Progress 05/01/07 to 04/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Sugar water, simulating waste waters from Michigan food processing facilities, was added to columns of sand, loamy sand and clay loam materials in the laboratory. Manganese and Fe leached from columns that received 75 lbs of BOD per acre per day or more. Cold temperatures (2 and 4◦C) did not reduce microbial activity as indicated by leaching of Mn and Fe. Manganese and Fe were present in leachate from 18-inch, sand columns after receiving 125 lbs of BOD per acre per day for about 10 weeks, from 36-inch columns after 83 weeks, but not from 72-inch columns after 92 weeks. Adding 375 lbs of BOD per acre per week to sand columns in three days per week did not produce less Mn and Fe in leachate than adding it in five days. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Research to date indicate BOD loading rates must be less than 75 lbs of BOD per acre per day. This is much less than the recommended 500 lbs of BOD per acre per day. Adding food processing waste waters on three days and resting for two days is not superior to adding on five days with no resting days.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Sugar water, simulating waste waters from two Michigan food processing facilities, was added to columns of sand, loamy sand and clay loam soil materials in the laboratory. Manganese and iron leached from columns of sand and loamy sand that received 75 lbs of BOD per acre per day or more. Manganese and iron leached from columns of clay loam that received 125 lbs of BOD per acre per day. Cold temperatures (2 and 4oC) did not appear to reduce microbial activity as indicated by leaching of manganese and iron.
Impacts
The recommended loading rate for waste waters from food processing facilities has been 500 lbs of BOD per acre per day. Metals have been detected in drinking water obtained from wells on neighboring properties. The data obtained thus far suggest the BOD loading must be less than 75 lbs of BOD per acre per day. Land application may be successfully applied during cold temperatures.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey field activities are complete in Michigan. Preparation of final reports (CDs) and digitizing of soil maps continue. Updating of older soil surveys on MLRA basis has begun. SSURGO data are available for 79 of the 83 counties in Michigan on the NRCS Soil Data Mart.
Impacts
Completion of the inventory of soil resources for Michigan provides all land use planners in the state a good base on which to make decisions. Digitizing recently completed soil surveys and older soil surveys make them more useable.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey field activities were completed in Gogebic, Ontonagon and Schoolcraft Counties. This marks the completion of the inventory of soil resources for the state of Michigan. Preparation of final reports and digitizing of the soil maps continue. Updating of older soil surveys has begun. Forty years after soil removal and planting of trees, podzolization was visibly and chemically evident.
Impacts
Completion of the inventory of soil resources for Michigan provides all land use planners in the state a good base on which to make decisions. The finding that after only 40 years podzolization was evident indicates these soil forming processes occur quickly and further explain the short time needed for recementing of broken ortstein in blueberry fields.
Publications
- Bronick, C.J., Mokma, D.L. 2005. Podzolization in a sand pit in northern Michigan. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69:1757-1760.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Gogebic, Ontonagon and Schoolcraft Counties. Extensive recementation of crushed ortstein occurred after 1.5 weeks of addition of blueberry leaf extract. Degree and strength of cementation tended to increase with duration of blueberry leaf extract additions. The amount of recementation was greater for extracts from podzolizing species than those from depodzolizing species, however, the strength of the recemented materials was not significantly different. A commercially available soil amendment appeared to have potential to retard recementing of crushed or broken ortstein. A visually evident podzol was observed in 230-year old pedon and a chemically evident podzol was evident after 900 years of podzol formation.
Impacts
Deep tillage to break up ortstein alone is not likely a permanent solution to the problem of ortstein inhibiting blueberry production. It is not clear whether depodzolizing species will successfully prevent broken ortstein from recementing. A soil amendment appears to be useful in retarding recementation of broken ortstein.
Publications
- Bronick, C.J., Mokma, D.L., Li, H., Boyd, S.A. 2004. Recementation of crushed ortstein by blueberry leaf extract. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:558-561.
- Bronick, C.J., Mokma, D.L., Kizilkaya, K., Li, H., Boyd, S.A. 2004. Recementation of crushed ortstein by leaf extract from podzolizing and depodzolizing species. Soil Sci. 169:306-313.
