SOYBEAN BREEDING AND GENETICS

• Sponsoring Institution: State Agricultural Experiment Station
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: STATE
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0023537
• Project Start Date: Jul 1, 2010
• Project End Date: Jun 30, 2015
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIV OF MINNESOTA
(N/A)
ST PAUL,MN 55108

Performing Department
Agronomy & Plant Genetics

Non Technical Summary
Soybeans are grown on about 7 million acres in Minnesota and farmers need adapted varieties. Soybean producers need new varieties and germplasm to remain competitive in the world market. This project generates new knowledge on soybean genetics and develops high yielding, hazard resistant, high quality, general purpose and special purpose soybean varieties adapted to Minnesota. It also tests publicly and privately developed varieties. Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
201	1820	1080	60%
202	1820	1080	10%
203	1820	1080	10%
204	1820	1080	20%

Knowledge Area
204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest); 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1820 - Soybean;

Field Of Science
1080 - Genetics;

Keywords

soybean

plant breeding

plant genetics

protein

oil

drought tolerance

genetic diversity

Goals / Objectives
1. Develop new high yielding, hazard tolerant, high quality general purpose and special purpose soybean varieties adapted to Minnesota. 2. Evaluate general purpose and special purpose varieties developed in other programs and evaluate exotic soybean germplasm. 3. Generate new information on soybean genetics and on breeding methodology. 4. Contribute to the training of graduate students.

Project Methods
Crosses will be made between genotypes with desired traits and generations advanced in Minnesota and Chile. Plant rows will be selected and evaluated for desired traits. Agronomic evaluations will be made in the field and if a genotype proves superior to existing cultivars it will be released. Results of variety tests will be published. Genetic and breeding methodology studies will be part of student thesis and will be published. Graduate students will conduct laboratory and field research as part of their education.

Progress 10/01/14 to 06/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided training and professional development for one MS student and three PhD students. One PhD student is completing his thesis and is employed by Pioneer Company. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the public and private testing of 384 soybean varieties and/or brands available to Minnesota soybean producers have been published and are available at www.soybeans.umn.edu. The results were also published by AgriNews, Prairie Grains, Minnesota Soybean, and the 2016 Seed Guide published by the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Evaluate and test breeding lines and release superior lines as varieties. Continue testing varieties from the public and private sectors and report results to the public. Continue to educate and train graduate students and finish their education. Publish results in peer reviewed publications.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Four new general purpose varieties were released. MN0809CN, MN1312CN, MN1612CN, and MN1806CN. All these varieties have soybean cyst nematode resistance, high yield, yellow or buff hilum, and average or above average protein content. Four special purpose varieties were licensed, one small seeded, two larger seeded higher protein lines, and one conventional SCN line.

Publications

Progress 07/01/10 to 06/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided training and professional development for one MS student and three PhD students. One PhD student is completing his thesis and is employed by Pioneer Company. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of the public and private testing of 384 soybean varieties and/or brands available to Minnesota soybean producers have been published and are available at www.soybeans.umn.edu. The results were also published by AgriNews, Prairie Grains, Minnesota Soybean, and the 2016 Seed Guide published by Minnesota Crop Improvement Association. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Four new general purpose varieties were released. MN0809CN, MN1312CN, MN1612CN, and MN1806CN. All these varieties have soybean cyst nematode resistance, high yield, yellow or buff hilum, and average or above average protein content. Four special purpose varieties were licensed, one small seeded, two larger seeded higher protein lines, and one conventional SCN line.

Publications

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project has provided training and professional development for one MS student and four PhD students. One PhD student has completed his thesis and is employed by Pepsico Company. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of the public and private testing of 430 soybean varieties and/or brands available to Minnesota soybean producers have been published and are available at www.soybeans.umn.edu. The results were also published by AgriNews, Prairie Grains, and Minnesota Soybean. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Evaluate and test breeding lines and release superior lines as varieties. Continue testing varaties from the public and private sectors and report results to the public. Continue to educate and train graduate students and finish their education. Publish results in peeer reviewed publications.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Three new general purpose varieties were released, MN0702CN, MN0808CN, and MN1611CN. All those varieties have soybean cys nematode resistance, high yield, yellow hilum, and average or above average protein content. Three special purpose varieties were licensed, one small seeded and two larger seeded higher protein lines.

Publications

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant Breeders in the public sector that will utilize varieties or germplasm. Plant Breeders in the private sector that will utilize varieties or germplasm. Soybean producers that will utilize varieties and/or information from variety testing. Changes/Problems: A new person will be assuming leadership of this project in about one year. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project has provided education and training for two students studying for a M.S. and four students studying for a Ph.D. The project also provided education and training for eight undergraduate students and four MAST students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results have been made available in print in the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Varietal Trials Bulletin and at the website www.maes.umn.edu. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue all stages of the variety development program from crosses to variety release.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Three general purpose varieties and three special purpose varieties were released in 2013. Trials of 380 public and private varieties available to soybean producers were conducted and resulst made available electronically. Two M.S. students finished their thesis this year.

Publications

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: One new cultivar, a maturity group 0 conventional cultivar was released in 2012. It was a maturity 0.4 conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance. Food type cultivars were also released and licensed in 2012. Two were small seeded types and two were large seeded higher protein types. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. Results of tests of 410 public and private conventional transgenic and food type cultivars were reported in the Varietal Trials Results. PARTICIPANTS: Cooperative studies continue with faculty in the Agronomy and Plant genetics Department, various other departments at the University of Minnesota, researchers at public institutions in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, KS, KY, TN, MO, MS, AR, Canada, Chile and China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors. Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S., Canada and around the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Major variety development efforts will be using conventional germplasm rather than transgenics since transgenics are being developed in the private sector. A greater emphasis will be placed on food type soybeans since that complements the efforts of the private sector.

Impacts
Results of this research can be used by private and public breeders/geneticists in their cultivar development programs or in other research. The results will also have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow newly released cultivars as well as continuing to grow previously released material. In addition, producers can also use the variety test results to select the most productive cultivars for next growing season. Development of special purpose cultivars has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers. It is estimated that recently released general purpose and special purpose cultivars from the University of Minnesota has contributed about $1,000,000 of extra income for soybean producers compared with yield and other traits of older cultivars.

Publications

• Lin, R., J. Glazebrook, F. Katagiri, J.H. Orf and S.I Gibson. 2012. Identification of genes differentially expressed between developing seeds of different soybean varieties. BMC Plant Biology 12:310.
• Bolon, Y-T, D.L. Hyten, J.H. Orf, C. Vance, G. Muehlbauer. 2012. Transcriptional networks regulate oilseed development and reveal complex genetic architecture involved in seed oil accumulation. Plant Physiology (in press).
• Agoub, M., G-L Jiang and J. Orf. 2012. Inheritance and mapping of soybean aphid resistance in soybean accession PI 6034328. Pest-Host Interaction Symposium, Minneapolis, MN. Abstract p. 18.
• Orf, J.H. 2012. U.S. IP soybean system and recent development in U.S. food soybean breeding. Second International Soy Foods Industry Development Conference, Shanghai, China. Abstract p. 11.
• Ries, L., S. Naeve, R. Stupar and J.H. Orf. 2012. Induced deletion mutagensis results in soybean seed composition variation. Agronomy Abstracts, number 416.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, and J. Miller-Garvin. 2012. Quality of the United States soybean crop-2012. USSEC Conferences in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
• Yong, B., L. Lian, J. Orf, S. Chen, N. Young and R. Denny. 2012. Identification and introgression of novel sources of resistance to soybean cyst nematode. 14th Biennial Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Soybean Conference. Abstract p. 9.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, J. Miller-Garvin, and T. O'Neill. 2012. Quality of the United States food soybean crop-2012. USSEC Conferences in China, Japan and Korea.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2012. MP116-2011. p. 53-71.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2012. Minnesota Certified Seed Guide 2012. p. 48-70.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two new cultivars, both maturity group I conventional cultivars were released in 2011. One was a maturity group I conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance, and the other a maturity group I conventional cultivar with a diverse genetic background. Food type cultivars were also released and licensed in 2011. Two were small seeded types and two were large seeded higher protein types. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. Results of tests of 440 public and private conventional transgenic and food type cultivars were reported in the Varietal Trials Results. PARTICIPANTS: Cooperative studies continue with faculty in the Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, various other departments at the University of Minnesota, researchers at public institutions in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, KS, KY, TN, MO, MS, AR, Canada, Chile and China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors. Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S., Canada and around the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Major variety development efforts will be using conventional germplasm rather than transgenics since transgenics are being developed in the private sector. A greater emphasis will be placed on food type soybeans since that complements the efforts of the private sector.

Impacts
Results of this research can be used by private and public breeders/geneticists in their cultivar development programs or in other research. The results will also have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow newly released cultivars as well as continuing to grow previously released material. In addition, producers can also use the variety test results to select the most productive cultivars for next growing season. Development of special purpose cultivars has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers. It is estimated that recently released general purpose and special purpose cultivars from the University of Minnesota has contributed about $1,000,000 of extra income for soybean producers compared with yield and other traits of older cultivars.

