Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 4 formal research presentations 2 meetings with Florida Department of Elder Affairs PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
1. UF-derived high-oleic peanuts were used in a animal feeding study designed to confirn that consumption of such peanuts were benefit to metabolism and blood cholesterol levels. Consumption of the high-oleic peanuts produces greater reductions in cholesterol comparted to diets with conventional peanuts and also better than diets made with non-peanut sources of oleic and other dietary fatty acids. Impact is to enhance consumption of these cultivars, and to provide enhanced health benefits. 2. Meal quality provided to older people is being investigated for the potential to enhance consumption, and therefore delivery of nutrients to the older people consuming such meals. Impact is understanding the potential to deliver more nutrition to Florida's elder population. 3. Gene expression in mice fed high-isflavone diets derived from soybeans was studied and an anti-diabetic effect was found. Impact is development of a potential therapy to reduce diabetes or symptoms of diabetes in the population.
Publications
- Cho KW, Lee OH, Banz WJ, Moustaid-Moussa N, Shay NF, Kim YC 2009 Daidzein and the daidzein metabolite, equol, enhance adipocyte differentiation and PPARgamma transcriptional activity. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Sep 21
- Li Y, Ross-Viola JS, Shay NF, Moore DD, Ricketts ML 2009 Human CYP3A4 and murine Cyp3A11 are regulated by equol and genistein via the pregnane X receptor in a species-specific manner J Nutr. 2009 May;139(5):898-904
- Shay NF, Tillman B 2009 Consumption of High-Oleic Peanuts Reduces LDL Cholesterol in Golden Syrian Hamsters Abstract to American Society for Nutrition
- Shay NF, Ricketts ML, Medrano TI, Shiverick KT Microarray analysis reveals effects on important biological pathways in the liver of mice fed a dietary soy isoflavone concentrate 2009 Abstract to American Society for Nutrition
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Assisted several food companies in research on their products by providing sensory evaluation. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Helped food companies improve the quality of their products or develop new products.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Sensory testing was provided for numerous food products in conjunction with the research programs in our department, other departments at UF, and the food industry in Florida and throughout the US. This testing provided researchers with valuable information on the sensory characteristics and consumer accepability of food and agricultural products
Impacts
Provide assistance to the food industry and UF researchers on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of food products.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
Several research projects were conducted to assist the food and agricultural industries in Florida. This primarily involved the sensory evaluation of food and agricultural products important in Florida.
Impacts
The food and agricultural industries in Florida will be provided with needed data on the sensory and quality characteristics of their products.
Publications
- Zhang, H., M.O. Balaban, K. Portier, and C.A. Sims. 2005. Quantification of spice mixture compositions by electronic nose: Part II. Comparison with GC and sensory methods. J. Food Science 70(4):E259-E264.
- Underwood, B.A., D.M. Tieman, D. Shibuya, R.J. Dexter, H.M. Loucas, A.J. Simkin, C.A. Sims, E.A. Schmelz, H.J. Klee, and D.G. Clark. 2005. Ethylene-regulated floral synthesis in petunia corollas. Plant Physiology Review 1-12.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 10/01/03
Outputs
Several research projects are on-going to assist the food industry in Florida and other researchers in IFAS. This primarily involves the sensory evaluation of food and agriculture products important to Florida. Over 200 sensory panels were conducted last year as part of these projects.
Impacts
Several food companies in Florida and other researchers in IFAS will be provided with needed information on their products.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/01 to 10/01/02
Outputs
Research is continuing on the sensory quality of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, and factors that influence quality.
Impacts
Improve the quality and economic value of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables produced in Florida
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Technical support and applied research with the food industry in Florida has been provided. This support and research involves food safety and quality issues, and will continue in the future.
