Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: This report summarizes outputs over four years of breeding and variety trials. Twenty advanced breeding lines and four check varieties (Sierra, Dwelley, Dylan, and Sawyer) were included in the advanced large Kabuli chickpea yield trials conducted at Genesee, ID; Kendrick, ID; and Pullman, WA in 2010. Mean yield of the trial at Spillman Farm (Pullman) was 923 kg/ha, 1008 kg/ha at Genesee, and 1531 kg/ha at Kendrick. The highest yielding check, Sawyer, averaged 909 kg/ha over three locations while the lowest yielding check was Sierra (768 kg/ha). Fourteen advanced breeding lines had mean yields greater than Sierra. The five best performing lines had yields that averaged 23% higher than Sierra. These lines ranged in seed size from relatively small (41 g/100 seed) to quite large (52 g/100 seed) and expressed moderate maturity rates (112-115 d). In 2010, 18 advanced breeding lines and six check varieties of green peas were tested in the advanced yield trials. Identical trials were planted in Pullman, Fairfield and Dayton, Washington and in Kendrick and Genesee, Idaho. The Kendrick trial was lost due to extreme disease pressure (Aphanomyces root rot). The Genesee trial suffered severe deer depredation. The mean yields at the four harvested locations were: Pullman: 1706 kg/ha; Fairfield: 1778 kg/ha; Dayton: 1684 kg/ha; and Genesee: 1139 kg/ha. All the advanced breeding lines and four of the checks had significantly higher yields than did Columbian. Five of the advanced lines significantly out-yielded Banner and 15 out-yielded Aragorn. Yields of the advanced lines ranged from 1349-1876 kg/ha, the average yields of the check cultivars ranged from 1222 kg/ha (Lifter) to 1592 kg/ha (Banner). Seed size of the check cultivars ranged from 15.6 g/100sd (Ariel) to 18.8 g/100sd (Aragorn). Seed size of the advanced breeding lines ranged from 15.3-20.8 g/100sd. The earliest check (Columbian) flowered in 59 days and the earliest breeding line (PS05100632) flowered at 43 days. Advanced lentil yield trials were planted at three locations in 2010: Pullman, WA; Fairfield, WA; and Kendrick, ID. Each location had individual yield trials for advanced breeding lines representing the lentil market classes: Large-Seeded Yellow cotyledons, Turkish Red, Eston, Spanish Brown (Pardina), and Zero-Tannin. Twenty-nine entries and four check varieties (Brewer, Merrit, Richlea and Riveland) were included in the advanced large-seeded, yellow cotyledon lentil yield trial in 2010. The mean yield at Pullman was 800 kg/ha and the mean yield at Fairfield was 2420 kg/ha. Several preliminary lines were identified that will be promoted into advanced yield trials conducted in 2011 based on superior yield, seed quality, and lodging tolerance. Breeding objectives for this broad class of lentils include improving seed color and seed shape while increasing yields and seed size. PARTICIPANTS: F. Muehlbauer, G Saha, S Sarker, G Njambere, D. Thavarajah, P. Thavarajan, R. Shrestha, O. Idrissi, O. Hacikamiloglu, B Bucak, A. Vandenberg. TARGET AUDIENCES: Legume growers, other scientists and agriculture industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The primary outcomes over the life of the project have been the release of several elite lentil and chickpea varieties or germplasm. The release of Essex small yellow lentil provides growers in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains with a new Eston class lentil variety that outyields the varieties Athena and Eston. The release of Cedar and Shasta varieties of zero-tannin lentils provides growers with a totally new market class of lentil that is particularly adapted to the canning market and which can be successfully cultivated in the Pacific Northwest. The recent release (2010) of the Spanish Brown lentil variety Morena provides growers in the Pacific Northwest with an alternative to the variety Pardina. Historically, the only Spanish Brown lentil grown commercially in the U.S. has been Pardina. The primary agronomic deficiency of Pardina is that it is a relatively short lentil. This makes it very difficult to harvest because its short stature requires growers set their combine very close to the soil level, which can result in damaged machinery and contamination of the harvested product with considerable quantities of soil or rocks. Based on six years of field data, LC01601144P is significantly taller (on average 32.6 cm) than Pardina (25.0 cm on average). LC01601144P was tested in advanced yield trials conducted in eastern Washington and northern Idaho for a total of 15 site-years over six years from 2004 to 2009. The average yield of LC01601144P across all 15 site-years was 1471 kg/ha compared to 1403 kg/ha for the check Spanish Brown lentil cultivar, Pardina. The similarities in yield and seed characteristics between Pardina and LC01601144P, coupled with the greater height of LC01601144P, suggest that LC01601144P will successfully replace Pardina as the dominant Spanish brown lentil grown in the U.S. In 2010 we also released the chickpea germplasm CA0490CA025C, which has high yield and superior resistance to Ascochyta blight. This disease, which is the most yield limiting disease of chickpea, is globally distributed and can result in nearly complete crop failure when high levels of pathogen inoculum are present and environmental conditions favor disease development. The average yield of CA0469C025C across 10 site-years was 1549 kilograms/hectare, which represents an increase of 23.1 percent and 16.6 percent over the yields of the commercial cafe Kabuli chickpea cultivars, Dwelley and Sierra, respectively. This new germplasm will be very useful for breeders trying to develop large kabuli chickpea varieties with higher yields and improved resistance to Ascochyta blight.
Publications
- Njambere, E., G. J. Vandemark and W. Chen. 2011. Development, characterization and transferability of microsatellite markers of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Genome (In Press).
- Njambere, E., G. J. Vandemark and W. Chen. 2011. Genetic diversity of Sclerotinia trifoliorum infecting chickpea based on mycelial compatibility groupings, rDNA introns and multi-locus haplotypes. Phytopathology (In Press). Vandemark, G. K. McPhee and F. Muehlbauer. 2011. Release of "Essex" lentil. 2011. Journal of Plant Registrations 5:14-18.
- Thavarajah, D., Thavarajah, P., Sarker, A., Materne, M., Vandemark, G., Shrestha, R., Idrissi, O., Hacikamiloglu, O., Bucak, B., and Vandenberg, A. 2011. A global survey of effects of genotype and environment on selenium concentrations in lentil (Lens culinaris L.):Implications for nutritional fortification strategies. Food Chemistry 125:72-76.
- Saha, G., A. Sarker, W. Chen, G. Vandemark and F. Muehlbauer. 2010. Identification of markers associated with genes for rust resistance in Lens culinaris Medik. Euphytica 175 (2):261-265.
