Progress 07/01/84 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We have continued to evaluate a number of apple and stone fruit cultivars under Wisconsin conditions. Honeycrisp is a high quality apple that is well accepted in the marketplace, but it is strongly biennial bearing and is very susceptible to fireblight when young. Apple cultivar evaluation plots at Sturgeon Bay are continuing. The Harrow selection of apricot cultivars appear well adapted to Wisconsin conditions. These could be the basis for a small but profitable apricot industry here. Peaches are not sufficiently hardy for Wisconsin. Our cherry evaluations have not been successful as birds eat the fruit before they are ready for commercial harvest.
PARTICIPANTS: Bill Schmitt-Technician
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this information is commercial tree fruit growers. The information is also valuable to Extension specialists and county faculty who advise commercial growers and hobbyists.
Impacts
These research results allow Wisconsin Extension specialists to make recommendations about adapted cultivars to both commercial and hobby growers. This information is outlined in several extension publications.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
We have continued to evaluate a number of apple and stone fruit cultivars under Wisconsin conditions. Honeycrisp is strongly biennial bearing and requires excessive thinning to bear fruit annually. Apple cultivar evaluation plots at Sturgeon Bay are continuing. The Harrow selections of Apricot seem very well adapted to Wisconsin conditions. We have harvested crops of high quality fruit about 3 of 5 years. Hardy peach trees have survived, but have not thrived. Our cherry evaluations have not been successful as birds eat the fruit before they are ready for commercial harvest.
Impacts
This research allows us to make recommendations to Wisconsin fruit producers as they consider replanting older blocks. It is also useful as we counsel with potential fruit producers who are looking to get into the business.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
We have evaluated cultivars of various tree fruit and small fruits. Late spring frosts in 2005 killed flowers in all stone fruits except tart cherries at Arlinton, WI. Birds consumed the tart cherries before data could be collected. Plantings of fall bearing raspberries are being established at Arlington, but are not sufficiently mature to collect meaningful data yet. Some of the newer cultivars appear promising and bear fruit earlier in the year so they produce most of their crop before fall frosts.
Impacts
Results from this research is disseminated to growers via winter meetings and association newsletters. When growers know the results of university research they can use this information to make better informed choices about what plant materials to choose and plant.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
We continue to evaluate new materials as they become available and to learn to grow them appropriately for our cold climate. The Canadian apricots have fruited reliably with reasonable fruit quality. Balaton tart cherry has better quality than Montmorency and the red juice makes it an attractive fruit for Wisconsin growers. Many of the newer apples require too long of a season for us to mature them reliably. If funding can be generated we'd like to look at additional cherry cultivars.
Impacts
The information we have obtained has been used to write Extension publications and to counsel growers who are anticipating planting new cultivars. This information has helped growers avoid cultivars that are either poor or poorly adapted to Wisconsin.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
We have evaluated cultivars of apple, apricot, cherry and pear in Wisconsin. Most stone fruits are too tender for our climate. Many of the newer apple cultivars require a longer growing season than we are able to provide. This project is being terminated because of our current inability to obtain plant material prior to growers. This is a result of changes in interpretation of plant patent laws.
Impacts
The information we have obtained has been used to write Extension publications and to counsel growers who are anticipating planting new cultivars. This information has helped growers avoid cultivars that are either poor or poorly adapted to Wisconsin.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Late spring frosts took our apricot, sweet cherry and tart cherry crops. Honeycrisp apples still appear promising. Overcropping results in reduced flavor/aromatics. This is similar to its parent honeygold. We removed the remaining plums and plan to remove the balance of the stone fruits this year.
Impacts
The information from these trials is used to write Extension publications and to advise growers on cultivars that will likely be successful in Wisconsin.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Another mild winter allowed us to evaluate apricot and peach cultivars at Arlington. Harcot appear to be suited to our climate for small plantings. Hargrand has not survived our winters. Harogem also appears promising. Harcot is too large, although productive. None of the peaches or plums had commercial quality. The apples and pears fruited well. The columnar apple trees are still productive even though they appear spur bound. We continue to remove inferior apple cultivars as we learn their fruit and tree characteristics. New plantings are planned for 2003
Impacts
These results allow us to help growers select cultivars that will be successfully grown in Wisconsin. We use the information to prepare Extension bulletins and presentations to grower and Master Gardener audiences.
