MISCELLANEOUS INSECT AND INSECTICIDE STUDIES

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
123	0699	1130	30%
211	1199	1130	10%
211	1499	1130	15%
211	1799	1130	20%
211	3999	1130	15%
711	2499	1130	10%

Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project were published in a peer-reviewed journal. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project was conducted to develop an aerial survey method thatcan locate cocoons of the oriental moth, Monema flavescens Walker, for precise and accurate detection of thecocoons in winter to prevent defoliation in the subsequent summer. We used a rotary-wing drone for an aerialsurvey of M. flavescens cocoons on 15 trees at 3-5 m above the tree canopy. We also conducted a conventional ground survey of M. flavescens cocoons on the same trees for two different conditions of cocoons: open (i.e., adult moths already emerged from cocoons) and closed (i.e., adult moths had not emerged yet). A validationcensus with destructive sampling was conducted to determine the precision and accuracy of the aerial and ground survey methods. The results of this study showed that from the aerial survey with the drone, images of open cocoons differed from those of closed cocoons. We found higher precision and accuracy and lower type I and II error rates for closed cocoons by the aerial survey with the drone than those by the ground survey. No significant relationships of the number of cocoons with tree height and diameter at breast height were found. This is the first study to demonstrate the direct detection of insects with an aerial survey by using a drone.

Publications

Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Park, Y.-L., J. R. Cho, and B. Y. Seo. 2021. Detection of Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) cocoons using small unmanned aerial system. Journal of Economic Entomology, 114: 1925-1933.

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:The results of the research were presented at the Annual Conference of the Entomological Society of America where more than 3,000 people attended. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student was trained for the non-target effect of pesticides in the forest ecosystem. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the study weredisseminated to the science community via academic conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) is an invasive insect causing the death of hemlock trees across the eastern United States. To control this invasive insect imidacloprid has been applied to hemlock stands for over a decade. Imidacloprid is an effective treatment, but it may be harming the non-target soil collembolans and mites. This study was conducted to determine the effect of imidacloprid on the abundance of these non-target arthropods. Soil samples were taken from paired hemlock stand sites, each with one control plot and one treated plot (a total of 36 plots) located in the New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area in West Virginia. Soil arthropods were collected from the soil samples by using a Burlese funnel, then sorted and counted. No significant(p>0.05) differences were found in collembolan (t=-0.767 - 1.467), mite (t=-0.562 - 1.768) , and total soil arthropod (t=-0.685 - 1.720) abundance. These results suggest that soil collembolan and mite abundance is not influenced by imidacloprid application in hemlock stands. Future research will compare and analyze the effects of imidacloprid on the diversity of soil arthropods.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Burke, B., D. Brown, and Y.-L. Park, 2019. The non-target effects of imidacloprid on soil collembolans and mites in hemlock forests. Entomological Society of America Annual Conference. St. Louis, MO.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The product of this project was presented to more than >100 scientists via conference presentations. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student was trained for multi-disciplinary research collaborations. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results were disseminated to science and agricultural communities via conferences including the Entomological Society of America conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The hemlock woolley adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an invasive insect causing a decline in hemlock trees across the eastern United States. To combat this invasive insect, an insecticide (i.e. imidacloprid) has been applied extensively to hemlock stands. Imidacloprid is an effective treatment, but it may be harming non-target soil insect relatives, such as mites and springtails. This study was conducted to determine the effect of imidacloprid on non-target soil insect relatives by comparing their abundance in control and treated sites. Soil samples were taken from hemlock stands treated with imidacloprid (9 sites) and control hemlock stands (9 sites) located in the New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area in West Virginia. Insect relatives were extracted from the soil samples by using a Burlese funnel and their abundance was measured. Our results showed no significant difference in overall insect and insect relative abundance between the treated and control plots in spring (t = 1.6704, p > 0.05) or summer (t = -0.696, p > 0.05). Springtail abundance also showed no significant difference in spring (t = 0.139, p > 0.05) or summer (t = -0.725, p > 0.05). Our results suggest that total soil insect and insect relative abundance is not influenced by imidacloprid application in hemlock stands.

Publications

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to characterize spatial distribution patterns of imidacloprid and macroinvertebrates relative to imidacloprid treatments.A total of five study sites will be selected and four parallel transects will be placed in each site with 10-20 sample points per transect. The transect starts from the known point of imidacloprid treatment to areas with no imidacloprid treatment. Macroinvertebrate sampling will be done at each sampling point; a composite soil sample with 5 subsamples was taken with a ball planter. Soil-dwelling macroinvertebrates will be extracted by using Berlese-Tullgren funnels and diversity of macroinvertebrates will be determined between treated and untreated areas.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, has been extensively applied in West Virginia to combat an invasive insect pest on hemlocks.We conducted research to determine the richness and diversity of soil macroinvertebrates associated with imidacloprid treatment and to assess the risk of imidacloprid treatments. Soil-dwelling macroinvertebrates were sampled in the New River Gorge National Park. A total of five random soil core samples in each plot were taken to a depth of 15 cm with a 10-cm-diameter ball planter. The core samples were be placed in a sealed bag and brought to the lab to extract soil-dwelling macroinvertebrates by using Berlese-Tullgren funnels. We found a significant difference in macroinvertebrate abundance between control and imidacloprid-treated areas.

Publications

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results were disseminated to science and agricultural communities via publication and an outreach program with the WVU Insect Zoo and Museum which the PI is in charge of at West Virginia University. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This study was conducted to determine theeffects of temperature on development and survival in the egg and larval stages of Osmia cornifrons Radozskowski(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) over a broad range of temperatures. O. cornifrons individuals were placed in environmentalchambers at 5, 13, 21, 29, 37, and 45 °C and their development was tracked daily. Developmental data was modelled using the Briere function and simulated by incorporating the developed model and Weibull function. Models were validated with developmental data from randomly selected bees at sites in Morgantown (n = 28) and Kearneysville (n = 78), West Virginia, USA. Osmia cornifrons eggs survived at 13, 21, and 29 °C, but were unable to survive at othertemperatures. Larvae survived at 21 and 29 °C, with 88.5 and 45.5% survival, respectively. The thermal window for thedevelopment of egg and 1st instar was 17.99 °C, and for 2nd instar to prepupa was 12.58 °C. Nearly all validation datafell within the 95% prediction interval, indicating that the models accurately represented the thermal biology ofO. cornifrons in field. The narrow thermal window found in this study for O. cornifrons larval development indicates thatO. cornifrons is sensitive to temperature change during this life history stage.

Publications

Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: McKinney, M., J. J. Ahn, and Y.-L. Park. 2017. Thermal biology of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) eggs and larvae. Journal of Apicultural Research 56(4): 421-429.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Research results were disseminated to science and agricultural communities via publication and an outreach program with the WVU Insect Zoo and Museum which the PI is in charge of at West Virginia University. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Temperature plays an important role in the growth and development of arthropods, and thus the current trend of climate change will alter their biology and species distribution. We used Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari: Chaetodactylidae), a cleptoparasitic mite associated with Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), as a model organism to investigate how temperature affects the development and voltinism of C. krombeini in the eastern United States. The effects of temperature on the stage-specific development of C. krombeini were determined at seven constant temperatures (16.1, 20.2, 24.1, 27.5, 30.0, 32.4 and 37.8°C). Parameters for stage-specific development, such as threshold temperatures and thermal constant, were determined by using empirical models. Results of this study showed that C. krombeini eggs developed successfully to adult at all temperatures tested except 37.8°C. The nonlinear and linear empirical models were applied to describe quantitatively the relationship between temperature and development of each C. krombeini stage. The nonlinear Lactin model estimated optimal temperatures as 31.4, 32.9, 32.6 and 32.5°C for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In the linear model, the lower threshold temperatures were estimated to be 9.9, 14.7, 13.0 and 12.4°C for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. The thermal constant for each stage completion were 61.5, 28.1, 64.8 and 171.1 degree days for egg, larva, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Under the future climate scenarios, the number of generations (i.e., voltinism) would increase more likely by 1.5 to 2.0 times by the year of 2100 according to simulation.

