation to competing demands to the problem of determining specific policy and the location of areas designated for different purposes. The unit planning process being conducted by the Minnesota DNR is being monitored with the purpose of identifying decision making patterns and rationales. From this information, along with some intuitive logic, the investigators will attempt to develop a conceptual framework that will describe most of the possible resource allocation decision pathways and the problems associated with each of them. The Minnesota data is being supplemented with information on ORV policy from 47 other states. A comparative analysis will help to reveal additional pathways and bottlenecks. Another investigation is looking at the existence or off-site value of wildlife. The purpose of the study is to substantiate or refute the claim that off-site values are at least as large as
on-site extractive and experience values. In addition, the study should help to define the components of off-site values. A survey instrument has been developed and is scheduled to be mailed early in 1988. A newly initiated study will develop a method of characterizing cross-country ski trails for the purpose of inventory and soliciting public input to the decision-making process.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Several reports have been developed from the test of an innovative way of involving the public in forest land-use decisions. One of these stressed the importance of a systematic, valid method of selecting and portraying land-use choices. Choices have two general characteristics. The first has to do with range and variety, the second with clarity and ease of interpretation. A five step selection process involved: selecting dimensions; defining polar extremes; dividing into discrete classes; combining classes; and culling alternatives to a reasonable number. Describing choices was a more subjective process based on verbal and graphic messages. Respondents were generally satisfied with the number of choices and the way they were portrayed. Another report explored the feasibility of patterning collective, public land-use decisions after an idealized free-market model. A primary objective was to maintain individual autonomy as far along in the process as possible.
At some point individual preferences must be combined to derive a collective decision. It is considered critical that this step be as "transparent" as possible, i.e., it should be visible and easily understood. Studies will continue to examine the state forest lands planning process in Minnesota. The focus will be on recreational opportunities and the problem of going from allocation (what and how much) to location (where). The latter is inherently difficult because local interests are quite often at odds with those of the larger community.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
A report submitted to the MN DNR described the results of a test of an innovative way of involving the public in forest land-use decisions. The crux of the method was the portrayal of five broad land-use combinations by means of graphics and short captions. The method was also characterized by a simple, straightforward way of combining the input from each citizen in order to arrive at a collective decision. The latter could be thought of as a "market simulation" process. A followup questionnaire provided an evaluation of the process by the participants. Although satisfactory, a number of refinements were suggested. The most profound finding was that individuals will accept outcomes quite at variance from their preferences, if they feel that the process was fair. The report concludes with a discussion of how the process might be implemented in a practical context. Several papers are being prepared for symposia and publications. Subsequent research will focus on
better ways of portraying land-use choices and more effective ways of informing the public on critical issues. GSY = .5.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
(1) A study titled "Consideration as an added dimension to the investigation of recreational conflict" is completed. Seven variables discriminated those who reported considerate behavior and those who did not. Perceived conflict and beliefs about general considerate behavior were the most significant. The results indicate that education as to the effects of one's behavior and instilling a feeling of ownership may encourage considerate behavior. (2) A four phase survey instrument was designed to test an innovative method of soliciting public input to the management of state forest lands. The "heart" of the questionnaire asked individuals to allocate their interest in the public forest lands among five combinations of timber management and recreational use. Responses from samples of Minnesota residents, Sierra Club members and Division of Forestry personnel were compared. There were pronounced differences among the three groups, particularly in respect to a
wilderness type alternative (low preference by forestry, high by Sierra Club, and in between by Minnesota residents). There was a consensus on the designation of large areas to intensive forest management for timber and nonmotorized recreational use. A strong majority thought that the process was fair. The results suggest the feasibility of a more direct type of public involvement in the land-use decision-making process.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Field work (interviews, questionnaire mailings, etc.) and data analysis were completed for a study of "Consideration as an Added Dimension to the Investigation of Recreational Conflict." The respondents were lake users and lake shore homeowners on three lakes in the Twin Cities Metro area. This investigation is unique in that it addresses the question "Why do people get along?" rather than why they don't. Research on ethics is extremely difficult because subjects are reluctant to admit to large deviations from the norms of behavior. However, subtle differences among individuals and groups reveal some clues to the origins of ethical standards. Our study, for example, has shown that lakeshore homeowners are more likely to express considerate attitudes than visitors; "general consideration" does not necessarily carry over into the recreational setting; and, a good part of the difference in consideration can be attributed to differing levels of knowledge and awareness
of effect on others. A first draft with all of the results is ready for review. Final tabulation of data from a study of attitudes toward wildlife management on private lands is underway. A study of an innovative method of soliciting public input for forest land use decisions has begun.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Two additional papers were prepared from previously collected data. One reportsthe different meanings attributed to the term "state forest" by various groups involved in the decision-making process. The results should enable planners and administrators to better interpret input and develop more meaningful expressions for alternative land uses. A second paper documents the history of snowmobiling in Minnesota and attempts to analyze the response of state government. This analysis may help us to formulate appropriate responses to sudden, unprecedented demand to accommodate new forms of recreation. A revision of the project was prepared, reviewed and approved. As the new title suggets, the study will now focus more specifically on the decision-making process. Most of the returns are in from a questionnaire sent to land owners to determine their attitudes toward wildlife management on private lands. Analysis should be completed within the next few months. Work