- Saha, G., A. Sarker, W. Chen, G. Vandemark and F. Muehlbauer. 2010. Inheritance and linkage map positions of genes conferring resistance to stemphyllium blight in lentil. Crop Science 50 (5):1831-1839.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Twenty advanced breeding lines and four check varieties (Sierra, Dwelley, Dylan, and Sawyer) were included in the advanced large Kabuli chickpea yield trials conducted at Genesee, ID, Kendrick, ID, and Pullman, WA in 2008. Advanced lentil yield trials were conducted at three locations in 2009: Pullman, WA; Fairfield, WA, and Kendrick, ID. At each location, yield trials were conducted for advanced breeding lines that were large seeded and had yellow cotyledons, and advanced lines representing Turkish Red, Eston, Spanish Brown, and zero-tannin market classes of lentil. Yields of all lentil market classes were highest at Fairfield and lowest at Kendrick. Across market classes, the highest yields were observed for Spanish Brown type entries, while rank of other market classes were, from highest yield to lowest, large seeded yellow, zero-tannin, Eston, and Turkish Red. Nineteen spring green pea lines and seven check cultivars, along with 14 yellow pea breeding lines and 4 check cultivars, were evaluated at Pullman, WA, Kendrick, ID and Fairfield, WA. Over 600 chickpea lines were screened for resistance to Ascochyta blight in a disease nursery at Spillman Farm. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Results are communicated to scientists through peer reviewed manuscripts and presentations at professional society meetings. Research progress was also presented to several national and regional groups of growers and processors. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Release of Essex small yellow lentil provides growers in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains with a new Eston class lentil variety that outyields the varieties Athena and Eston. Disease resistant chickpea lines can be developed as new varieties and serve as parents for introducing disease resistance into Spanish White kabuli chickpeas.
Publications
- Vandemark, G. J. and L. D. Porter. 2010. First report of lentil root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches in Idaho. Plant Disease 94(4): In Press.
- Vandemark, G. J., J. J. Ariss and T. J. Hughes. 2009. Real time PCR suggests that Aphanomyces euteiches is associated with reduced amounts of Phytophthora medicaginis in alfalfa that is co-inoculated with both pathogens. J. Phytopathol. 158:117-124.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Extensive field trials were conducted to evaluate advanced breeding lines of cool season food legumes during 2008. Winter survival was evaluated in 18 advanced lentil breeding lines and 20 advanced pea breeding lines planted in Fall 2008 at three locations in Washington and one location in Idaho. Another 62 advanced lentil breeding lines, 22 advanced pea breeding lines and 14 advanced chickpea breeding lines were planted in Spring 2008 at three locations in Washington and one location in Idaho. These materials were evaluated for several growth habit traits including height, days to flower, days to maturity, and yield. Breeder seed of Sawyer chickpea was produced in 2008. Breeder and foundation seed of two new zero-tannin lentil varieties, Shasta (yellow cotyledon) and Cedar (red cotyledon) were produced in 2008. Breeder seed of LC01602307E (Eston type) was produced in 2008. LC01602307E averaged 1381 kg/ha over 37 location years, which is 32.5% greater than Eston over the same location/years. LC01602307E has been proposed for release as "Essex". Isolates of Ascochyta rabiei that were deficient in pathogenicity due to T-DNA insertions were subjected to complementation analysis and several transformants were identified that had restored pathogenicity. This suggests that genes in the fungus that are essential for causing Ascochyta blight have been isolated through complementation analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Progress in this research program was presented in 2008 at seven different meetings of pulse growers and processors in WA and ID. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Development of Shasta and Cedar zero-tannin lentils will provide growers in the Pacific Northwest and North Central US with a new market class of lentil. This market class is expected to be a popular export product because these lentils do not leach tannins into soak water, which maintains the palatability of the soak water for downstream uses. Sawyer chickpea will provide growers with a medium sized cafe color chickpea that is more tolerant to Ascochyta blight than other varieties. The release of Essex lentil will provide growers throughout the US with a very high yielding Eston-type lentil. The isolation of genes required for Ascochyta blight disease is a necessary prerequisite for subsequent characterization of these genes, which will enhance understanding of the genetic basis of virulence and pathogenicity in A. rabiei.
Publications
- Chilvers, M., Peever, T.L., Akamatsu, H., Chen, W., Muehlbauer, F.J. 2008. Didymella rabiei primary inoculum release from chickpea debris in relation to weather variables in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 29:365-371.
- Njambere, E. N., Chen, W., Frate, C., Wu, B.M., Temple, S. R., Muehlbauer, F.J. 2008. Stem and crown rot of chickpea in California caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Plant Disease 92:917-922.
- Wise, K.A., Bradley, C.A., Pasche, J.S., Gudmestad, N.C., Dugan, F.M., Chen, W. 2008. Baseline sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, and Boscalid. Plant Disease 92:295-300.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The semi-leafless pea selection, PS01102958, a yellow cotyledon spring pea, is being considered for release. It has desirable agronomic characteristics and is widely adapted across the northern tier states. A semi-leafless green dry pea, Medora, with high yields was released for production in the upper Midwest, and Windham, a winter feed pea, was also released for production across the northern tier states. Windham is a white flowered feed pea type and has a semi-dwarf plant habit and improved standing ability. Both varieties were shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed and evaluated. The more recent marrowfat selections are semi-dwarf with semi-leafless morphology resulting in improved standing ability. Selections of winter lentil were made for improved winter-hardiness and 19 selections were compared in nurseries in the 2006 crop year. Winter lentil
and pea are being developed for use in direct-seed systems and are expected to enhance sustainable cropping systems. Chickpea selection CA9990I875W was released as 'Troy'. Troy chickpea is a Spanish White type variety with much improved resistance to Ascochyta blight compared to the variety Spanish White, and with large and white seeds and good yields. Selection CA00B347C will be proposed for release. It is highly resistant to Ascochyta blight and has demonstrated high yielding potential over a wide range of environmental conditions. It is medium sized cafe type chickpea with simple leaf type. Because of its resistance to Ascochyta blight, it is suitable for production in regions where humid summers prevail. Disease screening in the Ascochyta nursery has identified additional resistance sources with resistance to both pathotype I and pathotype II. Breeding efforts are under way to incorporate the resistance into adapted cultivars. A large seeded lentil selection, LC860616L, has been
released and named Riveland. In addition to Riveland, two breeding lines lacking pigmentation in the seed coat are being proposed for release. These zero-tannin types are expected to fill niche markets where lentils are canned. Cooperators at 18 locations across seven states in 2006 evaluated the Western Regional Legume Nurseries to identify germplasm specifically adapted to their respective sites. Work on control of Ascochyta blight has identified several effective fungicides.