Publications

Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ahn, J. J., Y. Son, Y. He, E. Lee, and Y.-L. Park. 2016. Effects of temperature on development and voltinism of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari: Chaetodactylidae): Implications for climate change impacts. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161319. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161319

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student was trained from this reserach. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The result of this study was disseminated to science community via a presentation at the Entomological Society of America. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Spatial heterogeneity contributes the spatial distribution of insect pests in crop fields and understanding the spatial distribution of insect pests is a key to the development of sampling and management programs in production agriculture. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive insect pest from eastern Asia. BMSB is known to utilize multiple host plants throughout the year. In West Virginia, BMSB moves into cornfields late summer when corn bears ears and persists until harvest. Currently, no sampling plans are available for BMSB on corn although it can cause considerable damage on corn by sucking kernels. Weinvestigatedspatial distribution of BMSB in cornfields and developedsampling plans for BMSB on corn.We sampled BMSB on ten consecutive corn plants in each of six cornfields at Kearneysville Tree Fruit Research and Education Center (KTFREC) . On each plant, the number of BMSB nymphs and adults in the primary ear zone (ear-zone counts) and whole plant (whole-plant counts) were counted.The number of BMSB sampled at KTFREC was significantly less than that previous years and most BMSB were found on the edge of cornfield. The coefficients of variation (CV = 1.44 for nymph, 2.67 for adult and 2.79 for nymph and adult combined) of ear-zone counts were smaller than those of whole-plant counts (CV = 1.88 for nymph, 5.35 for adult, and 5.18 for nymph and adult combined). This indicates that ear-zone counts have less variation relative to the mean population density of BMSB than whole-plant counts. We also found that CV for ear-zone counts (0.99 for nymph, 0.98 for adult and 0.98 for combined) were also smaller than those of whole-plant (0.99 for nymph, 1.21 for adult and 1.16 for combined). Semivariograms did not show any noticeable spatial structure in this study. However, Taylor's Power law detected non-random patterns of BMSB distribution; the slopes of regressions were <1 on ear-zone and >1 on whole-plant, indicating regular and aggregated patterns for ear-zone and whole-plant counts, respectively.

Publications

Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ahn, J., and Y.-L. Park. 2014. Development of sampling plans for brown marmorated stink bugs on corn. Entomological Society of America Branch Meeting, Williamsburg, VA.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The results of this project have been disseminated to public through one scientific publication. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One graduate student was trained to conduct a team project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Findings from research were presented to science community thorugh journal publication. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), is a generalist predator that can control 75 insect pests in various agroecosystems. Despite valuable results from the previous studies, thermal development and survival of P. maculiventris over a wide range of temperatures had not been elucidated completely. This study was conducted to investigate the stage-specific development and survival of P. maculiventris at eight constant temperatures (13.2, 18.4, 21.7, 23.7, 27.2, 32.7, 35.2, and 40.6 C) covering the entire thermal range for P. maculiventris development. Completion of egg development was observed at 13.2-32.7 C, whereas nymphs successfully developed into adults at 18.4-32.7 C. Survival model using log-normal equations showed bell-shape patterns for all stages, and temperatures resulting in highest survival of P. maculiventris were 19.9, 24.3, and 24.5 C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Developmental rates at the eight temperatures were fitted with a nonlinear Briere model, which estimated optimal temperatures for development as 31.2, 30.6, and 30.6 C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Operative thermal ranges (i.e., in-between the lower and upper developmental thresholds) were estimated to be 8.9-35.2, 12.8-35.2, and 12.7-35.2 C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In a linear model, the lower thresholds were 10.9, 13.1, and 13.0 C for egg, nymph, and egg toadult, respectively.

Publications

Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Baek, S., Y. Son, and Y.-L. Park. 2014. Temperature-dependent development and survival of Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): implications for mass rearing and biological control. Journal of Pest Science 87:331340.

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Mr. Matthew McKinney, a graduate research assistant, conducted data collection at West Virginia University and the American Museum of Natural History. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Current declines in native and managed bee populations have resulted in an increased interest in bee monitoring programs. We have compiled the bees of West Virginia, a collaborative effort to document West Virginia’s bee fauna to aid in developing more effective land management practices in the state. We used traditional sampling methods (active and passive sampling) as well as historical collections from research institutions such as West Virginia University and the American Museum of Natural History to document the state’s bee fauna. In total, 308 species were recognized, with many specimens still awaiting determination. Additionally, over 20 state records were added to the list along with several distributional records. This information represents a significant increase in our understanding of West Virginia’s bee diversity and should benefit the development of land management practices for agriculture.

Publications

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Current declines in native and managed bee populations have resulted in an increased interest in bee monitoring programs. Current monitoring programs use pan traps or "bee bowls" as a way to passively sample for bees. While the use of pan traps is ubiquitous among bee studies, the implementation of these traps is not standardized. We conducted research to determine the minimum distance between pan traps required to get independent sampling amongst traps. One-hundred pan traps were placed at the WVU agronomy farm in a grid with a separation of 2 m between each trap, and an additional 100 pan traps were placed in a grid with a separation of 1 m between each trap. Geostatistics was used to describe the spatial structure of trap capture within the grids at each site. Trap capture was shown to be spatially random, indicating independent sampling at a distance of 1 m or 2 m between each trap. PARTICIPANTS: Mr. Matthew McKinney, a graduate research assistant, conducted field research for bee monitoring. TARGET AUDIENCES: The results of this study were disseminated through entomological conferences and departmental seminars. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Independent samples were obtained in pan traps when placed as close as 1 m apart. This indicates that pan traps may be placed closer together than this for the purposes of bee monitoring programs. Standardizing methods used in bee monitoring programs allows for comparison of data sets on a global scale. Receiving independent samples from each pan trap assures the assumptions of independence are met for traditional statistical tests. We currently conclude that a distance of 1 m between bee bowls is a good standard for bee monitoring.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Chaetodactylus kromeini is a parasitic mite of Osmia cornifrons, the Japanese Hornfaced bee. The mite has reduced O. cornifrons populations in many West Virginia orchards by eating pollen reserves intended for O. cornifrons larvae. We conducted a timely important research to investigate mechanisms of mite damage. Thirty O. cornifrons nests were dissected and the distribution of male and female O. cornifrons within the nest was determined with regression analysis. Mite distributions based on presence/absence and categorical density values were mapped for eighty-nine additional nests and regression analysis was used to determine mite distribution. Trends in O. cornifrons gender distribution showed females develop in the rear of the nest and males develop in the center. Regression analysis of C. krombeini showed a preference for the inside of the nest. PARTICIPANTS: Ms. Vicki Kondo, a research assistant in Entomology Program at West Virginia University, helped dissecting bee nest and cocoons. Mr. Matthew McKinney, a graduate student at West Virginia University, managed the bees on the farm. TARGET AUDIENCES: The results of this study were disseminated to public and growers through Organic Farm Field Day at West Virginia University, entomological conferences, and departmental seminars. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Female O. cornifrons were laid in the rearmost portion of the nest and C. krombeini had a similar distribution pattern to female O. cornifrons. This indicates that its parasitism and direct attacking behaviors would have a greater impact on female O. cornifrons. Because female O. cornifrons are more important than males for population growth, C. krombeini may have strong negative impacts on O. cornifrons populations. Therefore, we concluded that management of the mites is urgent in some West Virginia orchards using O. cornifrons as a major pollinator.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Marmorated stink bug appeared on research farms. Several complaints received from agricultural producers and some home owners. Time spent on identification and providing information on potential control. PARTICIPANTS: Employies who assisted multiple times in educational efforts with this new insect problem were V. Kondo, Y. Park, D. Blue, T. Winfield, A. Biggs. Some of these attended regional workshops on anticipated impact and control of the marmornated stink bug. TARGET AUDIENCES: Agricultural producers and home owners in the state and region. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Increased effort being put into control strategies, including IPM.

Impacts
Efforts being made to develop control strategies across the region. On organic farm " clean-up" may be attempted.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: An experiment was conducted at the WVU-KTFREC to evaluate the performance of nine insecticide treatments for insect control on apple. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree replications of 31-yr-old Golden Delicious trees that received nine applications of various insecticides in each treatment, applied at 100 gal per acre with a Durand-Wayland airblast sprayer. Treatments which included Assail, Movento, Calypso, or Actara applied at pink or petal fall provided excellent control of rosy apple aphid. Assail, Calypso, and Voliam flexi applied on 22 May and 10 Jun provided good to excellent control of potato leafhopper, with Calypso and Voliam flexi being more effective than Assail. All three products were also very effective against spirea aphids. Lambda-Cy and Leverage applied at petal fall had the highest incidence of European red mites. Treatments of Imidan/Voliam flexi/Proclaim/Assail/Delegate, Imidan/ Delegate /Proclaim/Assail/Voliam xpress, Imidan/Delegate/Assail/Altacor, and Imidan/Altacor/ Assail/Delegate had the highest percentage of clean fruit (85-88%). A second experiment was conducted to evaluate five treatments of experimental and recently registered insecticides for insect control on apple. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree replications of 31-yr-old Rome trees that received nine applications of various insecticides in each treatment, applied at 100 gal per acre with a Durand-Wayland airblast sprayer. Tourismo and Assail were the most effective treatments against potato leafhopper, with Assail also very effective against spirea aphids. Two treatments which consisted of two rates of GWN-1970 + GWN-1986 provided the most effective control of codling moth and oriental fruit moth. The treatment which included Tourismo had the lowest incidence of injury from San Jose scale. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Henry Hogmire, Deborah Blue, Tim Winfield, Leah Berkhouse, and Kalah Parker TARGET AUDIENCES: Mid-atlantic commercial tree fruit growers, consultants, and industry field representatives PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The evaluation of new insecticides has the potential to increase fruit quality and economic return, and result in more effective use of insecticides for pest management.

