PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
102	0210	2020	15%
102	1499	2020	15%
405	0210	2020	15%
405	1499	2020	15%
402	1499	2020	15%
401	1499	2020	10%
503	1499	2020	15%

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Under this project mathematical models have been developed to describe biomass accumulation with calendar time due to photosynthesis and response of biomass yield and plant nutrient uptake to applied nutrient. These models now constitute a comprehensive theory of plant growth and nutrient uptake. This preliminary data resulted in the new CRIS project FLA-ABE 4754. Project 1. New program in the department: Research includes the application of dynamic crop models using climate forecasts from different methods. It also includes forecasts across spatial scales using advanced methods such as spatial weather generators, geostatistics, and Principal Components. In cooperation with climate modelers, research includes linking dynamic climate and crop models for more reliably simulating the land surface energy and mass transfer processes in the climate models and for producing directly coupled outputs of crop yield and other variables over space and time.Project 2. In general, the main focus of research is in the area of efficient water use and minimization of man-made chemical impact on the environment in the context of agricultural and other natural systems such as urban landscapes. This is accomplished by conducting research on efficient irrigation system design and operation to conserve water. When irrigation water is minimized, loss of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides is also minimized. Project3. An international wheat model comparison in AgMIP with a co-leader from University of Bonn in Germany, with over 30 international collaborators from 5 continents was initiated and developed. This is the first ever multi-model comparison of such scale. The model comparison will be essential for future climate change impact and adaptation studies for policy decisions on future global food security. Coordination, data analysis and publication process of this international model comparison is handled in the ABE department. A strategic plan for phase II for this model comparison to improve global modeling capacity for temperature increase and heat stress was developed. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
A consortium to create potato modeling capacity for climate change studies at UF with UF, CIP and other national and international partners has been initiated. Several funding applications have been submitted to support this consortium, which are currently pending.

Publications

Royce, F.S., C.W. Fraisse and G.A. Baigorria. 2011. ENSO classification indices and summer crop yields in the Southeastern USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(2011): 817-826. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.017.
Wherley, B. G., T. R. Sinclair, M. D. Dukes, and A. K. Schreffler. 2011. Nitrogen and cutting height influence root development during warm-season turfgrass sod establishment. Agronomy Journal 103(6):1629-1634.
Cathey, S. E., J. K. Kruse, T. R. Sinclair, and M. D. Dukes. 2011. Tolerance of three warm-season turfgrasses to increasing and prolonged soil water deficit. HortScience 46(11):1550-1555.
Sinclair, T. R., A. Schreffler, B. Wherley, and M. D. Dukes. 2011. Irrigation frequency and amount effect on root extension during sod establishment of warm-season grasses. HortScience 46(8):1202-1205.
He, J.1, M. D. Dukes, G. J. Hochmuth, J. W. Jones, W. D. Graham. 2011. Evaluation of sweet corn yield and nitrogen leaching with CERES-Maize model considering input parameter uncertainties. Transactions ASABE 54(4):1257-1268.
Zotarelli, L., M. D. Dukes, J. M. Scholberg, K. Femminella, and R. Munoz-Carpena. 2011. Irrigation scheduling of green bell pepper using capacitance soil moisture sensors. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 137(2):73-81.
Asseng S, Milroy S, Bassu S and Abi Saab MT 2012. Wheat. In: Crop yield response to water. P Steduto (Ed), FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 66: 16-23.
Asseng S, McIntosh PC, Wang G and Khimashia K 2012. Optimal N fertiliser management based on a seasonal forecast. European Journal of Agronomy (in press). doi:10.1016/j.eja.2011.12.005
Vadez, V, JD. Berger, T Warkentin, S Asseng, P Ratnakumar, KPC Rao, P M Gaur, N Munier-Jolain, A Larmure, AS Voisin, HC Sharma, S. Pande, M Sharma, L Krishnamurthy, MA Zaman 2011. Adaptation of grain legumes to climatic changes: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development DOI: 10.1007/s13593-011-0020-6.
Bassu S, Asseng S, Richards R 2011. Yield benefits of triticale traits for wheat under current and future climates. Field Crops Research, 124:14-24.
Asseng S, Foster I and Turner NC 2011.The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology, 17: 997-1012.

Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Mathematical models have been developed to describe biomass accumulation with calendar time due to photosynthesis and response of biomass yield and plant nutrient uptake to applied nutrient. Nutrient uptake and biomass yield have been coupled through phase relations. These models have been shown to apply to various crops on a wide range of soils and environmental conditions. Data from field studies have been used to show application of the models for response of forage crops to organic waste (poultry litter) and to an energy crop (switchgrass). In both cases response of biomass and plant nitrogen uptake were described rather well. These models now constitute a comprehensive theory of plant growth and nutrient uptake. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The theory can be used to estimate biomass yields of energy crops (such as switchgrass) and efficiency of nutrient utilization.

Publications

Overman, A.R. 2007b. A Memoir on Model Analysis of Switchgrass Response to Applied Nitrogen and Calendar Time. University of Florida. Gainesville, FL 75 pp (23 Tables and 30 Figures).
Overman, A.R. 2007c. A Memoir on Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield: Miscellaneous Applications. University of Florida. Gainesville, FL. 211 pp. (65 Tables and 88 Figures).
Oerman, A.R. 2007a. A Memoir on Model Response of Forage Grass to Fertilizer and Broiler Litter. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 53 pp. (12 Tables and 22 Figures)

Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Mathematical models have been developed to describe seasonal response of crops to applied nutrients (1994) and growth response with time (1998). Effects of applied nitrogen and plant population have been incorporated to broaden application of the models for corn (Zea mays L.). Plant population has been accounted for through a simple exponential equation, which is believed to reflect adsorption of solar energy within the canopy. The effect of residual soil nitrogen on corn yields is described by the simple logistic equation, in which residual nitrogen affects the intercept parameter. The expanded growth model has been used to describe partitioning of biomass between light-gathering and structural components of the plant for elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) grown in Florida. A memoir has been written on chemical transport in soil, which includes a mathematical relationship between applied and available soil nutrients (P and K). Plant uptake of P and K is then related to available (extractable) P and K. This relationship is also believed to hold for applied N. A memoir has been written on crop growth which summarizes our work on mathematical models accumulation of biomass and mineral elements with time. Effect of harvest frequency on digestible dry matter for perennial grasses is included. Finally, a memoir has been written which summarizes our work on seasonal models of crop yield and nutrient uptake as related to applied nutrients, available water, and other management factors.