continues on developing concepts, hypotheses, and appropriate measures for a study of consideration among competing recreationists. This study will focus on several Minnesota lakes and recreational use. A newly initiated study will utilize a phased, interactive design to test the feasibility of an innovative means of soliciting public input to land use decisions. Mailings may begin early next year.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Several papers were developed from data. One describing how quality is communicated by land use terms was presented at the 17th World Congress of IUFRO. Another paper on individual and collective decision making was prepared for a publication of papers presented at NRPA Research Symposium. An article on space perception and decision-making reports the subjective nature of space and how it influences land use allocation. A bulletin utilizing data on Minnesota X-C skiers attempts to provide management guidelines, specifically for: assessing and predicting needs, allocating resources, mixing uses, design and implementation and development of information systems. A comparative study of international efforts to preserve natural environments suggests that communicating purpose and efforts to ameliorate costs to local populations vary with socio-economic conditions and political systems. New studies initiated include: a study of landowners attitudes towards wildlife
habitat management and incentive programs; a study of conflict and consideration in the outdoor setting; an evaluation of coalitions among interest groups, their feasibility and effectiveness. Additional papers will be generated from previously collected data on perceptions of state forests and the response of government to the sudden growth in the demand for a specific recreation opportunity.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Minnesota Land Use Study: Data was analyzed and a final report completed: "Land Use Classification Terminology: Variation in Meaning and Implications for Public Policy." "State Forest, " "Wilderness area, " and multiple use area" solicited significantly different responses among 5 groups. The attributes describing motorized recreation accounted for a large part of the differences. The respondents also showed a great deal of variation from the correct estimate of acreages in 5 land use classes. The results of this study will enable us to quantify differences in meaning and thus adjust input to the decision making process. Recreation Land Use Classification: Final report completed: "A framework for monitoring recreational opportunities as a function of land use." This study provides a suggested model and a description of the problems that may be encountered. "Snowmobiling in Minnesota: Growth and government response." Final report completed. This report documents the
process, identifies important influences and suggests alternative responses. A paper titled: "The dymanics of recreation participation: Ski touring in Minnesota, " was presented at National Outdoor Recreaction Trends Symposium. A new study: "Communicating the purpose of National Parks and equivalent preserves throughout the world, " was instigated.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Minnesota Land Use Study: A seven-page questionnaire completed and mailed to sample of three groups--DNR personnel, legislators, and advocate organization. Over 400 responses. Contained items dealing with meaning of land use terms, perception of resources, position on land use issues and demographic characteristics. Tentative results show significant differences among groups in meanings attributed to land use terms as well as the degree of variability. Recreation Land Use Classification: Two counties in Southeastern Minnesota have been selected to test a comprehensive system of inventorying outdoor recreation opportunities and monitoring the effects of land use changes. The system is unique in that all lands, regardless of ownership and administration, are included. Six primary classes were defined according to recognizable, physical features of the landscape resulting from man's impact. The Minnesota Land Management Information System (MLMIS) was used for initial
mapping and determining acreages. The next step is to simulate the effects of past and possible future changes in land use on the amount and location of the six broad classes of recreational opportunity. Growth in Snowmobiling and Agency Response; A Minnesota Case History: This study is an effort to document the growth of an activity and how a public agency responded. Dynamics of Recreation Participation: Ski touring in Minnesota is being examined to develop a comprehensive, dynamic model of recreation participation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Three publications reporting the results of the Kettle River study were completed, accepted and are in the process of publication. These publications describe concepts and methods for obtaining meaningful baseline information on river use and user preferences. A definitive paper on concepts in "outdoor ethics" is nearly complete and ready for submission to a referred journal. This paper outlines the fundamental value of investigations in this area and the problems of gathering useful data. The principal investigator assisted in the development and administration of a questionnaire designed to obtain information on ski touring participation and user preferences in Minnesota. This instrument has been utilized to solicit responses from over 700 Minnesota ski tourers. The responses are being coded and prepared for analysis. A new study has been initiated which will attempt to describe the meanings attributed to selected recreational land use designation terms used by
various segments of the public, land management agencies and elected officials. The framework for a questionnaire has been developed and individual items are being written. A paper dealing with tourism, local interests and the use of public lands has been written and accepted for presentation at an international symposium to be held in Washington, D.C. in March of 1979.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
The third phase of the Kettle River study was completed. A revised survey instrument was distributed to a sample of 382 watercraft users contacted during the period April 15 to July 4. Eighty-three percent of the questionnaires were returned in usable form. The data has been coded, tabulated, key punched, summarized, and subjected to several types of analysis. Several papers are in process: a journal article describing methods used to ascertain user preferences (nearly complete), a bulletin reporting the results of entire river study, a forestry note comparing responses of Kettle River users and a State canoeing organization. The results of this study have provided a baseline measure of use patterns, user characteristics and user preferences. Progress on the outdoor ethics study dealing with Minnesota hunters was limited to summarizing data, some perliminary analysis and a paper prepared for the Annual Conference of the National Recreation and Parks Association.