Publications

Hogmire, H.W. 2009. Insecticide evaluation I, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests 34. On-line Report A5.
Hogmire, H.W. 2009. Insecticide evaluation II, 2008. Arthropod Management Tests 34. On-line Report A6.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: An experiment was conducted at the WVU-KTFREC to evaluate the performance of a botanical insecticide (ARY-0504-015) derived from an herb for insect control on apple. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree replications of 30-yr-old Rome trees that received seven applications of this product, applied at 100 gal per acre with a Durand-Wayland airblast sprayer. The full rate of ARY-0504-015 provided good activity against codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM), however the level of injury was numerically higher than in other treatments in July. One quarter rate of this product did not contribute to any control of CM & OFM when used in combination with other standard insecticides. ARY-0504-015 had no activity against spirea aphids. At harvest, fruit treated with the full rate of this product had a higher incidence of CM & OFM entries than fruit treated with other standard products. The one quarter rate of this product in combination with other materials did not contribute any control of CM & OFM, as control was not significantly better than that provided by the other materials used alone. The full rate of ARY-0504-015 had the lowest injury from San Jose scale. The full rate of this product, and one quarter rate in combination with other materials, provided a comparable level of clean fruit. Of the spray treatments, the greatest incidence of worms in harvested fruit (19) occurred in the full rate treatment of ARY-0504-015, with 74 percent being codling moth. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate recently registered insecticides for insect control on apple. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree replications of 25-yr-old Delicious trees that received two to three applications of each product in a season-long program with other standard insecticides. All sprays were applied with a Durand-Wayland airblast sprayer. Movento and Voliam flexi provided excellent control of spirea aphids. There were no significant differences in spirea aphid control between the two application rates of Movento (6 and 9 oz per acre). Treatments of Voliam flexi/Proclaim/Assail/Delegate and Delegate/Intrepid/Altacor resulted in less than 1 percent injury from codling moth and oriental fruit moth. A pink application of Assail provided more effective control of tarnished plant bug than pink applications of Calypso and the low rate of Movento. The high rate of Movento was very effective against San Jose scale. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Henry Hogmire, Deborah Blue, Tim Winfield, Emily Leonard, and Ryan Miller TARGET AUDIENCES: Mid-atlantic commercial tree fruit growers, consultants, and industry field representatives PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
The evaluation of new insecticides has the potential to increase fruit quality and economic return, and result in more effective use of insecticides for pest management.

Publications

Hogmire, H. W. 2008. Insecticide evaluation I, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests 33. On-line Report A3.
Hogmire, H. W. 2008. Insecticide evaluation II, 2007. Arthropod Management Tests 33. On-line Report A4.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work continued on the Computerized Catalog of Eriophyoidea which now contains over 4000 species, 7700 host plant associations, and 6800 known references; the catalog is freely made available to qualified researchers. In 2007, the eriophyid mite, Aculops ailanthi Lin, Jin and Kuang, 1997, originally described in Hunnan Province, China, was found in Frederick Co., Maryland, and Monongalia Co., West Virginia; this is a new US record. This mite caused symptoms of rust and leaf curling in newly formed leaves. Its potential impact on the host, the alien invasive Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae), a noxious, rapidly spreading weed forest tree, is unknown. Research needs to be conducted on this new phytophagous mite to see if it has any potential adverse impact on this tree. PARTICIPANTS: Jim Amrine, Professor of Entomology, Division of Plant/Soil Sciences, G-168 Agricultural Sciences Building, Evansdale Drive, P.O. Box 6108, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108. Telephone: 304.293.6023, x4307[office], x4309 [lab] Fax: 304.293.2960, E-Mail: jamrine@wvu.edu Website: multiflora rose: http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/ipm/weeds/Multi-rose/multirose.htm (re Rose Rose Disease of roses transmitted by the eriophyoid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus.) TARGET AUDIENCES: Farmers with crops affected by noxious eriophyoid mites (especially citrus, almonds, apples, tomatoes, avacadoes, walnuts, pecans and others); extension agents, foresters, biologists interested in or concerned with these mites; weed scientists planning to use these mites for biological control. The computerized catalog is provided to any farmers, foresters, researchers requesting it. Amrine will be attending the European Acarological Society in Montpelier France in July, 2008 to present papers and workshops on these mites. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Despite entering retirement in June, 2008, Amrine will continue research and publications on the Eriophyoidea.

Impacts
Outcome: the eriophyoid research at WVU is recognized as a leading center in world research on the Eriophyoidea. Amrine receives inquiries weekly from all over the world about these important, plant feeding mites. Amrine teaches five sections on the Eriophyoid mites at the Ohio State University, Summer Acarology Program, in Columbus Ohio, and has done so for over 15 years. This year, Amrine provided a workshop on the Eriophyoidea to the 4th Symposium of the African Acarological Society, on 25 October, 2007, to attendees from over 20 countries from Africa and Europe. He received a special lifetime award for his research on eriophyoid mites and varroa mites.

Publications

Xue, X.-F., Song, Z.-W., Amrine, J. W. Jr., Hong, X.-Y. 2007. Eriophyoid mites on coniferous plants in China with descriptions of a new genus and five new species (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Intern. J. Acarol. 33(4): 333-345.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
This project will be extended and revised; reports will be forth-coming. In collaboration with Dr. Jame Joy, Marshall University, and Dr. Jeff Wells, WVU, a new state record was made in West Virginia for the important, alien blowfly Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart which is extending its range northward in North America; it was found in Preston Co., WV in August, 2006, Mason Co., WV, in September by Dr. Jim Joy; both records were taken from carrion.

Impacts
Knowing the identity and biology of insects and mites collected from pig and other carrion throughout West Virginia, allows us to better estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) used in key legal cases.

Publications

none in 2006

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Forensic Entomology Research supported by an NIJ grant terminated in 2005. While sorting the large numbers of insects collected from forensic collections, the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was taken from the body of a murder victim, 23 Oct 2000, under the High St. Bridge in Morgantown, WV 26505. To our knowledge, this is the first record for this species from human remains or in any forensic study. This past year, our collections show that the most common forensic flies collected during the past three years were the following (most abundant first): Calliphoridae: Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria (Spring and Fall), Phaenicia coeruleiviridis, Phaenicia sericata, Lucillia illustris, Calliphora vicina, Protophormia terraenovae, Cochliomyia macellaria (abundance varies, year by year), Cynomyopsis cadaverina Muscidae: Eudasyphora cyanicolor, Hydrotaea leucostoma, Hydrotaea sp., Muscina pascuorum Muscina stabulans, Fannia spp. Piophilidae: Piophila casei, Prochiliza xanthostoma. We have several 1000s of specimens to continue to identify, sort and enter into our databases. The giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) was collected from flowers of Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, Asclepiadaceae) in several locations in north central West Virginia. So far, this tropical insect has been able to survive winters at this latitude. We will follow its abundance and potential impact on the noxious pest carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginiana. The exotic mosquito, Aedes japonicus, continues to be dominant in many container habitats. Adults of the exotic mosquito, Aedes albopictus, have not been found in Morgantown but is expected soon.

Impacts
Knowing the identity and biology of insects and mites collected from pig and other carrion throughout West Virginia, allows us to better estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) used in key legal cases. The giant resin bee is an exotic alien insect that will be a minor pollinator in this region, and may help to reduce numbers of the native carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginiana. The new exotic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus, have rapidly expanded their range throughout West Virginia, becoming dominant in most areas, and may become severe pests and vectors of diseases of livestock and humans in the future.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Forensic entomology research continued in 2004 at various elevations between 2400'-2900' in Mineral, Nicholas and Preston Counties and 3500'-4000' in Tucker and Randolph Counties, and in all seasons. The following key indicator species were collected: Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Protophormia terraenovae, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, Lucilia illustris, Phaenicia sericata, Phaenicia caeruleiviridis (Calliphoridae), Muscina stabulans, Muscina pascuorum, Fannia spp., Hydrotaea leucostoma, Eudasyphora cyanicolor setosa (Muscidae), Prochyliza xanthostoma, Piophila casei (Piophilidae) and many others. In 2003,Muscina pascuorum was misidentified as Lispoides aequifrons (Muscidae). Muscina pascuorum (verified by Vockeroth, Ottawa, Canada) is a large, black fly resembling Calliphora vicina; it came to pig carrion in large numbers from late September to December in both years - greatest numbers appeared in November. Large numbers entered houses in November joining Pollenia rudis [cluster fly]. Second and third instar larvae of Muscina pascuorum were collected at the soil surface (water-logged) under pig remains, 29 Oct 2004 (13 days after placement). Dead pigs were again placed inside a vacated house near an open window at the WVU Reedsville Exp Farm throughout 2004; Phormia regina entered the room and began laying eggs within 15 minutes in three trials in late May, July and September; Calliphora vomitoria entered the room and laid eggs within 48 hours in October. At most sites in West Virginia, below 1900 feet, Calliphora vomitoria was dominant in spring then disappeared by early June and did not return to pig carrion until late September, becoming dominiant in October and November. At lower elevations, Phaenicia caeruleiviridis was usually dominant on fresh carrion (first 24 hours), then replaced by Phormia regina. At elevations of 1900' to 2400', a few Calliphora vomitoria were collected in all summer months; at 3500' to 4000', Calliphora vomitoria was dominant throughout the year. Podapolipid mites (Prostigmata: Podapolipidae) were found under the elytra of several adults of Philonthus cyanipennis and Creophilus maxillosus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) was collected from Milkweed and Viper's Bugloss flowers, 3 July 2004, at Lanesville, Tucker Co. (2600'). Introduced into the USA about 9 years ago, it takes over carpenter bee tunnels. The introduced paper wasp, Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), first found in Morgantown, WV in 2001, has spread throughout the state, becoming dominant in many areas. The exotic mosquito, Aedes japonicus, was found in Morgantown in 2003-2004; eggs attached to rocks in birdbaths and on walls of containers survived freezing to -1 F. This mosquito replaced Aedes triseriatus as the dominant container mosquito in Morgantown. Larvae of the exotic Asian mosquito, Aedes albopictus, were found in containers in Middleburg (Tyler Co.) in July 2004; it is common in southern West Virginia, but has not been found in Morgantown.