Impacts
Development of the new pea varieties, Medora, Windham and the yellow pea type will provide producers across the northern tier states with varieties suited to the primary pea markets. Windham can be used in the expanding livestock and dairy industry of the northern plains and offers producers an alternative to the long vine type of Specter while maintaining the advantages of a winter legume and greater yield potential. The recently released Troy chickpea is well received by the industry for its large white seeds to fill the demand of oversea markets, particularly in Spain. The new line CA0090B347C selected for its high-yielding potential and high level of blight resistance will make it more profitable of Kabuli chickpea production in areas where humid summer conditions prevail. The effective disease management practices are saving farmers in production costs while maintaining and improving crop yield and quality. Riveland is expected to provide producers and processors a
variety suited to the premium markets for large green lentils. Availability of the zero tannin varieties will expand the variety options for producers and diversify their crop choices.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A semi-leafless green dry pea selection, `Medora', with high yields was released for production in the upper Midwest production region. A second variety, `Windham', a winter feed pea was also released for production across the northern tier states. Windham is a white flowered feed pea type and has a semi-dwarf plant habit and improved standing ability. Both varieties were shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed and evaluated. Many of the more recent marrowfat selections are semi-dwarf with semi-leafless morphology resulting in improved standing ability. Selections of winter lentil were made for improved winter-hardiness and 16 selections were compared in nurseries in the 2004-2005 winter season. Winter lentils are being developed for use in direct-seed systems. Chickpea selection CA9990I875W was approved for preliminary release and named
`Troy'. Troy is a Spanish White type variety with resistance to Ascochyta blight and with large and white seeds and good yields. Troy is a fern leaf type variety and is two days earlier to mature when compared to Dwelley. Selection for resistance to Ascochyta blight was continued in the blight nursery and was successful in identifying new sources of resistance. The new sources have resistance to the two both pathotypes that are prevalent in production areas. The earlier releases of resistant chickpea varieties only had resistance to pathotype I while the more recently selected material has resistance to pathotypes I and II. A large seeded lentil selection, LC860616L, has been released. The selection is large seeded with yellow cotyledons and green seed coats and demonstrated increased yield potential over the past four seasons when compared to the checks. Cooperators at 19 locations across seven states in 2005 evaluated the Western Regional Legume Nurseries to identify germplasm
specifically adapted to their respective sites. Field and greenhouse research has identified several effective fungicides for foliar spray and for seed treatment for controlling Ascochyta blight. Based on the knowledge of resistant varieties and effective fungicides, efficient practices for managing Ascochyta blight have been developed for US farmers in the Pacific Northwest.
Impacts
Development of Medora, a semi-leafless lodging-resistant green seeded dry pea, is expected to impact production throughout North Dakota and surrounding northern plains states. We expect that Medora will have ready acceptance as a green dry pea for use in splitting and as whole green dry peas. Medora can also be used in the expanding livestock and dairy industry of the northern plains. Windham winter feed pea offers producers an alternative to the long vine type of Specter yet maintaining the advantages of a winter legume and it has greater yield potential compared to Specter. Troy chickpea is expected to provide producers with a large seeded Spanish White variety to fill demands in overseas markets, particularly Spain. Dylan chickpea, released in 2004, has generated exceptional demand for seed by producers and will likely become a predominant variety in the near future. The effective disease management practices are saving farmers in production costs while maintaining
and improving crop yield and quality.
Publications
- Chen, W., Short, R., and Muehlbauer, F. 2005. Field evaluation of chemicals for control of Ascochyta blight of chickpea, 2004. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online.) Report 60:FC141. DOI: 10.1094/FN60. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
A winter-hardy semi-leafless yellow dry pea selection, Specter, with high yields was released for production in direct-seed cropping systems. Specter is a white flowered and a feed pea type. New semi-leafless and semi-dwarf selections of dry peas were evaluated and were shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed and evaluated. Selections of winter lentil were made for improved winter-hardiness and 16 selections were compared in nurseries in the 2003-2004 winter season. Winter lentils are being developed for use in direct-seed systems. Chickpea selection CA9990I604C (Dylan) was approved for release and CA9990I875W was approved for preliminary release. Dylan is a Cafe type with resistance to ascochyta blight and with large seeds and high yields. CA9990I875W is a large white seeded type with resistance to ascochyta blight. Both new chickpea
lines are fern leaf types. Research on Ascochyta rabiei has indicated the presence in the region of two distinct pathotypes. Also, that earlier releases of resistant varieties only had resistance to pathotype I while the more recently selected material is resistant to pathotypes I and II. A large seeded lentil selection, LC860616L, has been approved for preliminary release. The selection is large seeded with yellow cotyledons and green seed coats and demonstrated increased yield potential over the past three seasons when compared to the checks. Cooperators at 19 locations across seven states in 2004 evaluated the Western Regional Legume Nurseries to identify germplasm specifically adapted to their respective sites.
Impacts
Development of Specter a semi-leafless lodging-resistant winter-hardy dry pea will impact production throughout the Palouse region and surrounding areas. We expect that Specter will have ready acceptance as a feed pea for use in the expanding livestock and dairy industry in the Pacific Northwest. In addition, Spector will provide producers with a winter hardy legume that can be fall seeded into stubble to improve soil erosion control. Biological nitrogen fixation by the winter pea crops should reduce reliance on commercial sources of nitrogen. Development of Dylan chickpea will increase yield potential and reduce the incidence of ascochyta blight and reduce the use of fungicides for disease control.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
A semi-leafless bleach-resistant green dry pea selection, 'Stirling', with high yields and combined resistance to Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew was released. A winter pea selection (PS9830F009) was proposed for release and tentatively named 'Spector'. The new winter pea is a white flowered, feed pea type for use in direct seed cropping systems. New semi-leafless and semi-dwarf selections of dry peas were evaluated and were shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed and evaluated. A winter hardy lentil variety, 'Morton' was released for use in direct seed cropping systems. Morton had significantly higher yields when compared to spring type cultivars. Two chickpea selections CA9990I875W and CA9990I604C have been proposed for release. The former has is a large white seeded type while the latter is a Cafe type. Both are fern leaf types with
good resistance to ascochyta blight and higher yields. Research on Ascochyta rabiei indicate two distinct pathotypes and that initial releases of resistant varieties only had resistance to pathotype I while the more recently selected material shows resistance to both pathotypes I and II. A large seeded lentil selection, LC860616L, is being considered for release. The selection has had improved yields over the past three seasons when compared to the checks.
Impacts
Development of 'Stirling' a semi-leafless lodging resistant and disease resistant green dry pea variety will impact production throughout the Palouse region and the northern plains states. The development of 'Spector' will provide producers with a winter hardy legume that can be fall seeded into stubble. The practice improves erosion control and the broadleaf legume will enable the control of grass type weeds while providing a nitrogen-fixing crop for the rotation. Similarly, the development of 'Morton' lentil enables producers to establish their crops in the fall using direct seeding. The projected development of a large white seeded chickpea with resistance to ascochyta blight will provide producers with a type of chickpea that is highly desired in the export market. Recent developments in chickpea indicate improved resistance to pathotype II of Ascochyta rabiei. This development will impact producers by reducing the risk of producing chickpeas and reduced
fungicidal control will reduce the cost of production.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
A semi-leafless bleach-resistant green dry pea selection, PS610152, with high yields and combined resistance to Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew was released with the proposed name of `Stirling'. Stirling had significantly higher yields when compared to Columbian over four years of evaluations throughout the Palouse region. New semi-leafless and semi-dwarf selections of dry peas were evaluated and were shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed and evaluated. A winter hardy lentil selection, LC9979010, was released with the proposed name of `Morton'. Morton was developed for direct seed systems and for fall planting and had significantly higher yields when compared to spring type cultivars. Chickpea selection CA9783152 was released and named `Sierra'. Sierra has improved resistance to ascochyta blight and higher yields. Large seeded
'Spanish White' type selections with resistance to ascochyta blight are currently being evaluated and one (CA9990I875W) will be proposed for release in the coming year. Also, selection CA9990I604C has had excellent yields and resistance to ascochyta blight and will likely be proposed for release.