Impacts
Assistance to the food industry in Florida has been provided, which improves the competitivenss of these companies.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
The objective of the preliminary work continues in the areas of Food Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Dietetics. It comprises the most comprehensive training, research, and public service programs. On-going work in diverse research activities in pesticide research, the fate of environmental contaminants such as mercury, metabolic studies, nutritional status of disease states, and neuroendocrine control of food intake also continues. Preliminary data generated have led to grant applications which are now pending.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
The objectives of the preliminary work continues in the areas of Food Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Dietetics. It comprises the most comprehensive training, research, and public service programs. On-going work in diverse research activities in pesticide research, the fate of environmental contaminants such as mercury, metabolic studies, nutritional status of disease states, and neuroendocrine control of food intake also continues. Preliminary data generated have led to grant applications which are now pending.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
The objectives of the preliminary work continues in the areas of Food Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Dietetics. It comprises the most comprehensive training, research, and public service programs. On-going work in diverse research activities in pesticide research, the fate of environmental contaminants such as mercury, metabolic studies, nutritional status of disease states, and neuroendocrine control of food intake also continues. Preliminary data generated have led to grant applications which are now pending.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
The objectives of the preliminary work continues in the areas of Food Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Dietetics. It comprises the most comprehensive training, research, and public service programs. On-going work in diverse research activities in pesticide research, the fate of environmental contaminants such as mercury, metabolic studies, nutritional status of disease states, and neuroendocrine control of food intake also continues. Preliminary data generated have led to grant applications which are now pending.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
The extraction of two pesticides, dieldrin and malathion, from fish tissues was investigated. Trout samples fortified with the two pesticides were extracted either by blending or by solvent elution in a column using one of three solvents (petroleum ether, hexane, methylene chloride) or solvent combinations (ethyl ether/hexane (1:5) and ethyl ether/petroleum ether (1:10)). Pesticide and fat extraction by blending vs. columns and by the various solvents was compared statistically. A further evaluation of the data and planning for future research are underway. Chromatographic and immunological based detection and quantification techniques for triazine herbicides have been pursued by David Tseng a student of Dr. Marshall. I offered suggestions to Mr. Tseng as he performed his work and communicated his findings.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
The extraction of two pesticides, dieldrin and malathion, from fish tissues was investigated. Trout samples fortified with the two pesticides were extracted either by blending or by solvent elution in a column using one of three solvents (petroleum ether, hexane, methylene chloride) or solvent combinations (ethyl ether/hexane 1:5 and ethyl ether/petroleum ether 1:10). Pesticide and fat extraction by blending vs. columns and by the various solvents was compared statistically. A manuscript has been prepared for publication.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/91 to 10/30/92
Outputs
The extraction of two pesticides, dieldrin and malathion, from fish tissues was investigated. Trout samples fortified with the two pesticides were extracted either by blending or by solvent elution in a column using one of the three solvents (petroleum, ether, hexane, methylene chloride) or by solvent combinations (ethyl ether/hexane 1:5 and ethyl ether/petroleum ether 1:10). Pesticide and fat extraction by blending vs. columns and by the various solvents was compared statistically.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/86 to 09/30/87
Outputs
Phenoloxidases (PO) were isolated, purified, and characterized from shrimp (white, Penaeus setiferus; pink, P. duorarum) and Florida spiny lobster (Panulirus argus). PO from shrimp migrated as single protein bands on native and SDS gel electrophoresis with molecular weights around 30 kDA. However, pink shrimp PO oxidized dihydroxyphenylalanine at rates 1.8 fold faster than white shrimp PO. This trend was hypothesized from the different susceptibilities of these species to melanosis. Kinetic properties also showed differences in pH and temperature optimum and pH and thermal stabilities. White shrimp PO also required copper as a cofactor while pink shrimp PO showed no requirement for copper. PO from lobster was completely different than the shrimp counterparts. Lobster PO was a very large molecule (>300 kDA) and required activation for enzyme activity. Activation took three days and resulted in a 120 fold increase in PO activity and a dramatic change in the