- Bronick, C.J., Mokma, D.L., Hanson, E.J. 2004. Recementation of crushed ortstein by leaf extracts, selected organic acids, and a soil amendment. HortTechnology 14:218-222.
- Mokma, D.L. 2004. Organic soils. Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. p. 118-129.
- Mokma, D.L., Yli-Halla, M., Lindquist, K. 2004. Podzol formation in sandy soils of Finland. Geoderma 120:259-272.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Gogebic, Ontonagon and Schoolcraft counties. Soil survey activities were completed in Alger, Benzie, Keweenaw, Luce, Manistee and Oscoda counties. The Weibull distribution was found to be the most accurate method to determine dry aggregate-size distribution. Several problems with Spodosol classification in the field must be resolved in the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Impacts
Methods of determining dry aggregate-size distributions result in different estimates of wind erosion and the soil management systems required to minimize the erosion. Problems in Spodosol classification cause soils with similar responses to use and management classified differently producing confusion in soil mappers and users of soil survey information.
Publications
- Zobeck, T.M., Popham, T.W., Skidmore, E.L., Lamb, J.A., Merrill, S.D., Lindstrom, M.J., Mokma, D.L., Yoder, R.E. 2003. Aggregate-mean diameter and wind-erodible soil predictions using dry aggregate-size distributions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:425-436.
- Mokma, D.L., Yli-Halla, M. 2003. Keys to Soil Taxonomy for Finland. Soil Survey Horizons 44:101-105.
- Mokma, D.L., Yli-Halla, M. 2003. Problems with Spodosol classification in the field. Soil Survey Horizons 44:117-122.
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alger, Benzie, Gogebic, Keweenaw, Luce, Manistee, Ontonagon, Oscoda and Schoolcraft counties. Crushed ortstein recemented after receiving blueberry leaf extracts for 1 1/2 weeks. Aggregation and aggregate strength increased with time. Organic matter and A1 were involved in the recementing process. Crushed ortstein receiving bent gress or fescue extracts was less cemented. A commercial soil amendment decreased aggregation.
Impacts
Rapid recementing of crushed ortstein indicates blueberry growers should not remove their blueberry bushes, deep till to break the ortstein, and then replant. The deep tillage alone will only be a temporary fix for the problem and may not be worth the expense.
Publications
- Wolfson, L., Mokma, D., Schultink, G., Dersch, E. 2002. Development and use of a wetlands information system for assessing wetland functions. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 7:207-216.
- Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D.L. 2002. Problems encountered when classifying soils of Finland, p.183-189. In: E. Micheli, F.O. Nachtergaele, R.J.A. Jones and L. Montanarella (eds) Soil Classification 2001. European Soil Bureau Research Report No. 7, EUR 20398 EN, (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
- Mokma, D.L. 2002. Spodosols. p. 1250-1252. In: R. Lal9ed) Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Marcel Dekker, New York.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alger, Benzie, Gogebic, Keweenaw, Luce, Manistee, Ontonagon, Oscota and Schoolcraft counties. Crushed ortstein recemented after receiving blueberry leaf extracts for 1 1/2 weeks. Aggregation and aggregate strength increased with time. Organic matter and Al were involved in the recementing process. Crushed ortstein receiving bent grass or fescue extracts was less cemented. A commercial soil amendment decreased aggregation.
Impacts
Rapid recementing of crushed ortstein indicates blueberry growers should not remove their blueberry bushes, deep till to break the ortstein, and then replant. The deep tillage will only be a temporary fix for the problem and is not worth the expense.
Publications
- Mokma, D.L., Yli-Halla, M., Hartikainen, H. 2000. Soils in a young landscape on the coast of southern Finland. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 9:291-302.
- Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D.L., Starr, M. 2001. Criteria for frigid and cryic temperature regimes. Soil Survey Horizons 42:11-18.
- Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D.L. 2001. Soils in an agricultural landscape of Jokivinen, south-western Finland. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 10:33-43.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alger, Benzie, Gogebic, Keweenaw, Luce, Manistee, Ontonagon and Schoolcraft counties. Crushed outstern was recemented after receiving white pine and blueberry extracts but not after receiving distilled water.