Impacts
Large numbers of insects and mites were collected from pig carrion throughout West Virginia, allowing us to better understand the biology and development of forensic arthropods in the various regions and seasons in the state. This data provide expansion of our collections and refinement of our computerized databases to help determine the postmortem interval (PMI) in crime cases. The giant resin bee is expected to spread throughout West Virginia; it should be a minor pollinator, inhabiting vacated tunnels of carpenter bees and may help to reduce numbers of that pest. The new exotic mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus, have rapidly expanded their range throughout West Virginia, becoming dominant in most areas, and may become severe pests and vectors of diseases in the future.

Publications

Amrine, J. W. Jr., Frost, J. L. 2005. Police manual for Entomological Evidence. (Manuscript, 21pp. Used in two workshops for 42 police officers.)

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Research was supported by a two-year NIJ grant and was conducted in several regions in West Virgina, at various elevations to over 4,000' [1,219 m] in Greenbrier and Pocahontas Counties, and in all seasons since September, 2002. The following key indicator species were collected: Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Protophormia terraenovae, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, Lucilia illustris, Phaenicia sericata, Phaenicia caeruleiviridis (Calliphoridae), Muscina stabulans, Fannia spp.,Hydrotaea leucostoma (Muscidae), Prochyliza xanthostoma, Piophila casei (Piophilidae), plus many others. Two unusual muscids were taken in large numbers at pig carrion: Eudasyphora cyanicolor setosa (Loew) and Lispoides aequifrons (Stein). E. cyanicolor setosa, a dark, metallic blue-green fly closely resembles Phormia regina; adults visited carrion and larvae were stercoricolous. Lispoides aequifrons, a large, black fly closely resembles Calliphora vicina. Lispoides came to pig carrion in large numbers from late September to December with greatest numbers appearing in November. The larvae are aquatic and predaceous on insects in small streams; record rainfall in 2003 resulted in the appearance of large numbers which entered houses in November, much like Pollenia rudis. Flight behavior of several species of calliphorids was recorded at various temperatures; Calliphora vomitoria adults in November continued flight activity and oviposition at ambient air temperatures as low as 52 degrees F [11.1 degrees C]; and adults of Phormia regina were observed to fly at ambient air temperatures as low as 53 degrees F [11.7 degrees C]. A pig was placed in a vacated house near an open window; Phormia regina entered the room and began laying eggs within 15 minutes in two trials in June and August; Cochliomyia macellaria entered the room and developed on the pig in August; Calliphora vomitoria entered the room and laid eggs within 48 hours in October [temperatures were too cool on the first day: 42 degrees F [5.5 degrees C].] Throughout most of the year, Phormia regina was dominant in most areas; Phaenicia coeruleiviridis was often the first calliphorid to arrive at fresh pig carrion out of doors; this species was followed the next day by Phormia regina and Cochliomyia macellaria [July to September only]. At higher elevations [3000-4000ft, 914-1219 m] in summer, Calliphora vomitoria was dominant, whereas at lower elevations, Phormia regina was dominant. Calliphor vomitoria disappeared in early June and returned in mid- to late September, becoming dominant in mid-October, in most areas. Typical carrion seeking behavior and oviposition continued in the fall until about mid-December [but numbers of flies declined]. Following an extended cool period of three weeks, despite temperatures for 3 days in the upper 50's and 60's, no calliphorid activity was observed in late December and January. Calliphorids in West Virginia sought wintering sites prior to very cold weather and required extended, major increases in ambient temperature before they resumed behavior seeking carrion.

Impacts
An immense number of specimens were collected from pig carrion throughout West Virginia, allowing us to better understand the biology and development of forensic insects, especially calliphorids, in the various regions and seasons in the state. This data provides expansion of our collections and refinement of our computerized databases to help determine the postmortem interval (PMI) in crime cases.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Forensic Entomology Research: in collaboration with the Northern West Virginia Medical Examiner, Dr. Jack Frost, MD, collections of arthropod specimens were made from four additional human bodies and associated crime scenes in West Virginia in 2002. Arthropods were identified and the information added to our computerized database, facilitating improved identification of forensic specimens of importance in West Virginia, improving interpretation of information from crime scenes, and allowing us to use additional species for the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). A two-year grant (National Institute of Justice) for research in Forensic Entomology began Sep. 2002. Dead pigs were placed in early October and early November; this is the first use of dead pigs in forensic studies at West Virginia University. Additional data were collected for the following key species: Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, Lucilia illustris, Phaenicia sericata, Phaenicia caeruleiviridis (Calliphoridae), Hydrotaea leucostoma (Muscidae), Prochyliza xanthostoma (Piophilidae), and others. Unidentified mesostigmata (Acari) were observed feeding on calliphorid eggs on a dead pig in October; these will be prepared and identified.

Impacts
Collecting additional specimens from human forensic cases and from dead pigs will allow expansion of our collections and computerized databases of forensic entomology and help to refine techniques for determining the postmortem interval (PMI) in crime cases. Additional specimens in the collection will improve our ability to teach classes and workshops in forensic entomology.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
In collaboration with the Northern West Virginia Medical Examiner, Dr. Jack Frost, MD, and the WVU Forensic Identification Program, collections of arthropod specimens were made from two additional human bodies and associated crime scenes in West Virginia in 2001. Collected arthropods were identified and the information added to our computerized database, facilitating improved identification of forensic specimens of importance in West Virginia, improving interpretation of information from crime scenes, and allowing us to use additional species for the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI). A two-year grant for research in Forensic Entomology will be funded, beginning in 2002. Data from larvae of Phaenicia sericata, collected from a homicide scene in Fairmont,WV in 2000, were analyzed and the PMI calculated in preparation for a court case now scheduled for April, 2002 [additional information can not be provided until after the case is completed]..

Impacts
Collecting additional specimens from human forensic cases will allow expansion of our collections and computerized database of forensic entomology and help to refine techniques for determining the postmortem interval (PMI) in crime cases. This information will be diseminated to other forensic entomologists to aide them in their forensic entomology service.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
Amrine and De Lillo (University of Bari, Italy) have continued development of the Database of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). The core database, Species, now contains 3428 species of eriophyoid mites in 84 fields and is cross-referenced to 6045 citations. In 2000, separate layouts were made for synonymies and information on status of important genera. We continue to enter illustrations of eriophyoid species into the database, Drawings, which is crosslinked to mite species. A separate database, Host Index lists all known host plants for each eriophyoid mite species and gives the source (when known) for each relationship; this file currently has 5870 host plant associations. The database, Genera lists all 318 known generic names for the Eriophyoidea and lists synonymies and key publications. When completed, the database set will be available, using Filemaker Pro (Mac or PC), on CD-ROM in 2001. Copies of the database are available on CD to other researchers for evaluation. In collaboration with the Northern West Virginia Medical Examiner, Dr. Jack Frost, collections of arthropod specimens from four additional human bodies and two associated crime scenes were made in West Virginia in 2000. Data is being collected to allow identification of forensic species of importance in West Virginia and to use selected species for the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI).

Impacts
Researchers studying eriophyoid mites will be able to easily access critical information to identify and control mites of special interest. Continuing to gather specimens from human forensic cases will allow expansion of our database of forensic entomology and help to refine techniques for determining the postmortem interval in crime cases.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Amrine and De Lillo have continued development of the Database of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata) which now consists of four files. The core file, Species, contains 3282 species of eriophyoid mites and is cross-referenced to 5882 citations. In 1999, separate layouts were made for synonymies and information on status of important genera. We continue to enter illustrations of eriophyoid species into the file, "Drawings ", which is crosslinked to mite species. A separate file "Host Index" lists all known host plants for each eriophyoid mite species and gives the source for each relationship; this file currently has 5070 host plant associations. The file, "Genera" lists all known generic names for the Eriophyoidea and lists synonymies and key publications. When completed, the database set will be available, using Filemaker Pro 4.0 (Mac or PC), on CD-ROM in 2000. Copies of the database are available on CD to other researchers for evaluation. In collaboration with the Northern West Virginia Medical Examiner collections of arthropod specimens from five human bodies and three associated crime scenes were made in West Virginia in 1999. Data are being collected to allow identification of forensic species of importance in West Virginia and to use selected species for the estimation of the postmortem interval. A course in forensic entomology was offered for the first time in Fall Semester at WVU. For the course, twenty deer carcasses were placed in various situations for collection of arthropod specimens and comparison of data. As a result of the class, several 1000 arthropod specimens were collected by students and staff, identified and processed into a reference collection for future forensic studies which should allow identification of forensic species of importance in West Virginia.