Impacts
Development of `Stirling' a semi-leafless lodging resistant and disease resistant green dry pea variety will impact production throughout the Palouse region and the northern plains states. In these areas, lodging resistance as well as resistance to powdery mildew will enhance the production of higher yielding and improved quality of green dry peas. The development of `Morton' lentil will enable producers to establish their crops in the fall using direct seeding methods. This practice will enable improved water use efficiency and provide higher yields while greatly reducing soil erosion. `Sierra' chickpea is expected to become the predominant variety grown in the Palouse region because of its improved resistance to ascochyta blight and improved yields and quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Dry pea breeding line, PS610152, with high yield and resistance to Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew and PEMV was approved for preliminary increase of breeder seed. The line has an upright growth habit and excellent resistance to seed bleaching. Selection for improved stem properties is expected to improve overall resistance to lodging in dry pea cultivars. Selections currently being evaluated have had significantly higher yields when compared to the Joel and Columbian checks over the past three years. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed. Two potential lentil cultivars, LC760209C and LC9979010, were approved for preliminary increase of breeder seed. LC760209C is a Castillion type with large and mottled seeds that should appeal to markets in Spain; while LC9979010 is a high yielding winter hardy lentil that is adapted to direct seeding systems and fall planting. It has small seed size and red cotyledons.
Chickpea selection CA9783152 with good resistance to ascochyta blight was approved for release and named Sierra. The new cultivar is currently being distributed throughout the chickpea growing area. Progress was made in development of an exceptionally large seeded "Spanish White" type with resistance to ascochyta blight. Two selections, CA9890233W and CA9990604C, were increased for possible release in the coming year. Both selections have good resistance to ascochyta blight. Winter-hardy edible dry peas and lentils had excellent survival and had an average of 50% higher yields when compared to the spring sown types.
Impacts
The new varieties of peas, lentils and chickpeas will impact the grain legume industry by effectively and economically controlling important diseases. The new varieties are also an improvement over existing types in terms of product quality and therefore should have ready acceptance in domestic and international markets.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Two green dry pea cultivars, Franklin and Lifter, with high yields and combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew and PEMV were released. These selections were significantly higher yielding than the Joel and Columbian checks over the past three years at three locations in the Palouse region. Semi-leafless selections of dry peas were evaluated and shown to have excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Selections of Marrowfat dry peas with resistance to seed bleaching and large seed size were developed. Two lentil cultivars, Pennell and Wagner were released. These new lentil cultivars are higher yielding and have improved quality traits when compared to the Brewer check. One chickpea selection (CA9783152) was approved for release and is currently being increased for distribution. Progress was made in development of an exceptionally large seeded "Spanish White" type with resistance to ascochyta blight. Three selections with good resistance to
blight are being increased for possible release to the industry. Winter-hardy edible dry peas and lentils had excellent survival and had significantly better yields when compared to the spring sown types. Yields of most of the winter selections were double that of the spring sown types indicating much-improved yields. The winter types are being evaluated in reduced tillage and direct seeding systems.
Impacts
The new varieties of peas, lentils and chickpeas will impact the grain legume industry by effectively and economically controlling important diseases. The new varieties are also an improvement over existing types in terms of product quality and therefore should have ready acceptance in domestic and international markets. The development of fall-sown legumes with winter hardiness is promising from the standpoint of improved yields, reduced erosion and improved soil quality.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Two green dry pea breeding lines (PS510737 and PS510718) with high yields and combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew and Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV) were approved for release to producers. These selections were significantly higher yielding when compared to the Joel check at three locations in the Palouse region. Progress was made in developing semi-leafless selections with excellent standing ability and improved product quality. Progress was also made in development of Marrowfat type peas with resistance to bleaching and large seed size. Emphasis was placed on developing selections of all pea types with resistance to PEMV and Bean Leaf Roll Virus (BLRV). Two lentil selections (LC460266 and LC460197) were approved for release. These lentil selections were significantly higher yielding over the past 4 years of testing when compared to the Brewer check. Higher biomass producing lentil germplasm is being used in the breeding program to improve residue
production considered to be an important factor for erosion control. Two chickpea selections (CA9783007, and CA9783152) were approved for preliminary increase of breeder seed and are currently being increased at Brawley, CA, with plans for formal release after the 2000 season. The former selection is a large seeded "Spanish White" type with resistance to ascochyta blight and exceptionally large seed size, while the latter is a large kabuli type with resistance to ascochyta blight. Winter-hardy edible dry peas and lentils are being evaluated in reduced tillage and direct seeding systems.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
Breeding lines of green, yellow and marrowfat dry peas were developed with combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, PEMV, BLRV. Selections of green dry pea (PS610175 and PS510718) were significantly higher yielding than the Joel check at three locations in the Palouse region. Marrowfat line PS610509 was significantly higher yielding when compared to the checks at three locations in the Palouse region. Emphasis in selection was placed on the semi-leafless plant type with good standing ability, disease resistance and yield. Selection for improved color retention in dry peas, particularly the Marrowfat types, is a high priority. Higher biomass producing lentil germplasm is being used in the breeding program to improve residue production considered to be an important factor for erosion control. The increased biomass is also expected to improve yields. Chickpea breeding has concentrated on the development of large seeded Spanish White types with resistance to
ascochyta blight and on resistance to the pod infection phase of the disease. Fifty-three blight resistant selections are currently being increased over the winter and several will be released as cultivars in the coming year. Winter-hardy edible dry peas and lentils are being evaluated in reduced tillage and direct seeding systems.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
When accessions in the core collection of lentil germplasm were evaluated, higher seed yields were obtained from conventional-tillage, while higher straw yields were obtained from zero-tillage. Screening of the collection for root traits showed that tap root length ranged from 2 cm to 96 cm and dry root weight ranged from 0.05 g to 4.49 g. One non-winter hardy (Precoz) and four winter hardy (ILL 669, ILL 1878, WA8649041, WA8649090) lines tested for low temperature germination indicated significant variation for low-temperature germination. Screening of 136 cold-tolerant lentil germplasms indicated significant variation for seed yield and residue production. Evaluation of pea breeding lines for biomass production showed a two-fold range of variation. Variation for total biomass production among the accessions in the Pisum core collection was more than double that of adapted cultivars currently in production. The degree of variation in both of these experiments suggest