Publications

• Bolon, Y-T, W. Haun, W. Xu, D. Grant, M.G. Stacey, R.T. Nelson, D. Gerhardt, J. Jeddeloh, G. Stacey, G. Muehlbauer, J.H. Orf, S.L. Naeve, R.M. Stupar and C.P. Vance. 2011. Phenotypic and genomic analyses of a fast neutron mutant population resource in soybean. Plant Phys. 156:240-253.
• Coulter, J., C. Sheaffer, M. Haar, D.L. Wyse and J.H. Orf. 2011. Soybean cultivar response to planting date and seeding rate under organic management. Agronomy J. 103:1223-1229.
• Orf, J.H. 2011. Methods of soybean breeding. pp. 184-202. In: J. Milandinovic, M. Hrustic, and M. Vidic (ed.). Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad 'Sojaprotein' Beerj.
• Bolon, Y., W. Hann, W. Xu, D. Grant, D. Gerhardt, T. Albert, T. Richmond, J. Jeddeloh, G. Muehlbauer, J. Orf, S. Naeve, R. Stupar, and C. Vance. 2011. Phenotypic and genomic analysis of a fast neutron mutation resource in soybean. PAGXIX, Abstract p. 24.
• Lian, L., F. Wang, R. Denny, P. Schaus, N. Young, J.H. Orf, and S. Chen. 2011. Identifying novel sources of resistance to the soybean cyst nematode. NAPB Abstract, p. 36.
• Ries, L,. S. Naeve, R. Stupar, J. Orf, and Y-T. Bolon. 2011. Fast-neutron mutagenesis induced variation for protein and oil content in soybean. Agron. Abs. 221-14.
• Ries, L. and J. Orf. 2011. Genotypic and phenotypic variation for seed protein content in advanced backcross derived soybean populations. Agron. Abs. 221-17.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, and J. Miller-Garvin. 2011. Quality of the United States soybean crop-2011. USSEC Conferences in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, J. Miller-Garvin, and T. O'Neill. 2011. Quality of the United States food soybean crop-2011. USSEC Conferences in China, Japan and Korea.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Four new cultivars, two maturity group 0 conventional cultivars, one maturity group 0 conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance, and one maturity group I conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance were released in 2010. Food type cultivars were also released and licensed in 2010. Two were small seeded types and two were large seeded higher protein types. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. Results of tests of 452 public and private conventional transgenic and food type cultivars were reported in the Varietal Trials Results. PARTICIPANTS: Cooperative studies continue with faculty in the Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, various other departments at the University of Minnesota, researchers at public institutions in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, KS, KY, TN, MO, MS, AR, Canada, Chile and China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors. Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S., Canada and around the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Major variety development efforts will be using conventional germplasm rather than transgenics since transgenics are being developed in the private sector. A greater emphasis will be placed on food type soybeans since that complements the efforts of the private sector.

Impacts
Results of this research can be used by private and public breeders/geneticists in their cultivar development programs or in other research. The results will also have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow newly released cultivars as well as continuing to grow previously released material. In addition, producers can also use the variety test results to select the most productive cultivars for next growing season. Development of special purpose cultivars has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers. It is estimated that recently released general purpose and special purpose cultivars from the University of Minnesota has contributed about $1,000,000 of extra income for soybean producers compared with yield and other traits of older cultivars.

Publications

• Lin, R., J. Glazebrook, F. Katugari, J.H. Orf, S.L. Gibson. 2010. Identification of genes differentially expressed between developing seeds of different soybean varieties. BMC Plant Biology 10:278.
• Orf, J.H. 2010. Soybean Breeding in the Northern U.S. Proc. 6th Annual National Center for Soybean Biotechnology Symposium.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, and J. Miller-Garvin. 2010. Analysis of the U.S. Non-GMO Food Soybean Variety Pipeline. Proc. Second Soyfood Alliance Conference, Tokyo, Japan. 1, July 2010.
• Chen, S., B. Potter, and J.H. Orf. 2010. Virulance of the soybean cyst nematode has increased over years in Minnesota. Proc. Soc. of Nematologists.
• Purcell, L.C., T.E. Carter, T.R. Sinclair, A. King, P. Chen, H.R. Boerma, J.D. Ray, D.V. Charlson, J.H. Orf, J.E. Specht, T.W. Rufty and F. Fritschi. 2009. Tweeking the genetics and physiology of soybean to increase dryland yields. Proc. 39th Soybean Seed Research Conference CD-RM American Seed Trade Assn. Bolen, Y-T., W. Haun, G. Muehlbauer, J. Orf, S. Naeve, R. Stupar and C. Vance. 2010. Fast neutron mutagenesis of soybean: A resource for the community. 13th Biennial Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Soybean Conference 2010.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, and J. Miller-Garvin. 2010. Quality of the United States soybean crop-2010. USSEC Conferences China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, J. Miller-Garvin, and T. O'Neill. 2010. Quality of the United States Food Soybean Crop-2010. USSEC Conferences Korea and Japan.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2010. MP116-2010. p. 48-68.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, PJ. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2010. Minnesota Certified Seed Guide 2010. p. 50-69.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two new cultivars, one a maturity group 0 conventional cultivar and one a maturity group 0 conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance were released in 2009. Food type cultivars were also released and licensed in 2009. Two were small seeded types and three were large seeded higher protein types. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. Results of tests of 465 public and private conventional and transgenic cultivars were reported in the Varietal Trials Results. PARTICIPANTS: Cooperative studies continue with faculty in the Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, various other departments at the University of Minnesota, researchers at public institutions in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, KS, KY, TN, MO, MS, AR, Canada, Chile and China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors. Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S., Canada and around the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Major variety development efforts will be using conventional germplasm rather than transgenics since transgenics are being developed in the private sector. A greater emphasis will be placed on food type soybeans since that complements the efforts of the private sector.

Impacts
Results of this research can be used by private and public breeders/geneticists in their cultivar development programs or in other research. The results will also have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow newly released cultivars as well as continuing to grow previously released material. In addition, producers can also use the variety test results to select the most productive cultivars for next growing season. Development of special purpose cultivars has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers. It is estimated that recently released general purpose and special purpose cultivars from the University of Minnesota has contributed about $1,000,000 of extra income for soybean producers compared with yield and other traits of older cultivars.

Publications

• Rotundo, J.L., Boras, L., Westgate, M.E., and Orf, J.H. 2009. Relationship between assimilate supply per seed during seed filling and soybean seed composition - Field Crops Research 112:90-96.
• Orf, J.H. 2009. Introduction. pp. 1-17. In K. Bilyeu, M. Ratnaparkhe, and C. Kole. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Soybean. Science Publishers.
• Orf, J.H. 2009. Methods of soybean breeding. pp. 161-190. In J. Milandinovic, M. Arustic and M. Vidic (ed.), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow.
• Orf, J.H. and Densio Destro, M. 2009. Protein and oil content of organic and conventionally grown soybeans. Proc. World Soy Conf. VIII, Beijing, China.
• Stupar, R.M., Lin, J.Y., Jackson, S.P., Bolon, Y.T., Muehlbauer, G.J., Naeve, S., Orf, J.H., Vance, C.P., and Haun, W.J. 2009. Transcription profiling and mutation detection of soybean homeologous genes. Proc. World Soy Res. Conf. VIII, Beijing, China.
• Naeve, S.L. and Orf, J.H. 2009. Quantifying and communicating the quality of the U.S. soybean crop. Proc. World Soy Res. Conf. VIII, Beijing, China.
• Naeve, S., Orf, J., Killam, A., Shadow W., and Honigs, D. 2009. Soybean seed quality determination for small sample sizes through the use of a parabolic mirror cup and diode array spectrometer. Proc. Of NIR Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Menken, M. and Orf, J.H. 2009. Organic growers have expressed a need for soybean breeding to be done in organic systems. IFOAM Conf. on Organic Animal and Plant Breeding, Santa Fe, NM.
• Orf, J.H., Naeve, S.L., Schaus, P.J., and Killam, A. 2009. MP115-2009. p. 50-68.
• Orf, J.H., Naeve, S.L., Schaus, P.J., and Killam, A. 2009. Minnesota Certified Seed Guide 2009. p. 45-66.
• Orf, J.H., Schaus, P.J., and Naeve, S.L. 2008. Preliminary Results of Public and Private Soybean Variety Performance Trials. AgriNews, p. E14-E48.
• Orf, J.H. and Schaus, P.J. 2008. University of Minnesota Soybean Varietal Trial Results. Minnesota Soybean. p. 4-29.
• Naeve, S.L., Orf, J.H., Miller-Garvin, J., and O'Neill, T. 2009. Quality of the United States Food Soybean Crop: 2009. USSEC Conferences, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. pp. 1-8.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybeans occupied approximately 2.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 2008 with an average yield of about 2.5 Mg/ha. Over 90% of the soybeans planted in Minnesota contain the gene with tolerance to glyphosate. Publically developed cultivars were grown on about 6% of the soybean hectarage. Several of the cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, especially food type cultivars, are grown on significant hectarage. Two new cultivars, one a maturity group 0 conventional cultivar and one a maturity group 0 conventional cultivar with soybean cyst nematode resistance were released in 2008. Food type cultivars were also released and licensed in 2008. Two were small seeded types and three were large seeded higher protein types. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and improved protein and/or oil content emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, soybean aphid, phytophthora root rot, white mold and iron chlorosis tolerance. Results of tests of 465 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in the Varietal Trials Results. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate, low linolenic, mid-oleic, low phytate, higher protein lines and other special purpose lines continues. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid content has been released to soybean consortium members. An initial NIR equation for soybean meal for protein and amino acids has been developed and continues to be improved. The project has participated in surveys to determine the quality of the 2008 soybean crop and the 2008 food soybean crop. Cooperative studies continue with faculty in the Agronomy and Plant Genetics Department, various other departments at the University of Minnesota, researchers at public institutions in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, KS, KY, TN, MO, MS, AR, Canada, Chile and China. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors. Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S., Canada and around the world. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Results of this research can be used by private and public breeders/geneticists in their cultivar development programs or in other research. The results will also have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow newly released cultivars as well as continuing to grow previously released material. In addition, producers can also use the variety test results to select the most productive cultivars for next growing season. Development of special purpose cultivars has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers. It is estimated that recently released general purpose and special purpose cultivars from the University of Minnesota has contributed about $1,000,000 of extra income for soybean producers compared with yield and other traits of older cultivars.