Impacts
The data base being developed will enable researchers around the world to access drawings and publications relavant to the species of mites being studied. This will enable individuals to more easily and accurately identified the species in question. Advances in this study will contribute to a better understanding of how the mites and the diseases they carry are spread. The work in forensic entomology assists government agencies in establishing postmortem interval in criminal cases. The collection of arthopods will strengthen the content of a course offered in forensic entomology.

Publications

De Lillo, E., Amrine, J. W. Jr. 1999. Eriophyoidea (Acari) on a computer database. Entomologica, Bari 33 (1999): 7-21.

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
The Database of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata)(with E. de Lillo, Entomologia Agraria, Univ. Bari, Italy) now consists of 3197 species of eriophyoid mites and is cross-referenced to 5718 citations. We entered illustrations of 1100 eriophyoid species into a file named "Drawings," 64 megabytes in size and crosslinked to mite species. A separate file "Host Index" lists all known host plants for each eriophyoid mite species and gives the host history for each relationship; this file currently has 4885 host plants for each association. The completed database set is intended to be available using Filemaker Pro 4.0 (Mac or PC) on CD-ROM in 2000. Copies of the database are available to other researchers for evaluation. We began taxonomic study of the wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella from wheat in Yugoslavia, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Montana, Canada and Australia, and for Aceria tulipae, the dry bulb mite, from garlic and other Liliaceae from Oregon. This study will hopefully determine whether the wheat curl mite is a complex of similar species or a single species. Diagnostic features will be established to allow separation of A. tosichella populations from A. tulipae, and related species. In collaboration with the Northern West Virginia Medical Examiner, Dr. Jack Frost, collections of arthropod specimens from human bodies have been made and identified for West Virginia. Data are being collected to allow identification of forensic species of importance in West Virginia and to use selected species for the estimation of the postmortem interval. It is planned to place pig carcasses in various situations in 1999 for collection and comparison of additional data.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Amrine, J.W. Jr. 1998. A few case studies from West Virginia and a database for analysis of entomological and environmental data to estimate the post-mortem interval. Proceedings, First International Seminar in Forensic Entomology, Bari, Italy, 12-14 November, 1998. (In press).

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
J.W. Amrine and E. De Lillo have combined their respective databases of the Eriophyoidea, (Acari: Prostigmata) producing a single database of 3150 species of eriophyoid mites and cross referenced to 5599 citations. The combined database has 25 fields and 12 layouts; illustrations are currently being entered. The completed database is intended to be available on Filemaker Pro 4.0, on CD-ROM in 1998. Collections of the wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella, were obtained from Yugoslavia, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska and Montana for a taxomic study of this species and Aceria tulpae, the dry bulb mite which occurs on Liliaceae, but not grasses. Collections of A. tulipae were obtained from garlic from Oregon, where it is a locally severe pest of that crop. A survey of grass-inhabiting eriophyoids from Montana, collected by Mr. C. Brey, from Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron smithi Rydb.), Green Needle grass (Stipa virdula Trin.), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Needle and Thread Grass (Stipa viridula Trin.), Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum L.), Inland Bluegrass (Poa interior), Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Leyss) and Slender Wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte), produced 6 new species of Aceria and one new species of Aculodes. The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella, was found on three of the grasses: Kentucky Bluegrass, Inland Bluegrass and Smooth Brome. The survey indicates the dire need for careful taxonomic study of eriophyoids from grasses in the upper midwest where the high plains virus is causing considerable losses (S. Jensen, G. Hein, personal communication).

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

NO PUBLICATIONS THIS PERIOD. 1997.

Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
The Eriophyoid Mites of the United States was published in 1996. It includes descriptions of 625 mites and 1000 host plant associations. The Keys to World Genera of the Eriophyoidea was published in 1996. It provides identification of 240 genera (247 plates). The Eriophyoidea, World Crop Pests, was published in 1996 (three chapters by Amrine). Research was conducted with Robert Noel and Harry Mallow, Cumberland, MD, on control of Varroa mite in honey bee colonies with essential oils. Wintergreen and other essential oils were mixed in syrups, mixed into grease patties or placed onto tracking strips in slurries of canola oil and beeswax. The 41 treated colonies had very few Varroa mites and produced an average of 130 lbs of honey. Untreated controls were severely mite infested, displayed several diseases, and declined to the point of collapse. Application of essential oils to collapsing colonies prevented death and restored bees to good health. Two papers were published in the Ameri. Bee J. and a web site was established on the internet; approximately 500 communications resulted. Identifications of mites and ticks were made as part of a CDC-supported survey for Lyme Disease and in support of the USDA, ARS, Syst. Ento. Lab. for unknown eriophyoid mites entering the United States on imported plants. A survey of 50 tires in Hancock Co. (WV) found dominant species to be Aedes triseriatus and Ae. atropalpus. Five other species of mosquitos were found.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

AMRINE, J.W. 1996. Keys to World Genera of the Eriophyoidea. Indira Publishing House, W. Bloomfield, MI. iii + 186 pp.
AMRINE, J.W., JR. AND MANSON, D.V.M. 1996. Ch. 1.6.3, Preparation, Mounting and Descriptive Study of Eriophyoid Mites, pp. 383-396 in Lindquist, E.E. ET AL. (eds), World Crop Pests, Vol. 6, Eriophyoid Mites. Elsevier Sci. 790 pp.
AMRINE, J. W., JR., STASNY, T.A. 1996. Corrections to the catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Eriophyoidea) of the world. Int. J. Acarol. 22(4):295-304.
AMRINE, J.W., JR., STASNY, T.A. AND SKIDMORE, R. 1996. New mite controls investigated . American Bee Journal 136(9):652-654.
BAKER, E.W., KONO, T., AMRINE, J.W., JR., DELFINADO-BAKER, M. AND STASNY, T.A. 1996. Plant Feeding Eriophyoid Mites of the United States. Indira Publishing House, W. Bloomfield, MI. ix+394 pp.
LINSQUIST, E. AND AMRINE, J., JR. 1996. Ch. 1.1.2. Systematics, Diagnoses of Major Taxa, & Keys to Families and Genera. pp. 33-87, In: Linquist, E.
E., et al.(eds) World Crop Pests, Vol. 6, Eriophyoid Mites. Elsevier Sci.
NOEL, B., AMRINE, J. W., JR. 1996. Results of additonal research on mite control.American Bee Journal 136(12): 858-859.

Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
A handbook on Plant Feeding Eriophyoid Mites was completed in 1995. It contains the descriptions of 644 mites, over 1000 host plant associations and 601 figures. It will be published by 1996. The Key to World Genera of the Eriophyoidea was completed; it provides identification for 240 genera and has 248 plates, and will be published in 1996. The catalog of Eriophyoidea (database) now contains 3028 species; we have ca. 100 new species to describe. Identifications of mites and ticks in West Virginia continued as a CDC-supported project with Dr. John Hall, WVU Microbiology Department, who is conducting a state-wide survey for potential vectors of Lyme Disease. Identifications were made of over 100 ticks, fleas, chigger mites and parasitic gamasid mites. About 50 identifications were made in support of the USDA, ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, of unknown eriophyoid mites entering the United States at ports of entry on imported plants. Research was conducted on control of Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni) in honey bee colonies. Essential oils (wintergreen, spearmint) were mixed with diluted honey and fed to bees. Varroa mites were adversely affected by delaying or preventing development of offspring mites.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
The Catalog of Eriophyoidea was published in March, 1994. The eriophyid mites, Cecidophyopsis ribis, C. grossulariae and C. selachodon on black currants, gooseberries and red currants, respectively, were statistically analyzed and redescribed. Two new species of eriophyid mites on currants were described: C. alpina on alpine currants, Ribes alpinum in Finland; and C. aurea from golden currants R. aureum in Poland. Taxonomic studies of Aceria on wheat continue in cooperation with researchers from Australia, Canada, Poland, Yugoslavia, China and the U.S. The name for the wheat curl mite, vector of wheat streak mosaic in N. America and Eurasia, is Aceria tosichella Keifer 1969, not A. tulipae (Keifer 1938), (which remains a valid name for the Aceria mites on tulips and onions). Fifteen tick identifications were made during 1994: Ixodes cookei continues to be the most important Ixodes attacking humans in West Virginia. Two deer ticks, Ixodes scapularis were found in WV in 1994. Varroa mites continue to devastate honey bee apiaries in large areas of WV. Many beekeepers are reporting sudden catastrophic collapse of strong colonies in late summer as a result of Varroa infestation: colonies are strong in August and early September, but completely collapse by the end of October.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93