that it is possible to increase the amount of total biomass produced by dry peas, resulting in greater crop residues remaining on the soil surface after harvest.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Breeding lines were developed with combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powderymildew, PEMV, and BLRV. From these populations, promising green and yellow pea selections were made and compared to commonly used varieties. Of the green pea selections, PS1100028 was significantly higher yielding when compared to standard checks and the selection had superior dark green seed color. Of the yellow pea selections, PS210387 was significantly higher yielding when compared to the checks. PS210387 has a semi-leafless plant habit and increased tendril number. The semi-leafless habit imparts resistance to lodging and improved seed yields and quality. Green pea selection PS110028 and yellow pea selection PS210387 are being winter increased and will be proposed for release as new cultivars. Among the lentil selections, LC960254 was significantly higher yielding when compared to the Brewer check. The line is being increased and will be proposed for release in 1996. Granger (D258-1-2)
Austrian winter pea line was released. The new cultivar has significantly higher yields and comparable winter hardiness to Melrose and Fenn. Chickpea breeding has concentrated on the development of large-seeded Spanish White types with resistance to Ascochyta blight and on resistance to the pod infection phase of Ascochyta blight.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Breeding lines were developed with combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powderymildew, pea enation mosaic virus and pea leaf roll virus. From these populations promising green and yellow pea selections were made and compared to commonly used varieties. Of the green pea selections, PS210308, PS1100028, PS010376 and several other lines were significantly higher yielding when compared to standard checks. Of the yellow pea selections, PS110374 was significantly higher yielding when compared to the Latah check. Green pea selection PS810106 and yellow pea selection PS010603 will be proposed for release as new cultivars. Among the lentil selections, LC960254, LC160008, LC060144, and LC060146 were significantly higher yielding when compared to the Brewer check. One of these lines will be chosen for release. Austrian winter pea line D258-1-2 is being proposed for release in the coming year. The line has significantly higher yields and comparable winter hardiness to Melrose
and Fenn. Myles--a desi type chickpea--was released for production. The line has excellent resistance to Ascochyta blight and is significantly higher yielding when compared to Sarah and Garnet.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
Breeding populations were developed with combined resistance to Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, pea enation mosaic virus and pea leaf roll virus. From these populations promising green and yellow pea selection were made that have excellent yields and quality traits. Of the green pea selections, PS010376 and PS010840 are candidates for release. Of the yellow pea selections, PS010603 and PS010598 are candidates for release. Lentil breeding focused on resistance to pea enation mosaic virus resistance, reduced seed shattering, reduced seedcoat mottleing and increased biomass production. Promising selections were LC960254 and LC060144 which had significantly higher yields when compared to the Brewer check. One of these lines will be released in the near future. Progress was made in the development of low-tannin lentils with a range of cotyledon colors. Crimson red lentil was released in 1990. Difficulties were encountered in evaluating peas for winter hardiness in the
winters of 90-91 (no winter killing) and 91-92 (complete winter killing). D258-1-2 was selected for it's good winter survival, excellent yields, and upright growth habit. The line has the 'afila' gene which imparts good standing ability and which may also be a mechanism for avoidance of foliar disease. Two Ascochyta blight resistance chickpea cultivars, Sanford and Dwelley, were developed and released in 1993. These two cultivars also have excellent quality traits and improved seed yields.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Resistance to Ascochyta blight of chickpeas was transferred from germplasm linesto agronomically acceptable backgrounds. As a result, two kabuli selections, C188220 and C188359 were chosen for increase and release. The lines have a high degree of resistance, improved yields over susceptible cultivars and have very acceptable seed quality traits. Combined resistance to powdery mildew, root rot and Fusarium wilt was developed in both green and yellow dry peas. Several of the lines have the semi- leafless trait imparted by the af gene. Two green and two yellow dry peas are currently under increase for possible release in 1993. Emphasis was placed on screening and selection of dry peas for resistance to pea enation and bean leaf roll viruses. A small red lentil selection, LC660819, was significantly higher yielding and 7 cm taller when compared to Crimson. A medium sized yellow lentil selection, LC900001, was significantly higher yielding when compared to the Brewer
check. Several large yellow seeded selections were increased for possible release. The dry fall and mild winter of 1991-92 made it impossible to evaluate Austrian winter pea selections for winter hardiness.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
4 GREEN DRY PEA BREEDING LINES, PS810106, PS810102, PS710202 & PS2710173, WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER YIELDING WHEN COMPARED TO THE COLUMBIAN & ALASKA81 CHECKS. THESE LINES WERE RESISTANT TO POWDERY MILDEW & FUSARIUM WILT RACE 1. PROGRESS WAS MADE IN RECOMBINING THE SEMI-LEAFLESS 'AFILA' TRAIT WITH POD TYPES THAT REDUCE SEED SHATTERING IN BOTH GREEN & YELLOW DRY PEAS. POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE IS BEING INCORPORATED INTO YELLOW DRY PEA CULTIVARS. 3 ADVANCED YELLOW COTYLEDON LENTIL BREEDING LINES, LC660999, LC6601165, & LC660952, HAD COMPARABLE OR BETTER YIELDS WHEN COMPARED TO THE BREWER CHECK. ALL 3 LINES HAD LARGER SEEDS THAN BREWER & WERE FREE OF SEEDCOAT MOTTLING. APHID TRANSMITTED VIRUSES SUCH AS PEA ENATION MOSAIC, BEAN LEAF ROLL & PEA STREAK WERE AT VERY LOW LEVELS IN 91 DUE TO REDUCED APHID POPULATIONS. THE AUSTRIAN WINTER PEA NURSERIES WERE COMPLETELY WINTER KILLED DURING THE 90-91 WINTER. CONSEQUENTLY, NO COMPARISONS OF YIELDS OR DISEASE RESISTANCE AMONG THE
SELECTIONS COULD BE MADE. HOWEVER, D257-1-2 & D258-1-2 PERFORMED VERY WELL IN THE SPRING PLANTED NURSERY. BOTH LINES HAVE THE SEMI-LEAFLESS 'AFILA' TRAIT THAT REDUCES LEAF AREA & INCREASED STANDING ABILITY. 1 OF THESE LINES WILL BE PROPOSED FOR RELEASE IN 92. PROGRESS WAS MADE IN RECOMBINING LARGE SEED SIZE WITH RESISTANCE TO ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT IN CHICKPEA. CURRENTLY, 12 ELITE KABULI CHICKPEA LINES ARE BEING INCREASED OVERWINTER AT YUMA, AZ.BASED ON EVALUATIONS DURING THE 92 GROWING SEASON, 2-3 OF THE LINES WILL BE PROPOSED FOR RELEASE.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Two lentil breeding lines, LC760394 and LC6601165, were equal to the 'Brewer' check but had improved standing ability and no seedcoat mottling. Aphid transmitted viruses including pea enation mosaic and bean leaf roll were very serious problems in 1990. Germplasm introduced from Iran had good tolerance to these viruses in a replicated trial of the lentil core collection. One green dry pea breeding line, PS710225, was significantly higher yielding than the checks. This line has the "afila" gene for increased tendril number and improved standing ability. The line flowers in the 12th node and has good tolerance to viruses. Seed and cooking qualities are very good. Progress was made in recombining the shatter resistant pod trait with the "afila" gene for both yellow and green dry peas. Two breeding lines of Austrian winter peas, D257-1-2 and D258-1-2, have performed very well in comparision to the checks and are currently being increased for possible release. Both lines
have the "afila" gene. An Aphanomyces root rot plot was established and several hundred pea lines were evaluated. Progress was made in recombining large seed size with Ascochyta blight resistance chickpea germplasm. F7 lines with large seed size will be evaluated in 1991 for resistance. 'Sarah', an Ascochyta blight resistant chickpea line was released in 1990.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Advanced selections of green and yellow dry peas were compared to standard cultivars at three locations in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Five selections of green peas (PS610585, PS610559, PS610212, PS310126 and PS610008) had higher yields than the 'Alaska 81' and 'Columbian' checks. Three of these selections had the "afila" semi leafless trait that brings about increased tendril number and better standing ability. 'Umatilla' yellow dry pea, a cultivar released in 1988, proved to have excellent resistance to seed shattering both in research plots and in grower fields. Breeding of Austrian winter peas was begun and results of 1989 indicated that three advanced selections (D258-1-3, D258-1-2, and D257-1-2) were significantly higher yielding than the commonly grown check cultivars. Yield trials of yellow lentils showed that six lines with improved seed quality traits were higher yielding than Brewer. In the small red lentil trial, 'Carmine' and LC660819 were