electrophoresis pattern. The large band was no longer present, while a small protein band (64 kDA) was formed. Treating the same extract with trypsin produced the same 64 kDA band and an additional band (100 kDA) both having PO activity. A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to separate polyphosphates in seafood products. The method was fast, accurate and sensitive compared to the common polyphosphate methods. Recoveries were dependent on the species of polyphosphate.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/85 to 09/30/86
Outputs
The utilization of dried seeds of the beach bean (Canavalia maritima) as a dietary protein source is limited by antinutritional factors similar to those found in the Jack bean (e.g. lectins). Using the AOAC method for the "Biological Evaluation of Protein Quality" (PER), we have found that pretreatment (e.g. soaking and cooking) of the bean meal to remove the toxic principles result in improved growth in rats. Further studies are under way to identify and quantitate the toxins and to identify the limiting amino acid(s) of the protein. Investigations supplementing the total parenteral nutrition solutions of preterm neonates with carnitine have been completed. Studies utilizing the neonatal piglet as an animal model for extending our investigations concerning whether carnitine is an essential nutrient for the neonate are in progress. We have begun initial studies in two new areas of research - new functions of carnitine and new metabolic forms of carnitine recently
postulated by our Laboratory. Three phenoloxidases (PO) from white and pink shrimp, lobster, and golden crab have been isolated, purified, and characterized. Presently, we have isolated and began to purify a secondary enzyme system (protease) from lobster which activates PO. Residual sulfite was measured using ion chromatography. Neither cooking nor washing reduced residual sulfite levels. Fifty chemicals and combinations were examined as replacements for busulfite and no alternative was found.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Soybean flavor improvement by breeding. An Agronomy Department graduate studenthas been instructed in vegetable and dark seeded soybean preparation and sensory evaluation and research strategies developed for a continuation of breeding research designed to incorporate these desirable flavor characteristics into agronomic type soybeans.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/83 to 09/30/84
Outputs
Soybean flavor evaluations were performed on 54 F6 crosses consisting of Late Giant and Jupiter backgrounds. Yellow seeded lines had flavor scores between 3.0 and 1.5, averaging about 2.0. In contrast, black seeded F6 crosses inevitably had flavor scores of 1.0 with a few possessing a mild flavor even better than the Late Giant control. In a replicated trial (3 separate sensory evaluations) only 1 yellow seeded line (F82-5722) was consistently ranked as mild as Late Giant.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
This season (1982 harvest, evaluated in Spring & Summer 1983) about 200 soybean samples were evaluated. This consisted of 24F(4) and F(5) lines replicated 3 times, 216 F(3) or later (up to F(8)) generations from single plant selection and 405 samples and replications from rows and individual plants. Replicated tastings demonstrated good agreement among tasters and between replications. Frequency distribution analyses indicated lower flavor scores (indicative of mild flavor) in F(3) crosses, Late Giant (2) X Braxton, than in Braxton (2) X Late Giant.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
About 220 soybean samples harvested in 1981 were evaluated. Flavor scores of F(4) and higher crosses, all of which had late Giant parentage, grown during the 1979, 1980 and 1981 seasons and evaluated the following spring were fairly consistent. In only 17 cases out of 72 did the average differ by more than 1 unit between seasons. There has been reasonable flavor consistency from season to season and better flavor is associated with Late Giant parentage and black seed coat. Similar analyses will be performed on several hundred crosses developed or replicated during the 1982 season to provide information and germ plasma for 1983 breeding and field trials. Many mutagenic reaction products are produced during the cooling of sugars and amino acids. The mutagenicity of the volatile browning reaction products were further examined using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system. Preliminary studies indicated that the volatile products of cooked coffee was only weakly
mutagenic to the bacteria Salmonella. The same assay system was also applied to study the mutagenicity of the effluent from a methane digester using cattle manures. Preliminary results do not indicate the pressure of mutugenic compounds. The mechanism of copper and zinc absorption is being studied using the isolated, vascularly perfused rat intestine as a model. The influence of glucagon and glucocorticoids on zinc uptake into enterocytes and transfer to the portal supply (absorption) is being measured.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Studies were carried out to compare nutrient utilization under total parenteral nutrition by infusion of the intravenous solutions into different avenous sites of the rat; superior vena cava (central vein, CV) or the hepatic portal vein PV). A conventional hypertonic solution of dextrose plus amino acids were infused continuously for 10-12 days. Data show both feeding techniques permitted positive nitrogen balance and body weight gain. CV feeding led to a decrease in liver weight but a 28% increase in protein concentration. PV infused rats showed no change in liver weight but a 19% decrease in protein content. Liver glycogen increased 5 X CV fed fats but was unchanged with PV feeding. Infusion into either site resulted in hepatic fat infiltration. Serum glucose and insulin levels were elevated with both the CV and PV infusions, but hyperglycemia was greater in the CV fed rats. Thus metabolic alterations common to CV nutrition are also seen with PV infusion. The