Publications

• Orf, J.H. 2008. Breeding, genetics and production of soybeans. pp.87-119. In: L. Johnson, R. Galloway & P.J. White (ed.) Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing and Utilization. American Oil Chemist's Society, IL.
• Orf, J.H. 2008. Soybean Production and Uses. Pp. 1-25. In: G. Stacey (ed.) Soybean Genomics. University of Missouri.
• Menken, M. and J.H. Orf. 2008. Breeding soybeans for organic and conventional production. Do we need separate programs. Organic Symposium, Oregon State University. pp. 8.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf and T. O'Neill. 2008. Quality of the United States Soybean Crop: 2008. USSEC Conferences, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China. pp. 1-9.
• Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (Orf, J.H.) 2007. Plant Variety Protection Certificate Number 200400288. 'SD115RR' Soybean.
• Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (Orf, J.H.) 2007. Plant Variety Protection Certificate Number 200600015. 'SD1092' Soybean.
• Lin, R., S.I. Gibson, J. Glazebroo, F. Katagiri and J. Orf. 2008. Expression quantative trait loci (eQTL) mapping of seed composition, seed size and yield in soybean using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Agron. Abs. p. 123.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, and D. Latham. 2008. The outlook for conventional soybeans. 2008 Am. Oil Chemists Soc., Am. Soy. Assoc, p. 18.
• Orf, J.H. 2008. New trends and developments in IP speciality crops. Proceedings of the Fifth Midwest Shippers Conference, pp. 12-14.
• Orf, J.H., M. A. Larriera, and E.M. Anderson. 2008. Breeding for protein stability and amino acid content in soybean. Proceedings of the International Conference on Conventional and Molecular Breeding of Field and Vegetable Crops. pp. 102-108.
• Orf, J.H. and P.J. Schaus. 2007. University of Minnesota Soybean Varietal Trial Results Minnesota Soybean. p. 9-22.
• Naeve, S.L., J.H. Orf, and J. Miller-Garvin. 2008. Quality of the United States Food Soybean Crop. 2008. pp. 1-10.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2008. MP113-2008. p. 56-73.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2008. Minnesota Certified Seed. 2008 Seed Guide. p. 50-67.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soybeans occupied approximately 2.7 million hectares in Minnesota in 2007 with an average yield of about 2.6 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 6% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown extensively. Three new cultivars, one maturity group O conventional, one maturity group I conventional, and one maturity group I Roundup Ready, were released in 2007. Two cultivars had very high yield and one contained soybean cyst nematode resistance. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, aphid, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Initial crosses with soybean rust resistant/tolerant germplasm have been made. Results of tests of 534 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2007. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate, low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones is continuing. PARTICIPANTS: Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, GA, AR, KS, KY, TN, and Chile and China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Soybean producers in Minnesota and similar latitudes in the U.S. and around the world. Soybean breeders and geneticists in the private and public sectors.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future. Recently released general purpose and special purpose Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2007 compared with yield of older cultivars.

Publications

• Orf, J.H. 2006. Development of Food Grade Soybeans for Japan: Current and Future Efforts. Proceedings of the 9th Food Soybean Conference. ASA-IM, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 8-16.
• Larriera, A. 2007. Stability of Soybean Protein and Oil Concentration in the Northern U.S. M.S. Thesis.
• Orf, J.H., Schaus, P.J., and Naeve, S.L. 2006. Preliminary Results of Public and Private Soybean Variety Performance Trials. Agri News. p. E21-E50.
• Orf, J.H., S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A. Killam. 2007. MP113-2007. Minnesota Varietal Trials Results, p. 54-71.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.9 million hectares in Minnesota in 2006 with an average yield of about 2.8 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 7% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown extensively. Recently released general purpose and special purpose Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2006 compared with yield of older cultivars. Two new cultivars, one maturity group O and one maturity group I, were released in 2006. One cultivar had very high yield and one contained soybean cyst nematode resistance. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, aphid, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Initial crosses with soybean rust resistant/tolerant germplasm have been made. Results of tests of 605 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2006. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate, low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, and Chile.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Panthee, D.R., Pantalone, V.R., Sams, C.E., Saxton, A.M., West, D.R., Orf, J.H., and Killam, A.S. 2005. Quantative trait loci controlling sulfur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, in soybean seeds. TAG 122:161-6.
• Orf, J.H., Chase, K., Specht, J., Choi, I., Cregan, P.B., and Lark, K.G. 2006. Abnormal leaf formation in soybeans: genetic and environmental effects. TAG 113:137-146.
• Orf, J.H. 2006. Development of Food Grade Soybeans for Japan: Current and Future Efforts. Proceedings of the 9th Food Soybean Conference. ASA-IM, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 8-16.
• Larriera, A., and Orf, J.H. 2006. Breeding for greater stability of protein and oil content in soybean. Agron. Abs. p
• Orf, J.H., Schaus, P.J., and Naeve, S.L. 2005. Preliminary Results of Public and Private Soybean Variety Performance Trials. Agri News. p. E20-E48.
• Orf, J.H., Hardman, L.L., Schaus, P.J., Kurle J.E., and Naeve, S.L. 2004. MP110-2004. Minnesota Varietal Trials Results, p. 57-76.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.7 million hectares in Minnesota in 2005 with an average yield of about 2.8 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 8% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown extensively. Recently released general purpose and special purpose Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2005 compared with yield of older cultivars. Two new cultivars, one maturity group O and one maturity group I, were released in 2005. One cultivar had very high yield and one contained the glyphosate resistance gene. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 464 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2005. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, and Chile.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Orf, J.H., B.W. Diers, and H.R. Boerma. 2004. Genetic improvement: Conventional and molecular-based strategies. pp. 417-450. In: H.R. Boerma and J.E. Specht (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production and uses. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
• Orf, J.H. 2004. Overview of recent genetic improvement in public and private breeding breeding programs in the USA. Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference. pp. 220-227.
• Orf, J.H., L.L. Hardman, S.L. Naeve, P.J. Schaus, and A.L. Killam. 2005. MP111-2005. p. 55-76.
• Stombaugh, S.K., J.H. Orf, H.G. Jung, K. Chase, K.G. Lark, and D.A. Somers. 2004. Quantitative trait loci associated with cell wall polysaccharides in soybean seed. Crop Sci. 44:2101-2106.

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.9 million hectares in Minnesota in 2004 with an average yield of about 2.3 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 10% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released general purpose and special purpose Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2004 compared with yield of older cultivars. Four new cultivars, one maturity group OO, one maturity group O and two maturity group I were released in 2004. One cultivar had soybean cyst nematode resistance and one contained the glyphosate resistance gene. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 526 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2004. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Stombaugh, S.K., Orf, J.H., Jung, H.G. and Somers, D.A. 2003. Relationships between soybean seed cell wall polysaccharides, yield, and seed traits. Crop Sci. 43:571-576.
• Orf, J.H. and Denny, R.L. 2004. Registration of 'MN0201' soybean. Crop Sci. 44:691-692.
• Orf, J.H. and Denny, R.L. 2004. Registration of 'MN0302' soybean. Crop Sci. 44:692-693.
• Orf, J.H. and Denny, R.L. 2004. Registration of 'MN1302' soybean. Crop Sci. 44:693.
• Orf, J.H. 2004. Overview of recent genetic improvement in public and private breeding programs in the USA. Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference. pp. 220-227.
• Orf, J.H., Hutton, S.F. and Carter, T.E. Jr. 2004. Breeding for soybean drought tolerance: update on U.S. experience. Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference. pp. 260-266.
• Orf, J.H. 2004. Future developments for Midwest IP soybeans. Proceedings First Midwest Shippers' Conference. pp. 25-30.
• Naeve, S.L., O'Neill, T.A. and Orf, J.A. 2004. Variation in soybean seed composition as affected by variety and environment under commercial production in Minnesota. Agron. Abs. p. 105.
• Orf, J.H., Hardman, L.L., Schaus, P.J., Kurle, J.E. and Naeve, S.L. 2004. Minnesota Varietal Trials Results. MP110-2004. p. 57-76.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 3.0 million hectares in Minnesota in 2003 with an average yield of about 2.2 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 10% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released general purpose and special purpose Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2003 compared with yield of older cultivars. Five new special purpose cultivars, four maturity group O and one maturity group I were released in 2003. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 497 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2003. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An improved NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones has begun. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Orf, J.H., Hardman, L.L., Schaus, P.J., Kurle, J.E., and Naeve, S.L. 2003. Minnesota Varietal Trials Results. MP108-2003. p. 62-83.
• Tischner, T., Allphin, L., Chase, K., Orf, J.H., and Lark, K.G. 2003. Genetics of seed abortion and reproductive traits in soybean. Crop Sci. 43:464-473.
• Orf, J.H. 2002. Selecting soybean varieties for SCN resistance. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Crop Pest Management Short Course, University of Minnesota. p. 8-12.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 2002 with an average yield of about 3.0 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 10% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2002 compared with yield of older cultivars. Seven new special purpose cultivars, five maturity group O and two maturity group I were released in 2002. Development of cultivars that complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 529 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2002. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. An initial NIR equation for determining amino acid composition in soybean seed has been developed. Research on NIR equations for soluable sugars, structural carbohydrates and isoflavones has begun. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Schmitt, M.A., J.A. Lamb, G.W. Randall, J.H. Orf, and G.W. Rehm. 2001. In-season fertilizer nitrogen applications for soybean in Minnesota. Agron. J. 93:983-988.
• Helms, T.C., J.H. Orf, and J.T. Terpstra. 2002. Resource allocation to select for yield in soybean. Crop Sci. 42:1493-1497.
• Niblack, T.L., P.R. Arelli, G.R. Noel, C.H. Opperman, J.H. Orf, D.P. Schmitt, J.G. Shannon, and G.C. Tylke. 2002. A revised classification scheme for genetically diverse populations of Heterodera glycines. Journal of Nematology 34:364-370.
• Kluka, V.I., N.G. Maluga and J.H. Orf. 2002. Soya: The present and future, of America and Russian selection varieties. Agrarian Science 57:22-24.