higher yielding when compared to the Redchief check. A survey of fields in the Austrian Winter pea growing area showed that Aphanomyces euteiches was widely distributed and the likely cause of poor yields. An Aphanomyces sick plot was established for the purpose of screening breeding material for resistance. Progress was made in recombining resistance to Ascochyta blight with large seed size and early maturity. Selections in the F(4) and a limited number in the F(5) will be evaluated in the coming season.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Advanced selections of green and yellow dry peas were compared to standard cultivars at three locations in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Three breeding lines of green peas (PS310126, PS510182 and PS5101261) had higher yeilds than the Alaska 81 and Columbian checks. Of these lines, PS310126 had the semi leafless "afila" trait that brings about increased tendril number and better standing ability. PS510182 is also an afila type; however, PS5101261 has a normal plant type. In yield trials of yellow dry peas, the recently released cultivar, "Umatilla", was similar in yield to Latah but had much improved seed quality traits. Early generation selections were made for improved resistance to viruses and other diseases. Advanced selections of yellow, red, and green lentils were compared to standard checks at four locations in the Palouse region. Brewer was the highest yielding overall; however, the recently released cultivar, Palouse, had very good seed size and
good quality. Two small seeded red lentil lines (Giza-9 and LC460007), have emerged as having the highest yields over the widest range of environments. Giza-9 originated from an Egyptian landrace and LC460007 is a selection from a hybrid combination. Early generation selections were made for improved seed quality traits and disease resistance. A project to develop improved Austrian winter pea cultivars was initiated during the past year.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
In advanced green pea yield trials in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, three breeding lines (PS310126, PS210713 and PS210132) had higher yields when compared to the 'Alaska 81' check. PS310126 had the semi-leafless "afila" trait. In the yellow pea yield trials, W1101525 was higher yielding when compared to the checks, had larger seed size, and flowered earlier. One lentil breeding line (LC360248) was slightly higher yielding when compared to 'Brewer' in yield trials at three locations. An exceptionally large-seeded green-cotyledon lentil introduction was evaluated for the first time. 'Giza 9' from Egypt was a promising small red cotyledon lentil that was similar in yield to 'Redchief' at three locations. Giza 9 might provide a new type of lentil for the region. Results of a study of powdery mildew of peas indicated significant losses in dry peas if the disease is not controlled. Control through chemical treatments or through resistance appeared to be
equivalent in their effects on reducing losses. Good standing ability in lentils could be brought about by inherent standing ability of the plants, by intertwined canopies that provide mutual support or by a combination of the two. Resistance to Ascochyta blight of chickpea was found in introduced material. Several promising Ascochyta blight resistant lines are currently being increased. Good sources of winter hardiness in lentils were identified and increased.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Umatilla (WA910431) yellow peas were released based on its improved yields, sizeand uniformity of seedcoat coloration. Umatilla is somewhat shorter than Latah and the pods lack parchment and should resist shatter. Emerald (selection 504) lentil was released because of its distinctive green seed coloration and excellent yields. Tammany (CP8) and Garnet (PI273879) chickpeas were released. Tammany is a unifoliate kabuli type with large cream colored seeds. Garnet is a small seeded desi type with reddish tan seeds. Resistance to pea enation mosaic virus found in PI472547 and PI472609 is being transferred to commercial types. Resistance would help solve one of the most prevalent disease problems of lentils in the U.S. Lentil plant types with beter standing ability had rigid stems in combination with certain branching patters. Powdery mildew of peas was estimated, through the use of chemical control and isogenic lines, to cause about a 17% yield reduction.
Pressure-driven extrusion, a mechanism for stress induced loss of protoplasm from cotyledonary cells, was discovered. Yield of fall-sown winter types was about equal to conventional spring-sown types. Conditions for Fall 1985 planting of the winter hardy lentil experiment were excellent. Fall sown winter hardy materials flowered one to two weeks earlier than spring sown material. Selections within winter hardy lines to develop pure lines of better quality differed in winter hardiness. Better selections are being evaluated in small replicated yield trials.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Promising selections of green and yellow dry peas include PS210572, W1102363, WA810624, WA910431, and Flavanda-af. The latter line has been used extensively in the crossing program to incorporate the semi-leafless trait into breeding lines. WA910431 was proposed for release based on its shorter vine length, larger and brighter seeds, and improved yields. Yields of 'Brewer' have been consistently better than the commonly grown 'Chilean 78' over the past four years. Brewer is also earlier to mature and has larger seeds. Promising lentil selections include: WA256112, LC160651, LC160650, and LC810014. WA256112, an F(4) selection from 'Laird' X 'Precoz' is early maturing, large seeded, and free of seedcoat mottling. Selection 504, a bright green lentil with green cotyledons was proposed for release. Three chickpea lines were proposed for release and include: CP8, a unifoliate type with exceptionally large cream-colored seeds and early maturity; ILC 517, a
medium-sized white kabuli type that has an upright growth habit and that is earlier to mature compared to UC-5; and PI273879, a mass selected Plant Introduction line from Ethiopia. A high degree of tolerance to pea enation mosaic virus in lentils was identified in PI472547 and PI472609. The lines are being used in the crossing program. Conditions for Fall 1984 planting of the winter hardy lentil experiment were exceptionally dry and cold and emergence was uneven.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Yields of Alaska 81 were equal to or better than other green dry pea cultivars over the past three years, and seed quality was improved primarily because of its excellent bleach resistance. Of the yellow-seeded dry pea lines, Flavanda af has reduced leaf area and increased tendril number that improves standing ability and promotes early maturity. Breeding lines were developed with resistance to pea root rot, Fusarium wilt race 1 and powdery mildew. Yields of Brewer lentil were better than commonly grown cultivars over the past three years; also, Brewer was earlier to mature and had larger seed size. Emerald, a potential new green cotyledon lentil cultivar also performed well and may be released in 1985. Of the red cotyledon lentil breeding lines, five were higher yielding than Redchief. Pea enation mosaic virus was as severe in 1984 as it was in 1983 when nearly the entire crop was affected. Good sources of resistance were identified and crosses were made to
study the inheritance of resistance and to transfer the resistance to commercial types. A topcross evaluation of wild Lens species accessions was made to the potential the wild species may have for breeding. A study of a cytoplasmic male sterility-restorer system in lentils was conducted and showed outcrossing to be less than 1%; however, the system may be useful for breeding and genetic studies.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Alaska 81 and Tracer 81 dry peas with resistance to pea seedborne mosaic virus were developed and released. Both cultivars are green seeded, resistant to pea root rot and Fusarium wilt race 1. Alaska 81 has excellent resistance to seed bleaching. Brewer lentils were released. Brewer has averaged about 300 kg/ha more than the commonly grown Chilean 78 lentil over the past three years. Brewer is also earlier to mature and more upright. The evaluation of the wild species collection of Lens for protein content and amino acid profiles revealed little variation. There was no resistance to pea seedborne mosaic virus; however, there were accessions of ssp. nigricans that had tolerance to cold temperatures and which likely carry genes for winter hardiness. Of the large seeded 'kabuli' chickpeas, UC-5 was the highest yielding but with relatively small seeds; however, CP-8 and Surutato 77 had excellent size and quality traits. The eight combinations of the genes af, st