Impacts
Rapid recementing of crushed ortstein indicates blueberry growers should not remove their blueberry bushes, deep till to break the ortstein, and then replant. The deep tillage will only be a temporary fix for the problem and is not worth the expense.
Publications
- Mokma, D.L., Yli-Halla, M. 2000. Keys to Soil Taxonomy for Finland. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 31 pp.
- Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D.L., Peltovuori, T., Sippola, J. 2000. Agricultural soil profiles in Finland and their classification. Agricultural Research Centre of Finland. Series A 78. 104 pp.
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alger, Benzi, Gogebic, Keweenaw, Luce, Manistee, Ontonagon and Schoolcraft counties. A slowly permeble soil accepted sand filter effluent at a rate of six times greater than septic tank effluent.
Impacts
The use of slowly permeable soils will permit improved treatment of onsite wastewater compared to coarse soils, thereby reducing potential contamination of surface and ground waters.
Publications
- Mokma, D.L., Evans, C.V. 1999. Spodosols. p. E-307-E321. In M.E. Sumner(ed.) Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
- Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D.L. 1998. Soil temperature regimes in Finland. Agricultural and Food Sciences in Finland. 7:507-517.
- Yli-Halla, M. Mokma, D.L. 1999. Classification of soils of Finland according to Soil Taxomy. Soil Survey Horizons 40:59-69.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alger, Benzie, Luce, Manistee and Roscommon counties. Soil survey activities were begun in Gogebic, Keweenaw, Ontonagon, Oscoda and Schoolcraft counties and were completed in Alpena, Kalkaska, Marquette and Otsego counties. A color index correlated well with duration of saturation in soils developed from 10YR parent materials. The index had to be modified for soils developed from 5YR parent materials. Neither index was related to duration of saturation in Spodosols. A slowly permeable soil accepted sand filter effluent at a rate of 7 to 12 times greater than septic tank effluent.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mokma, D. L. 1998. Water tables and morphology of several soils in Michigan, USA. Trends in Soil Science 2:83-93.
- Loudon, T. L., G. S. Salthouse and D. L. Mokma. 1998. Wastewater quality and trench system design effects on soil acceptance rates. p. 186-194. In: Onsite Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the Eighth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. ASAE. St. Joseph, MI.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alpena, Benzie, Kalkaska, Luce, Manistee, Marquette, Otsego and Roscommon Counties. Soil survey activities were begun in Alger County and completed in Montmorency County. Redox concentrations, in addition to gleying and redox depletions, are indicators of water saturation in sandy Michigan soils, especially those that are moderately well-drained. Common, distinct or prominent redox concentrations in uppermost horizons with redoximorphic features are indicators of water saturation in sandy soils. Cemented horizons in four pedons from Olympic Peninsula, Washington were not related to illuviation of organic C, Al, and Fe, whereas, those in the two Michigan pedons were. The two Michigan pedons had ortstein but the four Washington pedons lacked ortstein.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mokma, D. L. 1997. Water tables and color patterns in sandy soils in Michigan. Soil Surv. Horiz. 38:55-60.
- Mokma, D. L. 1997. Ortstein in selected soils from Washington and Michigan. Soil Surv. Horiz. 38:71-75.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alpena, Benzie, Kalkaska, Luce, Manistee, Marquette, Montmorency, Otsego and Roscommon counties. Weathering of minerals in the sand and silt fractions of Alfisols appeared to be hindered by high water tables. Transformation of mica to vermiculite or hydroxy interlayered vermiculite was impeded by water saturation. Spodic horizon chemistry was not responsive to water table fluctuation. The chemistry of E horizons of Spodosols reflect frequency of water table fluctuation. The chemistry of C horizons in Spodosols was more responsive to water table fluctuations than that of B horizons.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Evans, C.V., Mokma, D.L. 1996. Sandy wet Spodosols: water tables, chemistry, and pedon partitioning. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60:1495-1501.