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 2001 with an average yield of about 2.5 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on 10-15% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $1,000,000 extra income in 2001 compared with yield of older cultivars. Three new cultivars, two early maturity group O and one early maturity group I were released in 2001. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 575 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2001. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines, mid oleic, low phytate and special purpose lines continue. Work on lines lacking the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is continuing. A project using molecular markers to identify yield loci in cooperation with researchers at the University of Arkansas and the University of Utah is concluding. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for farms next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Chen, S.Y., P.M. Porter, J.H. Orf, C.D. Reese, W.C. Stienstra, N.D. Young, D.D. Walgenbach, P.J. Schaus, T.J. Arlt, and F.R. Breitenbach. 2001. Soybean cyst nematode population development and associated yields of resistant and susceptible cultivars in Minnesota. Plant Disease 85:760-766.
• Schmitt, M.A., J.A. Lamb, G.W. Randall, J.H. Orf, and G.W. Rehm. 2001. In-season fertilizer nitrogen applications for soybean in Minnesota. Crop Sci. 93:983-988.
• Lohrke,S.M., C.J.Madrzak, H.G.Hur, A.K.Judd, J.H.Orf and M.J.Sadowsky. 2000. Innoculum density-dependent restriction of nodulation in the soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis. Symbiosis 29:59-70.
• Orf, J.H., and R.L. Denny. 2000. Registration of 'MN1401'. Crop Sci. 40:1825.
• Orf, J.H. and R.L. Denny. 2000. Registration of 'MN0901' soybean. Crop Sci. 40:1825-1826.
• Orf, J.H. and R.L. Denny. 2000. Registration of 'MN1801' soybean. Crop Sci. 40:1826.
• Orf, J.H., T.C. Helms and R.L. Denny. 2000. Registration of 'UM-3' soybean. Crop Sci. 40:1826-1827.
• Sheaffer, C.C., J.H. Orf, T.E. Devine and J.G. Jewett. 2001. Yield and quality of forage soybean. Agron. J. 93:99-106.
• Specht, J.E., K. Chase, M. Macrander, G.C. Graef, J. Chung, J.P. Markwell, M. Germann, J.H. Orf and K.G. Lark. 2001. Soybean response to water: A. QTL analysis of drought tolerance. Crop Sci. 41:493-509.
• Schmidt, J.P., J.A. Lamb, M.A. Schmitt, G.W. Randall, J.H. Orf and H.T. Gallany. 2001. Soybean varietal response to liquid swine manure applications. Agron J. 93:358-363.

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.9 million hectares in Minnesota in 1999 with an average yield of about 2.7 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on 10-15% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $16,000,000 extra income in 2000 compared with yield of older cultivars. One new cultivar, a late maturity group O cultivar with high yield and soybean cyst nematode resistance, was released in 2000. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 593 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was used in selection schemes in 2000. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines and special purpose lines continue. Work on lines lacking the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is continuing. A project using molecular markers to identify yield loci in cooperation with researchers at the University of Arkansas and the University of Utah is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the newly released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for their farms this next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties has provided and will provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers now and in the future.

Publications

• Jannink, J.L., J.H. Orf, N.R. Jordan, and R.G. Shaw. 2000. Index selection for weed suppressive ability in soybean. Crop Sci. 40:1087-1094.
• Schmidt, J.P., M.A. Schmitt, G.W. Randall, J.A. Lamb, J.H. Orf, and H.T. Gollany. 2000. Swine manure application to nodulating and non-nodulating soybean. Agron. J. 92:987-992.
• Orf, J.H., L.L. Hardman, S.L. Naeve, J. Kurle, P.J. Schaus and A. Killam. 1999. MP 102-2000. Minnesota Varietal Trials Results, p. 69-89.
• Orf, J.H., K. Chase, T. Jarvik, L.M. Mansur, P.B. Cregan, F.R. Adler, and K.G. Lark. 1999. Genetics of soybean agronomic traits: I. Comparisons of three related recombinant inbred populations. Crop Sci. 39:1642-1651.
• Orf, J.H., K. Chase, F.R. Adler, L.M. Mansur and K.G. Lark. 1999. Genetics of soybean agronomic traits: II. Interactions between yield quantative trait loci in soybean. Crop Sci. 39:1652-1657.
• Terry, L.I., K. Chase, T. Jarvik, J.Orf, L. Mansur and K.G. Lark. 2000. Soybean quantative trait loci for resistance to insects. Crop Sci. 40:375-382.
• Stombaugh, S.K., H.G. Jung, J.H. Orf, and D.A. Somers. 2000. Genotypic and environmental variation in soybean seed cell wall polysaccharides. Crop Sci. 40:408-412.

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 1999 with an average yield of about 2.7 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on 10-15% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $16,000,000 extra income in 1999 compared with yield of older cultivars. Two new cultivars, MN1801, a late maturity group I cultivar with high yield and MN0901, a late maturity group O cultivar with high yield were released in 1999. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 535 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was totally incorporated into selection schemes in 1999. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines and special purpose lines continues. Work on lines lacking the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor is continuing. A project using molecular markers to identify yield loci in cooperation with researchers at the University of Arkansas and the University of Utah is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
Results of this research will have a direct impact on soybean producers since they will be able to grow the newly released cultivars. Producers also can use the variety trial results to help select the most productive varieties for their farms this next growing season. Development of special purpose varieties will potentially provide value-added opportunities for soybean producers in the future.

Publications

• Pester, T.A., Burnside, O.C., and Orf, J.H. 1999 Increasing crop competitiveness to weeds through crop breeding. J. Crop Production. 2: 59-76
• Orf, J.H., and Denny, R.L. 1999 Registration of 'MN 1301' soybean. Crop Sci. 39: 592.
• Orf, J.H., Helms, T.C., and Denny, R.L. 1999 Registration of 'MN 0301' soybean. Crop Sci. 39: 592-593.
• Orf, J.H. 1999 Genetic resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Proc. World Soybean Research Conference VI. p. 144.
• Mansur, L.M., Orf, J.H., and Lark, K.G. 1999 Genetic mapping of additive and epistatic effects for agronomic traits using recominant inbred lines of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Proc. World Soybean Research Conference VI. p. 430.
• Orf, J.H. Minnesota Report MA98. 1999 Edition Varietal Trials of Selected Farm Crops, p. 62-81.

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
Soybeans occupied approximately 2.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 1998 with an average yield of about 2.8 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on 10-15% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $20,000,000 extra income in 1998 compared with yield of older cultivars. Two new cultivars, MN1401, a medium maturity group I cultivar with high yield and UM3, an early maturity group O cultivar with small seed were released in 1998. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness and protein and oil content, emphasis is being placed on soybean cyst nematode, phytophthora root rot, white mold and brown stem rot resistance. Results of tests of 480 public and private conventional and Roundup Ready cultivars were reported in varietal trials bulletins. The use of molecular markers to identify lines with soybean cyst nematode resistance was incorporated into selection schemes for the first time in 1998. Cooperative efforts to increase genetic diversity, study drought tolerance, develop low saturate low linolenic lines and special purpose lines continues. A project using molecular markers to identify yield loci in cooperation with researchers at the University of Arkansas and the University of Utah is continuing. Besides cooperation with faculty in various departments at the University of Minnesota cooperative research was conducted with scientists in ND, SD, IA, IL, NE, IN, NC, OH, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Scott, R.A. and J.H. Orf. 1998. Registration of 'Stride' soybean. Crop Sci. 38:893-894.
• Pazdernik, D.L., C.P. Vance, M.J.Sadowsky, P.H. Graham, and J.H. Orf. 1997. A host-controlled, serogroup-specific, ineffective nodulation system in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean (Glycine max) symbiosis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 10:994-1001.
• Helms, T.C., J. Orf, G. Vallard and P. McClean. 1997. Genetic variance, coefficient of parentage and genetic distance of six soybean populations. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:20-26.
• Lang, D.A., S. Penzela, R.L. Denny, J. Mudge, V.C. Concibido, J.H. Orf, and N.D. Young. 1998. A plant DNA isolation protocol suitable for polymerase chain reaction based marker-assisted breeding. Crop Sci. 38:217-220.
• Scott, R.A. and J.H. Orf. 1998. Registration of 'Surge' soybean. Crop Sci. 38:893.
• Helms, T.C. and J.H. Orf. 1998. Protein, oil, and yield of soybean lines selected for increased protein. Crop Sci. 38:707-711.