and tl were compared in two cultivar backgrounds at Pullman from 1980 to 1983. Within 'Alaska', the af type, which converts leaflets to tendrils, has averaged 250 kg/ha more than the normal plant type.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Wild species of Lens, distributed over a wide geographical area from the Iberianpenninsula to central Asia, were collected. We made 48, 28, 34, and 2 collections of L. orientalis, L. nigricans, L. ervoides, and L. montbretii, respectively, during field trips to southern Europe and Turkey. Cross-fertility and chromosome affinities of the wild species with L. culinaris, the cultivated form, and the potential of the wild genepool for breeding purposes was assessed. Cytogenetic characterization of hybrids between the wild species and the cultivated form indicated a translocation difference between L. orientalis and the cultivated species, while three translocation differences were present between L. nigricans and the cultivated species. Attempts to hybridize L. ervoides with L. culinaris have been unsuccessful. Variation exists within the wild species for morphological characteristics, percentage protein content, response to vernalization, and cold resistance. The
parents, F(1)s, F(2)s, and backcrosses of two diverse lentil cultivars ('Laird' and 'Precoz') were used to provide estimates of genetic effects that contribute to variation in days to blooming, plant height, height of the lowest pod, and seed weight. Additive genetic effects were significant for all characters and greater than dominance effects for days to blooming and seed weight. Epistasis was involved in the inheritance of all characters, except days to blooming.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
The eight combinations of the genes, af, st and tl in two varied backgrounds were compared for yield, standing ability and drought tolerance. Lines with the af gene, which converts leaflets to tendrils, were equal in productivity to the normal plant type, but had better lodging resistance and were more drought tolerant. Various methods of harvesting marrowfat peas were compared to identify appropriate procedures necessary to maintain seed quality. Swathing marrowfat peas at 25-30% seed moisture content appeared to be the most appropriate harvesting method and gave acceptable seed color, seed size and yield. Foot rot and foliar phases of disease caused by Phoma medicaginis in peas were studied and screening methods for identifying resistance were developed. Differences among pea lines for foot rot resistance were obtained when pea seeds were immersed for 5 minutes in spore suspensions adjusted to 1 x 10 4 spores/ml, planted in sterile soil and scored 10 days later.
Differences among pea lines for foliar resistance were obtained when 15-day-old seedlings were sprayed with 1 x 10 5 spores/ml, incubated in a mist chamber and scored 10 days later. Feeding by lygus bugs was shown to be the cause of "chalky spot" in lentils. Chalky spot is characterized by localized depressions and necrotic areas on the seeds which drastically affect seed quality.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
The eight combinations of the genes of af and tl were compared in two varietal backgrounds at Pullman. Within Alaska, the af type, which converts leaflets to tendrils, was 250 kg/ha higher yielding than the normal type. The yield advantage appeared to result from better standing and light penetration into the lower conopy and reduced foliar disease, especially sclerotinia. The release of eight pea seedborne mosaic virus resistant breeding lines has been proposed. To develop the lines, a backcross procedure was used to transfer the sbm gene to commonly grown cultivars. Standardized techniques were developed for screening pea cultivars and germplasm for resistance to Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. Using the technique to screen 100 pea lines, foot rot scores non-significant correlation between foot rot and foliar scores indicated that factors for resistance to the two phases of the disease are different. LC711981, a large yellow-seeded lentil, has shown
expectionally high yields over the past three years when compared to commonly grown cultivars. The line will be released in 1981. Two F(8) canning pea breeding lines were released in 1980. These lines are the first to be released combining the af gene with resistance to races 1 and 2 of Fusarium wilt.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
The eight combinations of three leaf morphological genes in peas (af, st, tl) infour varietal backgrounds were compared for yield, standing ability, and harvest index under field conditions. The af gene alone gave comparable yields to the normal plant type in all cases compared. Four cycles of recurrent selection for root rot resistance in peas were compared using 42 lines in each of the four cycles. There was no change in the level of resistance, but emergence percentages and plant height increased in response to selection. Resistance to pea seedborne mosaic virus was transferred to 10 pea varieties by backcrossing. The resistant derived varieties will be released. WA510104, a green seeded, bleach resistant determinant plant type has shown comparable yields to Garfield and Tracer and will be proposed for release. Among green pea breeding lines tested for root rot resistance, 134 of 786 F(3) - F(4) lines and 65 of 402 F(5) - F(6) lines outyielded the susceptible
checks by 50%. Eight advanced lines were selected for germplasm release in 1980-81. A new race of F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi was identified and found to be important on 10-15% of the pea acreage in Western Washington. Acetone infusion of various combinations of seed treatment chemicals was advantageous only in reducing the amount of fungicide required to effectively control seed rot and damping off in peas.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Backcross six selections for the eight combinations of the genes af, st, and tl,within four cultivar backgrounds were increased in 1978 and are currently undergoing a winter increase. The resulting isogenic lines, differing in canopy design, will be compared in the field in 1979 for yield, quality, and response to plant population and spacing. The first backcross was made to transfer the sbv gene, for resistance to pea seedborne mosaic, into commercial lentil cultivars. Three lentil hybrids were advanced to the F(6) generation by single seed descent (SSD) and bulk population (BP) breeding methods. SSD maintained at least as much genetic variability and selection potential as those populations advanced by BP, and had the advantage of reduced requirements of space, time and effort.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
The BC(5) was made to transfer three leaf morphological genes (af,st,tl) to fourdivergent pea cultivars. Resulting isogenic lines after six backcrosses, eight within each cultivar, will be compared for standing ability, resistance to foliar diseases, yield, and quality. 'Garfield' and 'Tracer' dry peas were released. Major improvements of Garfield are 15% higher yield, improved plant height, and resistance to Fusarium and Pythium root rot. Major improvements of Tracer are 45% greater yield, improved plant height, more uniform seed size, shape and color and resistance to pea root rot. Diallel crosses have been made between lines that vary in capacity to fix CO(2) (3 high rate, 2 medium rate, and 3 lower rate). Seed is now available from the F(1) and F(2) generations to study inheritance of photosynthetic rates in peas. Field studies indicate that pea lines which mature later in the season tend to send roots deeper into the soil and use more soil moisture,
regardless of yield potential. Growth analysis on seed and pod development in several lines of field grown peas indicate that seed-fill-duration lasts from 25-28 days, but this period was initiated from as early as 7-4-76 to as late as 7-14-76. The lateness of the seed fill period positively correlated with water use. Lentils were shown to be susceptible to pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSBMV). Resistance was shown to be present in the World collection and also in common Chilean lentils.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Lentils: Spring type lines showed no significant yield increase differences. Heat stress increased flower-pod abortion & inhibited seed development. Back crosses were made & studied to increase yields. Low shatter line developed. Winterhardy types increased yields over 100%. Improved lines tested. No tillage, minimum tillage seedbeds and cultured studies highly encouraging. Weeds limiting problem to production. Pathological surveys indicate minimum problem. Peas: The BC, was made to transfer three leaf morphological (af, st, tl) into five divergent cultivars. After six backcrosses the resulting isolines, eight within each cultivar, wil be compared for standing ability & yield. The overall amount of nitrogen fixed by peas in the Palouse was extremelylow (2 kg/ha). N-fixation by Rhizobium was not increased when pea root rot was controlled in the early growth stages. Two dry pea cultivars, Garfield (WA110-9)& Tracer (WA1582) have been recommended for release in
the Palouse. Seasonal soil moisture extraction patterns under field-grown peas are being used to evaluate plant root systems. Correlation of field performance with radioactive tracer & root chamber techniques should allow us to devise routine screening procedures for identification of superior root types. (For further information see CRIS 0940-03-08).