Outputs
The catalog of Eriophyoidea was submitted for publication early 1994: the final version includes information for 2884 species names in 228 genera and over 4100 host plant associations. Reliable characters were found to separate the eriophyid mites, Cecidophyopsis ribis, C. grossulariae and C. selachodon on black currants, gooseberries and red currants, respectively. Two new species were found on Ribes alpinum from Finland and Ribes aureum (golden currant) from Poland. Taxonomic studies of Aceria on wheat were begun in cooperation with researchers from Australia, Poland, Yugoslavia and China. Considerable confusion exists regarding the designation of the species name for the wheat curl mite, Aceria tulipae, vector of wheat streak mosaic in N. America and Eurasia. At present, five names have been established; critical comparison of wheat mites from N. America, Australia, Poland, Russia, China and Yugloslavia will help resolve this important problem. Approximately 50 tick identifications were made during 1993: Ixodes cookei continues to be the most important Ixodes attacking humans, only one deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) was identified. The tick Amblyomma americanum is becoming more common in WV, indicating northward extension of its range. Varroa mites continue to devastate honey bee apiaries in N. Central WV, over 100 colonies were reported killed by Varroa jacobsoni during 1993. All feral colonies are expected to be killed by this mite during the next three years.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92

Outputs
Work continued on the Catalog of Eriophyoidea (2831 species names in 227 genera and three families) to help resolve confusion of several hundred species listed under Eriophyes, Aceria, Phytoptus and Phytocoptella. The mite infesting foliage of gooseberries in California and Oregon was determined to be Cecidophyopsis grossulariae (Collinge), 1907, and not Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westwood), 1867, as initially suspected in 1991. A total of 15 eriophyid mites, including three species in the genus Cecidophyopsis, are now known to infest various species of Ribes (gooseberries and currants). The potential eriophyid biocontrol agent, Aceria malherbae, of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), was released in West Virginia in May 1992, per approval of WVDA and USDA, APHIS. To date, mite populations on bindweed remain low to moderate, but several plants show the strongly curled leaves indicative of infestation by this mite. Native Callystegia (Convolvulaceae) were challenged with the mite, but have not displayed symptoms of infestation, although low numbers of mites were found to have completed development.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91

Outputs
A computerized catalog of Eriophyoidea was completed (2598 names in 212 genera and three families) which will help resolve confusion of several hundred species listed under Eriophes, Aceria, Phytoptus and Phytocoptella. The potential eriophyid biocontrol agent, Aceria malherbae, of field bindweed (Convolvlus arvensis), was brought into West Virginia in September 1991, per approval of WVDA and USDA, APHIS. The mite injures foliage and flower buds of field bindweed and will be field released in 1992. Native Callystegia (Convolvulaceae) will be challenged with the mite to evaluate their potential as hosts. A beetle, Callosobruchus ademptus (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), infested 38% of the seed of Pueraria lobata, Kudzu, in Alabama (1990), and may have potential as a biocontrol agent of this noxious weed. The beetle was parasitized (> 6%) by Zatropis orontas (Walker) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae), a new host record for this parasitoid. Mulch, diatomaceous earth, neem, Bacilus thuringiensis v. san diegeo, foil , and a combination of mulch and neem were evaluated against an untreated control and positive Asana-treated control of Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Best control resulted from neem or mulch, or a combination.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90

Outputs
The eriophid mite, Tetra pueraria was found in Morgantown WV in 1990, developingon Kudzu, Pueraria lobata. Large numbers of the mites developed in September and October 1990. Mites overwinter on lateral buds at nodes on vine-like stems. The mites were successfully established on plants in growth chambers and will be used to study the impact on this noxious weed. Seeds of kudzu, collected in Ft. Payne AL (no plants in WV produced seed in 1990, due to cold temperatures), contained a bruchid beetle; about 35% of 700 seed were infested and this insect may be valuable as a biocontrol of this weed. The beetle is unidentified: specimens sent to the Systematics Entomology Lab., Wash. D.C. were returned due to lack of specialists. To date, 53 collections of Ixodes cookei ticks have been taken from humans in 23 counties in WV. An Ixodes cookei female taken from a human in 1990 was found positive for the agent of Lyme Disease by Dr. Johnson, Univ. Minnesota. Dr. Hall and I believe this tick is the major vector of Lyme Disease in West Virginia. In 1990, several samples of eriophyid mites were identified for the Systematics Entomology Laboratory, Wash. D.C., including Aceria malherbae from Italy and Greece which was released in Texas and New Jersey (following identification) for biological control of field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89

Outputs
An eriophyid mite, Trisetacus new species, is causing severe deformation of Fraser Fir Christmas trees. Mites apparently cause large galls in terminal buds which then produce multiple shoots (witches' brooming) and shoot deformation. Dissection of bud galls in August, 1989, revealed all stages of the mites. Thirty plants will be set out and inoculated with mites in Spring 1990 to verify etiology of the problem. Identification of ticks increased greatly in 1989 due to increased incidence of, and concern for, Lyme Disease (5 confirmed cases in 1988; 2 confirmed and 12 probable cases in 1989). A total of 29 collections (19 from humans) were processed in 1989. The collections contained 58 ticks from 4 species, of which Amblyomma americanum from Tyler Co. was a new state record. An Ixodes cookeii nymph collected from a woman in Monongalia Co. provided the first confirmation of that species as a vector of Lyme Disease. This is an important record, since Ix. cookeii made up 91% (21/23) of all Ixodes ticks collected in WV in 1989. Two Ix. dentatus were recovered from humans; this species is known to harbor the pathogen of Lyme Disease and is seldom found on hosts other than rabbits.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/88

Outputs
Several new species of eriophyid mites have been found on rosaceous plants: Diptacus new sp. and Terryella new species on commercial and wild blackberries Diptacus new sp. on apple; and Tetraspinus new Sp. on Sorbus americana (native mountain ash). Specimens are being drawn, photographed and measured for scientific description. Two IGR's, VC84572 and XRD-473, and two pyrethroids, cyfluthrin and permethrin, provided >95% control of lesser mealworm larvae in poultry houses as early as 7 DAT and lasting until the end of the cycle at 42 DAT. The pyrethroids provided best overall control of adults throughout the 42 day cycle. The survey for the threatened regal fritillary butterfly, Speyeria idalia was completed. No sightings of the adult butterflies were made at either the Fort Martin Power Plant site or on surrounding farms. The severe drought in 1988 suppressed nectar plants on which the adults depend.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87

Outputs
A population survey and food plant study were begun for the regal fritillary butterfly, Speyeria idalia, perceived as being threatened in West Virginia. The study was done on lands owned by Alleghany Power System at Fort Martin, WV, the only known breeding site of the butterfly within the state. Counts were made on that property, but additional sitings were made on adjacent private land. Factors affecting pathogenicity of Verticullium lecanii (Zimm.) fungus to whiteflies on greenhouse grown cucumber plants were evaluated. Whitefly eggs were not affected by fungal I sprays. Mortality of other life stages fluctuated due to changes in relative humidity. The fungus was compatible with 6 of 8 of greenhouse - crop pesticides tested. Litter treatments with Baythroid and the IGR's, VC 84572 and Alsystin, significantly reduced larval populations of the lesser mealworm in a poultry broiler house during a period of 7 through 42 days post treatment. Mean no. of larvae per trap at 42 days did not exceed 1.3 in any treatments versus 121.5 in the control. Adult populations varied greatly in IGR treatments during the test but 100% control was provided by Baythroid from day 14 through day 42 when the flock was removed.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86

Outputs
Five cucumber varieties with field evaluated for tolerance to cucumber beetle transmitted bacterial wilt. Marketmore 70 gave highest yields. Management methods evaluated for protection of cucumber plants included: nylon mesh barriers, bittermelon baits treated with carbaryl and lime dust. Baits were highly attractive to beetles, but the barrier method gave greatest plant protection. Seasonal occurrence and abundance of green peach aphid in West Virginia peach orchards were determined. Prickly lettuce and goldenrod were the favored summer host weeds. Observations were made of aphid predators. Of 7 chemicals evaluated for aphid control, Pounce R was the most effective.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85

Outputs
(1) Analysis of 20 hypanthia in each of 186 collections (IN, KY, MO, OH, PA, TN,WV) of Rosa multiflora for the seed-chalcid, Megastigmus aculeatus nigroflavus revealed an average infestation of 53.75% (0-100%); infested achenes contain 1 larva (in diapause until May); each hypanthium has an average of 5.4 seed (1-21), a potential average of 9.2 seeds and 35.5% of achenes were inviable (unknown causes). The observed sex ratio was > 100 females per male; adults emerged in late May and the last adults were observed on 09 AUG 84. Ovipositions lasted an average of 24 minutes (n=14, 6 to 52); the ovipositor is always inserted at base of sepal adjacent to stamens; several eggs are deposited from a single point. Larval mortality occurs at T < -26.7C, averaging 83% for 48 h at -29.4C. Low infestation at higher altitude in WV results from high winter mortality. A project was initiated to locate a winter-hardy strain of M. a. nigroflavus in E. Asia for possible study and release in the U.S. Rose rosette infected R. multiflora were shipped from MO to WV for pathology and vector studies. Rose rosette infected R. multiflora stems were propagated in vitro. The disease was found in W KY. The implicated vector, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus (Acari: Eriophyidae) was found in Cabell and Mason Cos., WV. A new species of Phyllocoptes on R. multiflora was found in central and northern WV. (2) Low levels (ppb) of the following pesticides were found in groundwater (ca.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84