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.4 million hectares in Minnesota in 1997 with an average yield of about 2.7 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 15% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $20,000,000 extra income in 1997 compared with the yield of older cultivars. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. Two general purpose varieties, MN 0301 and MN 1301, and one specialty natto variety were released in 1997. In addition to yield, earliness, and protein and oil content, emphasis is placed on resistance to phytophthora root rot, soybean cyst nematode and brown stem rot. Results of tests of 290 private cultivars were reported in varietal trial bulletins. Comparative research programs studying yield, protein, oil, other agronomic characters and SCN linkage to molecular markers were continued with researchers in Plant Pathology, USDA, University of Utah and University of Arkansas. Cooperative research on the application of swine manure to soybeans was continued in 1997. Breeding efforts to add genetic diversity to the soybean germplasm was continued in 1997. Efforts to develop low saturated fat, low linolenic acid, special purpose soybeans and genotypes competitive with weeds continued in 1997. The glyphosate resistance gene is being incorporated into Minnesota adapted breeding material. Cooperative research was conducted with scientists in MN, ND, SD, IA, IL, UT, AR, NE, IN, NC, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Concibido, V.C., R.L. Denny, D.A. Lange, J.H. Orf and N.D. Young. 1996. RFLP mapping and marker assisted selection for soybean cyst nematode resistance in PI 209332. Crop Sci. 36:1643-1650.
• Mansur, L.M., J.H. Orf, K. Chase, T. Jarvik, P.B. Cregan and K.G. Lark. 1996. Genetic mapping of agronomic traits using recombinant inbred lines of soybean. Crop Sci. 36:1327-1336.
• Concibido, V.C., D.A. Lange, R.L. Denny, J.H. Orf and N.D. Young. 1997. Genome mapping of soybean cyst nematode resistance genes in 'Peking', PI 90763 and PI 88788 using DNA markers. Crop Sci. 37:258-264.
• Brummer, E.C., G.L. Graef, J. Orf, J.R. Wilcox, and R.C. Shoemaker. 1997. Mapping QTL for seed protein and oil content in eight soybean populations. Crop Sci. 37:370-378.
• Orf, J.H. and N.D. Young. 1997. Registration of 'Freeborn' soybean. Crop Sci. 37:1385.
• Pazdernik, D.L., P.H. Graham and J.H. Orf. 1997. Heritability in the early nodulation of F3 and F4 soybean lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. 77:201-205.
• Orf, J.H. and R.L. Denny. 1997. Registration of 'Glacier' soybean. Crop Sci. 37:1386.
• Pazdernik, D.L., A.S. Killam and J.H. Orf. 1997. Analysis of amino acid and fatty acid composition in soybean seed, using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Agron. J. 89:679-685.
• Orf, J.H., P.J. Schaus and B.W. Kennedy. 1997. Registration of 'Toyopro' soybean. Crop Sci. 37:1386.
• Mudge, J., P.B. Cregan, J.P. Kenworthy, W.J. Kenworthy, J.H. Orf and N.D. Young. 1997. Two microsatellite markers that flank the major soybean cyst nematode resistant locus. Crop Sci. 37:1611-1615.
• Orf, J.H. 1997. Registration of Granite soybean. Crop Sci. 37:1383.
• Pazdernik, D.L., P.H. Graham and J.H. Orf. 1997. Variation in the pattern of nitrogen accumulation and distribution in soybean. Crop Sci. 37:1482-1486.

Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.2 million hectares in Minnesota in 1996 with an averageyield of about 2.6 mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 20% of the soybean hectarage. Several cultivars developed by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station are grown widely. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $20,000,000 extra income in 1996 compared with the yield of older cultivars. Development of cultivars which complement those available from the private sector continues. In addition to yield, earliness, and protein and oil content, emphasis is placed on resistance to phytophthora root rot, soybean cyst nematode and brown stem rot. Results of tests of 290 private cultivars were reported in varietal trial bulletins. Cooperative research programs studying yield, protein, oil, other agronomic characters and SCN linkage to molecular markers were continued with researchers in Plant Pathology, USDA, University of Utah and University of Arkansas. Cooperative research on the application of swine manure to soybeans was initiated in 1996. Breeding efforts to add genetic diversity to the soybean germplasm was begun in 1996. Efforts to develop low saturated fat, low linolenic acid, special purpose soybeans and genotypes competitive with weeds continued in 1996. The glyphosate resistant gene was obtained for research purposes. Cooperative research was conducted with scientists in MN, ND, SD, IA, IL, UT, AR, NE, IN, NC, Chile and Russia.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• CONCIBIDO V, YOUNG N, LANGE D, DENNY R, DANESH D, AND ORF J. 1996. Targeted comparative genome analysis and qualitative mapping of a major partial resistance gene to soybean cyst nematode. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:234-241.
• PAZDERNIK, D.L., HARDMAN, L.L., ORF, J. H., AND CLOTAIRE, F. 1996. Comparison of field methods for selection of protein and oil content in soybean. Can J Plt Sci76:721-725.
• MANSUR, L.M., ORF, J.H., CHASE, K., JARVIK, T., CREGAN, P. B., AND LARK, K.G. 1996. Genetic mapping of agronomic traits using recombinant inbred lines of soybean. Crop Sci 36:1327-1336.
• HELMS, T.C., ORF, J. H., AND SCOTT, R.A. 1995. Nearest neighbor adjusted means asa selection criterion within two soybean populations. Can J Plt Sci 75:857-863.
• PAZDERNIK, D.L., PLEHN, S.J., HALGERSON, J.L. AND ORF, J.H. 1996. Effect of tempand genotype on the crude glycinin fraction (11S) of soybean and its analysis byNear-IRS. J Agric Food Chem 44:2278-2281.
• PAZDERNIK, D.L., GRAHAM, P.H., VANCE, C.P. AND ORF, J.H. 1996. Host genetic variation in the early nodulation and dinitrogen fixation of soybean. Crop Sci 36:1102-1107.
• LOHRKE, S.M., ORF, J.H. AND SADOWSKY, M.J. 1996. Inheritance of host-controlled restriction of nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain. USDA 110. Crop Sci36:1271-1276.

Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.2 million hectares in Minnesota in 1995 with an averageyield of about 2.7 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 25% of the soybean hectarage. The most widely grown cultivar in Minnesota was 'Parker', a Minnesota developed cultivar. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $25,000,000 extra income in 1995 compared with yield of older cultivars. Four cultivars were released in 1995: 'Glacier', a MG 00 cultivar with the phytophthora Rsp6 gene, 'Granite' a MG I genotype with high yield and BSR resistance, 'Freeborn' a MG I cultivar with SCN, BSR, and phytophthora resistance, and 'Toyopro' a MG O high protein genotype for food use. Results of tests of 290 private cultivars were reported in variety trial bulletins. Cooperative research programs studying yield, protein, oil, other agronomic characters and SCN linkage to RFLP markers were continued with researchers in Plant Pathology, USDA-Iowa State University, and the University of Utah. Research on soybean-weed interactions and developing soybean cultivars more competitive with weeds was expanded in 1995. Cooperative research on the use of genotypes to restrict bradyrhizobium serotypes was continued in 1995. Breeding efforts to develop low saturated fat and low linolenic acid soybeans continued in 1995. Expanded research on special purpose genotypes was initiated in 1995. Cooperative research was conducted with scientists from Chile, ND, SD, IL, IA, IN, and UT.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.2 million hectares in Minnesota in 1994 with an averageyield of about 2.8 Mg/ha. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 30% of the soybean hectarage. The most widely grown cultivar in Minnesota was 'Sturdy' a Minnesota developed cultivar. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $25,000,000 extra income in 1994 compared with yields of older cultivars. Major increase was carried out on three lines in anticipation of release in 1995. Initial increases were begun on two additional breeding lines. Efforts to develop early maturing SCN resistant cultivars was expanded in 1994. Results of yield tests of 230 private cultivars were reported in variety trials bulletins. Cooperative research programs studying yield, protein, oil, other agronomic characters and SCN linkage to RFLP markers were continued with researchers in Plant Pathology, USDA-Iowa State University, University of Utah and Chile. Research on basic aspects of soybean-weed interactions and developing soybean cultivars are that more competitive with weeds was continued in 1994. Cooperative research on early nodulation, the ability to nodulate under high nitrate, and use of genotypes to restrict certain bradyrhizobium serotypes was continued in 1994. Breeding efforts to develop low saturated fat genotypes was initiated in 1994. Cooperative research was also conducted with scientists from Chile, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, North Carolina, Utah, and the private sector.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.1 million hectares in Minnesota in 1993, however average yield of about 1.8 mg/ha was greatly reduced due to wet cold weather conditions throughout the growing season. Publicly developed cultivars were grown on about 31% of the soybean hectarage. The most widely grown cultivar in Minnesota was 'Sturdy' a Minnesota developed cultivar. Recently released Minnesota cultivars contributed about $20,000,000 extra income in 1993 compared with yields of older cultivars. Major increase was carried out on four lines in anticipation of release in 1994. Initial increases were begun on two additional breeding lines. One germplasm source of maturity group 0 with excellent soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance was released in 1994. This is the earliest maturing excellent source of SCN available and was released for use by private and public soybean breeders. Efforts to develop early maturing SCN resistant cultivars was expanded in 1993. Results of yield tests of 220 private cultivars were reported in variety trials bulletins. Cooperative research programs studying yield, protein, oil, other agronomic characters and SCN linkage to RFLP markers were continued with researchers in Plant Pathology, USDA-Iowa State University, University of Utah and Chile. Research on basic aspects of soybean-weed interactions and developing soybean cultivars that are more competitive with weeds was expanded in 1993.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.1 million hectares in Minnesota in 1992 with an averageyield of about 2.3 Mg/ha. Minnesota-released soybean cultivars were grown on about 25% of the soybean hectarage and have contributed about $27,000,000 extra income to farmers in 1992 compared with yields of older cultivars. Four new cultivars were released in 1992. They were 'Agassiz', a maturity group 00 variety with improved yield and the Rps1 gene for phytophthora resistance; 'Lambert', a maturity group 0 cultivar with significantly improved yield; 'Parker', a maturity group I cultivar with significantly improved yield; and 'Alpha' a maturity group I cultivar and the earliest maturity cultivar with resistance to race 3 of soybean cyst nematode. Initial increases were begun on three lines in 1993, two with soybean cyst nematode resistance and one with significantly higher protein. Breeding efforts continue on improving productivity and protein content as well as adaptability and disease resistance. Research and breeding efforts designed to assist with managing soybean cyst nematode, including cultivar development, were expanded in 1992. Cooperative research involving RFLP markers and quantitative characters was continued in 1992 with researchers from Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota, Iowa State University, University of Utah and Chile. Research on basic aspects of soybean-weed interactions and developing cultivars that are more competitive with weeds was expanded in 1992.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91