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Advanced breeding lines of yellow-and red cotyledonous lentils were tested in field trials; 12 lines produced higher yields than standard commercial materials. Studies on pod and seed shatter indicated low variability for these characters among breeding lines. More than 500 lines were retested for winter hardiness; 3 lines were planted in yield trials. Pathogens isolated from field-grown plants indicated no serious problems. Photosynthetic rates (pn) in 82 pea genotypes varied from 8.0 to 37.3mgCO(2)dm-2hr-1 with a mean of 19.3. Photosynthetic rates were highly heritable (79.5%), and it was concluded that dry pea varieties with high pn rates can be developed. High pn was highly correlated with high transpiration rates (T). In the same 82 genotypes, T ranged from 0.5 to 4.3gH(2)Odm-yhr-1 with a mean of 1.5. The high correlation between pn and T indicates that water use efficiency must be considered in the breeding program. The BC(3) was made to transfer three
leaf morphological genes (AF,ST,TL) into five divergent cultivars. Artificial bleaching of pea seed was produced by applying 8ml of water to 25 seeds or 5 grams of seed on blotters in petri dishes, and placing the dishes in a growth chamber at 21.5C and 82 lux of light for 6 days. The technique was highly correlated with field bleaching observed in 29 pea cultivars (r = .78**, df = 27). The technique is useful in determining susceptibility of breeding lines to seed bleaching. For further information see CRIS Report No. 0940-03-08.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Leaf morphological parameters were sought which could be used as selection criteria to identify genotypes of Pisum sativum L. which have high photosynthetic efficiency. Highly significant differences were found among 82 genotypes for the following leaf parameters: upper and lower epidermal stomatal index, upper and lower epidermal stomate length, specific leaf weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. However, correlations between parameters and photosynthetic rates were poorly correlated except transpiration rate which showed r = .67. Apparently none of the easily measured leaf morphological parameters could conveniently be used as selection criteria to improve photosynthetic efficiency in peas. To develop near isogeniclines of peas for leaf morphological genes (AF, ST, TL), BC(1) F(2) segregants were backcrossed to seven recurrent parents. BC(2) F(2) segregants will be backcrossed to the recurrent parents. Artificial bleaching of
pea seeds was induced by providing the seeds with water and light. At 21.5 C, 82 lux of light, and 8 ml of distilled water, maximum bleaching without germination occurred, whereas bleaching was very limited under the same conditions in the dark. The technique should prove useful in selecting pea genotypes for resistance to seed bleaching.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
Crosses tested for root rot resistance, higher yields, quality, seed size, shape, color, and plant type, and heritability studied. DRY PEAS: two lines are being considered for release. Hybrid lines have resistance to root rots, shattering, frost; increased peduncles, pods, ovules, germination, and protein; decreased bleaching improved seed size, shape, and color; and up-right vine habit, stem fasciation, and earliness. LENTILS: hybrid lines have factors for earliness, spreading canopy, up-right vine habit, and large root systems; resistance shattering, seed browning, and lodging; and increased number of peduncles, pods, ovules, germination, and protein.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
LENTILS: Plants with desirable agronomic characters including shatter resistantpods and large nonmottled seed with high protein content were grown in preliminary yield trials. Crosses were made to determine mode of inheritance ofvarious characters. Selections were made in hybrid red cotyledon lines for yield potential and seed type. DRY PEAS: Hybrid and selection studies for improvement of agronomic characters have been conducted on peas. Principal characters investigated were for high protein, resistance to bleaching, disease resistance, and high yield. Two lines, one green seeded and the other yellow seeded, are expected to be released in 1971.
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
DRY PEAS: Selections were made in foreign pea introductions for disease resistance and desirable agronomic characters, resistance to bleaching, frost damage, and seed types. Hybridization and testing was to improve yields, quality and other agronomic characters. Crosses were made among parents having 32% protein. One yellow and 2 green-seeded lines were recommended for new varietal releases. LENTILS: Selections were made in foreign lentil introductions for disease resistance and desirable agronomic characters, seed types, coat-color, and yield potential. Crosses were made among parents having 30% protein. Observations were made on progenies to determine the mode of character inheritance. One large-seeded lentil, TPKOA, was the first lentil variety named and released in the United States.
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
PEAS: 825 crosses and backcrosses were harvested for high yield characters and quality. Selections produced 44 green- and 27 yellow-seeded purelines. Two green-seeded lines and two yellow-seeded lines were selected. Cooperative fieldscreening trials on 10 herbicides for controlling weeds in peas indicated Triallate and Trifluralin have potential effectiveness. LENTILS: 128 crosses were harvested. Selections produced 99 purelines. Selections produced 10 purelines in advanced generations with high yield potential. One line was tentatively named and a proposal for a new variety release submitted. Inheritance studies on cotyledon color were terminated and two manuscripts prepared. Pollination studies to determine percent outcrossing were terminated;the percent was less than 1%. A manuscript on pollination studies is being prepared.
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Progress 01/01/67 to 12/30/67
Outputs
OBJECTIVES: Develop smooth-seeded dry pea and lentil varieties with higher yield potential, seed quality, and disease resistance than commercial lines. APPROACHES AND STAGE RESULTS: PEAS: A total of 310 crosses were made among parental material selected for smooth seedcoat, high yield characters, and quality. Selection and subsequent testing produced 19 green- and 13 yellow-seeded pure lines with high yield potential. Space planting trials of 4 pure lines indicated yields increased when spacings within rows decreased. Analysis of seeds of 515 pure lines showed a protein content ranging from 22 to 34%. LENTILS: Hybridization techniques have been developed to permit crossing of lentil accessions. This represents a major accomplishment since the lentil flower is largely cleistogamous, pollinating at a very early stage. Out of 361 crosses, 49 were successful. These are growing in greenhouse studies on pollination and inheritance influences on yield and quality.
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