A new phase of study has been initiated. This phase will focus on winter trail users (snowshoers, ski tourers, snowmobilers) in Minnesota State Parks. The study will also include a state-wide sample of participants in these activities obtained in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
A survey instrument was developed to monitor the use of recreational rivers and to measure attitudes towards specific elements in the recreation environment. This instrument was utilized in a study of the Kettle River of Minnesota during the period May 15 to Sept. 15, 1976. A slightly modified version was sent to a 5% sample of members of the Minnesota Canoe Association. One paper has been written covering the preliminary results of the study. A more comprehensive bulletin is being prepared. Analysis has shown significant differences in attitudes between groups utilizing the river classified according to residence and type of activity. Attitudes toward specific elements are generally consistent with attitudes toward alternative management policies. The former should be more useful to administrative agencies in guiding day to day on site decisions. Another study was initiated during the Fall of 1976 which will attempt to derive a measure of ethical standards
among Minnesota hunters. A preliminary survey instrument has been developed and tested as part of a hunter education program conducted by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. A paper developing the concept of a common language for public involvement in land use decisions making was prepared and presented at the 16th IUFRO Congress in Oslo.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
An inventory of institutions affecting land use in the study area was compiled. Analysis consists of describing nature of effect and location and extent of areaaffected. Subsequent analysis will attempt to further quantity effects in termsof a "recreational land use" classification. Recreation land use classificationis in preliminary stage of development. Items (or descriptors) for each class have been selected and tested for consistency. Next phase will refine descriptors and consider use of photographs or graphics. Questionnaire (or interview schedule) incorporating classification being prepared for possible testing summer of 1976. Met with other investigators on project to work on overall model and to fit various sub-project models into more comprehenisve model.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Completed study which analyzed local conflict over use of recreational land. The historical development of conflict reveals how seemingly unrelated incidentscan act together to polarize groups. Most land use conflicts are multidimensional, i.e., many issues are involved. An important factor in any conflict is poor communication due to a lack of definition of issues. The studyhas been revised and is being incorporated into a regional study entitled: "Guidelines for more effective regional development of forest and recreation resources in North Central United States." (NC-126). This portion will deal with land use modeling and will attempt to answer the questions: How does land use effect the quantity and balance of recreation opportunities, and What institutions can help to bring about a desirable balance of recreation opportunities. Work to date has consisted in collecting and organizing data on institutions effecting land use in the study area. A classification
of land according to recreation "Experience Levels" is being developed. Preliminary modeling (describing components and relationships) is also under way.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Published article: "A Study of Conflict in Recreational Land Use." In process of expanding subject into more general article dealing with the cultural aspectsof outdoor recreation conflicts. A pilot study was completed which compared attitudes towards the use of newly authorized Voyageurs National Park. Local users (and potential users) of the area were compared with those from a suburbancommunity in the Twin Cities Metropolitan area. The results indicate that the "park" designation and management is more likely to attract distant urban residents than local residents (i.e., those from within 130 miles). Perhaps local residents are apt to look upon the park label as restrictive whereas distant users look upon it as an additional opportunity. The distant potential users also tended to be motivated by "aesthetics", sightseeing and camping. Locals viewed camping as an incidental activity and not an objective in itself. They were also more likely to be motivated by
activities such as fishing, hunting, etc. rather than
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
An article titled: "A Study of Conflict in Recreational Land Use" has been submitted for publication. Pronounced differences in attitudes were found to exist between recreationists who utilized motorized (off-road) vehicles and those who preferred non-motorized forms. The latter were much more likely to fit the "Environmentalist" image and showed a greater understanding and/or sympathy with the concept that any given recreation area must be designated for a specific purpose. An important conclusion suggests that attitudes toward the environment and public land management may influence an individual's participation in a given outdoor recreation activity.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
Data obtained from mail questionnaires has been collected and tabulated. The information thus obtained will form the basis of a comparison of two fundamentaland conflicting trends in outdoor recreation, i.e., highly mechanized, commercially encouraged forms vs simple, low environmental impact forms which are difficult to capture economically. In this sub-study these were representedby the snowmobiler and the ski tourer. Preliminary analysis of the data has shown pronounced differences between the two groups. Subsequent analysis shouldhelp to explain variations within these groups. One graduate student partially funded on this project.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
Investigator and graduate student have worked on developing model, measurement techniques, and individual questionnaire and interview schedule items. This hasbeen accomplished through library research, discussion, and by seeking other opinions. A population on which to test the model and specific hypotheses has been selected. Background information is being gathered. Meetings, hearings, etc. have been attended in order to become more familiar with the situational context. Essential mechanical details are being considered. In the next few months a tentative questionnaire and sampling procedure should be developed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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