Outputs
Soybean occupied about 2.1 million hectares in Minnesota in 1991 with an averageyield of about 2.5 Mg/ha. Minnesota-released soybean varieties were grown on about 25% of the soybean hectarage and have contributed about $30,000,000 extra income to farmers in 1991 as compared with yields of older varieties. Two new soybean varieties were released in 1991. They were 'Bert', a taller maturity group I variety and 'Leslie', also a maturity group I variety with above average protein and oil levels. Four soybean lines were approved for release in February 1992. Initial increases were begun on two lines in 1991. Emphasis continues on improving yield and protein content as well as adaptability and disease resistance. Research and breeding efforts on soybean cyst nematode resistance was expanded again 1991 as it is apparent that this problem is widespread in Minnesota. One of the new lines approved for release has resistance to races 3 and 14 of soybean cyst nematode. Cooperative research involving RFLP markers and quantitative characters was begun in 1991 with researchers from Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota, Iowa State University, University of Utah and in Chile. Research on several aspects of nitrogen fixation was initiated. A research investigation aimed at developing genotypes more competitive with weeds was continued. Fifteen plant introductions were evaluated in 1991. Results of yield tests of 215 private varieties were reported.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90

Outputs
Soybeans occupied about 1.8 million hectares in Minnesota in 1990 with an average yield of 2.6 Mg/ha. Minnesota-released soybean varieties were grown on about 25% of the soybean hectarage and have contributed about $25,000,000 extra income to farmers in 1990 as compared with yields of older varieties. The soybean variety Kasota (maturity group I) was released in 1990; it is a high yielding, moderately high protein variety with additional phytophthora resistance. Two soybean lines were approved for release in February 1991. Initial increases were begun on three lines in 1990. Increasing protein content of Minnesota soybeans continues to receive emphasis, thus two research projects investigated variability of total protein content and variability of components of soybean protein. Research on soybean cyst nematode resistance was expanded again in 1990, and yield tests were conducted on lines incorporating germplasm from plant introductions. Research was continued on investigating more efficient procedures for evaluating initial yield trials. Research on drought tolerance is in its second year. Research on genotypes more competitive with weeds has been initiated. Forty-three germplasm lines were screened in 1990. Results of yield tests of 230 private varieties were reported. Cooperative research has continued with researchers from China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Illinois, the private sector, and with colleagues in agronomy, weed science, plant pathology, and branch experiment stations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89

Outputs
Soybeans occupied about 2 million hectares in Minnesota in 1989 with an average yield of 2.5 Mg/ha. Minnesota released soybean varieties were grown on about 22% of the soybean hectarage and have contributed about $24,000,000 extra income to farmers in 1989 as compared with yields of older varieties. Four soybean varieties were released in 1989; Kato, a high yielding, high protein variety of maturity Group I; Sturdy, a high yielding maturity Group II variety; Proto, a very high protein, special purpose variety; and Minnatto, a small seeded, special purpose variety. One soybean line was approved for release in February 1990. Initial increases were begun on three lines in 1989. Increasing protein content of Minnesota soybeans continues to receive emphasis with two new research projects investigating variability of total protein content and variability of components of soybean protein. Research on soybean cyst nematode resistance was expanded in 1989, and yield tests were conducted on lines incorporating germplasm from plant introductions. Research was initiated to investigate more efficient procedures for evaluating initial yield trials. Forty-three germplasm lines were screened in 1989. Results of yield tests of 225 private varieties were reported. Cooperative research has continued with researchers from China, Poland, Illinois, the private sector, and with colleagues in agronomy, weed science, plant pathology, and branch experiment stations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88

Outputs
Soybeans occupied about 1.92 million hectares in Minnesota in 1988 with an average yield of 1.7 Mg/ha. Minnesota released soybean varieties (Dassel, Dawson, Evans, Glenwood, Hodgson 78, McCall, Ozzie, Sibley, Simpson, and Swift) were grown on about 25% of the soybean hectarage and have contributed about $20,000,000 of extra income to farmers as compared with yields from older varieties. A special purpose small seeded variety for the natto market in Japan was released in 1988. Three lines were approved for release in February 1989. Initial seed increases were begun on two experimental lines in 1988. Additional research emphasis on the protein content of soybeans has shown that selection of varieties is an important factor in raising the level of protein in soybeans grown in Minnesota. A special soybean cyst nematode yield trial was initiated in 1988. Cooperative research on soybean transformation has resulted in transformed soybean callus but no transformed whole soybean plants to date. Trials investigating the incorporation of exotic germplasm with additional yield genes were conducted in Nigeria. Forty-three germplasm lines were screened in cooperation with the USDA. Cooperative trials with the USDA for trueness to variety had 129 entries. Yield tests of 225 private varieties were reported. Cooperative research has continued with researchers from China and Illinois and with colleagues in agronomy, weed science, soil science, plant pathology and branch experiment stations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87

Outputs
Soybeans occupied 1.95 million hectares in Minnesota in 1987. The average yieldwas 2.7 Mg/ha. Minnesota released soybean varieties Clay, Dassel, Dawson, Evans, Glenwood, Hodgson 78, McCall, Ozzie, Sibley, Simpson, and Swift are grown on approximately 30% of the soybean hectareage in Minnesota. Newer varieties from Minnesota have been estimated to increase our farmer's income over $22,000,000 (assuming a 9% yield increase at a price of $175.00 per metric ton and 600,000 hectares). One new variety, Glenwood, of maturity group 0 was released in 1987. Initial seed increases were begun on five experimental lines. Special purpose lines with small-sized seed were yield tested in 1987. Development of high protein lines was also continued. Research was completed on a selection methods study which showed that using a modified single seed descent procedure (selecting only early segregates) was an effective and economical procedure for identifying early lines from crosses of early (group 00 and 0) by late (group II and III) genotypes. Research continues on a) soybean transformation and regeneration from tissue culture, b) identification of exotic germplasm with additional yield genes and c) iron chlorosis resistance. Yield tests of 225 private varieties were reported. Cooperative research was continued with researchers from Harbin, China; Urbana, Illinois and with colleagues in agronomy, weed science, soil microbiology, plant pathology, soil science and the branch experiment stations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86

Outputs
Soybeans occupied 1.95 million hectares in Minnesota in 1986 and the average yield was 2.5 Mg/ha. Minnesota soybean varieties Clay, Dassel, Dawson, Evans, Hodgson 78, McCall, Ozzie, Sibley, Simpson and Swift are grown on approximately 25% of the soybean hectarage in Minnesota. Newer varieties from Minnesota have been estimated to increase our farmer's income over $22,000,000 (assuming a 9% yield increase at a price of $170.00 per m.t. and 600,000 hectares). One new soybean strain M74-12 was approved for naming and release in 1987. In 1986 two new varieties, Dassel (a Group 0 variety) and Sibley (a group I variety) were released. Research completed on the efficiency of nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transport identified plant dry weight at maximum biomass as a measure of nitrogen fixation. Research on genotype by row spacing interactions indicted that selection in narrow rows would be most effective in identifying high yielding lines. Research continues on (a) selection methods of lines for Minnesota maturity using a South American winter nursery, (b) soybean transformation and regeneration from tissue culture, (c) identification of exotic germplasm with additional yield genes, and (d) selection methods for use in improving nitrogen fixation. Yield tests of 225 private varieties were reported. Cooperative research with colleagues in Harbin, China; Corvallis, Oregon; Zurich, Switzerland; and in agronomy, weed science, soil microbiology, plant pathology and soil science were continued.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85

Outputs
Soybeans occupied 2.06 million hectares in Minnesota in 1985 and the average yield was 2.3 Mg/ha. It is estimated that the Minneosta soybean varieties Clay, Dawson, Evans, Hodgson 78, McCall, Ozzie, Simpson, and Swift are grown on over 25% of the soybean area in Minnesota. Newer varieties from Minnesota have been estimated to increase our farmer's 1985 income over $24,000,000 (assuming a 9% yield increase for new varieties at a price of $180 per m.t. and 600,000 hectares). Two new soybean strains M74-62 and M75-25 were approved for naming and release in 1986. In 1985 a random mated population, SG1, was released cooperatively with Nebraska, Maryland, Missouri, and Ohio. Research was completed involving techniques for screening for iron deficiency chlorosis in soybeans. Research continues on: efficiency of nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transport; variety by row spacing interactions and the implications for variety development; selection methods for lines with the proper maturity for Minnesota using a South American winter nursey; and soybean transformation and regeneration from tissue culture. Initial seed increases were made of three new soybean strains. Yield test results of 197 private varieties were reported. Cooperative studies with researchers in Harbin,China; Corvallis, Oregon; and Zurich, Switzerland were conducted. Cooperative studies with researchers in agronomy, weed science, soil microbiology, plant pathology, and soil science were initiated or continued.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84

Outputs
Soybeans occupied 2.32 million hectares in l984. This was the largest area everplanted to soybeans in Minnesota. Much of the expanded area was in the Northwestern part of the state. In l984 the Minnesota soybean varieties Clay, Dawson, Evans, Hodgson, Hodgson 78, McCall, Ozzie, Simpson and Swift were grown on about 600,000 hectares. Considering the l984 average of 2.4 m.t. per hectare and a price of about $2l0 per m.t. and a yield advantage of 9% over older varieties, Minnesota farmers realized about $27,000,000 additional income by planting new Minnesota developed varieties. An M.S. study involving the development of a greenhouse technique for screening for iron chlorosis has been successful in identifying factors and methods which will allow breeders to screen genotypes for iron chlorosis reaction. Three Ph.D. studies were continued: one concerns efficiency of nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transport; a second involves a study of variety by row spacing interactions and its implications for variety development; and the third is concerned with selection methods for lines with the proper maturity for Minnesota using a South American Winter nursery. Initial increases were made on three strains. Test results on l34 private varieties were reported. Sixty plant introductions and 30 Chinese lines were evaluated for potential use as parents in the breeding program.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83