Publications
- Roper, T.R. 2002. Apple Cultivars for Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin-Extension. Bulletin A2105. 4 pp.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
We planted a number of new apple trees in this planting that will be evaluated over time. Honeycrisp performed very well, although we did have some bitter pit and some fireblight. Gala yields well in our climate, but the fruit are small and it is very susceptible to fireblight. Columnar apple trees did very well, taking up little space, but are very productive. Haralson is not acceptable since it russets and cracks. Apricots fruited again with Harval having the best quality. We had sweet cherries this year, but the birds got them before we did.
Impacts
This information is used to help commercial growers and gardeners to select plant material that is best suited to Wisconsin.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Another mild winter allowed us to evaluate apricot and peach cultivars at Arlington. Harcot appear to be suited to our climate for small plantings. Hargrand has not survived our winters. Harogem also appears promising. None of the peaches or plums had commercial quality. The apples and pears fruited well. The columnar apple trees are still productive even though they appear spur bound. We continue to remove inferior
Impacts
Information from this project has allowed us to make recommendations to commercial and amateur fruit growers regarding suitable cultivars. This saves growers money because they don't need to plant inferior cultivars just to see how they grow in a northern climate.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
A mild winter allowed us to evaluate Apricot and peach cultivars at Arlington. Goldcot and Harcot appear to be suited to our climate for small plantings, however, Goldcot trees are large and vigorous. None of the peaches had commercial quality. The apples and pears fruited well. Norda and Norther Lights are not of commercial quality. We continue to remove inferior apple cultivars as we learn their fruit and tree characteristics.
Impacts
These results allow us to make cultivar recommendations to Wisconsin fruit growers for materials that will be hardy of of high quality.
Publications
- Roper, T.R., D.L. Mahr and P.S. McManus. 1998. Growing apricots, cherries, peaches and plums in Wisconsin. Extension Bulletin A3639. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Madison, WI.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
A mild winter allowed us to evaluate Apricot and peach cultivars at Arlington. Goldcot and Harcot appear to be suited to our climate for small plantings. None of the peaches had commercial quality. Harrow Beauty peaches are not hardy in our climate. The apples and pears fruited well. Honeycrisp appears to be a superior cultivar. Gala is highly susceptible to fire blight. We continue to remove inferior apple cultivars as we learn their fruit and tree characteristics. We anticipate removing most of the plums in 1998.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Roper, T.R., D.L. Mahr and P.S. McManus. 1997. Growing Pears in Wisconsin. UWEX-Madison. (A2072)
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
Cold weather in February 1996 killed all apricot, peach and sweet cherry fruit buds at Arlington. The trees mostly survived, but are growing poorly. The peach trees have extensive shoot dieback. The apples and pears fruited well. Honeycrisp appears to be a superior cultivar. Gala is highly susceptible to fire blight. We continue to remove inferior apple cultivars as we learn their fruit and tree characteristics. We anticipate removing most of the plums in 1998.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Roper, T.R., B.R. Smith and R. Weidman. 1996. Home Fruit Cultivars for Southern Wisconsin. UWEX-Madison. Bulletin A2582. (major revision).