- Haile-Mariam. S., Mokma, D.L. 1996. Mineralogy of two fine loamy hydrosequences in south-central Michigan. Soil Surv. Horiz. 37:65-74.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
National Cooperataive Soil Survey activities continued in Alpena, Benzie, Kalkaska, Luce, Manistee, Marquette, Montmorency, Otsego and Roscommon counties. Weathering of minerals in the sand and silt fractions of Spodosols appeared to be hindered by high water tables, especially in the poorly drained soils. Clay mineral distribution in two hydrosequences suggested that muscovite had transformed to vermiculite in B horizons. Weathering intensity of this sequence was apparently impeded by water saturation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alpena, Kalkaska, Luce,Marquette, Montmorency, Otsego and Roscommon counties. Soil survey activities were begun in Benzie and Manistee counties and completed in Iosco county. Using ground-penetrating radar and conventional field techniques, ortstein in somewhat poorly drained Spodosols was found to be more continuous and more strongly cemented with horizontal orientation, whereas the ortstein in excessively drained to moderately well-drained Spodosols in less continuous and less strongly cemented with vertical orientation. Redoximorphic features were identified with difficulty in most saturated horizons Spodosols. Most mottles in E and B horizons appeared to reflect differences in eluvation and illuviation. Existing color indices were not helpful in relating soil whose patterns to water saturation. Low Fe content in spodic horizons was a good indicator of water saturation. Water saturation appeared to hinder
trans-location of Al and Fe in these soils. An existing color index was modifiedto better predict water saturation in hydrosequences developed form 5YR parent materials. The presence of hematite in these red soils caused these soils to be less gray than would be predicted from landscape position and piezometer data. Iron contents in high chroma mottles were less than those in low chroma mottles, suggesting Fe has moved in saturated horizons of these soils.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alpena, Iosco, Kalkaska, Marquette, Montmorency, Otsego and Roscommon counties. Soil survey activities were begun in Luce county and completed in Mackinac county. The evaluation of criteria to define the spodic horizon continued. Organic carbon content of spodic horizons is strongly correlated with optical density of the ammonium oxalate extract (ODOE). Therefore, to include both organic C and ODOE in the requirements of the spodic horizon is redundant. Field measurement of soil pH using colorimetric methods is highly variable. Therefore, soil pH should not be a criteris for the spodic horizon.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey Activities continued in Alpena, Iosco, Kalkaska, Mackinac, Marquette, Montmorency and Otsego Counties. Soil survey was begun in Roscommon County and completed in Crawford County. The study of ortstein continuity continued. Aquod pedons had greater amounts of ortstein than Orthod pedons. Cemented ortstein holds less water than crushed ortstein. Ortstein soils have lower site indices than similar soils that lack ortstein.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Crawford, Isoco, Mackinac, Marquette, and Montmorency Counties. Soil Surveys were begun in Alpena, Kalkaska and Otsego Counties and completed in Alcona, Calhoun, Iron and Oceana Counties. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to study presence and continuity of ortstein in several landscapes. In well drained Spodosols (Orthods) ortstein occurred as pillars with connecting bridges. In somewhat poorly drained Spodosols (Aquods) ortstein had a more horizontal orientation. Ortstein was more continuous in Aquods than in Orthods. GPR was also used to develop a detailed soil map of a portion of an outwash plain with fine-loamy and coarse-loamy soils.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alcone, Calhoun, Crawford, Iron, Mackinac, Marquette, and Oceana Counties. Soil Surveys were begun in Iosco and Montmorency Counties and completed in Hillsdale and Mason Counties. Relationships between soil color and amorphous materials in Spodosol E and B horizons were studied. A color index was developed to quantify hue, value and chroma. It correlated better with the amount of pyrophosphate extractable C, Al and Fe (r=0.70) than with oxalate extractable C, Al and Fe (r=0.64). Optical density of oxalate extract (ODOE) correlated well with pyrophosphate extractable C (r=0.94). A recent proposal to change the chemical criteria for spodic horizons was evaluated using 39 Michigan Soils. All 37 soils with Spodosol morphology met the criteria but the two non-Spodosols also met them. Therefore, these criteria need further revision before they are adequate for classifying Michigan soils. ODOE, and oxalate extractable