Outputs
Three new Group O varieties, Chico, Dawson and Ozzie were released in 1983. Three thesis studies were completed in 1983. A Ph.D. study on selection for germination under cool conditions concluded that several seed production environments are needed to determine a genotype's ability to germinate at 10in the growth chamber. This also applies for the genotypes planted very early in the field. One M.S. study on the heritability of nodulation showed a positive yield response to increased nodule mass. This study indicated it may be feasible to select for increased nodule mass but not for increased recovery of rhizobium strain 110. Another M.S. study investigating related determinate and indeterminate lines concluded that the determinate plant type may have potential in Minnesota. The newer Minnesota released soybean varieties were grown on about 460,000 hectares in Minnesota in 1983. Considering the 1983 average yield of 2.2 m.t. per hectare, a price of $275 per m.t., and a yield advantage of 9% over older varieties, the Minnesota farmers realized about $26,700,000 additional income by planting the newer varieties. If the gains from newer Minnesota released soybean varieties as well as those introduced through the cooperative interstate programs are considered, the additional income received by Minnesota farmers probably exceeds $80,000,000 per year. Approximately 600 plant introductions of maturity groups 000,00 and 0 were evaluated again in 1983. Test results on 110 private varieties were reported.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82

Outputs
Minnesota soybean varieties Clay, Evans, Hodgson 78, McCall, Simpson, Steele andSwift were grown on about 600,000 ha. in Minnesota in 1982. Considering the 1982 average yield of 2.4m.t. per ha. and a price of $185 per m.t., and assuming a yield advantage of about 13 percent over older replaced varieties. These newer varieties represent over $30,000,000 of additional income to Minnesota farmers in 1982 alone. If the gains from these varieties as well as other varieties like Corsoy, Corsoy 79, Lakota, Vickery, Weber, and Hardin introduced through the cooperative interstate program are considered, the annual advantage of new varieties over older varieties probably exceeds $100,000,000 per year. Such gains are realized year after year. A Ph.D. study on selection for cold tolerance indicates from one year's data that the environment a seed is produced in greatly influences its ability to germinate at 10 degrees C. Two M.S. studies, on the heritability of nodulation and on the performance of related indeterminate and determinate lines from several crosses, were grown in the field in 1982 and are being analyzed. Approximately 600 new plant introductions of Maturity Groups 000, 00 and 0 were evaluated. The new Group 0 variety, Simpson, was released in 1982. M70-187, a nematode, was released as germplasm in 1983. Three Group 0 strains, M70-128E, M71-43, and M74-355, were approved for naming and release in 198. Test results on 100 private varieties were reported. Computerization of the project was initiated.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81

Outputs
Minnesota soybean varieties Hodgson, Hodgson 78, Evans, Swift, Steele, Clay, andMcCall were grown on about 600,000 ha in Minnesota in 1981. Considering the 1982 average yield of 2.4 m.t. per ha and a price of $200 per m.t., and assuming proven yield advantages of about 13% over replaced varieties such as Chippewa, Merit, and Altona, these newer varieties represented over $30,000,000 of new wealth to Minnesota in 1981 alone. Such gains accrue year after year. When total gains from these varieties and others such as Corsoy, Vickery, Corsoy 79, and Weber tested and introduced through the cooperative interstate program are considered, the annual advantage of new over old varieties is probably over $100,000,000 per year. A Ph.D. study showed that selection for protein and oil could be made effectively in early segregating generations. Another Ph.D. study on selection for cold tolerance was advanced. Two M.S. studies on heritability of nodulation and on performance of determinate lines, were initiated. New Group 000, 00, and 0 accessions to the USDA germplasm collection were again evaluated. Two hundred and forty commercial seed samples were evaluated for trueness to variety for AMS-USDA. New Group 0 strain M70-153 was named Simpson and approved for release. Group 0 strains M70-128E and M71-43 were given initial increase. Group I strain M70-187, resistant to race 3 of soybean cyst nematode, was increased. Test results on 90 private varieties were reported.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80

Outputs
Minnesota varieties Hodgson, Hodgson 78, Evans, Swift, Steele, Clay, and McCall were grown on about 730,000 ha in Minnesota in 1980. Assuming yield advantages of about 13% over replaced varieties such as Chippewa and Merit and the recent $300/m.t. price, these recently released varieties represented about $39,500,000 of new wealth to Minnesota in 1980 alone. Similar gains were expressed in the two previous years for Minnesota varieties. When total gains from the above varieties and varieties such as Corsoy, Harcor, and Vickery tested and introduced through the cooperative interstate program are considered, the annual advantage of new over old varieties is at least $100,000,000 per year. A Ph.D. study on selection for oil and protein in early generations is nearing completion. Another Ph.D. study on selection for cold tolerance at early growth stages has been initiated. Accessions since 1962 to the U.S. germplasm collection in Groups 000, 00, and 0 were evaluated. Two hundred commercial seed samples were evaluated for trueness to variety for AMS-USDA. New strain M70-153 (Group 0) was given initial increase. Several F(2) populations were generated for evaluation for races 3 and 4 of soybean cyst nematode. Information on yield and other traits were obtained and reported on 90 private varieties, representing 29 companies.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79

Outputs
Minnesota varieties Hodgson, Hodgson 78, Evans, Swift, Steele, Clay, and McCall were grown on about 810,000 ha in Minnesota in 1979. Assuming yield advantages of about 13% over replaced varieties such as Chippewa and Merit and current $220/m.t. price, these recently released varieties represent about $40,000,000 of new wealth to Minnesota in 1979 alone. An M.S. study indicated that hill plots were useful in evaluating maturity, height, seed size and quality, and percentages of oil and protein but questionable in evaluating lodging and yield. A Ph.D study on recovery of introduced strains of Rhizobium japonicum showed significant genotype by location interaction. Genotypes were significantly different at only one of three locations. A Ph.D study on selection concurrently for seed yield and concentrations of protein and oil is in progress. Information on yield and other important traits were obtained and reported on 74 private soybean varieties, representing 23 companies. Field and laboratory work was initiated to identify sources of resistance to the cyst nematode discovered in Southern Minnesota in 1978.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78

Outputs
Minnesota varieties Hodgson, Swift, Evans, Steele and Clay were grown on about 500,000 ha in Minnesota in 1978. Considering yield advantages over replaced varieties such as Chippewa and Merit and current $220/m.t. price, these more recently released varieties represent $30,000,000 of new wealth to Minnesota in 1978 alone. McCall (Group 00 maturity) and Hodgson 78 (Group I) were released to seedsmen in 1978. Both give high yields; Hodgson 78 is resistant to races 1 and 2 of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. One M.S. study indicated two genes responsible for abnormal nodulation interaction of Amsoy 71 and Rhizobium japonicum strain 62. Another M.S. study showed that Hoaglands No. 1 nutrient solution modified to contain .1 mg/1 Fe, 4 mg/1 P, and 100 mg/1 CaCO(3) simulated field conditions in producing "iron chlorosis". Other thesis studies are in progress on inheritance of ability of soybean varieties to nodulate selectively with introduced strains of Rhizobium japonicum and on methodologies of selection for seed yield and for concentrations of seed protein and oil. Information on yield and other important traits were obtained and reported on 60 private soybean varieties.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77

Outputs
Minnesota varieties Evans, Swift and Hodgson were grown on 56,000 ha, 105,000 haand 300.000 ha, respectively in Minnesota in 1977. Considering established long term yield advantages over replaced varieties (Merit and Chippewa 64) and a conservative $180/m.t. price, these 3 varieties represented at least 20 million dollars of new wealth to Minnesota in 1977 alone. New strains M65-217 and M75-1 underwent major increase and will be released as "McCall' and "Hodgson 78" respectively, in the spring of 1978. M65-217 has high yield for its maturity class (Group 00), and M75-1 is a backcross derivative of Hodgson (Group I) and has resistance to race 1 of Phytophthora megaserma, var. sojae. Selection emphases of project: maturity (Group 00, 0, and I), seed yield, harvestability, seed quality, and resistance to phytophthora, hi-lime chlorosis, and cyst nematode. Thesis studies are in progress on host Rhizobium strain relationships in nitrogen fixation, evaluation of reaction to hi-lime soils (chlorosis), and procedures for evaluating yield in early homozygous generations. Recently completed Ph. D. thesis study showed closely related phytphthora-resistant and p-susceptible lines to be equivalent in yield, and other traits under near disease-free conditions. Information on yield and other traits were obtained and reported on 59 private soybean varieties. Such varieties were planted on 9% of 1977 Minnesota soybean production area.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76

Outputs
Varieties Evans and Hodgson widely grown in Minnesota and surrounding states; Hodgson soon to be licensed in Canada and France. Acreage of Hodgson and Evans (pure and in blends) may reach 800,000 in Minnesota in 1977. An average increase of just 1 bushel per acre over older varieties at 5 dollars per bushel could create $4,000,000 of new wealth in the State. The large-seeded variety, Grande, released for special food uses. Initial increases made on strains M65-217, M68-48, and M68-49. Backcross-developed, phytophthora-resistant form of Hodgson under increase in Chile, 1976-77. Selection emphases of project: maturity, seed yield, seed quality (physical and chemical), and resistance to phytophthora, hi-lime chlorosis, and cyst nematode. Data-taking complete on three theses: a Ph.D. study comparing phytophthora-resistant genotypes with related p-susceptible genotypes and 2 M.S. studies dealing with cold tolerance and host-strain relationships in N-fixation. Cooperative, CSRS-supported study on "Improved Nitrogen Fixation of Soybeans" initiated. Information obtained andreported on 59 private soybean varieties.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75