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Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93
Outputs
No new plantings were made in 1993. Apples. The highly colored strains of `McIntosh' and `Cortland' are quite satisfactory. `Earligold' shows great promise for an early yellow apple. `Gala' grows well, but fruit size tends to be small, even after vigorous thinning. Small fruit size in `Gala' may be a function of early cool weather. `Honeycrisp', which was introduced by the University of Minnesota, produced a small crop of very high quality apples. These were also tested in controlled atmosphere storage with good results. Promising fall apples are `Jonagold', and `Empire'. Promising disease resistant apples include `Redfree', `Nova Easygro' and `Liberty'. Of these three, `Liberty' appears to be the best. Fruit size of `Jonafree' is too small for commercial trade. The apricot crop was poor this year. The wet weather led to poor pollination and poor yields. The cultivars introduced from the Harrow, Ontario station perform best, producing 16 to 22 pounds per tree. The
success of apricots in Wisconsin is still very weather dependent. The peaches and plums planted in recent years are not fruiting yet, so we must wait for evaluation of them.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
Additional plantings of apricots, plums, peaches, pears and apples were made in 1992 to keep up with new introductions by nurseries. Few trees will be planted in 1993. Apples. The highly colored strains of `McIntosh' and `Cortland' are quite satisfactory. `Earligold' shows great promise for an early yellow apple. `Gala' grows well, but fruit size tends to be small, even after vigorous thinning. `Honeycrisp', which was introduced by Minnesota recently, produced a small crop of very high quality apples. These were also tested in controlled atmosphere storage with good results. Promising fall apples are `Jonagold', `Empire' and `Honeygold'. Promising disease resistant apples include `Redfree', `Nova Easygro' and `Liberty'. Of these three, `Liberty' appears to be the best. The apricot crop was good this year. The later blooming cultivars performed better than early blooming ones. The cultivars introduced from the Harrow, Ontario station perform best, producing 16 to 22
pounds per tree. The success of apricots in Wisconsin is still very weather dependent.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
Additional plantings of apricots and apples were made in 1991 to keep up with new introductions by nurseries. Trees planted in 1989 and 1990 have grown well. We anticipated a harvest from these trees in 1992. The highly colored strains of 'McIntosh' and 'Cortland' are quite satisfactory. Early season apples that show promise include 'Gala', and 'Earligold.' Promising fall apples are 'Jonagold', and 'Empire', and 'Honeygold.' 'Honeygold' had a very heavy crop at Arlington resulting in small fruit size and poor flavor and sweetness. This suggests that adequate thinning will be required for attaining acceptable fruit quality. Promising disease resistant apples include 'Redfree', 'Nova Easygro' and 'Liberty.' Of these three, 'Liberty' appears to be the best. Quality of these disease resistant apples still is marginal. The 1991 sweet cherry crop was small as a result of winter freezes. Bacterial leafspot was a problem, resulting in defoliation of many trees. 'Van',
'Hedelfingen', 'Gold', and 'Sweet Ann' all performed acceptably. Sweet cherry is not indicated as a commercial crop in Wisconsin. Most of the apricot crop was lost to winter freezes. The later blooming cultivars performed better than early blooming ones. The cultivars introduced from the Harrow, Ontario station appear to be performing best. Adaptability to Arlington is being examined.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Additional plantings of plums, Asian pears, and apples were made in 1990 to keepup with new introductions by nurseries. Trees planted in 1989 have grown well. We anticipate a harvest from these trees in 1991. The highly colored strains of 'McIntosh' and 'Cortland' are quite satisfactory. Pre-harvest drop in 'McIntosh' was a significant problem in 1990. Early season apples that show promise include 'Gala' and 'Earligold'. Promising fall apples are 'Jonagold', 'Empire' and 'Honeygold'. 'Honeygold' had a very heavy crop at Arlington resulting in small fruit size and poor flavor and sweetness. This suggests that adequate thinning will be required for attaining acceptable fruit quality. Promising disease resistant apples include 'Redfree', 'Nova Easygro' and 'Liberty'. Of these three, 'Liberty' appears to be the best. The 1990 sweet cherry crop was small as a result of spring frosts. Bacterial leafspot was a problem, resulting in defoliation of many trees.
'Van', 'Hedelfingen', 'Gold', and 'Sweet Ann' all performed acceptably. Most of the apricot crop was lost to spring frosts. The later looming cultivars performed better than early blooming ones. The cultivars introduced from the Harrow, Ontario station appear to be performing best.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Many new apple cultivars were planted in 1989. All grew well during the season. It is anticipated that these trees will begin bearing in 1991. We are still looking for highly colored strains of 'McIntosh' and 'Cortland', especially now that Alar is not available to produce highly colored fruit. For early season apples we are quite impressed with 'Gala' and we have ordered its red sports for further evaluation. For fall apples 'Honeygold' appears to be a reasonable replacement for 'Golden Delicious' in northern climates. Fruit size is large and flavor is good. 'Jonagold' is also promising because of our relatively cool climate. It is apparently cold hardy and it produces a large, very tasty fruit of good texture. Of disease resistant cultivars 'Liberty', 'Jonafree' and 'Nova Easygro' appear to be the best. These trees are still too vigorous and the fruit quality is not as good as disease susceptible cultivars. The 1989 sweet cherry crop was small on most cultivars.