absence of dietary lipid rather than the site of infusion may account for these abvnormalties. The cellulase system has been purified and partially characterized. The inhibition of the beta-glucosidase was shown to be responsible for limiting the conversion of cellobiose to glucose and the conversion of glucose to ethanol in stimultaneouse saccharification/fermentation processes.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Effect of frozen storage on fungi in foods: Thirty food samples were frozen andstored at -18, -26 and -34C. Subsamples were analyzed for changes in total aerobic flora, coliforms and fungi after 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months. Fungal populations were determined using both acidified Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) and antibiotic Plat Count agar (SPCA). Analysis of the data showed that coliforms, as measured by Violet Red Bile agar, exhibited the greatest decrease during storage, whereas, the fungal population exhibited a sensitivity to freezing greater or less than the total aerobic flora depending upon the medium used. In that PDA does not accurately measure the total fungal population the SPCA count may reflect the true fate of fungi during frozen storage. A highly basic nature of the Beta-glucosidase was confirmed by measurement of its isoelectric point. Induced synthesis of enzymes was carried out from a preparation of subcelluar structure. A retort specifically
designed for processing institutional-sized retort pouches was constructed. Heating was accomplished by convection pressurized water or steam air mixtures. The circadium rhythms commonly seen in liver, gastrointestinal and muscle metabolism, when animals are fed different diets by different routes were investigated. Experiments using a rat as a model demonstrate that intragastric feeding maintains more normal liver function and blood protein levels, and permits greater retention of body protein than does intravenous feeding.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Studies with salt minced fish show that heating and/or acidification of the minced fish during brining followed by addition of 20% corn grits to the final product controlled brine migration during storage. Water activity was only marginally affected by these treatments. Vitamin B-6 status of 127 pregnant low-income adolescents and adult women was assessed through erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (E-ALAT) activity and its in vitro stimulation by pyridoxal phosphate. The mean E-ALAT stimulation was 35%+21 (SD), and 69% of the subjects showed some B-6 inadequacy (E-ALAT stimulation less than 25%). The mean vitamin B-6 intake (24 dietary recall) was 5% off the RDA. Data indicate B-6 status was inadequate for population group. The cellular uptake of "free" H-benzo(a)-pyrene (B(a)P) and comparison of low-density lipo-protein-associated B(a)P vs. free B(a)P suggest a mechanism of transport of B(a)P to skin and living cells. Cell uptake of "free" B(a)P appears to
be due to non-specific, hydrophobic association; at high concentrations its uptake is much greater than that of LDL-associated B(a)P indicating possible saturation of cellular LPD receptors. Preliminary studies of LDL structure using trypsin as an enzyme probe and 1 2 5I-labeling before or after trypsin-treatment of LDL indicate a small difference in labeling pattern. Labeling pattern differences would indicate that some of the apoprotein (in intact LDL) not accessible to the large I molecule.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Studies designed to improve the utilization of various fruit and vegetable cropswere continued. Studies have shown the potential for watermelon utilization in a high quality fruit punch containing pineapple and orange juices. Watermelon seeds were shown to yield an excellent quality protein and oil. Amino acid profiles of watermelon seed protein indicate it to be an acceptable protein for blending with other food proteins. Studies involving citrus indicate an extractable material from the citrus peel functions as an excellent beverage cloud. Studies designed to characterize the chemical and physical properties of this extract and its storage stability are in progress. Evaluations of desirable flavor characteristics with commercially grown soybeans of selected dark-seeded vegetable varieties showed a number of crosses involving black-seeded varieties and were an improvement of the reference bean and exhibited an unique nut-like flavor. Based on these results,
subsequent crosses were produced for evaluation in the Spring of 1979. Studies concerning thiaminase degradation in fish have shown that thiamin degradation begins immediately after harvesting. Based on studies using mullet, processing of fish muscle requires an internal temperature of 85 degrees C at pH 6.2 for thiaminase destruction. Changes in the textural properties of shrimp during processing and storage have been shown to be due in part to the action of a neutral protease in the shrimp.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