Outputs
(1) THE IGR's alsystin, CGA 112913, and UC 76724 applied to fall webworm nests at the rate of 0.25 g (AI)/1 produced mean mortality rates from 83 to 99% at 15 days after treatment (DAT). (2) Baythroid, Cymbush, Pounce, FMC 54800, PP 321, and Triumph provided 97 to 100% control of black cutworm on golf course greens at 3 DAT. Triumph was applied at 1.06 kg (AI)/ha; all other compounds were applied at rates ranging from 0.020 to 0.192 kg (AI)/ha. (3) Bait formulations containing the IGR CGA 112913 were effective in producing 98 to 100% mortality in 1 to 28 day old German cockroach nymphs. (4) The rose-seed chalcid, Megastigmus aculeatus var nigro flavus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) was surveyed in multiflora rose in WV in fall 1984. To date, 25 samples from 7 counties are positive for the larva which overwinters in rose seed. Percentage seed infestation in positive samples ranged from less than 1% (wasp newly arrived) to 88% (average of 9 seed per hip). The wasp has a potential for infesting nearly all seed on a plant thus greatly reducing the rate of spread of viable multiflora seed. Five locations were negative for the wasp, indicating a potential for managing and introducing the insect as an aid for biological control. Presumably, the wasp is disseminated in bird droppings.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82

Outputs
Significant mortality occurred in German cockroach nymphs fed the IGR SIR 8514 as a bait at ages of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. The IGR was effective against all age groups at a rate as low as 0.031% AI with highest mortality occurring at 3 and 4 weeks post-treatment. Complete sterility was induced in bait fed adult female roaches at 1.0 and 0.5% AI; at 0.25% AI, there was only 6.0% hatch. Three additional colony sites of Sphyracephala brevicornis (Diptera: Diopsidae) were found in Monongalia County. Larvae were successfully reared to adults on plants and soil brought indoors; mating and oviposition behavior were observed.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81

Outputs
A study of insects producing catfacing of peach and their control was completed. Tarnished plant bug and brown, green and dusky stink bugs produced catfacing and other injury in West Virginia orchards. Visual observation, jarring, and rectangular traps were effective for survey of tarnished plant bugs. Important weed hosts were identified. Guthion, parathion, and Carzol provided excellent control of catfacing insects when applied from petal fall to third cover. An experimental corn plot in Putnam County, West Virginia, was severly infested with fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from June to September, 1981. An average of 8.5 larvae were found per stalk: 1st instars near upper leaf axils and last instars mostly in the ears. Of 55 larvae were on cabbage looper diet, 50 adults emerged within three weeks; continuing development of all stages indicates absence of diapause and that the insect will not survive West Virginia winter. Two families of spiders Antrodiaetidae and Dictynidae, were added to the West Virginia University arthropod collection. The dictynids were observed in April, feeding on newly emerged, adults Simulium jenningsi on foliage in Summers County. Several specimens of Hylephila phyleus and Atalopedes campestris (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) were added to the West Virginia University arthropod collection: most were found on flowers of Justicia americana in Summers and Nicholas counties.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80

Outputs
Studies on the effect of three insect growth regulators on the development of the rice weevil (Sitophilous oryzae) on whole rice and artificial diet have been completed. The results indicate excellent control with the material RO 13-5223 (Hoffman-La Roche Inc.) at 0.27 ppm and below and good control with ZR 512 and ZR 515 (Zoecon Corp.) above 1 ppm and 0.73 ppm, respectively.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79

Outputs
(1) Amaze 6E and 5G controlled white grubs and chinch bugs in turfgrass; pydrin,resmethrin, and SIR 8514 gave 50% to 70% control of grubs. Permethrin gave good control (77%) of chinch bugs. Ataenius spretulus populations at golf courses continued a decline to very low levels. (2) Preliminary results from a study of the effects of selected pesticides on non-target arthropods in turfgrass indicates Amaze reduces populations of predators (e.g. carabids and staphylinids), Collembola, and most mites up to six weeks post-treatment; and increase in the numbers of a Cryptostigmata mite was noted in the same plots. Ambush and SIR 8514 appear to have no adverse effect on most non-target species. (3) Larvin 500 controlled the following ornamentals insect pests: azalea whitefly, sawflies, aphids, lacebugs, and fall webworm. (4) Blacklight trap collections produced many hundreds of specimens for new county records. Initial representatives were taken in the families Epiplemidae and Notidae. Six specimens were taken of an undescribed Bomolocha (Noctuidae). The following state records were obtained: 63 Noctuidae, 37 Geometridae, 4 Archtiidae, 3 Notodontidae, 3 Lymantridae, and 1 Sphingidae.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78

Outputs
(1) Ataenius spretulus populations in both northern and southern areas of the State showed marked declines from the previous season (minus 28% and minus 86% respectively as determined by light trap collections). (2) Lannate L controlled the following insects on ornamentals: azalea whitefly, aphids, and fall webworm; Vydate L was equally good except for the latter species. (3) The survey of nuisance black fly species in West Virginia was continued. To date, 20 species have been found. A 15-mile stretch of the New River was found to be the source of swarming black flies in the Beckley and Hinton areas, which may be suitable for experimental control procedures. Several areas in Eastern and Southeastern West Virginia have severe problems with swarming black flies. Mosquitoes were surveyed in 37 counties; 3 species were added to the West Virginia mosquito survey list. Macrolepidoptera moths were surveyed in 26 counties with numerous new state and county records being recorded. (4) Activity of eight species of insects were monitored in 30 treeholes in oak and maple constructed by the U.S. Forest Service for rodent dens. (5) An apiary of honey bees has been established to improve pollination of apples at WV Agr. and For. Exp. Sta. Farms.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77

Outputs
Ateanius spretulus studies; Diazinon 14G and CGA-12223 5G and 2E provided good to excellent control of adults in fairways. Diazinon 5G and 4E, CGA-12223 5G and 2E and bendiocarb 76W effectively controlled larvae. The seasonal occurrence of the various life stages has been determined for southern WV. Overwintering adults prefer wooded areas where the soil is a well-drained loam or silt loam covered with 1-2 inches of leaf litter; up to 77/sq. ft. have been observed in such areas. Oak sawfly on pin oak was controlled by methomyl, mesurol, Imidan, CGA-18809, Dylox and Dylox plus MSR. Methomyl and Orthene were effective against azalea whitefly. Studies of the species and distribution of butterflies within WV continues. At present, 111 species are listed for the State, 40 species being previously umpublished state records. General studies on insect fauna of WV were continued with approximately 6,000 specimens from 33 WV counties being added to the WVU collection in 1977. A survey was performed of the mosquitoes (Culicidae) of West Virginia; 24 species were found (56 are expected to occur), several of which are important vectors of human disease. the black flies (Simuliidar) are also being surveyed in West Virginia; 18 of 36 species have been found, of which the most common species, Simulium jenningsi, is a vector of turkey fever.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76

Outputs
(1) The following compounds provided the best control of Ataenius spretulus in fairways: (larvae) Bux 10G, CGA-12223 2E & 5G, Dasanit 15G, diazinon 5G, Dylox 2L5, Lannate L; (adults) Dasanit 15G, diazinon 4E, Dursban 2E. Excellent control of chinch bug was achieved with Bux 10G, and CGA-12223 2E and 5G. (2) Good to excellent control of fall webworm was obtained with Imidan 1E, Mesnrol 75WP and Orthene/Kelthane (O/K)E. Lannate L, Croneton 4E, and O/K provided 100%control of Azalea lacebug; O/K also gave 100% kill of birch leaf miner. The following systemic insecticides gave good to excellent control of Nantucket pinetip moth: Dacamox 10G, Di-Syston 15G, Furadan 10G. (3) A difference in insect community structure (i.e. diversity and relative abundance of species common at DR 3 are absent elsewhere. Sites on two tributaries are still influenced by acid mine drainage. (4) Lannate L gave excellent control of turfed apple budmoth-leafroller complex when applied to York trees at the rates of 1 pint (0.5% fruit damage) and 8.0 ounces (1.3% fruit damage). Plots sprayed with Parathion 8EC and Penneap M showed 7.3% fruit damage.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75