Impacts
Mathematical models provide a comprehensive format for evaluation of water and nutrient management in agricultural production and water reuse systems. These have given insight into coupling among various processes in crop analysis. A procedure is also developed for estimation of efficiency of plant nutrient recovery by plants.

Publications

Overman, A.R., R.V. Scholtz III, and K.H. Brock. 2006. Model analysis of corn response to applied nitrogen and plant poulation density. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:1157-1172.
Reck, W.R. and A.R. Overman. 2006. Modeling effect of residual nitrogen on response of corn to applied nitrogen. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:1651-1662.
Overman, A.R. and K.R. Woodard. 2006. Simulation of biomass partitioning and production in elephantgrass. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37:1999-2010.
Overman, A.R. 2006. A Memoir on Chemical Transport: Application to Soils and Crops. University of Florida. Gainesville, FL. 400p.
Overman, A.R. 2006. A Memoir on Crop Growth: Accumulation of Biomass and Mineral Elements. University of Florida, Gaiensville, FL 400p.
Overman, A.R. 2006. A Memoir on Crop Yield and Nutrient Uptake. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 100p.

Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
New research programs in ecological and biological modeling were initiated in 2005. The ecological modeling project is focused on the integration of ecological, hydrological and decision modeling. Projects in 2005 have developed object-oriented hydrological modeling, environmental decision analysis and the development of web-based, decision support systems for food and ecological systems analysis for the Caribbean Basin and the management of invasive species and agro-ecological dynamics within Florida beef cattle enterprises. The biological engineering research program is comprised of three integrated projects that study plant responses to the environment. The first project studies the interactions of light and gravity on plant form. This project is scheduled to go to the International Space Station on the next shuttle mission (May 2006). The second project involves the analysis of gene expression profiles of roots to various light treatments. Through this project, unique elements in early light-signaling cascade that are expressed in roots have been identified. Elements in this pathway include genes involved in lateral root development, root hair formation, and secondary metabolite production. The third project is working to develop a sensor to monitor reactive oxygen species in plants. Reactive oxygen species are produced in plants as a consequence of normal respiration but can be overproduced during stress conditions such as during wounding, UV light exposure, pathogen attack, and cold or hot treatments. This sensor will help to quickly analyze when plants are under stressful conditions and can be used for research or applied purposes.

Impacts
New developments in biological and ecological engineering are expected to allow the development of improved agricultural crop and agricultural management systems that are economically productive and protective of the environment.

Publications

Kiker, GA, Bridges TS, Linkov, I, Varghese, A, and Seager, T. (2005). Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Environmental Decision-Making. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Managemenm 1(2):1-14.
Linkov, I, Sattersom, F.K., Kiker, G.A., Bridges, T., Benjamin, S.L., and Belluck, D.A. (2005). From optimization to adaptation: shifting paradigms in Environmental Management. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 1(4):1-7.
Linkov, I, Sattersom, F.K., Kiker, G.A., Batchelor, C. and Bridges. (2005 in press). From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: recent developments and applications. Environmental International.
Linkov, I., Sahay, S., Seager, T.P., Kiker, G.A., Bridges, T., D. Belluck, A. Meyer (2005, In press). "Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Comprehensive Decision Analysis Tool for Risk Management of Contaminated Sediments". Journal of Risk Analysis.
Kiker, G.A., Rivers-Moore, N.A., Kiker, M.K. and Linkov, I. (2005 in press). QnD: A modeling game system for integrating environmental processes and practical management decisions. Chapter in Morel, B. Linkov, I., (Eds) The Role of Risk Assessment in Environmental Security and Emergency Preparedness in the Mediterranean. Kluewer, Amsterdam.
Kiker, G.A. and Linkov, I. (2005 in press). The QnD Model/Game System: Integrating Questions and Decisions for Multiple Stressors. (Chapter in Goncharova, N., Arapis, G., (Eds) Ecotoxicology, Ecological Risk Assessment and Multiple Stressors Kluewer, Amsterdam.
Bridges, T., Kiker, G.A., Cura, J., Apul, D. and Linkov, I.(2005): Towards Using Comparative Risk Assessment To Manage Contaminated Sediments. Proth, J.M., Levner, E.and Linkov, I. (Eds) Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems Kluewer, Amsterdam.
Linkov,I., Sahay, S., Seager, T.P., Kiker, G.A. and Bridges T. (2005): Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: A Framework For Managing Contaminated Sediments. Proth, J.M., Levner, E.and Linkov, I. (Eds) Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems Kluewer, Amsterdam.
Correll, M.J. and J.Z. Kiss. 2005. The roles of phytochromes in elongation and gravitropism of roots. Plant Cell Physiology. 46:317-323. Correll, M.J., R.E. Edelmann, R.P. Hangarter, J.L. Mullen, and J.Z. Kiss. (in press) Ground-based studies of tropisms in hardware developed for the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS). Advances in Space Research.
Towler, M, Kim, YJ, Correll, M, Wyslouzil, B, Weathers, PJ. 2005 Design, development, and applications of mist bioreactors. In: Plant tissue culture engineering. Dutta Gupta, S; Ibaraki, Yasuomi. , Kluwer Academic Pub. The Netherlands. Invited review. ISBN:1-4020-3594-2

Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03

Outputs
The extended logistic model of crop response to applied nutrients was published in 1984. Analysis confirmed the linear-exponential dependence of seasonal yield and plant N uptake on harvest interval. Comparison of logistic, quadratic, and Mitscherlich models showed the superiority of the first for describing crop response. Application to various field studies has verified the model for numerous crops, soils and experimental conditions (tillage methods and split applications of applied N). Dependence of yield on applied N and seasonal rainfall were accounted for in the model. Data for response of corn silage to applied N,P, and K were analyzed with the multiple logistic model. The expanded model of crop growth with time was published in 1998. Field data with bemudagrass were used to confirm the basic form of the model. Partitioning of dry matter between plant tops and roots with time was described for bahiagrass and corn. Accumulation of dry matter and plan nutrients described for an overland flow waste treatment system. Long-term effects (18 years) of water reuse at Tallahassee, Florida on soil properties and groundwater quality were summarized. Dynamics of the physical and chemical processes were much slower than generally appreciated. Impact of nutrient management on water quality were discussed. Nitrate N in groundwater has remained below 5 mg/L for several years now. A personal perspective of the Tallahassee water reclamation/reuse program were published to share insights into management of a complex engineering/production system.