Al and Fe contents appear to be related to texture of B horizons, therefore, limits may need to differ based on texture.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Alcona, Calhoun, Hillsdale, Iron, Mackinac, Mason, and Oceana Counties. Soil surveys were begun in Crawford and Marquette Counties and completed in Newaygo and Saginaw Counties. Relationships between soil color pattern and of water tables were studied using piezometers in three soil hydrosequences. A color index was developed to quantify matrix color, size and color of mottles, and continuity and color of clay films. It correlated well with duration of saturation when above 5 degrees C (r = 0.88) and with duration of total saturation (r = 0.87). This color index may be a useful tool to evaluate soils for a variety of land uses. The origin of spodic horizons in some sandy soils was investigated. Extractable C, Al and Fe were found to increase from the lightest to the darkest colored B horizons. Formation of the B horizons appears to be a function of forest vegetation. Fire frequency played a role by influencing
forest successional events. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to prepare a detailed map of a potential study area for ground-water research. Features which suggest funnel flow or preferential-flow patterns were identified in these sandy soils.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Hillsdale, Iron, Mason,Newaygo and Saginaw Counties. Soil surveys were begun in Alcona, Calhoun, Oceana and Mackinac Counties. Soil surveys were completed in Chippewa, Houghton, and Presque Isle Counties. A numerical index of podzol and podzolic soil development was developed using only morphologic data. The index assumes that pedogenesis and Spodosol development produces the following morphologic changes: the E (eluvial) horizon becomes whiter; the B (illuvial) horixon becomes redder and darker; and the number of B subhorizons increases. The POD index = (b.p) triangle H where V is the value difference between the E and B subhorizon, H is the number of pages different in hue and the summation occurs over all B subhorizons. The index was useful in differentiating between non-Spodosols and Spodosols, and between entic and typic subgroups of Spodosols. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to separate soils
with and without lamellae and with different thickness of sandy materials over silty clay materials. GPR was also used to study the continuity of ortstein of a somewhat poorly drained Spodosol.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Chippewa, Houghton, Iron, Newaygo, Presque Isle and Saginaw Counties. Soil surveys were begun in Hillsdale and Mason Counties. Soil surveys were completed in Barry, Cass, Cheboygan and Ogemaw Counties. Soil variability within five landforms (ground moraine, moraine, outwash plain and delta, lake plain, and depression) in the southern peninsula of Michigan was studied using point transects. Agreement between transect observations and mapping unit name was greatest for depression and least for moraine. Soil series agreement was greatest for lake plain and least for ground moraine. Contrasting soil inclusions varied from 30% for lake plain to 40% for depression.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Barry, Cass, Cheboygan,Chippewa, Houghton, Iron, Newaygo, Ogemaw, Presque Isle and Saginaw Counties. Conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses in the southernmost 41 counties in Michigan was much less than previously estimated. Only three percent of the prime and three percent of the good farmland were converted. The study area contains about 91 percent of the state's population and over 90 percent of the state prime farmland. Therefore, it is not advisable to adopt additional legislation preserving farmland.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Barry, Cass, Cheboygan,Chippewa, Houghton, Newaygo, Ogemaw, and Presque Isle Counties. Soil surveys were begun in Iron and Saginaw Counties.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Phenolic compounds, especially protocatechuic acid and possibly p-hyroxybenzoic and vanillic acids, may be involved in the formation of spodic horizons. These compounds have carboxylic and hydroxyl groups that are capable of interacting with Fe and A1. Protocatechuic acid, because of its ability to form chelate complexes and its prevalence in B horizons may play a major role in the podzolization process. Comparison of chemical criteria of the spodic horizon for three systems was made using 39 pedons from Michigan. Nineteen of the 37 pedons with spodosol morphology did not meet the spodic horizon criteria of Soil Taxonomy. Twenty failed to meet the criteria of the Canadian System. Only 4 pedons did not meet the recently proposed criteria. Soils with calcium carbonate-rich horizons formed in lacustrine over till materials. The carbonate-rich horizons are marl deposits in depressional areas. Available P and extractable Zn and Mn were low in soils with