A study was completed on the fate of bisulfite on shrimp. When shrimp were dipped in sodium bisulfite solutions of 1.25 or 5.0% and analyzed for residual bisulfite during 15 days ice storage the following results were found. Most of the bisulfite was located on the shell and was readily leached away by the melting ice. A further reduction in bisulfite occurred when shrimp were rinsed in either water or hypochlorite solutions after storage, with the greatest reductions occurring during the hypochlorite rinses.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Ice storage influenced free fatty acid production and lipid oxidation in frozen mullet muscle. Generally, higher free fatty levels and less lipid oxidation were observed in frozen mullet fillets (with or without skin) as periods pf pre-freezing iced storage increased. However, frozen antioxidant-treated fillets(immersed in 0.025% TBHQ + 2% ascorbid acid) with extended periods of ice storage had less hydrolyticand oxidative rancidity. Mullet frozen in the round after various periods of ice storage, the trend of free fatty acid production was similar to the development of oxidative rancidity. Both were higher in the frozen samples when periods of pre-freezing ice storage increased. Anthocyaninswere extracted from blueberries and red cabbage. The resultant pigment powders were added to a colorless beverage base and reconstituted. Comparison of these reconstituted beverages with commercial soft drinks indicated that anthocyanin extracts are a potential replacement for
some of the synthetic coal tar dyes currently used in soft drink mixes. Investigations have been conducted on physiological action of flavonoids. Determination of relations between ABO blood groups and action of flavonoids on aggregation and sedimentation of blood cells showed a significantly greater incidence of acceleration of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in group B as
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Metabolic Studies: Measurements of metabolic effects of test situations with mice have included the ad lib. drinking of various sugar solutions containing - glucose, fructose and sucrose. The data appears to indicate that addition of these substances to the normal diet has significant effects upon the intermediary metabolism. A test of the hypothesis that the non-nutritive fiber in the diet has an effect upon the gut flora which could be modulated by type ofdietary carbohydrate is currently in process of interpretation. Results indicate there is a significant interaction between type of dietary carbohydrateand the amount of fiber in the diet. Toxicological Studies: The toxic effects of a-solanine and several pesticides was studied on Tetrahymena pyriformis. Thefollowing ED1m's were determined: a-solanine 200 ppm, benomyl 8.5 ppm, BIC 25 ppm, MBC 8.5 ppm, dieldrin 8.5 ppm, and carbaryl 50 ppm. Benomyl decreased the incorporation of (14)C-acetate into protein and
lipid but increased the incorporation of (14)C-acetate into glycogen. Peanut Protein: Evaluation of peanut protein preparation techniques of alkaline extraction, salt extraction and ethanol extraction was conducted. Higher protein yields and more bland flavor was observed with ethanol extraction. Flavor improvement was achieved by pretreatment of the peanuts with wet heat and salt extractions.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Twenty-five health foods were compared to traditional foods with respect to color, flavor, texture, odor and overall acceptability. None of the health foods were found to be superior on the basis of overall acceptance, but three ofthe items were individually preferred for color or odor. Many traditional foods, however, were preferred for color, odor, flavor and texture as well as overall acceptance. Three systems representing foods which heat by conduction, convection and a combination of both were packed in polyester-aluminum-nylon-11 laminate pouches and processed at 15 or 25 psi steam (121 or 131c) to an F(0) of 10 minutes. Minor retort modifications permitted processing without overriding air pressure, except during cooling. A 3-fold reduction in conduction process time at 121C was effected, compared to a 303 can. The conduction process time at 131C was approximately half that at 121C. This technique is a practical alternative to rigid container processing
for low through-put applications and in situations where container manufacture or shipment is impractical or too costly. Oil free peanut meal was used as a meat extender to manufacture comminuted products (loaf or patty or ball). A high protein hush puppy type product was prepared from raw blanched peanuts. All products were acceptable to trained and untrained sensory panels.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Peanuts were utilized as an ingredient in the manufacture of simulated meat products, a high protein hush puppy type food, and as a meat extender. Sensory quality evaluation of the manufactured foods indicated 75 to 92% acceptance. Techniques have been developed for the formation, recovery and utilization of protein-lipid systems which resulted in textured, high protein food ingredients suitable as meat extenders and substitutes. Important parameters influencing the rheological and organoleptic properties of moisture content; pressure, temperature, and film alignment during fabrication; and terminal processing conditions. The influence of formulation, thermal processing and storage duration on the consistency of processed aqueous soybean-rice mixtures was studied. Soybean:rice ratio exerted a large influence on the consistency of processed and unprocessed mixtures. Increased apparent viscosities were obtained as the mixtures contained larger amounts of soybeans.