Impacts
Impact of nutrient management on water quality were discussed. Nitrate N in groundwater has remained below 5 mg/L for several years now. a personal perspective of the Tallahassee water reclamation/reuse program were published to share insights into management of a complex engineering/production system.

Publications

Overman, A.R. and K.H. Brock. 2003. Model analysis of corn response to applied nitrogen and tillage. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(15&16):2177-2191.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model analysis of crabgrass response to applied nitrogen. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(17&18):2495-2501.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model analysis of growth response of soybean. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(17&18):2619-2632.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Dry matter production and cutting interval for perennial grasses. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(1&2):225-229.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model comparison for three forage grasses at the same location. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(5&6):735-745.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. In defense of the extended logistic model of crop production. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(5&6):851-864.
Overman, A.R., R.V. Scholtz and C.G. Chambliss. 2003. Response of Coastal bermudagrass and Pensacola bahiagrass to applied nitrogen and seasonal rainfall. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(7&8):1097-1103.
Overman, A.R. and K.H. Brock. 2003. Confirmation of the expanded growth model for warm-season perennial grasses. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(7&8):1105-1117.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model evaluation of top and root accumulation with time by corn. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(9&10):1295-1301.
Overman, A.R., R.V. Scholtz and C.M. Taliaferro. 2003. Model analysis of response of bermudagrass to applied nitrogen. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(9&10):1303-1310.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model analysis of response of Pensacola bahiagrass to applied nitrogen on two soils. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(9&10):1465-1479.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model analysis of forage response to split applications of nitrogen. I. Plant tops. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(11&12):1529-1537.
Overman, A.R. and R.V. Scholtz. 2003. Model analysis of forage response to split applications of nitrogen. II. Coupling of roots and tops. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(11&12):1539-1548.
Overman, A.R. 2003. Model analysis of an overland flow waste treatment system. I. Accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients with time. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(13&14):1943-1956.
Overman, A.R. 2003. Model analysis of an overland flow waste treatment system. II. Seasonal response to applied nitrogen and phosphorus. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(13&14):1957-1967.
Overman, A.R. and K.H. Brock. 2003. Model comparison of Coastal bermudagrass and Pensacola bahiagrass response to applied nitrogen. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(15&16):2163-2176.
Overman. A.R. and K.H. Brock. 2003. Model analysis of response of corn silage to applied nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Commun. Soil Sci and Plant Anal. 34(19&20):2951-2965.
Overman, A.R., R.V. Scholtz and K.H. Brock. 2003. Long-term performance of Tallahassee Southeast Farm. Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Project 88185-C. 36 p.
Overman, A.R. 2003. Water reclamation and reuse at Tallahassee, Florida: A personal perspective. Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 49 p.

Progress 10/01/00 to 10/01/01

Outputs
1. Carol Lehtola - Safety Program. In 2001, we continued our work with NIOSH's Deep South Agricultural Health and Safety Center, based at the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. We acted as consultant and facilitator to several research projects of the Center. A primary goal of our program was to develop safety training materials which are based on engineering analyses of individual commodities (Completed for citrus and in process for sugar cane). Our emphasis on children in agriculture continued through participation in the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks and Farm Safety 4 Just Kids and participation in the Childhood Injury Summit in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota in April 2001. Also related to children in agriculture was publication of our article 'Proper Use and Improper Images: The Double-Edged Sword of the Extra Seat for Farm Machinery'. 2. Bruce Welt - Packaging. Primary efforts involved setting up equipment in the new Packaging Science pilot plant/laboratory. Specific projects involved, (1)characterizing diffusion of anti-fungal agents through irradiated polyetheylene packaging films, and (2) development of a computerized physical inventory system using a programmable handheld computer equipped with a bar-code scanner in conjunction with a Microsoft Access database.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Lehtola, C. 2001. Proper Use and Improper Images: The Double-Edged Sword of the Extra Seat for Farm Machinery. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 7(1):3-5.
Welt, B.A., A.A. Teixeira, M.O. Balaban and G.H. Smerage. 2001. Irradiation as a Pretreatment to Thermal Processing. J. Food Sci. 66(6):844-849.

Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00

Outputs
1. Lehtola - Safety Program The major activity has been the development & funding of a Deep South Center for Agr Safety and Health (NIOSH). The Center will research needs of ag workers & their familites in this region of the country. 2. Lee - Precision Agriculture Precision agriculture such as developing yield monitoring system for citrus, sugarcane, and other vegetable crops, applying variable rate technology to chemical applications, soil/plant nutrient sensor development, GPS, GIS, remote sensing, instrumentation, machine vision/ image processing, machine systems design and farm automation. 3. Berger and Welt - Packaging Developing new packaging science undergraduate program where students will perform technical projects based on industry needs & requests. Interests include practical problem solving, packaging materials & machinery research, barrier testing, thin film sealing, product/package interactions, packaging ergonimics.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Liller, K.D., V. Noland and C.J. Lehtola. 2000. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health Vol. 6, No. 2, May. pp. 131-140.

Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99

Outputs
(Dr. Wendy Graham). This research projects seek to develop suitable indicators of ecosystem integrity and impending ecological change resulting from both natural variation and anthropogenic activities. A multidisciplinary approach will be adopted that examines ecosystem processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Field and lab experimentation as well as statistical analysis and computer modeling within a GIS-based framework will be conducted. (Dr. Dorota Haman). Effluent from an anaerobic digester is used as organic fertilizer injected into an irrigation system. The project evaluates several microirrigation systems and emitter cleaning methods on emitter clogging. (Dr. Carol Lehtola). The major activity has been the development and funding (by NIOSH) of a Deep South Center for Agricultural Safety and Health that is administered through the Department of Environmental Protection at the University of South Florida and which UF has a mjaor role. The Center will research needs of ag workers and their familities in this region of the country. Major issues of research to be developed initially are a surveillance system to identify where the injuries and fatalities are occurring in order to develop intervention strategies. Working in conditions of extreme heat is also going to be studied. (Dr. Kenneth Berger). Developing new packaging science undergraduate program where students will perform technical projects based on inustry needs and requests. Interests include practical problem solving, packaging materials and machinery research, barrier testing, thin film sealing, product/package interactions, packaging ergonimics.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98

Outputs
Safety Program: The major activity has been the development and funding (by NOISH) of a Deep South Center for Agricultural Safety and Health that is administered through the DEP at the University of South Florida and which UF has a major role. The Center will research needs of ag wrokers and their failies in this region of the country Major issues of research to be developed initially are a surveillance system to identify where the injuries and fatalities are occurring in order to develop intervention strategies. Working in conditions of extreme heat is also going to be studied. Packaging Program: Developing new packaging science undergraduate program where students will perform technical projects based on industry needs and requests. Interests include practical problem solving, packaging materials and machinery research, barrier teting, thin film sealing, product/package interactions, packaging ergonimics.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97

Outputs
C.J. Lehtola: Forward planning and research focuses on developing commodity-based agricultural safety programming and developing evaluation measurements for determining program effectiveness through the USDA Federal Agricultural Safety Grant. A master's student is being funded who is researching the safety needs of Florida's Citrus Industry. Based on the research findings, appropriate programming measures will be developed. R.M. Peart: A proposal titled, Integrated Crop Information Management, The general objective is to develop and modify an integrated software for an agricultural Geographic Information System (GIS) and crop simulation models. This system will allow growers and advisors in Egypt to obtain better advice on growing four crops, fava bean, wheat, maize and rice. The work will also improve our methods of developing support systems for Florida crops, such as citrus. The DISC group, Decision and Information Systems for Citrus, was funded by the Florida Citrus Production Research Council. The objective of the proposal is the development of a software information system that will make up-to-date information, recommendations and communication available to a wider group of managers, growers, research and educational people.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Peart, R.M. and R.B. Curry. 1997. Editors, Agricultural Systems Modeling and Simulation. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 712 pp.
Lehtola, C.J., R. Rautianinen, G. Olsen, J. Sessions and L. Miller. 1996. Trac-Safe:Facilitator's manual for a community based program for reducing injuries and deaths due to tractor overturns. NIOSH publication 96-108, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
Lehtola, C.J. 1997. Sugar cane cultivation and processing and sugarbeet processing. International Labor Organization Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th Edition, ILO, N.Y. (in press).
Hanna, H.M., C.V. Schwab, C.J. Lehtola and R.W. Steffen. 1997. Evaluation of tractor and grain wagon safety marking at selected commercial Iowa grain elevators. Journal of Agricultural Safety and
Lehtola, C.J. 1997. Sugar cane cultivation and processing and sugar-beet processing. Invited articles written for International Labor Organization Encyclopedia of Occupational Heath and Safety. 4th edition, ILO, NY. (in press).
Jones, P.H., C.J. Lehtola and M. Dinsmore. 1996. National ag safety database-Florida edition: A compendium of safety materials on the internet. In: Sixth International Conference on Computers in Agriculture proceedings. pp. 710-716. ASAE publication #701 P0396.

Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95

Outputs
A final report has been written and submitted to the Southeast Regional Climate Center, Columbia, South Carolina, a group that has been supporting the work on climate change in Southeast agriculture. The last phase of this work included the development of AEGIS-WIN, a Geographic Information System program that shows maps of the area of study on the computer screen. This system also incorporates DSSAT, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer. DSSAT has been developed here under other projects, and it allows easy use of a number of crop simulation programs, including those with weather data from global climate simulations. With these weather data, models of maize, peanut and soybean have been run for locations in the Southeast to show the effect of future climate change. With AEGIS-WIN, these results can be shown on maps according to the location of the weather stations and the soils in these areas. This system was used with soybean, peanut and maize for biomass energy production to estimate maturity dates, yields and irrigation water usage with historical weather data and with global climate model forecasts of weather under a doubled-CO2 climate. In general, climate change would result in a greater demand for irrigation water and the energy efficiency of production would be somewhat less. Future plans include application of these concepts to citrus groves.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Papajorgji, Petraq, J. W. Jones, R. M. Peart, R. B. Curry. 1994. Using crop models and Geographic Information Systems to study the impact of climate change in the Southeastern USA. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proc., 53: 82-86.
Peart, R. M., R. B. Curry, C. Rosenzweig, J. W. Jones, K. J. Boote, and L. H. Allen. 1995. Crop simulation for evaluation of effects of global change on energy and water resources. Journal of Biogeography 22: 2491-2498.
Curry, R. B., J. W. Jones, K. J. Boote, R. M. Peart, L. H. Allen, Jr., and N. B.Pickering. 1995. Response of Soybean to Predicted Climate Change in USA, in Climate Change and Agriculture: Analysis of Potential International Impacts. ASASp.

Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94

Outputs
A new approach is being used in the work on effects of climate change on crop agriculture in the Southeast. This continues to rely on simulation of the crops using weather data and DSSAT, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer, but the new approach uses a Geographic Information System (GIS). This combination allows outputs to be maps showing varying levels of yield and irrigation water use geographically. Also, the system allows the user to select areas from the computer screen to run simulations and see the effects of various management practices under climate change and with or without irrigation. In a continuation of the climate change work without the GIS, simulation models of soybean, peanut and maize for biomass energy production were used to estimate maturity dates, yields and irrigation water usage with historical weather data and global climate model forecasts of weather under a doubled-CO2 climate. In general, climate change would result in a greater demand for irrigation water and the energy efficiency of production would be somewhat less.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93

Outputs
Work was completed on the sub-project studying the affect of climate change on irrigation requirements for soybean and peanut in the Southeast. The results show a climate change effect that will increase the demand for irrigation water in the Southeast. A new phase of this work was begun in the latter part of 1993, integrating this simulation work, which has used DSSAT, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer, with a Geographic Information System (GIS). This combination will allow outputs to be maps showing varying levels of yield and irrigation water use geographically. Also, the system will allow the user to select areas from the computer screen to run simulations and see the effects of various management practices under climate change and with or without irrigation. The results from the climate change yield and irrigation requirements study were used in a paper analyzing the effects of climate on the efficiency with which biomass might be produced for energy. The equivalent fossil fuel inputs for field machinery work, fertilizers, herbicides, and irrigation for soybean were calculated and output/input ratios computed. Preliminary results for soybean showed that output/input could be reduced some 30% under climate change, making biomass energy less efficient than under historic weather, but still yielding about 4 times more output than input. Additionally, some preliminary work was done with Dr.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92