Outputs
Varieties Evans (Group O) and Hodgson (Group I) widely accepted. In Minnesota 15,000 acres of Evans and 100,000 Hodgson in 1975. Seed from 6200 acres of Evans and 23,000 of Hodgson registered or certified; may plant quarter-million acres in 1976. With 1.5 bushels per acre yield increase over older varieties and 4 dollars per bushel price Evans and Hodgson could create 4.5 million dollars of additional income for Minnesota in 1976. Fy's from sixth backcross for development of phytophthora-resistant Hodgson in 1975-76 Chilean nursery. Resistant form should be available to seedsmen in 1978. At least 2 new strains (M65-217 and M68-48) will be proposed for initial increase in 1976. Selection for oil and protein expanded by use of new infrared analyzer. Selection for resistance to phytophthora, brown stem rot, chlorosis, and cyst-nematode continued. Completed Ph.D. study showed preliminary yield tests in single environments are effective. First year of Ph.D. thesis study comparing phytophthora-resistant and p-susceptible lines completed. M.S. studies on genotypic variation for cold tolerance and for ability to support N-fixation intitiated. Information reported on performance of 51 private soybean varietiesin Minnesota.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74

Outputs
Strains M61-96 (Group 0 maturity) and M63-217 (Group I) named Evans and Hodgson,respectively. Evans released to seed growers in 5 states and provinces, and Hodgson in 6 states. Both varieties performed well locally and regionally in 1974. Seed fields ripened in spite of unprecedented early frosts, making possible a 1975 Minnesota acreage of perhaps 15,000 for Evans and 100,000 for Hodgson. This could provide seed for half of Minnesota's 1976 soybean acreage. Yield and maturity advantages of Evans and Hodgson over present varieties shouldadd many millions of dollars to the future agricultural income of Minnesota. Fifth backcross made for adding phytophthora resistance to Hodgson. Resistant form should be ready for distribution in 1977. Other resistant strains agronomically comparable to Hodgson also well advanced in program. Evans resistant in Group 0 class. M.S. thesis indicated soybean genotypes vary in ability to support nodular nitrogen fixation; more research needed to standardize evaluation techniques. Ph.D. study showed yield positively associated with leaf area, width of canopy, and specific petiole weight; negatively with specific leaf weight. Field research for a second Ph.D. study concluded. Large-seeded M65-245 undergoing extensive testing by confection manufacturer. Progress in development of determinate-indeterminate isolines. Cyst-nematode resistant lines identified. Breeding for brown stem rot resistance expanded.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73

Outputs
The Minnesota strains M61-96 (Naturity Group O) and M63-217 (Group I) underwent major increase in several states and will be named and released in 1974. Averaged over many tests M61-96 has yielded 3 bu. per acre higher than Merit andM63-217 six bu. higher than Chippewa 64. M61-96 is phytophthora resistant (P-R); M63-217 is phytophthora susceptible (P-S). The second consecutive state average yield of 29 bu. per acre can be attributed in large degree to widespreaduse of Corsoy (45% of the acreage), Clay, Swift, and other recently released varieties. Yields of private varieties in southern Minnesota tests indicate that in the future some of these will contribute to increased production. Early, P-R, nodulating vs. non-nodulating isolines were established. F(5) linesfor high oil and high protein studies were produced. A high-yielding, large-seeded, yellow-hilum strain was increased for possible use in food qualitytests. Field work of a Ph.D. thesis study on relationships of canopy characterswith yield was completed. Analysis of data is in progress. Field and greenhouse work of an M.S. thesis study on host differences in nitrogen fixationwere conducted. Preliminary results indicate presence of genotypic variability.The first year of a Ph.D. thesis study on variances resulting from variety, year, and location was conducted.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72

Outputs
Phytopthora root rot (P) resistant Ada, Wilkin, and Steele were released for usein northern, central, and southern Minnesota, respectively. Chlorosis-tolerant Swift was released for special use on high lime soils in southwestern and west central Minnesota. Three new, high-yielding Minnesota strains are proposed for major increase in 1973. M61-96 (Merit maturity) and M61-224 (Traverse mat.) areP-resistant; M63-217 (Chippewa mat.) is not. Wells, a new P-resistant Indiana variety, will be distributed to approved growers in 1973. The 29 bu. per acre state average yield in 1972 (2.5 bu. higher than any previous year) reflects the adoption of high-yielding, recent varietal releases, such as Corsoy, Clay, and Hark. Very early varieties planted about July 1 at Waseca and Lamberton yielded 23-26 bu. per acre. Private varieties tested at Waseca, Lamberton, and Fairmont compared favorably with public varieties, although Corsoy (public) had the highest average yield. Development of early, P-resistant, nodulating vs. non-nodulating isolines is approaching conclusion. As a part of a Ph.D. thesis study, canopy characteristics such as leaf area, leaf angle, and specific leaf weight were measured on parents and F(2)'s of 3 crosses. In equivalent populations of 70,000 plants per acre, a 9.5 x 9.5 inch planting arrangement yielded 4 bu. per acre more than the conventional 30 x 3 inch arrangement.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71

Outputs
Developing a new soybean variety requires 8 to 12 years. Breeding material at all stages from crosses to releases exist in the project at any given time. Large amounts of material and several testing stations are used. Chlorosis tolerant M59-121 and Phytophthora-resistant M59-213, M61-52, and M61-60 were approved by the Minn. AES for naming and release in 1972. Phytophthora-resistant M61-224 was approved for initial increase. Corsoy, Hark,Clay, Anoka and other high-yielding recent releases are replacing Chippewa 64 and other older varieties in Minnesota. The state average yield of 25 bu. per acre for 1969-71 exceeds by at least 3 bushels any 3-year period prior to 1969. Planting May 1 as compared to May 20 resulted in 4 bushels per acre greater yields at Waseca and 5 bushels at Lamberton, at an average of 5 varieties and 3 years. A completed Ph.D. study of a 4-parent diallel showed that heterosis for yield over the higher-yielding parent occurred in less than half the parental combinations and that F(1)'s and bulk F(2)'s and F(3)'s were poor indicators of the yield potentialities of lines from crosses. Progress was made in development of Phytophthora-resistant modulating versus non-modulating isolines and in the study of crosses between "northern" and "southern" varieties. The Chile nursery was used advantageously for these studies and for the advancement of numerous Phytophthora-resistant, chlorosis-tolerant lines.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70

Outputs
The soybean improvement project is composed of materials in all stages of development from F(1) hybrids, through segregating populations, to purified and tested homozygous lines ready for multiplication. Commonly 30 to 50 new crossesare made each year. Desirable crosses may be moved forward one or two generations, depending on use of overwinter facilities. One to 5 superior linesmay be proposed for increase. In 1970 the Phytophthora-resistant lines M61-52, M61-60, M61-96, and M62-93 were approved for initial increase. M59-121, a line tolerant to high-lime soils, was approved for a second increase. M59-213, approved for increase in 1969, was repurified in 1970 and will be increased in Chile in 1970-71 and in Minnesota in 1971. Recent varietal releases such as Corsoy, Hark, and Clay were probably responsible for much of the 2.5 bushel per acre superiortiy of 1970 over any previous year in average state yield. Such anincrease on a 3 million-acre base is highly significant. A completed thesis study indicated that selection for specific fatty acid patterns of soy oil couldbe successful, particularly if the single seed descent method was used. Other methodology studies, including a Ph.D. thesis were advanced toward completion. Progress was made in development of nodulating versus non-nodulating isolines which are of Group 00 maturity and are resistant to Phytophthora root rot.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69

Outputs
390 acres of Norman, M424, (Maturity Group 00) grown under certification in Minnesota. Strain M54-160 (Group I) increased to 1740 bushels. Named Anoka. Will be distributed southern, south central, and central maturity zones. Recommended especially for sandy and other nonalkaline soils. Iowa varieties Rampage (A2-5405) and Wirth (A2-5407), both Group I, increased to 2082 and 2597 bushels, respectively. Will be distributed in the southern and south central zones. M59-213, a Group I Phytophthora-resistant strain increased to 35 bushelsand approved for further increase. M59-120 (Group I) and M59-121 (Group O), high-yielding, chlorosis-resistant strains, approved for initial increase. All new strains yield more than established varieties of same maturity, and often have additional stabilizing factors. A bushel per acre increase due to variety,statewide, represents 6 to 7 million dollars additional income at very little additional cost. For the third year, varietal blends failed to exceed best-yielding components. Solid-colored members of several isolines were appreciably lower in oil than their yellow-seeded counterparts. Annual advancement of all generations in the breeding program constituted much of the progress of the project. Special researches, including a comparison of 2 breeding methods and 2 Ph.D theses were also advanced.

Impacts
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Publications

Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68

Outputs
5550 acres of Clay, formerly M393, (Maturity Group 0) and 6400 acres of Corsoy (Gr II) were grown under certification in Minnesota. Strain M424 (Gr 00) will be named and distributed in North Central and northern zones. Strain M54-160 was increased to 87 bushels. Further increases was approved. Increases of Iowa strains A2-5405 and A2-5407 (GrI) will be made from 42 and 50 bushels, respectively. Strain M59-213 was approved for initial increase from a 30-pound supply. All these strains constitute yield improvements in their maturity groups. Each bushel increase in average yield adds 7 to 8 million dollars to the state's income. For the second year varietal blends yielded no better than the best "ingredient" varieties at five locations. Breeding programs consist ofmaterials in all stages of development from crossed seed to new varieties ready for release. The annual advancement in selection and testing represents a largepart of the progress in the project.

Impacts
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Publications