Outputs
The insecticide CGA-12223 (1% granular and 2EC) gave good control of white grubsat rates of 2 and 0.75 lbs. AI/Acre respectively. CGA-18809 (50WP), Mesurol (75WP), and Orthene (1.3EC) gave good control of fall webworm at rates as low as0.5, 1.5 and 0.375 lbs. AI/100 gal., respectively. Plantations in all northern WV counties were surveyed for Christmas tree pests. Major pests and regions of infestations were: white pine shoot borer and an aphid (Eulachnus agilis) - eastern panhandle; Nantucket pine tip moth and pine spittlebug - Ohio River valley; sawflies - both regions. Granular Furadan, Di-Syston, Metasystox, Orthene and Dacamox were tested for control of eastern spruce gall aphid; only Dacamox was effective. Sampling for horse flies and deer flies was conducted in 18 counties with canopy and malaise traps and aerial netting for adults and sieve sampling of streams and ponds for larvae. New records were established for26 species. Dent's Run which had must of the acid mine drainage eliminated in Dec., 1974, is being monitored for recolonization of insects. There are 3 stations on the stream itself and on 3 tributaries which formerly contributed the bulk of the acid input. One tributary remains uninhabited because of continued acid drainage, another remains uninhabited because of substrate and the 3rd has improved and shows 10 genera of insects. In the stream, the upper site supports 23 genera, the midstream site 13 genera and the downstream site, still contaminated, supports virtually no insect life.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74

Outputs
Good control of white grubs was achieved with granular formulations of CGA-12223, Dansanit and Dyfonate, and liquid formulations of Dyfonate, Primicid and Furadan. Primicid and CGA-12223 provided good control of chinch bug in a limited test where only these 2 compounds were used. Good control of fall webworm was achieved with CGA-18809, Dursban, Dylox, Lannate, Mesurol, Orthene and Supracide. Baygon, Furdan and Sevimol provided fair control while little orno control was obtained with Imidan. Studies on Collembola in a six-county areaof W.Va. were completed. Collembola collected from varied habitats (primarily moss-lichen) included 76 species of the suborder, Arthropleona. A key to these species was prepared. Cole's coefficient of Interspecific association was modified for use with genera, and four rather strong "communities" were produced. A survey of insect pests of Christmas tree plantations in West Virginia was begun. The counties, number of plantations, number of trees and tree species are as follows: Marion (3), 0.5 million trees, Scotch pine and Norway spruce; Monongalia (1), 20,000 trees, white, Scotch and red pine and Norway spruce; Preston 10,000 trees, Scotch pine; Mineral (2) 150,000 trees, Douglas Fir; Ritchie (1), 5,000 trees, white and Scotch pine; Braxton (1) 5,000 trees, Scotch and white pine. Studies were made by plant inspection, light trapping and soil and litter sampling.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73

Outputs
Blacklight trapping studies were continued. Collection record forms, utilized for the first time, simplified monitoring moths in 16 families. From May 1-Oct.30, ca 167 species of moths were caught. Studies were completed on aquatic insects as water quality indicators in nine northern W. Va. streams. Numbers and species of benthic insect fauna reflected water velocity, substratum, pH, hardness and organic pollution. All unpolluted streams were inhabited by numerous and diverse species. Ephemera, Odonata and Diptera were predominant insluggish streams with sandy beds. In swift, rocky-bottomed streams, Baltidae, Heptageniidae, Plecoptera, Trihoptera and beetle and fly larvae were abundant. Organically enriched streams showed high numbers of Hexagenia, Eristalis, Tipulaand Chironomidae. Streams with acid mine drainage supported little insect life except for chironomid bloodworms. Studies are underway on Collembola (springtails) associated with mosses and lichens in a six-county area of W. Va. To date, ca 3000 specimens comprising 70 species have been studied. Ten undescribed species have been found. An attempt will be made to correlate habitat with species. Twelve insecticides at various rates, formulations and watering regimes were evaluated for control of white grubs. Good control was achieved with Baygon, Dasanit, Diazinon, Dyfonate, Dylox, Dursban, Furadan, Imidan, Primicid, CGA-12223 and PP-484; the same ones were generally effective as either spring or summer treatments. Eight insecticides were evaluated for control of ornamental insect pests. Baygon, Dursban and PP-484 effectively controlled bagworm while only Duraban, Dylox and Orthene were effective against fall webworm. A heavy kill of honey bees occurred in the Eastern Panhandle

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72

Outputs
Experiments on control of white grubs in turf were continued. Thirteen insecticides at various rates, formulations and watering regimes were evaluated in spring and summer applications. Good control was obtained with Baygon, Dursban, Diazinon, Dasanit, Dyfonate, Furadan, Imidan, Sevin and Primicid; wheretested, the same ones were effective as either spring or summer treatments. A high watering-in rate (1/4 vs. 1/20 inch per acre) increased the effectiveness of Primicid but did not enhance control by Dursban. The difference may be solubility related; Primicid being less soluble may have a longer residual life in soil. Nine adjuvants were evaluated for increasing mortality of black carpetbeetle adults topically treated with malathion. Increased mortality was obtained with all adjuvant plus malathion treatments. With Regulaid, the most effective adjuvant, an 85% increase in mortality was obtained at the 0.1% malathion rate. Blacklight trapping studies were continued with particular emphasis placed on monitoring the seasonal abundance of 20 species of economically important moths. Studies continue on correlation of aquatic insects with water quality of streams. Observations include: increased abundance of larvae of Tipulidae and other fly larvae in streams contaminated with sewage; heavy populations of chironomid midge larvae in water with high acidity and iron concentrations; survival of Ephemera sp. in a stream recently polluted with acid mine water. Studies are continuing on insects associated with Smilax, Solidago, and Amelanchier.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71

Outputs
Twenty-one insecticides of different formulations and at various rates were evaluated for their efficiency in controlling chinch bug and white grubs. Treatments on 10' x 10' plots were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Baygon, Dursban and PP211 (an organophosphate) provided good control of chinch bug for an eight week period. Effective control of whitegrubs was obtained with Baygon, Dursban, Diazinon, Bux, Orthene, Sevin, Imidan, Dasanit, PP211, PP511 and Furadan. A study was begun on a correlation of aquatic insects with water quality in mountain streams. Seventeen different sites on nine streams in Marion, Monongalia and Preston counties were sampled each month for aquatic insects; water samples were tested for pH, oxygen, acidity, alkalinity, hardness and iron. Some definite trends were seen. Preliminary studies were made on the insects associated with Smilax sp., serviceberry and goldenrod in West Virginia. Insects associated with Smilax include three species of foliage feeders (family Noctuidae), one stem borer (family Carposinidae) and one species found in the fruit. The two species foundin any abundance in serviceberry fruit included one Lepidoptera and one Tenthredinidae. The insects found in goldenrod are summarized as follows: two stem gall species, two stem borers, three leaf miner species with their Chalcidoidea parasites, and three leaf gall species.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70

Outputs
Chinch bug and sod webworm control investigations were conducted on 3 lawns thisyear. Good control of both pests was achieved with sprays of Dylox, Dylox + pyrocide (8 lbs AI/acre), Baygon (16 oz/1000 sq ft), carbaryl (4 lbs AI/acre), and Furadan (2 lbs AI/acre). Furadan, 5% granules (4 lbs AI/acre), applied either in fall or spring gave good control of white grubs. Further work in the biochemistry of insect aging has produced interesting results with alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase. Manuscripts are in preparation on age variations in the quantity of alkaline phosphatase and in the quality (indicatedby isozyme separation) of both acid and alkaline phosphatases. Manuscripts are in preparation on techniques of laboratory rearing and maintenance of the Chinese mantid and on development of reproductive systems in adult mantids. Studies on Pymotes parasitism of black carpet beetles show that the mites will attack larvae, pupae and adults, but generally utilize larvae, apparently because of the soft cuticular structure. While percentage parasitism under the test conditions was in the range of 100%, studies indicate no economically effective parasitism under grain storage conditions.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69

Outputs
Four large lawn areas were included in investigations this year pertaining to controlling the hairy chinch bug and the sod webworm. One lawn was treated latein the season for green June beetle control. The plot sizes varied from 180-750sq. ft. (X2). Materials used: Dylox + pyrocide granules at 5 lb and 8 lb AI/acre; Furadan, WP at 1 lb and 2 lb AI/acre; Dylox + pyrocide granules at 2 lband 4 lb AI/acre; Carbaryl, WP at 2 lb AI/acre; Dylox + pyrocide spray .. at 2 lb and 4 lb AI/acre; Carbaryl granules at 2 lb AI/acre; Dylox spray at 2 lb and 4 lb AI/acre. Dylox + pyrocide and Dylox spray or granular formulations will not control the hairy chinch bug at either 2 or 4 lbs AI/acre. Carbaryl at 4 lbAI/acre and Furadan at 2 lb AI/acre gave good chinch bug control. Muscles of carpet beetles were examined with the electron microscope to determine age-related changes. Acid phosphatase was studied qualitatively and quantitatively with both procedures showing age-related alterations. A mite found parasitizing pupae of black carpet beetles is being studied to determine the effectiveness of this parasite in reducing a beetle population. Developmental studies on laboratory-reared Chinese mantids have determined different growth rates for animals held an abnormally long length of time at lowtemperatures. Compound eyes of honey bees are being examined ultra-structurallyto determine possible morphological changes with alterations in bee phototactic behavior.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications