Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: There are no new updates for this report. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
There are no new updates for this report
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Nothing to report. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Nothing to report.
Publications
- Nothing to report, 2007-2008
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
No research results to report at this time
Impacts
To impact results at this time
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
No research to be reported at this time.
Impacts
Breeding for resistance to major fungal pathogens and nematodes in Caladium and Gerbera Daisy helps to stabilize production and increase profits for Florida growers and provides consumers with plants that are better able to survive in the landscape. Resistant cultivars result in fewer pesticides in the environment. Determining the performance of floricultural crops under Central Florida conditions provides valuable information for crop selection and production of these crops by growers, as well as aiding decisions for use of selected varieties by landscapers and homeowners. Breeding efforts are also enhanced with the potential to develop new varieties with improved performance.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Development and Evaluation of Floricultural Crop Cultivars: Z Deng and B. Harbaugh, a) Caladium breeding. 1. We have developed an artificial inoculation-based procedure for evaluation of caladium resistance to Pythium root rot using oogolia spore production, root inoculation and a root rot severity assessment. We evaluated 44 major commercial caladium cultivars and identified several cultivars that may have moderate levels of resistance to Pythium root rot. These cultivars will serve as important sources of resistance for breeding toward disease resistance. 2. We made more than 400 crosses using cultivars that have moderate resistance to Pythium root rot and appear to have resistance to Fusarium tuber rot and nematodes, produced some 50,000-60,000 hybrid seeds and grown up to 40,000 seedlings. 3. We have evaluated 19 major commercial cultivars and 10,000 young seedlings in controlled environmental conditions (growth chambers) for their sensitivity and tolerance to
cold temperatures and identified several cultivars and seedlings that could tolerate temperatures as low as 7C for 48 hrs. 4. We have screened 10,000 plants for bright leaf colors or novel leaf characteristics and are evaluating 1,300 plants for leaf and tuber characteristics. We have trialed 52 lines under field conditions, increased 30 of them for next year's field trials. We have evaluated eleven promising new selections against fifteen major commercial cultivars at one experimental site and three commercial sites, under three different production systems. Several selections aroused considerable interest to commercial caladium growers. b) Gerbera breeding. 1. We evaluated 80 gerbera lines for their resistance to powdery mildew in greenhouse and shade-house under severe disease pressure. Several lines appear to have excellent resistance and will serve as valuable breeding parents in future breeding. 2. We have made 400 new crosses for population development and have sown seeds from
100 families. 3. We have been evaluating 4 new selections against 10 commercial checks as potential new garden type gerbera releases, and 9 new selections against another 10 commercial checks as potential new pot type gerbera releases. c) Seed propagated bedding plant variety trials. We have evaluated 162 cultivars from 19 species of seed propagated annual bedding plants in the field for their garden performance, flower characteristics and plant disease resistance. Harbaugh and Z. Deng. A lisianthus selection and breeding program was begun in 1985 with the goal of developing heat tolerant, basal branching, bedding (dwarf) and pot plant (semi dwarf) cultivars. Maurine Twilight and Maurine Daylight, bi-colored and heat-tolerant, cultivars were released in 2003. There have been nine pot types released in the Maurine series. Current research is for double flowering pot and bedding plant types.
Impacts
Breeding for resistance to major fungal pathogens and nematodes in Caladium and Gerbera Daisy helps to stabilize production and increase profits for Florida growers and provides consumers with plants that are better able to survive in the landscape. Resistant cultivars result in fewer pesticides in the environment. Determining the performance of floricultural crops under Central Florida conditions provides valuable information for crop selection and production of these crops by growers, as well as aiding decisions for use of selected varieties by landscapers and homeowners. Breeding efforts are also enhanced with the potential to develop new varieties with improved performance.
Publications
- Harbaugh, B. K. and J. W. Scott. 2003. Maurine Twilight and Maurine Daylight: Heat-tolerant lisianthus with bi-colored flowers. HortScience 38(1):131-132.
- Miranda, B. D. and B. K. Harbaugh. 2003. Florida Moonlight: A white fancy-leaved caladium for pots and shady landscapes. HortScience 38(4):635-637.
- Deng, Z., and Harbaugh, B.K. 2003. Technique for in vitro pollen germination and short-term pollen storage in caladium. HortScience. (in press).
- Deng, Z., and Gmitter Jr., F. G. 2003. Cloning and characterization of receptor kinase class disease resistance gene candidates in citrus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 108:53 -61.
- Deng, Z., Chen, C., and Gmitter, F. G. 2003. Citrus Genetics and Breeding. Cloning and Characterization of Disease and Pest Resistance Genes in Citrus (Book chapter in review).
- Weber, C.A., Moore, G.A., Deng, Z., and Gmitter, Jr., F.G. 2003. Mapping freeze tolerance quantitative trait loci in a Citrus grandis x Poncirus trifoliata F1 pseudo-testcross using molecular markers. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science. 128/4: 508 -514.
- Deng, Z., and Harbaugh, B.K. 2003. Floriculture Breeding at the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center: Past, Present, and Future. HortScience. 38:688.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 10/01/02
Outputs
Diurnal fluctuations of soil temperature in soil beds covered with white-on-black plastic film during tomato production in Bradenton (from March to June, 2002) were used to examine spatial/temporal distributions of temperature "hot spots" within the mulched soil beds. The appearance of the "hot spots" was then used to infer the impacts of temperature upon pesticide fate and movement. Comparisons of soil temperature for beds with and without tomato plants were also utilized to determine if plants play a major role in determining soil temperature distribution and thus in influencing chemical movement. Temperature dependence of the processes of uptake by plant roots, adsorption/desorption, volatilization, microbial degradation, convection, and diffusion were reviewed from published literature. Volatilization is the most temperature sensitive of these processes because temperature controls the vapor pressure. Both endothermic and exothermic adsorption processes occur for
pesticides. It is generally known that increasing soil temperatures appears to enhance microbial degradation. However, extremely low or high temperature inhibits microbial activity. Leaching appears to be least affected by soil temperature because this process is governed more by the water solubility and octanol- water partitioning coefficient of chemicals.
Impacts
Basic understanding of thermal dynamics of a plastic-mulched vegetable production bed will allow improvement of predictive models to estimate movement of applied nutrients and agrichemicals and to create scenarios to visually evaluate the impact of management practices on agrichemical movement.
Publications
- Mansell, R. S., C.D.Stanley, A.Olsen,, W.Ha. 2002. Diurnal distributions of hydrothermal regimes in plastic-covered soil beds during tomato production. Agronomy Abstracts. S01- mansell103544.
- Olsen, A. , D. Shinde, R. S. Mansell, C.D.Stanley, W.Ha. 2002. Simulated and observed diurnal distributions of thermal regimes in soil beds with polyethylene cover. Agronomy Abstracts. S01- mansell142817.
- Ha, W., R. S. Mansell, C.D.Stanley, A.Olsen,, W.Ha. 2002. Diurnal thermal regimes in plastic-covered soil beds and implications for pesticide fate/transport. Agronomy Abstracts. S01- mansell145322.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 10/01/01
Outputs
(a) J. Gilreath: Herbicide studies focused on control of purple nutsedge; fumigant studies on rootknot nematodes & Fusarium wilt of tomato. Indiv. applic. of pebulate,napropamide,trifluralin, & 2&3 way tank mixes were evaluated in small & large plot trials. Pebulate provided good nutsedge control in tomato & pepper but w/some crop damage to pepper. Napropamide provided erratic nutsedge control w/no injury to either crop. Trifluralin provided no control of nutsedge. Combin. of pebulate w/napropamide gave better control of nutsedge than pebulate alone in some exper., equiv. control in others. All available fumigants other than methyl bromide provided poor control of nutsedge. Combin. of pebulate, napropamide,& pebulate + napropamide w/1,3-D + chloropicrin, metam, or chloropicrin provided good nutsedge control but control of other soilborne pests varied w/fumigant. Best overall control of all soilborne pests was obtained w/a combin. of pebulate + napropamide & 1,3-D +
chloropicrin for tomato & w/napropamide + 1,3-D + chloropicrin for pepper. A multi-year study was initiated in tomato w/the best chem. altern. program to methyl bromide (1,3-D + chloropicrin w/pebulate)& the best nonchem. alternative (soil solarization for 8 wks)in 1998. Pebulate w/1,3-D + chloropicrin was as effective as methyl bromide (67/33) for control of these 3 pests. Soil solarization was intermed. between methyl bromide & the nontreated control for all 3 pests. Tomato fruit production followed a trend similar to pest control (those treatments w/the best control had highest yields.) (b) B. Miranda: Ornamental breeding & genetics program focuses research efforts on crops for which private sector breeding efforts are either nonexistent or on research objectives that are currently not being addressed by private sector & are relevant for FL growers/consumers. Three new Caladium cvs.( FL Blizzard, FL Whitewater, White Ruffles) were released to FL Caladium producers & offer FL tuber
producers an opportunity to expand their product line. Indiv. cv. release manuscripts were prepared for each of the 3 cvs, and accepted for pub. in HortScience. Four commercial cvs. were identified as potential donors of genetic resistance to Fusarium tuber rot. New seedling populations were generated w/those cvs to select for resistance to Fusarium. Progress was made on developing a controlled disease screen to more accurately identify resistant from suscept. individuals. Fusarium tuber rot is a persistent major disease of Caladiums. Donated Gerbera populations were evaluated, selections made, & new populations for selection generated. Prelim. research objectives were identified which include breeding for resistance to Powdery Mildew and heat tolerance. Powdery Mildew and heat stress are 2 of the main factors limiting plant health in the landscape. The development of cvs better adapted to those factors could enhance promotion of Gerbera Daisy as a herbaceous perennial crop for FL and
the So. USA, a benefit to nursery growers, & also as an annual bedding plant, a benefit to the bedding plant growers.
Impacts
Results provided scientists/growers w/info on current best chem. alternative to methyl bromide. As a result of efforts w/key growers, many area growers are aware of how to use this alternative & some of the details of herbicide and fumigant application that are peculiar to this integrated management program. Research with virtually impermeable film & methyl bromide rates provided growers w/ knowledge about rate response & impermeable film that will allow them to use less methyl bromide while retaining the level of soilborne pest control they have come to expect.Research findings with 1,3-D & virtually impermeable film will lead to improvements in efficacy and rate reduction for this alternative to methyl bromide. (b)B. Miranda: Breeding for resistance to major fungal pathogens of Caladium and Gerbera Daisy helps to stabilize product'n for FL growers, enhances product quality, & results in less pesticide in the environ.
Publications
- J.P. Gilreath, C.A. Chase & S.J. Locascio. 2001. Cucumber response to sublethal rates of 2,4-D. HortScience (in press). J.P. Gilreath, C.A. Chase & S.J. Locascio. 2001. Influence of sublethal glyphosate rates on leaf mineral content of tomato. HortScience (in press). J.P. Gilreath, C.A. Chase & S.J. Locascio. 2001. Phytotoxic effects of glyphosate on pepper (Capsicum annuum). Weed Tech.(in press).
- Miranda, B. D., G. J. Wilfret, and B.K. Harbaugh. 2001.'Florida White Ruffles' - A white strap-leaved caladium for small pots, hanging baskets, or sunny landscapes. HortScience (in press). Harbaugh B. K., B. D. Miranda and G . J. Wilfret. 2001. 'Florida Blizzard' - a white fancy-leaved caladium for large pots or shade landscapes. HortScience (in press). Wilfret, G. J., B. K. Harbaugh and B. D. Miranda. 2001. 'Florida Whitewater' - a white lance-leaved caladium for small pots. HortScience (in press).
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
C. D. Stanley: a) Compliance by growers of surface runoff retention regulations has caused considerable expense when retention structures are constructed. In an attempt to lessen the financial burden, the regulatory agencies are allowing the use grassed filter strips to retain runoff on site and to provide a means by which sediment and nutrients would remain on site. A study has been initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of using filter strips for citrus and vegetable production. Water quality sampling stations were installed at site to determine nitrate and sediment amounts in runoff water. The use a bromide tracer was use to determine actual residence time for a defined flow into the strips. In addition, determinations of the potential for denitrification to occur has been conducted. Data is showing that the nitrate and sediment amounts are generally quite low (< 2 mg/L for nitrates) for water entering the filter strips. Data collection continues and more
conclusive results are expected at a later date. b) Much speculation exists about the impact that plastic mulch has on runoff from flatwoods soils in Florida. These soils are >95 % sand, but have a naturally high water table. Whether the water table position or the presence of plastic mulch impacts runoff amounts is not completely understood, but can be important to producers in complying with stormwater retention regulations. The use of microirrigation generally results in having a water table at lower level than with using subirrigation and allows for more soil storage of rainfall. A study was conducted to determine the effect that the use of plastic mulch and the position of the water table had on runoff characteristics of Florida flatwoods soils used for producing field crops. Treatments consisted of % beds covered with plastic (0, 50 100%) and initial water table level (45 and 60 cm). Controlled application of overhead irrigation was use to cause runoff to occur from a defined
area. Surface runoff was collected and measured every 15 minutes as well as changes in water table depth at nine locations in the study area.. Applications continued until a state of equilibrium as to runoff amounts occurred. Statistical analyses showed that both plastic and initial water table depth affected the amount of time it took to reach equilibrium, but had no effect on the final runoff rate. It appears that plastic mulch and initial water table level can influence initial runoff, but the influence would be very closely tied to the intensity and duration of each particular rainfall event. Once a water table is elevated, the amount of plastic mulch is of little consequence. The results do show the initial advantage of using microirrigation having a lower initial water table in reducing runoff.
Impacts
C. D. Stanley: a) The use filter strips to control water quality and quanities leaving production areas gives producers another effective option to comply with regulations and allows such decisions to remain in the growers' hands and thus should result in more cooperative compliance. b) The understanding of how runoff is affected by plastic mulch and water table level is useful to regulators in making decisions concerning surface runoff and gives producers information useful for determining whether an additional advantage of using microirrigation would encourage its adoption for use, resulting in lower water applications and more runoff storage in the field.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
Hybridization among caladium cultivars that are tolerant or intolerant of cold weather was continued and resultant seedlings were grown in cell-paks to develop small tubers. These will be planted during 2000 in the field and screened for cold tolerance. Additional crosses were made to study the inheritance of leaf, petiole, and tuber characteristics and the seedlings will be increased during 2000. Several advanced lines will be increased, evaluated in replicated plots, and grown in containers for potential release to industry. Crosses among Gladiolus seedlings from the GCREC/IFAS breeding program and commercial cultivars continues, with subsequent evaluation of the progeny. These will be evaluated for disease tolerance, floral development, foliage characteristics, and tolerance to Florida's unique environmental conditions. Amaryllis breeding and selections were made to determine heritability of flowering and adaptation to environmental conditions in central Florida.
Impacts
New caladium, gladiolus, and amaryllis cultivars that are disease resistant and adapted to Florida will reduce production costs and environmental pollution by requiring fewer pesticide applications to produce a marketable crop. They will also increase the variety of biotypes that growers will be able to offer consumers, thus increasing sales.
Publications
- Bell, Michelle L. and Gary J. Wilfret. 1998. Survey of caladium tuber producers for acerage of cultivars grown. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 111:32-34.
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Bedding plant cultivar evaluations: 1) Pansy and viola, winter 95/96, 113 pansy entries, 15 viola. Favored series of pansy: Baby Bingo, Bingo, Happy Face, Fama, Rally and Accord. Report in press. 2) Assorted bedding plant trial fall 95, 179 entries from 21 genera. Report published. 3) Assorted bedding plant trial spring 96, 356 entries from 24 genera. Report in press. 4) Marigold, spring 96, 93 entries. Results pending. 5) Marigold, fall 96, 95 entries. In progress. 6) Assorted bedding plant trial fall/winter 95/96, 351 entries from 27 genera. In progress.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HOWE, T. K. and W. E. WATERS. 1996. Evaluation of fibrous-rooted begonia cultivars for landscapes over two seasons. Flori-Report 4(2):1-5.
- HOWE, T. K. and W.E. WATERS. 1996. Two year evaluation of pansy cultivars in theFlorida landscape. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 109:(in press).
- HOWE, T.K. and W. E. WATERS. 1996. Two year evaluation of pansy cultivars in theFlorida landscape. HortScience 31(4):617.
- HOWE, T.K. and W.E. WATERS. 1996. Summary of flowering bedding plant trials spring 1996. Bradenton GCREC Res. Rept. BRA1996-16.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
1) Biorational and conventional insecticides were effective for insect control on tomato and pepper. 2) LC50 resistance ratios for field-collected tomato pinworm larvae ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 for AC 303,630. 3) Preliminary results of life table studies for the silverleaf whitefly on tomato suggest that substantial mortality of nymphs occurs in the absence of natural enemies. 4) In small plot evaluations in a spring crop, the relationship between nymphal densities of the silverleaf whitefly (NYM) and tomato irregular ripening (IRR) was given by:IRR=1.22+0.2NYM. 5) Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was reduced from 92% (nonfumigated plots) to 48,26,20,37, and 44% by MB-C 67, chloropicrin, metam-sodium, dazomet, and C-17, respectively. Crown rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici) incidence was reduced from 30% to 4,5,7,17, and 3% by MB-C 67, chloropicrin, metam-sodium, dazomet, and C-17, respectively. MB-C 67 was
the only fumigant to reduce the incidence and severity of rootknot (Meloidogyne sp.). All fumigants increased marketable yields. 6) Lisianthus blotch was determined to be caused by a species of Curvularia.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
1) Various soil fumigants, contact nematicides and herbicides, alone and in combination, were compared to methyl bromide for nutsedge control and phytotoxicity to tomatoes. Excellent nutsedge control and highest tomato yields were obtained with methyl bromide alone and Telone combined with pebulate. 2) Biorational and conventional insecticides were effective for insect control on tomato and pepper. 3) Nitrogen/potassium ratios did not influence greatly the number of sweetpotato whitefly nymphs or irregular ripening on tomato. 4) LC50 resistance ratios in tomato pinworm adults ranged from 15-60 for methomyl in the field. 5) Pheromone-baited sticky traps captured more male pepper weevil adults than non-baited traps. 6) Imidacloprid (Admire) was found to be effective in restricting incidence of tomato mottle virus in tomato. 7) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus was found for the first time in the Western Hemisphere in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica. The virus was cloned
and partially sequenced and determined to be the same as TYLCV from the eastern Mediterranean. Transmission efficiency of tomato mottle virus was measured by several different approaches. An experimental host range of bean golden mosaic virus (from Florida) was established.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Studies were conducted to characterize the spread and distribution of tomato mottle virus (TMoV) in tomato fields. Evidence of both primary and secondary spread were observed. Virus spread was reduced by applications of insecticides but was not eliminated. A viral DNA amplification assay (PCR) was developed for detection of TMoV and is currently being evaluated for its usefulness as a tool for a virus indexing program in tomato. An ELISA protocal, developed in Gainesville for detection of TMoV, was evaluated for its ability to detect virus in field samples. This assay was compared to four other assays for its sensitivity, reliability, cost and speed. 2) A new virus was observed in Homestead, FL and was identified as a strain of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). The virus was found in Dade and Palm Beach counties. A study of the virus's host range is in progress. 3) Biorational and chemical insecticides were found effective for insect control on tomato and pepper. 4)
The number of sweetpotato whitefly adults captured on sticky traps did not appear related to incidence of tomato mottle geminivirus on tomato. 5) Fewer tomato pinworm adults were captured in pheromone-baited traps in tomatoes treated with the sex attractant pheromone compared to traps in untreated tomatoes. 6) Sticky traps baited with sex attractant pheromone captured more male pepper weevil adults than traps without the pheromone. 7) Azadirachtin and insecticidal soap were less toxic to lacewing eggs than oil or bifenthrin.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
Six aromatic-medicinal herbs: Angelica (Angelica archangelica), Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) Gentian (Gentiana lutea), and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), were evaluated for yield potential in fall- winter (Oct-Feb) 1991-92 and winter-spring (Jan-May) 1992. Production system was the full-bed polyethylene mulch with seepage irrigation. Nutrient rates were 97N, 51P and 100K kg ha(superscript -1). Pesticides were not applied to the plants. None of the plants could be established in the field by direct seeding. Passionflower failed to grow in the fall-winter and gentian failed to grow in both seasons. Angelica, dandelion, horehound, and thyme had higher fresh and dry yields and required fewer days from transplanting to harvest in the fall-winter than in the winter-spring. Experiments were conducted on the biology of tomato mottle virus (TMoV), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. A Plant Virology laboratory
was established at GCREC. A rapid and reliable detection system was developed for any whitefly-transmitted geminivirus and which would also separately identify TMoV. A host range of TMoV was established by whitefly transmission which revealed that TMoV is a Solanaceae specialist. Research on the transmission characteristics of TMoV determined that whitefly immatures could not acquire the virus. Tomato plants in the form of volunteers and abandoned fields were shown to be the main TMoV reservoir between production seasons.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/89 to 09/30/90
Outputs
In winter-spring (Jan. 24 - May 16) six herbs were grown in replicated trials utilizing the residual nutrients of a fall tomato crop. Two of the herbs, chervil (Anthriscum cerefolium) and summer savory (Satureja hortensis) had a very poor plant stand and were not harvested. Common marjoram (Origanum majoranna) rapidly declined by early May and only 37% of the plants were alive. Yields were as follows: sweet basil (Ocinium basilicum) 10.1 t/ha; fennel (Foenicum vulgare) 13.6 t/ha; majoram: 1.08 t/ha; and Italian parsley (Petroselinium crispum var. neapolitanum) 2.53 t/ha fresh weight. The herbs were grown without pesticides. Whiteflies (Bemisia sp.) and leafminers (Lyriomyzae sp.) infested the plants from the early part of May. The major problem with herbs in the spring season is stand establishment.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/88 to 09/30/89
Outputs
In winter 1988-89 (Dec. 8, 1988 - Jan. 26, 1989), 11 herbs were grown in replicated & 11 herbs in observational trials without pesticides. In the replicated trials, dill (Anethum graveolens), fennel (Foenicum vulgare, cv. Zefa fino), chervil (Anthriscum cerefolium, cv. Brussels winter), common marjoram (Origanum jamoranna), Italian parsley (Petroselinium crispum var. neapolitanum), & summer savory (Satureja hortensis) gave satisfactory yields. In the observational trials, Florence fennel (F. vulgare var. azoricum) sweet marjoram, Extra curled dwarf parsley, & Forest green parsley gave good yields. German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) & Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) failed to bloom. The basils (7 cv. of Ocimum basilicum) were injured by frost (-1C) & by worms. Anise (Pimpinella anisum) & borage (Borago officinalis) had heavy infestation of aphids. In sping-summer (Mar. 3 to June 4) 1989, 13 herbs were grown in replicated & 9 in observational trials without
pesticides. In te replicated trials, the German & Roman chamomiles failed to bloom and borage was not harvested due to heavy insect & plant pathogen infestation. All of the herbs were infested by aphids & worms early in the season & by whiteflies from the middle of April. Insect damage, however, was slight & good yields were recorded from all of the herbs, except anise, marjoram & Summer savory all of which died by the end of April. Basils were harvested from Mar. 28 to June 4 at 2 week intervals.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/87 to 09/30/88
Outputs
Bactericidal activities of 2 plant extracts and their individual ingredients were evaluated in vitro on several strains of the causative agent of citrus canker (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri), (Xc pv. citri). In vivo evaluations of the extracts and their individual ingredients were made on X.c. pv. campestris infected cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata group) seeds and on X.c. pv. vesicatoria infected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Sunny) seedlings. The plant extracts and 3 of their individual ingredients in 0.1% (v/V) concentration killed the X.C. pv. citri and X.C pv. campestris bacteria and one of the individual ingredient reduced infection on tomato seedlings by 70%. Forty insecticides were screened for effectiveness of control of egg, early stage nymph, late stage nymph, pupa and adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. None were effective for control of egg stage and only insecticidal soap was effective for control of pupae. Synthetic
pyrethroids generally controlled nymphs and adults as did several other insecticides. Sulfotep smoke and endosulfan sprays were particularly effective against nymph and pupal stages and adult stage respectively. Encarsia sp. and Aleyrodiphilus sp. parasitoids of the whitefly were least affected by endosulfan and lindane treatments. Three fertilizers, with a N:K(2)O of 1:1, 1:38 & 1.2 provided similar tomato yields (19.1, 18.6 & 18.7 lbs/plant) reflecting the nutritional equivalence of the associated nutritional gradients.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/86 to 09/30/87
Outputs
Investigations into the bioactivity of the chamomile extracts continue. Extracts from Matircaria recutita and Chamaemelum nobile inhibited the growth of the causative agent of black rot, Xanthomonas campestris, in infected Brassica seeds but also reduced germination in non-infected seeds by 5-7%.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/85 to 09/30/86
Outputs
Biostimulant spray evaluation. Response of 'Sunny' tomatoes to 13 commercially available biostimulant sprays was evaluated in fall 1985 and response of 'Hayslip' and 'Sunny' was evaluated to 5 biostimulant sprays in spring 1986. 'Keyplex 350' and 'Cytex' increased the extra large (5x6) yield of 'Sunny' compared to water control. On 'Hayslip', yields wre not different with biostimulant sprays from water control. Some of the biostimulant sprays increased the uptake of micronutrients B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn at first bloom early in the season.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/84 to 09/30/85
Outputs
1) Biostimulant spray evaluation: Response of 'Hayslip' and 'Sunny' tomatoes to12 commercially available biostimulant sprays was evaluated in spring 1984. Cytex, Keyplex and oxamide significantly increased early yield of 5 x 6 size fruit over control. Yields with other biostimulants were equal or below that of control. 2) Seaweed concentrate spray evaluation: Effect of 4 seaweed concentrate sprays with or without added Nutrileaf (20-20-20 N-P(2)O(5)-K-K(2)O) were evaluated on 'Sunny' tomatoes in fall 1984 and spring 1985. In the fall, 4x concentration of seaweed (400 g/L) with Nutrileaf (200 g/L) was best for tomato size and yield. In the spring, none of the treatments were different from control.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/83 to 09/30/84
Outputs
Two applications of Goemar MZ63 at 2.5LK/ha, followed by two applications of BM86 seaweed based sprays increased early yield and fruit size of 'Hayslip' and early yield, fruit size and total yield of 'Sunny' tomatoes. Sequential applications, two of MZ63 and two of BM86 seaweed sprays followed by two oxamide sprays (1.5 x 10Ey concentration) increased fruit size and marketable yield of 'Summy' tomatoes. The seaweed and oxamide sprays were equally effective with or without nitrapyrin soil treatment.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Variety trials were conducted to evaluate yield, quality and maturity dates of several vegetables: Cauliflower: 21 cvs. were evaluated in 3 separate plantings each of 2 seasons. Performance varied with planting time in 1982-83. The 1983-84 season is in progress. Sweet pepper spring 1983: Best marketable yield was obtained from Better Bell and Big Bertha of 14 cvs. evaluated. Tomato, spring and fall 1983: reported under FLA-BRA-02302. Onion, 12 cvs. were planted to be harvested in spring 1984. Sweet corn, spring 1983: Yield and ear characteristics of 12 cultivars of super-sweet (shrunken) sweet corn were evaluated. Best yields were from Sweetie, Sweet Time, Fla. Staysweet, SX639, and Summer Sweet 7800. Cantaloupe, fall 1983: Evaluation of 19 cultivars in progress. Fall and spring trials were conducted on 35 broccoli (Barasica oleracea L. Italica group) cvs. Highest yielding entry in both seasons was Green Top with 11.3 Mt/ha marketable heads in the fall and
8.9 Mt/ha in the spring. The cvs. Shogun and Green Beret had the highest tolerance to downy mildew.
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Spring and fall trails were conducted on marigold, zinnia and broccoli cultivars. Spring 1982: Marigold and Zinnia. Twenty-two marigold and thirteen zinnia cultivars were evaluated in ground culture. Trial was conducted on raised beds of Myakka fine sandy soil. Water was supplied by seepage irrigation. No shade was provided. Beds were mulched with plastic. Cultivers were evaluated March through May of 1982. Information was acquired on the dates when the first floral bud began to open and was fully open, the heights at different stages of plant development, flower diameter, disease, insect resistance, growth habit and consumer preference. Promising zinnia cultivars for central Florida gardens and landscapes for spring 1982 were the 'Pulchino' and 'Ruffles' series. Marigold cultivars which performed well were: Torch; Yellow Jacket Spinwheel; Tiger Eye; Gypsy Sunshine; Boy o'Boy; Harvest Moon Improved; Yellow Boy; and Janie Flame. Fall 1982: Marigold and Zinnia.
Replicated effort of the trial conducted in spring 1982. Additional entries brought numbers of evaluated cultivars to twenty-four marigolds and fifteen zinnias. Data collection is complete, however tabulation is not final. Fall 1982: Broccoli. During the fall (Oct. - Dec.), 35 broccoli cultivars were evaluated in replicated trials.
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Preliminary investigations were conducted in two research areas. 1) In observation plots to determine biomass production potential, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) failed to develop or to produce well when planted during May in airaised, polyethylene-mulched beds. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) yielded equally well (approximately 116 Mt/ha and 23% dry matter content) whether grown in 2 or 3 rows per 76 cm wide bed and fertilized with 45 or 90 kg/ha each of N-P(2)0(5) and K(2)0. 2) Pepper plants sprayed with MgS0(4) were less susceptible to bacterial leaf spot, incited by Xanthomonas vesicatoria, than non-sprayed plants. Liming with calcium carbonate (CaC0(3)) resulted in less leaf spot than lime application of dolomite.
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
AAC: Green pod yield of the WINGED BEAN, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC., cv. TPt-1, was highest , 4.26 Mt/ha, from >8.55 mm dia., than from smaller seeds. Fertilizer in a 1:1:1N:P:K of 40 kg/ha N, 60 N, and 80N had no significant effect on yield at a population of 9080 plants/ha N, 60 N, and 80N had no significant effect on yield at a population of 9080 plants/ha. B) TOMATO cv`s `UF1A,` `UF1B,` `Hayslip` and `FTE 12` were grown at fertilizer levels: 1x, 2x and 3x and 2 in-row spacings: 76cm and 51 cm. At the 1x treatment, plants received 314 kg N, 103 P(2)O and 630 K(2)O. The cv `Hayslip` and `FTE 12` gave highest yields due to higher number of fruits/plant. Average fruit size was best with th 1x fertilizer treatment. At 51 cm spacing yields/ha were higher for all cv`s. DJS: CABBAGES sprayed with permethrin or fenvalerate at a damage threshold of >0.5 holes on the head plud 4 wrapper leaves were no more damaged than weekly. No differences in marketable
yield or fruit size were observed. Permethrin sprays were delayed until 3-6% of cauliflower foliage was consumed by lepidopterous larvae without an increase in curd feeding damage. Fewer TOMATO PINWORM male moths were trapped and fewer females successfully mated in tomatoes treated with the sex attractant pheromone compared to untreated tomatoes.
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
DSB - (A) A comparison of subsurface versus seep-ditch irrigation was conducted. Comparable tomato yields were obtained from both irrigation types. The subsurface required one-third as much water/crop. (B) Infrared curing of bulb onions continued to show promise. DJS - (A) Cabbages sprayed according to visual damage ratings were more damaged than cabbage sprayed on a fixed schedule. Spraying before cupping was found necessary when pest populations were high. (B) Permethrin and methomyl on endosulfan alone or in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis reduced the number of cabbage looper and tomato fruit worm larvae 1 day post-treatment on tomato. The percentage of emerging leafminer parasites was also reduced by permethrin and methomyl sprays. (C) Foliage of tomato cultivars and breeding lines was infested with fewer tomato pinworm larvae than foliage of the commercially cv. Walter. Fruit from families of selections from 2 canteloupe cultivars were less damaged
by pickleworm in the field than fruit of the parent cultivars. (D) Both registered and unregistered single and combined insecticides were found effective against the tomato pinworm, vegetable leafminer, southern green stinkbug, southern armyworm and granulate cutworm on tomato and the pickleworm on cucumber. AAC - (A) Winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, (L.) DC., was evaluated for its suitability as a pre-crop for spring vegetables.
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
DSB. A preliminary test with 3 replications was initiated to investigate the use of chemical desiccants on bulb onion tops prior to harvest. Harvade and Paraquat CL were tested at 2 rates applied 21 and 14 days prior to anticipated harvest. Harvade at 384.47 kg/ha applied at 21 days and again at 14 days prior to harvest was superior to other treatments as regards curing response. Bulb size was not affected by other chemicals or rates. AAC. Winged bean, P. tetragonolobus (L), DC., cvs Chimbu and TPt-1, were evaluated for green pod and dry seed yield. Chimbu has 180 (1.12 kg) and TPt-1 had 201 (1.84 kg) green pods per plant. Dry seed yields were 0.275 kg and 0.268 kg per plant for Chimbu and TPt-1. Optimum soil soluble salts content for plant growth up to 4-week old plants was 3000-5000 ppm when N was provided by 12.7 pc NO(3) minus N and 5.3 pc NH(4) minus N. Root nodulation was best when NH(4) was the N source.
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
Investigations of new flowering pot plants tolerant to low light intensities andsuited for home use were initiated. Results indicate some Episcia cvs. are adapted to summer culture, Exacum to winter conditions, and some pepper, celosia and coleus cvs. to year-round production in Florida. Development of tomato roots under full bed plastic mulch at 2 fertilizer levels have shown a high correlation between soil moisture and number of roots at various soil depths. Plants in low fertilizer treated plots had a higher number of roots and they were more numerous in the 0-10 cm soil depth than roots at the high fertilizer treated plots. Low fertilizer treated plots had higher yield and greater number of fruits, while weight/fruit was higher in the high fertilizertrated plots. In low fertilizer treated plots 76% of the fertilizer remained in the soil vs 46% in the high fertilizer treated plots.
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Various ornamental plant species were fumigated at 0, 0.4, 2 and 10 ug/mDT F as HF for 3 weeks. Responses were recorded as written descriptions, physical measurements and photographs of plants receiving the three degrees of exposure. Plants were rated on a numerical scale as to susceptibility of HF fumigation injury and were also grouped in four categories of duration - exposure tolerance. Representatives are tolerant, Dracaena massengeana and chrysanthemum; intermediate, Aglaonema 'Silver King'; susceptible, Dracaena warneckii and Queen's palm; and highly susceptible, Asparagus springerii, poinsettia and gladiolus. 40 species of ornamentals were evaluated for potential use in a simulated mass marketing system utilizing sealed polyethylenepackages. Major problems which reduced marketability were physiological breakdown or disease, flower abscission and decay, internode elongation, and rapid wilting when plants were removed from packages. In general, foliage plants
and succulents were best suited to this system, while woody ornamentals, flowering pot plants, and bedding plants showed increasing numbers of problems, respectively. 3 species were evaluated under simulated packaging, warehouse, transportation, and mass market conditions with variables arranged in a 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment. Only slight
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
In 1975 a new honeydew type melon named 'Morgan' was released. This melon has ahigh sugar level and a characteristic bouquet. When the maturing fruit becomes creamy white (80 days) and develops blotches or streaks of yellow color the fruit is ready to harvest. When harvested the fruit is ready to eat and requires no further treatment or storage. (D.S.Burgis). Analytical methods were developed to determine fluoride contents of soil, plant, air and water. Plant fumigation greenhouses were placed in operation for indexing plants for fluoride toxicity. Some plants found to be susceptible were: gladiolus, chives,sweet corn, poinsettias, Queen palms, Dracaena warneckii and Chlorophytum comosum. Some plants possessing resistance to atmospheric fluoride were: tomato, tobacco, chrysanthemum and Dracaena messengeana. (S.S.Woltz). Solar energy conversion research, as applied to greenhouse heating has culminated in acenter bulletin offering greenhouse operators specific
methods of calculating heating needs and installation of solar energy heating devices. Advanced solar energy conversion research, involving direct air heating is now an ongoing project. Efforts to decrease energy use by improving the cooling of greenhouse structures have the design and construction of a test greenhouse applying principles of evaporative cooling, natural convection and thermal gradients. (R.F. Lucas).
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Ratoon production of field-grown cut chrysanthemums: Cuttings were planted in design including 2 moisture regimes, 2 N fertilizer treatments, and 2 pruning methods (pinched compared to unpinched). The first flower crop was harvested bycutting stems 4 in. above plant crown. Results will be evaluated after regrowthof the 2nd flower crop. If acceptable quality can be obtained in the ratoon crop, this technique would result in considerable cost savings and a shorter crop period. Evaluation of capillary watering of 4 in. diam. potted mums; bedswere constructed by placing 6 mill black polyethylene plastic on the ground surface and then placing 1 in. of Myakka fine sand over the plastic. Two Viafloirrigation tubes separated by a distance of 16 in. were placed on the bed surface and ran lengthwise down the bed. This method of irrigation supplied adequate water to produce acceptable plant growth; rates of water application and waste were minimal. Leaf scorch of Easter
lily was reproduced by soil and sand culture applications of sodium fluoride. The symptoms were also produced by single and triple superphosphate applied to soil, apparently by the fluoride present in superphosphate. Fluoride content of leaves was raised by superphosphate treatments proportional to leaf
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
F uptake and damage to gladiolus and poinsettia were measured; damage occurred at 1 ppm F in vase solution. Tomato seedlings required available N, P, K and Mgduring the first two weeks. Black Liquor Powder, a by-product of the Kraft pulping process, was evaluated as a stimulant and/or fertilizer for gladiolus planting stock. A slow release fertilizer, Osmocote, and 6-6-6 (30%) was applied in equivalent amounts. No growth promoting effect was exhibited by the Black Liquor Powder Osmocote applied in the furrow at planting increased the yield of cormels but had no effect on corm yield. 42 chrysanthemum cultivars were evaluated for use as single-cutting plants in small plots for mass- market pot plant sales. Satisfactory cultivars included Mercury, White Daisy, Discovery, Yellow Daisy, Wildfire, Cheers, Deep Mermaid, Respendent, Bravo, Malabar, and Distictive. The best 4 for an overall product mix would be Discovery, Mercury, Distinctive and Wildfire.
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
Gladiolus: Jumbo corms of the gladiolus cultivar 'White Friendship' were used in a simulated mechanical harvesting study to study the relationship of lead retention and corm development. At harvest, the amount of leaf surface remaining within the experiment ranged from none to all leaves intact, in increments of 8 cm units. All plots with less than 24 cm of leaf left significantly reduced corm size. Jumbo corms of 7 commercial cultivars were planted with the shoot apex upright or distributed at random. No significant reduction in stem length, rachis length, flower bud number, number and weight ofcorms harvested was obtained by planting corms at random. Chrysanthemum: Cultivars were shown to be differentially responsive to the nematicide, MoCap. Approximately half of the cultivars evaluated were injured by MoCap treatments. MoCap was more injurious when used on fumigated soil than unfumigated soil. Tomatoes: Treatments of Fla. 70029 with GA at 10,000 ppm resulted
in distorted fruit with stylar protruberances. When GA was applied as a single application delaying treatment tended to concentrate fruit set, both at 500 and 10,000 ppm levels.
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
Micronutrient Foliar Spray Studies: Iron, manganese and zinc lignosulfonates were compared with the respective sulfate compounds. Iron deficiency was induced in sweetcorn by growing plants on soil high in copper. Lignosulfonate iron was superior to sulfate. Manganese and zinc deficiencies in sweetcorn werecorrected by both lignosulfonates and sulfates. Lignosulfonates were superior in terms of yield. Fluoride effects on gladiolus: Beverly Ann cultivar was sprayed with four concentrations of hydrofluoric acid in field plots to simulateatmosphere fluoride effects. Yields of flowers were not decreased by any of thelevels but corn yield was significantly reduced by the highest level of application. Results of experiments on minor flower crops to control serious diseases include: Storage rot of gypsophilia roots controlled by benomyl; promising results in control of Fusarium rot of hybrid lily bulbs and of gerberacrown rot by benomyl. Carnation evaluation: 13
spray-type and 41 standard carnation cultivars were evaluated. Four of the spray-type and 9 of the standards might be useful for commercial production in Florida. Aster evaluation: 24 cultivars representing the four major commercial strains were evaluated. The Ball and king strains are promising for Florida production. Sixcultivars of statice were established in a high-density palnting with 96 sq in/plant. Yield of 20 to 56 stems/aq ft were obtained with various cultivars. TOK, dacthal, trifluralin, and nitralin herbicides were drenched over newly planted chrysanthemum cuttings in spring, summer and fall plantings. TOK provided the best weed control and chrysanthemum growth but required rinsing from foliage after application to prevent phytotoxicity.
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Research programs initiated: Gladiolus - standard vs. slow-release fertilizers,corm positioning in planting, corm "splitting"; Chrysanthemum - chemical pinching agents, mulching, slow-release fertilizers; Snapdragons - variety trial, photoperiod response, post-harvest handling and keeping quality; Hybrid lilies - variety trial, photoperiod response, post-harvest handling and keeping quality; Statice - variety trial, photoperiod response, nutrition, chemical induction of flowering. Results - Statice varieties differentially responsive to photoperiod regimes. Yellow form greatly accelerated in flowering under 24 hr. light. Under short days (8 hr.), no variety formed flower buds after 4 months of growth. Carnations - An evaluation of 13 spray-type and 42 standard cultivars was initiated to study their disease resistance, their adaptation to Florida's environmental conditions, and their value as possible breeding lines. Data are currently being taken. Delphinium -
Seventeen cultivars are currently being evaluated under saran-house conditions. Aster - An iinvestigation of 37 varieties in randomized blocks was begun to study resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. callistephi and to evaluate them for possible breeding lines. In asplit-plot experiment with 2 varieties of gladiolus plastic mulch was superior to no mulch in flower and corm production but one application of plastic-coated 19-0-19 fertilizer was no better than 5 applications of 4-8-8. In controlling Penicillium rot of Dutch iris bulbs a post-harvest dip of Thiabendazole at 1000 ppm was superior to Benlate. Benlate appeared toxic at 2000 ppm.
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Progress 07/01/67 to 12/30/67
Outputs
Sunlight intensity on tomatoes.--Decreasing sunlight by shading 25, 50 and 75% proportionately decreased the incidence of the leaf roll, cuticle cracking, white flesh and sun-scald. The incidence of leaf roll was inversely correlated with starch content of leaves. Light, temperature, and nitrogen effects on vase-life chrysanthemums.--Lighting and refrigeration of cut chrysanthemums prolonged vase-life or storage longevity. Greater amounts of nitrogen used in fertilization reduced the storage life; except in combination with illumination,greater amounts of nitrogen were beneficial. Systemic fungicides and Dithane M-45 for rose black spot control.--Three new experimental systemic fungicides (substituted benzimidazoles) were compared with Dithane M-45 for the control of rose black spot (Diplocarpon rosae). The materials were all applied with a rateof a selected surfactant (1 pt/100 Trem 014) sufficiently high to wet the new terminal foliage. The sprays were applied
seven times at an average interval of12 days. Dupont 1991 and Dithane M-45 provided excellent disease control duringthe spray period and for eight weeks after the last spray. Bay 33172 and Thiabendazole provided poor disease control. The fine performance of Dithane M-45 at the low rate of 0.75 lb/100 suggests the surfactant is increasing the effectiveness of the material. No phytotoxicity was observed on either the openblooms or foliage throughout this test.
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