The effects of type and amount of starch, amount of carageean, time of cooking, and storage duration on the consistency of milk puddings were evaluated. Waxy maize, corn or Venezuelan tapioca starches resulted in puddings with increased consistenciesthan those prepared by the addition of modified or minute tapioca.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
Feeding studies have been conducted on three fractions of protein-lipid film process, the films (Yuba), the residue left after soymilk extraction from soybeans, and the soy whey remained after film withdrawal from the heated soymilk. The poorest growth performance was associated with the residual fraction with Yuba and soy whey slightly better. Amino acid analysis demonstrated methionine deficiency in all these fractions. Diets from soy whey and Yuba supplemented with methionine at 0.73 and 1.46 g per 100 g of protein recorded higher PER values. Breads were baked replacing water and milk powder with unrefined beef or pork blood and cottage cheese whey. Commercial white bread and an "organic" whole wheat bread were included in the study. Loaves were examined for appearance, composition and acceptance. Rat feeding studies in which the breads constituted the sole diet for 4 weeks indicated no significant difference in growth performance (approx. PER's) between
commercial,"organic" and blood breads. Significantly better performance was obtained for loaves containing whey and blood:whey mixtures of 3:1 and 1:1 with the 1:3 blendhaving the highest PER (1.33). The acceptability of the experimental loaves were comparable to commercial breads, although loaf volumes were much lower and crumb texture coarser.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
Eight Brown Pelican specimens from Florida and one from Louisiana contained an average of 39, 3.6, 1.4 and 0.14 ppm DDT in fat, muscle, liver and brain respectively. PCB's were found in every specimen and dieldrin appeared in most.In vitro parathion at 20 mg/50,000 liver cells was toxic after 24 to 48 hours. At lower levels of parathion exposure three were no toxicity signs. Aqueous extracts of several different legumes inhibited proteolytic enzymes to differingdegrees. In general trypsin and pepsin were inhibited more than ficin and bacterial protease. Rat feeding studies using chick peas and black beans, whichhas the enzyme inhibitors heat inactivated, showed that tryptic digestion did not increase the nutritive value of these legumes but supplementation with methionine did. Protein-lipid film (Yuba) formation was studied with soymilk and model systems of soy protein isolates, phospholipids, vegetable oil and sucrose. pH, cooking time, and storage time at 34F
influenced the texture of cocktail shrimp. Shrimp cooked 5 min and packed in cocktail sauce at pH 6.0 or 8.0 were more tender than those at pH 4.0. Franchise fast-food items were analyzed and values compared to values in U.S.D.A. Handbook #8. Foods studied were adequate in protein, but certain items were high in fat, cholesterol and inadequate in iron. An automated system has been designed for in vitro enzymatic digestion of foodstuffs and collection of fractions for subsequent amino acid analyses.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
Studies for enumerating fungi in foods included the effect of (1) inhibitors andincubation temperatures and (2) acidulants. Four types of legumes were tested for inhibitory effect on trypin, ficin and fungal proteolytic enzymes. All enxhibited an inhibitory effect but not to the same extent for each enzyme. Heating did not completely overcome the enzyme actions. Methods were developed for producing films for several protein-lipid systems. Acceptable pickled and sardine-syle products were prepared from thread herring. Smoked herring was notacceptable due to the presence of small bones. Major factors influencing the toughness of cocktail shrimp were pH and duration of refrigerated-storage. Crawfish muscle increased in toughness as cooking time was prolonged from 5 to 25 minutes. In nutritional composition studies the moisture, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, protein, carbohydrate, and mineral content of franchise food items were determined. Liver,
brain, intestine, fat and cecal tissue from chicks fed p, pPG, DDT were analyzed for p,pPG, DDT and the metabolites DDE and DDD. Residues were found in all tissues, increasing with increased level in the diet. 10 ppb ametryne reduced the incorporation of PG,CO(2) in Chlorella pyrenoidosa 40% after 4 hours and 60% after 20 hours exposure. DDT exhibited no photosynthetic inhibition at levels of 100 ppb.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Investigations were conducted to determine whether feeding rats high levels of thiamin over a 3 month period resulted in a state of thiamin over-nutrition. Restricting dietary thiamin to the minimal amount required for growth and maintenance resulted in slower growth rates, smaller animals, and carcasses containing more water at the expense of body fat. Doubling the dietary thiamin caused decrease in body water, and increased body weight and fat. Citrus fruitsirradiated with a 150 Krad dose showed increased peel injury. The injury was less when the fruits were stored at 35F as compared with 50F and 65F. The irradiated fruits had acceptable organoleptic qualities. Irradiation (150 and 225 Krad) and hot water treatments (3.5 and 7 min. @ 120F) of peaches were effective in controlling decay caused by brown rat. In processing studies with blackberries the yield of juice and soluble solids were increased by applying pectic enzymes to the puree.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
Comparison of Nutritional Value of Whole and Filled Milk: Feeding studies with weanling rats were conducted in which oils of plant origin were substituted for milk fat, weight gains and serum cholesterols were determined. Weight gains werelower on filled milks and the weight of milk solids required per gram of weight increase was lower for whole milk. There was variation in cholesterol levels. Effect of Low Level Irradiation Upon the Preservation of Food Products: Combining hot water dip treatments with gamma irradiation controlled anthracnosedecay of mangoes. A 200 Krad irradiation dose was effective in controlling brown rot in peaches. Evaluation of Tomato Cultivars for Thermal Processing: Fruit from 9 breeding lines were processed and evaluated.
Impacts
(N/A)
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