Outputs
Irrigation water requirements in the Southeast U.S. as a result of climate change are being studied, and this work is almost complete. Three climate change scenarios for about the year 2030, when carbon dioxide will be doubled are being used. Youngblood found that irrigation water requirements under these changed environments would be increased very significantly for irrigated soybean and peanut. Water Use Efficiency (Irrigation), which represents the increase in yield due to irrigation divided by the amount of irrigation water used, would increase as much as 50%, depending on location. In addition, the difference between irrigated and non-irrigated yields would increase, thereby encouraging more irrigation in the Southeast. In a related study, preliminary results show that while average yields under climate change may not be reduced greatly, the probability of a crop failure increased much more. Curry's work showed the variability in the monthly summer precipitation under the climate change scenarios, which would account for sharp reductions in some years, while average yields were not greatly changed. A new grant project from USDA/USAID has just begun for collaboration with the Egypt Ministry of Agriculture on development of expert systems for citrus production.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 10/01/90 to 09/30/91

Outputs
The study of the effects of possible climate change on irrigation water requirements in the Southeast U.S. is continuing. We have found that while Water Use Efficiency (Irrigation), a commonly used term which represents the increase in yield due to irrigation divided by the amount of Evapotranspiration, is relatively unchanged by climate change, this masks the real-world effect, which is a very substantial increase in the amount of irrigation water used per bushel of product produced. We are continuing studies on the effect of climate change on yields of crops. We have added a third set of climate change data from a General Circulation Model, the UKMO, and we have added weather from 1981 through 1990, so that we have a continuous 40-year record, 1951-90, for about 17 locations in the Southeast, and we have 3 sets of modified 40-year data based on the 3 GCM's. We are finishing the work on publishing the expert irrigation adviser system (SENSIR). It includes the important concept of utilizing an expert rule base to adjust a crop growth model, such as PNUTGRO, according to feedback from the particular soil where the crop is being grown. This leads to a crop model "customized" for the particular soil. We are cooperating with the Egypt Ministry of Agriculture on development of expert systems from citrus production.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/89 to 09/30/90

Outputs
The expert irrigation adviser system (SENSIR) has been completed and is being published. The procedure has wider application than just irrigation, as it includes the important concept of utilizing an expert rule base to adjust a computer model, such as the crop growth and yield model, PNUTGRO, according to feedback from the particular soil where the crop is being grown. This leads to a crop model "customized" for the particular soil. Other applications of this concept might include customizing a grain drying program for the particular air flow through the bin (very difficult to measure). The citrus grove decision support system is complete and will be evaluated by caretakers, specialists and growers shortly. This microcomputer-based record-keeping and aggregation program allows the grower to easily maintain the level of records that he wishes, and will also allow automatic analysis of the grower's records for anonymous incorporation into a larger database. An expert system for making herbicide recommendations has been designed and integrated into the package, and other expert systems could also be added in the future. We are also beginning a cooperative project, or "twinning agreement" on development of expert systems for citrus production with the Egypt Ministry of Agriculture. We have continued the studies on the effect of climate change on yields of soybean in the U.S., and have cooperated with international crop scientists on developing a data base of results in different locations throughout the world.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/88 to 09/30/89

Outputs
An expert irrigation advisor system is almost completed, and it runs on a microcomputer utilizing a data acquisition board to obtain weather and soil moisture data from sensors. The program integrates several computer software packages, including an expert system shell, a spreadsheet, a database and other programs written in Pascal and in Fortran. The expert system features allow the program to check the moisture sensor readings for errors. Then the expert system runs a simulation of the crop (peanut) based on weather data for the day and compares the soil moisture calculated by the simulation with that of the soil moisture sensors. If they do not agree closely, coefficients in the simulation model are updated to calibrate the model to the actual situation. In this way, the crop simulation is customized for the particular soil and the simulation can then be used to give a reliable forecast of the effect of irrigating or not in the next few days. The crop operations decision system (FARMSYS) is completed and has been reported in various papers. The next phase of this work will be to integrate FARMSlS into a general decision support system (DSSAT) along with other programs such as crop simulations and risk evaluators. The pesticide decision system has been completed on the Sun (UNIX) workstation and the next phase will be to convert it for use with the compatible personal computers. The citrus grove decision support system is a microcomputer-based record-keeping and aggregation program.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/87 to 09/30/88

Outputs
Development of the expert irrigation adviser progressed with experimental work on soil water movement under peanuts throughout their growing season. This work was to test the evapotranspiration model for both partially shaded and fully shaded soil, and the accuracy of the soil moisture sensor to be used in the knowledge-based irrigation decision system. The crop operations decision system is almost completed, and the result is the first agricultural simulation using logic programming (Prolog language). Evaluation of the qualification of the system was done at a workshop Nov. 14, where nine experts from the U.S. and two other countries met and studied the system. The citrus grove decision support system work is continuing and addresses the grower's need for better records and for anonymous integration of different growers' records so that an overall average is available for each to use as a measure. The pesticide decision system has been completed with two different formats, the second of which will make it more adaptable to free format natural language questions from the user.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/86 to 09/30/87

Outputs
New techniques for capturing the knowledge of experts for use in a personal computer program are being applied for Florida agriculture where large numbers of enterprises from citrus to zuchini require a wide variety of expertise. One part of this project is the development of an expert irrigation adviser for reducing both the loss of nutrients and costs of irrigation. A second part of the work is developing an object-oriented program for better farm operations planning. This program should allow users to answer questions about cropping combinations, taking into account weather, soil type, machinery size and labor. These are continued from last year by two doctoral students. A third doctoral student is beginning work with Howard Beck on a decision support system for citrus growers. This program will allow the citrus grower to easily record his grove costs and submit them to a statewide data base for summarization. A fourth student is working on a pesticide data base that will be organized with the principles of artificial intelligence for more rapid retrieval by the user.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/85 to 09/30/86

Outputs
In this first year of this new research area, much of the work involved acquisition of equipment and software and writing specific proposals for application of Decision Support systems in various agricultural situations. Two doctoral candidates began work on projects to develop Decision Support systems for irrigation management and international technology transfer between research and extension workers. Decision Support Systems are defined as computer programs that can utilize simulations, data tables and expert systems to provide information and recommendations to a decision-maker. Expert systems software development programs have been obtained as follows: INSIGHT 2+, Texas Instruments PERSONAL CONSULTANT PLUS, GURU. The total retail value of these programs is about $9600, but we have obtained a grant of the TI Personal Consultant Plus and a deep discount on GURU and INSIGHT 2+, so that only about $500 was expended. These are all for the IBM-PC or compatible microcomputers. Grant proposals have been written for: Upgrade of Mechanization Capabilities by Egyptian Bureau of Agrilcultural Research, USDA-OICD; Expert Systems for Rangeland Management, USDA-CSRS; Development of Expert Grain Drying System, Texas Instruments; Development of Expert Grain Storage Management Systems, Corn Refiners Assoc.; Expert Financial Record Keeper, Southern Regional Develop. Center; Expert Financial Record Keeper, CDC.; and Expert System for International Technology Transfer, University of Hawaii.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85

Outputs
This research is being conducted in cooperation with the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science. The purpose is to develop techniques for the transfer of foreign genes to the filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) which can then be cloned in large scale systems. Conjugation of the cynobacterium Anabaena variabilis with E. coli HB-101 bearing plasmid pRK290 for tetracycline resistance (TCR) resulted in cyanobacteria with resistance to the drug, indicating successful plasmid transfer. Conjugation of E. coli bearing plasmid pRL6 containing a gene for Neomycin resistance with A. variabilis resulted in the transfer of the plasmid to the cyanobacterium as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and by positive growth on agar with 25 ug/ml Neomycin. DNA from the algal lysate gave rise to colonies of E. coli resistant to neomycin and having a temperature optimum of 30 C, characteristic of A. variabilis. These results suggest that genetic transfer in both directions can occur, thus making available a new mechanism for exploration of the cyanobacterial genome. The techniques are of particular interest in nitrogen-fixing genera such as Anabaena, and will also be applied to the lesser known Oscillatoriaceae. Alfalfa hay was harvested in the afternoon of the same day that it was cut. The hay was treated with a drying agent and a preservative. The moisture level was about 40% when the hay was baled. The temperatures of the treated hay was considerably less than untreated hay.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 10/01/83 to 09/30/84

Outputs
Soil samples are being collected from a 500 ha land treatment site. Comparisonsare being made between irrigated and background areas of pH organic matter cation exchange capacity and total phosphorus. Tested various preservations on alfalfa hay in the 30% moisture range, which is about 12% too high of a moisture level for safe storage. The only preservative that shows promise was a propionic acid solution. Thorough coverage of the hay was imperative for achieving good preservation. Spray nozzles were mounted so that the hay could be sprayed on the top and bottom surface of the window as it entered the baler. This new project attempts to analyze the management techniques, problems, and proposed solutions for beef and dairy cattle production in Florida. Current efforts focus on developing modeling methodology and models of herd population and animal nutrition/growth/development. Problem analyses using these models are expected to be important tools for dealing with low fertility, high mortality, suboptional growth, and nutritional problems of the industry that arise mainly due to the climate and soils of Florida. An ultimate objective is microcomputer software to assist management of individual production units. The agricultural robotics research program is to improve the productivity of Florida's agricultural industry through the use of robotic and related techniques.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83

Outputs
An agricultural robotics program has been initiated to investigate the use of robotic technology and artificial intelligence in the agricultural industries. Research efforts this year are concentrating on two objectives: developing expertise in robot technology and identifying characteristics for a robotic citrus harvesting system. A harvester for poultry ova was designed, built and installed in the pilot plant at Poultry Science. It is being modified to correct construction deficiencies and to improve performance. A new project seeks to develop population, growth, and decision models for analysis of beef cow/calf production systems in Florida. Accomplishments for the past year includes: A stochastic model describing conception rate and subsequent calving rate in a herd. Concepts and an initial model for representing the populational features of a herd, including age and several functional categories over the lifespan.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82

Outputs
Research facilities were developed to measure fan capacity and efficiency over afull range of static pressures. The facility can also be used to measure the resistance to air flow of various materials. Research facilities were developed to determine the overall operational efficiencies of various types of evaporative cooling pads as functions of air flow rate, water flow rate, ambient environmental conditions and water supply temperature. Progress was made on models to aid farm machinery management. Computer software was developed for teaching farm laborers hand signals using graphics. Equations were developed for estimating farm machinery reliability. Data are now being collected for an Agricultural Service Management model for farm equipment suppliers. A quasi-steady state model of plant water uptake by a distributed root system was developed. Data were collected on changes in corn water use and photosynthesis under well-watered and drought conditions for evaluating the model. A crop drier completely energized by biomass was developed and analyzed. When drying shelled corn, 5.6 MJ of energy from wood chips were used per kg of water removed. Two grum transport vehicles were developed for the gum naval stores industry. A conceptual framework was developed for using computer simulation in the process control of canned food retort systems.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81

Outputs
Field studies on overland flow treatment of munipical wastewater were conducted. Plots were established with bahia, bermuda and St. Augustine grasses. High reduction of BOD, TSS, and TKN were observed. From the practical differential equations of one-demensional soil water storage and transport, discrete (lumped) models for finite, size able depth layers of soil have been derived. The results are preliminary, but they potentially permit an efficient alternative to the ususal numerial analysis of partial differential equations in studies of soil water dynamics. Two shipping tests were conducted with celery packed in commercial corrugated boxes and 2 experimentally waxed boxes, one of rugular weight and the other made from lighter weight fiberboard. There was no difference in side or end bulge or top-to-bottom compression in the different types of boxes. Compression tests were conducted on similar boxes. Regular-weight experimental boxes were stronger than the other two, but light-weight box was as strong as the commercial box. Wax pick up was less with the lighr box than with either of the regular-weight boxes. Bell pepers packed in corrugated boxes were hydraircooled, treated with 2 fungicides at concentrations of 50 to 250 ppm, and stored at humidity levels for weeks. Both fungicides adequately controlled Alternaria and total decay was less with fungicide treatments than when water alone was used.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80

Outputs
Agricultural drainage water treatment systems are being developed at Zellwood, Florida to reduce nutrient loads in drainage water from organic soils. Allowing the water to flow through a series of shallow reservoirs stocked with water hyacinths, elodia, and cattails was found to be very effective in removing N and P from the water. With regard to overland flow treatment of municipal wastewater in Florida, field plots have been established to receive secondary wastewater on different grasses. Measurements of removal of suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen and bacteria will be made to determine renovation capacity. Process analysis of existing data will be done to aid design. Data collection on the effects of water table heights on pasture production and water use has continued through the past year. Water table heights are artifically controlled. Production is measured by grass clippings and water use is monitored. Data collection on yields from irrigated and non-irrigated improved pasture has continued through the past year. Yeild is obtained from grass clippings, while the tensiometer and neutron probe techniques are used for water use measurements.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79

Outputs
Construction has proceeded at the IFAS irrigation park in Gainesville. The lysimeter system is near completion and the first crop will be planted this spring. A trickle irrigation design test facility has been constructed in the Agricultural Engineering laboratory. Data collection and evaluation on friction losses in lateral pipe lines for trickle irrigation systems is well underway. Equipment and instrument installation has been completed for a research project on water use, fertility and yield of irrigated and non-irrigated pasture. A study has been initiated to adapt a dynamic crop growth model of soybean in Florida conditions. The crop growth model was interfaced with a soil water balance for sandy soils and used to simulate the 1978 Fall drought effects on Bragg soybean growth and yield. The root locus technique of analysis of system behavior was adapted and applied to insect population models. Concepts and preliminary models of light interception and photosynthesis by crop canopies were developed. Preliminary studies of sources, quantities and feasibility of utilization of organic dust as an energy source were begun. Laboratory studies on movement of virus through soil from wastewater application were continued. Progress is being made in the detailed analysis of virus/organic/soil interaction as related to movement and persistence of viruses. Portable laboratory facilities were built to support the nonpoint pollution indexing project.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78

Outputs
Several water management studies are producing timely information. Preliminary results of analysis of runoff water from a potato field in the Hastings area show higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in surface runoff water than in profile drainage water. An irrigation study in Marion County indicates that orange trees respond about the same to drip as they do to overhead sprinkler irrigation. Data is being collected to determine the water use of irrigated and non-irrigated pasture. Progress has been made in developing an automatically recording and controlling mercury manometer soil moisture tensiometer. Models were developed for studying soil moisture transport which improves analytical techniques. Preliminary studies indicate that some sandy soils retain 100% of polio I virus while the same virus suspended in sludge liquor did show appreciable breakthrough. A nonpoint pollution research program is being developed to determine quantitatively the effectiveness of various farm management practices for abating nutrient, sediment and pesticide losses associated with agricultural runoff. A punch planter for planting whole seed or spouted seed through plastic mulch has been developed. The suitability of a well-insulated structure with controlled low ventilation rate was verified as being effective for storing onions for 12 weeks. Models for the citrus backfly and the fall armyworm complexes have been formulated.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77

Outputs
Research continued on subsurface drainage and irrigation of potatoes with plastic tubing at Hastings with promising results. Drip irrigation research produced results supporting this method as an energy and water use efficient means for irrigating citrus. Onion drying and storage studies suggest high probability for successful onion production in Florida. Several machines and machine components for harvesting and processing aquatic plants have been built and tested with results significantly contributing to the solution of this serious problem. A punch seed planter for vegetable crops grown on plastic mulch covered beds has been developed. Research on large scale production and harvesting of algae grown on animal wastes resulted in the approximate doubling of yield over that of the year previous. Advances were achieved in the development and application of modeling methodology to insect population dynamics, crop physiology and growth and effects of pests on crops. Data acquisition systems for overland flow of swine waste and a mathematical model for algae production were completed and are operational. Mathematical models of plant transpiration offers potential in developing criteria for improved crop water use efficiencies. Laboratory studies were begun to evaluate movement and persistance of virus in soil receiving municipal sludge.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76

Outputs
The technologic and economic feasilibity of converting sugarcane production residues to utilizable energy forms is being investigated for waterwall incineration, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis. Modeling studies have been initiated of biological and ecological systems in association with plant physiology and growth, algae production using animal waste as nutrient medium, and renovation properties of overland flow irrigation systems using high strength organic waste. Production and processing of algae for animal feed appears promising. Algae ponds with swine waste as the nutrient medium have produced several hundred pounds of feed material for animal nutrition studies. Progress is being made in use of micro-processors for remote data acquisition systems. Modeling and analysis techniques are being applied in an integrated pest management system for celery production. The subsurface drainage study forpotatoes at Hastings has demonstrated techniques for increasing production and is being expanded. The infrared radiation onion curing system has been tested further and still looks promising. The potential of solar drying of grain sorghum with a low-cost plastic collector is being investigated. Studies of drip irrigation for citrus is continuing and results still appear promising. Large round bales of hay stored with a propionic

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75

Outputs
A citrus irrigation study revealed orange production was increased about 15 percent by drip or sprinkler irrigation. Application of fertilizer through the drip system increased yields by 29 percent. A combined subsurface irrigation and drainage system for potatoes has maintained adequate irrigation while lowering the water table in about one-half the time required by conventional furrows. Data for 2 years show an overall 48 percent yield increase due to subsurface drainage and irrigation. A small version of the continuous soil pasteurizer has been designed and the performance is satisfactory. Design parameters are being established. Prelminary research on solar energy applications in agriculture has been conducted on greenhouse heating, space heating, and crop drying. Technical feasibility of solar energy applications has been demonstrated, however, economical feasibility depends on fuel cost. A procedure developed for evaluating equivalent energy input of labor in agricultural production showed corn production energy ratios increased rather than decreased over past 60 years. Energy requirements to produce and market Fla. fresh vegetables was evaluated. A feasibility study on the use of sugarcane field & processing plant residues for energy production was initiated.Effectiveness of shade structure for dairy cows was investigated. Tests of acidpreservation of large round bales of transvala hay were initiated. Requirements for artificially curing onions using infrared radiation and forced

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74

Outputs
A gladiolus corm drying study indicates lower flower quality and corm productionresults from overdrying. A field plot experiment is underway to develop design criteria for drip irrigation systems for citrus. Sites have been selected for astudy of non point source of entry of nutrients into runoff water from lands used for agricultural production. Subsurface drainage studies at Hastings indicated much more rapid lowering of the water table after heavy rains with drain tubing than by the conventional furrow method. The water table was maintained satisfactorily at the desired level during dry periods by subirrigation through the tile drain lines. Development of a generalized psychrometric sensor is continuing. If successful, it will allow measurement and control of any temperature-humidity variable identifiable as a line on the psychrometric chart. A greenhouse at Bradenton has been equipped with a solar heating system which collects heat during daylight, stores it in water in a 2000gallon tank. The hot water is then circulated through forced air convectors when heat is required. The efficiencies of solar collectors (water and air) constructed from various materials have been determined. A hot soil holding binhas been developed for the continuous, direct heat soil pasteurizer. A hydraulic stake driver for flower growers has been developed.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73

Outputs
Computer simulation models of transient heat flow in/out of buildings have been developed for buildings with/without heating/cooling systems. Research on increasing the relative humidity inside greenhouses using misting devices show that the devices used do not disperse enough water to appreciably increase the humidity or lower the dry-bulb temperature. Tests show respirable dust particlelevels in open poultry houses is consideraly lower than the legal limits specified by OSHA. Tile drainage was installed at Hastings to study North Florida drainage problems and subsurface water movement simulation computer program developed. Tobacco harvesting efficiency studies show harvester speeds more than 3 mph are unacceptable. The harvester was adapted to apply sprays. Drip and sprinkler irrigation were compared with different plastic mulch and fertilization treatments in tomato and tree crop production. Drip requires about a third the water sprinkling requires. Rhizoctonia Solani, Pythium Myriotylum, Aspergillus Niger, and Phytophtord Palmivord were effectively eliminated in innoculated field soil and sand-peat mix by a continuous soil pasteurizer which also works well as a soil mixer. Cold chamber tests show thatartificial snow for frost protection can be formed on plant surfaces at an air temperature of 32F by using a fogging nozzle which operates on 50 psi compressed air and water introduced by a venturi.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72

Outputs
A commercial mechanical tobacco harvester was tested under Florida conditions. Factors investigated were the forward speed of the machine (1, 2 and 3 mph), therotational speed of the defoliating rollers (150, 200 and 250 rpm) and the time of day. Results indicate the harvester can be successful. Achievable harvest efficiencies are: 95% at 1 mph and 88% at 3 mph. A transducer to measure enthalpy of an air water-vapor mixture is being developed. A humidity test chamber has been secured and is being readied to allow testing of the enthalpy transducer over the range of psychrometric conditions expected in animal environments. Preliminary investigations were conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing misting nozzles, in lieu of aspen mats, to humidity greenhouses. The water output and air pressure and volume required are being determined before any installation will be made. Exploratory computer work has been started to simulate an optimal economic temperature model for hog production. This model will predict the temperature at which swine buildings should be maintained in order to optimize net profit. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made in the Swine Research Center nurserybuilding over a period of 4 wks last August to obtain data to design an environmental modification system to relieve the heat stress in hogs in the building.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71

Outputs
Construction of a direct heat, continuous type soil pasteurizer was completed. Preliminary tests were made with a half and half wet soil mix of peat and fine sand. Soil temperatures reached were 180-190F. Material was placed in a wooden pallet bin and remained at temperatures greater than 150F for two to three hours. More tests are planned with innoculated batches of material to test effectiveness of process. Preliminary work on renovation of municipal wastewater through application to land has been conducted. Effluent has been applied at rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 inches per week through sprinkler irrigation to forage crops. Analyses include yield, dry matter, and nitrogen content. Feeding trials were conducted to determine forage quality. Studies of waste handling and wastewater impoundment for confinement and semi-confinement cow-calf operations on Florida flatwoods soils are now planned. Groundwater quality under unpaved lots will be studied. The handling and disposal of horse manure from large horse farms and racetracks in Florida will also be studied at the new Horse Research Center at Lowell. A monitoring program is now underway on the disposal of wastewater from a sanitary landfill on pasture to study problems resulting from this practice.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70

Outputs
Feasibility of municipal waste water renovation and nutrient removal is being studied in cooperation with the City of Tallahassee. Effluent is applied to 1/4acre plots of oats by sprinkler irrigation at rates of 1/2, 1,2,4 inch per week.Renovation and ground water recharge is also being studied by cyclic flooding and drying in a 1/4 acre basin. Studied of the practicability of pasteurizing soil media in a direct fired rotating drum have been started. Sample materials are being inoculated with organisms that are harmful to Florida foliage industryand treatment effectiveness determined by laboratory examination and observationof plants growing on treated material. A project statement "Forced Air Precooling of Vegetable" is ready for submission. Construction of experimental facilities for this project are 75% complete. Tests have been conducted to findthe drying characteristic of water hyacinth and Florida elodea. Sufficient quantities of these materials have been processed to supply beef and swine feeding trials. Pelleting requirements have been investigated and an experimental processor (screw pressdryer) and citrus pulp pilot plant feed mill used in the dehydrating studies.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69

Outputs
Design work was completed and construction begun on a multistage lagoon system for treatment of waste from an 800-cow dairy. The system consists of a primary anerobic lagoon, a secondary aerobic lagoon, and a tertiary aerobic lagoon. Effluent from the tertiary lagoon will be discharged into a seepage irrigation system for utilization of plant nutrients in the waste. Physical, chemical, andbiological parameters of each lagoon will be monitored. Soil and water samples from the seepage irrigation field will be analyzed to determine changes in soil properties and degree of nutrient utilization. Samples from test wells in the vicinity of the lagoons will be tested for pollutional characteristics. Bacteriological studies of anaerobic and aerobic lagoon performance will also beconducted. Current efforts are directed toward identifying and assessing problems associated with the physical system of precooling vegetables with a view toward establishing a more adequate basis for rational design of precoolingsystems. Laboratory equipment is being installed which will provide experimental capability for examining a variety of these questions about precooling.

Impacts
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Publications