carbonate-rich horizons but high in adjacent soils. National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Cheboygan, Chippewa, and Ogemaw Counties. Soil surveys were begun in Barry, Cass, Houghton, Newaygo, and Presque Isle. Soil surveys were completed in Dickinson and Menominee.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
The study to characterize some of Michigan's Spodosols continues. Some of the pedons did not meet the chemical criteria given in Soil Taxonomy for the spodic horizon. All pedons did meet the new chemical criteria for the spodic horizon as proposed by D.L. Mokma (see publication below). Three low molecular weight organic acids, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoid and vanillic acids, have been identified in the Spodosols. The characterization and genesis of some Claciaquolls in Tuscola County continues. The carbonate-rich horizons are marl deposits rather than secondary calcium carbonate. Hydraulic conductivities of the layers below the marl layers are lower than those of the C horizons in the adjacent Halpaquolls. The study relating forest productivity and soil properties is continuing. Site indexes of jack pine, red pine and sugar maple are being realted to thickness of the B horizon, solum thickness, depth to mottles, accumulation index of the B horizon and
geographical location. National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Dickinson and Menominee Counties and in Hiawatha and Ottawa National Forests. Soil surveys were begun in Cheboygan, Chippewa and Ogemaw Counties. Soil surveys of Allegan, Baraga, Branch, Tuscola and Van Buren Counties were completed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
A study to characterize some of Michigan's Spodosols continues. The results will aid in the classification of these soils and will aid in the development of interpretations. The characterization and genesis of some Calciaquolls in Tuscola County was begun. The yields on these soils are greatly reduced compared to the adjacent Haplaquolls. This study will aid in developing a management plant to increase the yields on these soils. A study to summarize SCS data on forest productivity and soils was begun. Data from this study will aid in developing better interpretations on potential forest productivity. Studies to determine the loss of prime farmland in southern Michigan continue. The loss of prime farmland in Jackson County occurred at the rate of 0.22% per year between 1938 and 1980. The loss of prime farmland in Washtenaw and St. Clair Counties occurred at the rate of 0.35% and 0.14% per year between 1964 and 1980 respectively. Between 1938 and 1976 Genesee
County lost prime farmland at the rate of 1.34% per year. National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Allegan, Baraga, Branch, Dickinson, Menominee, Tuscola, Van Buren Counties and in the Hiawatha and Ottawa National Forest. The soil surveys of Isabella, Kent, Lake and Wexford Counties were completed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Soil characterization studies were completed for the major soils at the Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station. The major soils are well drained, vary from sandy to find loamy, and are in the hapludalfs great group. This information will be useful in the development of the Station and in the analysis of the results. A soil association map of Michigan was completed. The colored map is published at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and has 78 associations. This map is useful for regional and statewide planning. The characterization and genesis of some Michigan Spodosols was begun. It is expected the results will aid in the classification of these soils. A study is underway to determine the loss of prime farmland in Washtenaw and St. Clair Counties between about 1963 and 1980. This will give a better estimate of the loss of prime farmland in the southeastern Michigan area. National Cooperative Soil Survey activities continued in Allegan, Baraga, Branch, Dickinson,
Isabella, Kent, Lake, Menominee, Missaukee, Tuscola, Van Buren and Wexford Counties and in the Hiawatha and Ottawa National Forests. The soil survey of Mecosta County was completed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Soil mapping has been continued in Lake-Wexford, Missaukee, Mecosta, Isabella, Tuscola, Kent, Allegan, Van Buren, Branch, Menominee, and Baraga Counties. Soil surveys were completed in St. Joseph County. New soil surveys were begun in Dickinson County. Soil characterization and moisture monitoring studies were begun at the Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Soil mapping has been continued in Lake-Wexford, St. Joseph, Branch, Allegan, Mecosta, Kent, Tuscola and Baraga Counties. Soil surveys were completed in Monroe and Oakland Counties. New surveys were begun in Van Buren, Isabella, Missaukee and Menominee Counties. A detailed soil map of the Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station has been completed.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Field work has been continued in Monroe, Lake-Wexford, Oakland, St. Joseph, Branch, Allegan and Mecosta Counties. Soil surveys were completed in Berrien and Jackson Counties. New surveys were begun in Kent, Tuscola and Baraga Counties. Manuscripts for Soil Survey Reports for Jackson and Berrien Counties have been reviewed. A table with accompanying text giving the composition of major mapping units in Huron County has been prepared and accepted for inclusion in the soil survey report.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Field work has been continued in Bay, Berrien, Huron, Ingham, Jackson, Kalamazooand Oakland Counties. Surveys were completed in Antrim, Clare and Midland Counties. The Monroe County soil survey is to be reactivated in 1978. New soilsurveys were begun in Lake-Wexford and St. Joseph Counties. Studies are in progress to assist regional, township and county officials or planners in using soils and related information in farmland evaluation and policy development plusimplementation of actions to: appraise farmlands, preserve essential farmlands, and locate proposed highways, suitable playgrounds, recreation areas, housing developments, plus sites suitable for disposing of dredgings for water quality improvement. Soil survey report manuscripts for Eaton, Gratiot and Antrim Counties have been reviewed. Updating of older published surveys are also underway. Saginaw County was completed this year and similar work is now underway in Hillsdale County. The possibility of
using slope class maps (prepared from topographic maps by the U.S. Geol. Survey) with the published soil map in Hillsdale is also being examined.
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Field work has been continued in Antrim, Bay, Berrien, Clare, Huron, Ingham, Jackson, and Midland Counties. New cooperative soil surveys have begun in Oakland, Lake and Wexford Counties. A soil survey was completed in Gratiot County. Field work on updating of the 1933 Saginaw Co. survey has been completed. The Soil Conservation Service updated the interpretations for the Montcalm County soil survey. Point transects of delineated map units are being used in all cooperative progressive soil surveys to provide more adequate descriptive legends and map unit names. This technique was the basis for updating the 1933 Saginaw County survey. Soils on experimental plots of the Crop and Soil Sciences Dept. (and others as requested) throughout Michigan are identified and delineated. The resulting soil information is finding increasing use in land use planning in rural and suburban areas. Farmland evaluation and recognition of essential future agricultural land resources
for food, feed, and fiber production are of particular interest. Land disposal of waste waters is also contributing to environmental improvement. Preliminary investigations in Jackson Co., MI. indicate the thermal bands of MSS imagery are useful in supplementing aerial photography, particularly in differentiating organic and mineral soil areas.
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Field work has been continued in Clare, Gratiot, Huron, and Ingham Counties. New cooperative surveys have begun in Antrim, Berrien and Jackson Counties. SCSis continuing a survey in Midland County, has begun a new survey in Bay County, and has discontinued the survey in Monroe County. MAES began an updating of theSaginaw Co. (1933) survey. Point-Transects of delineated map units are being used in all cooperative progressive soil surveys to provide more adequate descriptive legends and correlations of the soil names. This technique is also being used in Saginaw County. Soils on Experimental Plots of the Crop and Soil Sciences (and other departments as requested) throughout Michigan are being identified and delineated. The interdisciplinary nature of the research in thisproject is in part evident in the specialities of the current participants. Theresulting soil information is finding increasing use in land use planning and environmental improvements. The use
of newer remote sensing techniques for recognition and mapping of soils are being evaluated in Jackson County.
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Field work and final correlations have been completed in Eaton, Clinton, Washtenaw and Wayne Counties this year. Surveys have been continued in Clare, Ingham, and Huron Counties. Characterization of some soils in Huron, Clinton and Ingham Counties were completed and others are in progress in Huron and othersurvey areas. Point-transects of delineated map units in all cooperative progressive soil surveys are being made by MAES personnel to improve the descriptive legends and correlations of the soil names. Soils on Crop and Soil Sciences Experimental plots throughout Michigan were identified. The interdisciplinary nature of the research in this project is in part evident in the study areas from which the current participants come. The soil information resulting is finding increasing use in land use planning and environmental improvements.
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
Soil surveys were continued in Eaton, Huron, Wayne and Washtenaw Counties. Quality of these current soil survey maps and legends is now being checked with transects of the mapped areas. This makes possible much improved descriptive legends and more accurate names of the map units. Transects require about 5% ofthe field time. Soils are being identified on the current experimental plots in the crops and soil sciences department. This, with the soil surveys, facilitates use of the results of the experiments in the areas of Michigan to which they apply. Soil characterization studies were begun in Huron County. This work results in more accurate classification of the soils and better predictions of their suitabilities for various uses. Recent soil maps in Eaton, Ingham, Clinton, and Washtenaw Counties are being used in the evaluation of modern remote sensing techniques for identification and mapping of soils. In Washtenaw County the soil survey has been very useful in
studies of Impact of Highway Construction of the Environment and the prediction of impact along a proposed route.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
A cooperative soil survey was initiated in Wayne County and cooperative progressive soil surveys were continued in Clare, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham and Washtenaw Counties. The Soil Conservation Service initiated a resurvey of Midland County. A technique for determining composition of the mapping units after delineation has been used this year in all three of the progressive soil surveys where the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station personnel were participating. This makes possible improved descriptive legends and more precise interpretations for various uses. Results clearly indicate that the mapping units are less homogeneous (about 55% as named) than previouslybelieved (about 80% as named) and more accurate names can be applied to the units as a result. Only about 5% of the field time is required for these studies. Laboratory characterization of representative soil profiles are also being continued.
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
Field work was continued on detailed soil surveys in Washtenaw, Gratiot, Eaton, and Case Counties. Characterization and mapping of 53,460 acres in those counties were completed by M.A.E.S. personnel. I-Tex copies of each field sheetplus interpretation sheets for each soil series are made available at the end ofeach field season in each area. Interpretations are made for Agriculture, Forestry, Recreational Suburban and Urban uses of land. Laboratory studies werecontinued on soils sampled in Allegan, Clinton, Crawford, Gratiot, Ingham, St. Clair and Washtenaw counties. Samples were collected from some experiment areasfor laboratory analyses. The Continuous Forest Inventory - Soil studies were continued in Northern Michigan (particularly the Upper Peninsula). The relationships between the kinds of soils and the growth increments at 5 year intervals make possible better management and evaluations of forest lands. The soils were classified on 60 of 80 outlying
experimental plot areas of the Crop &Soil Sciences Department in 1970. The plots are located in 39 of the 83 counties. The experimental results on these plots will be more applicable to the particular soils represented with the aid of the detailed soil surveys.
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Field work was continued on medium intensity surveys in Washtenaw, Gratiot, Clare and Monroe counties. Characterization and mapping of 58,230 acres in those areas were completed by the M.A.E.S. personnel. In addition laboratory studies were continued on soils sampled in Clinton, Ingham, Washtenaw, Clare, Gratiot, Allegan and Crawford counties. The Continuous Forest Inventory-Soil Studies were continued in the Upper Peninsula. The latter was cost shared by the Mead Corporation of Escanaba, Michigan. I-Tex copies of each soil survey field sheet, with copies of interpretative information sheets on each soil series, are made available locally at the end of each field season.
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
Field work on a medium intensity soil survey of St. Clair Co. was completed and a similar survey was initiated in Washtenaw County. Surveys were continued in Clinton-Ingham-Eaton, Clare, Gratiot and Monroe Counties. M.E.E.S. personnel mapped 150,167 acres in these survey areas in addition to making laboratory studies to characterize the soils more completely, assure their correct classification and facilitate their wise utilization. The continuous Forest Inventory Soil Studies was continued in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Ford Forestry Center, and Michigan Conservation Department. I-Tex copies of each soil survey field sheet, with copies of interpretive information sheets on each soil series, are now made available locally annually during the progress of each soil survey. The contract on the cost sharing survey in Washtenaw Co. has been renewed for 1969. The county is providing funds for 1/2 of the cost of the survey and
its publication.
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