Likely a result of the 1988 drought. 'Cavalier' still had rain cracking problems despite its reputation as being resistant to cracking. The crop was also small. With rain around harvest 'Hardy Giant' was defoliated by bacterial leafspot. As a result the fruit did not fully mature. 'Van', 'Hedelfingen', 'Gold' and 'Sweet Ann' all performed acceptably. The apricot trials performed well in 1989. In general the early maturing cultivars performed better than the later ones due to prolonged water shortages. 'Harcot', 'Hargrand' and 'Harogem' still appear promising.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Despite irrigation, nearly all tree fruits suffered from prolonged drought and heat stress in summer, 1988. Sunscald of fruit was moderate to severe on open trained central leader trees. More promising newer apple cultivars include 'Akane', Early 'Gold', 'Gala', and 'Empire.' All are notable for good to excellent flavor with 'Early Gold' likely better suited for cooking or processing use than for fresh use. 'Starkspur Supreme' delicious is notable for fruit typiness characteristic of 'Delicious' but does not color as early as other strains in seasons of high temperatures. 'Early Red One' Delicious develops intense red color 2 weeks earlier than other 'Delicious' strains. Sweet cherry cultivars were productive as a result of a mild winter and higher early summer temperatures. Fruit cracking for all cultivars was negligible as a result of low rainfall. 'Cavalier' produces early, high quality fruit but fruit cracks severely with rainfall during the ripening season.
'Hedelfingen' and 'Hardy Giant' have excellent fruit quality; 'Hardy Giant' is highly susceptible to bacterial leaf spot. 'Van' and 'Hudson' fruit lacks flavor of other cultivars and may be questionable for planting in Wisconsin. 'Harcot', 'Hargrand' and 'Coffing' apricot are outstanding among the cultivars tested for fruit flavor. 'Harlayne' appears to lack hardiness with substantial tree loss following mild winters. 'Hargrand' yield was greatest for all cultivars tested.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Of many newer apple cultivars, the Delicious sport 'Early Red One,' and 'Jonagold,' 'Marshall McIntosh,' 'Gala' and 'Redcort,' an improved color strain of 'Cortland' are worthy of note. 'Early Red One' develops full deep red fruit by mid September, up to 2 weeks before other Delicious strains. Fruit typiness is not equivalent to that of Starkspur Supreme' or 'Redchief' Delicious. 'Jonagold' develops 60% red color over a yellow ground color. Fruit flavor is not equivalent to fruit produced in warmer climates. 'Marshall McIntosh' develops 100% red blush without visible green ground color, a desirable characteristic for commercial markets. 'Gala' fruit size ranged from medium to small with 30% of fruit under 5cm diameter. 'Redcort' along with excellent red overcolor has less tendency to develop oily skin, characteristic of 'Cortland' in storage. Following a mild winter, apricot and sweet cherry cultivars under test produced fruit. Of 5 apricot cultivars, 'Coffing'
and 'Hargrand' were outstanding for good fruit quality. 'Harlayne' is not hardy; 3 of 4 trees died in 1987. The new sweet cherry cultivar 'Cavalier' was earliest ripening. More than 50% of fruit cracked severely following rains at harvest, despite reports indicating 'Cavalier' to be resistant to fruit cracking.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Initial observations on fruit characteristics of newer apple cultivars included 'Early Gold,' 'Gala,' 'Spur Cortland,' 'Redcort' and disease resistant clones, 'Liberty' and 'MacFree.' 'Spur Cortland' is productive but develops irregular shaped fruit. 'Redcort,' an improved color strain of 'Cortland' develops full red color 1 month before the parent clone. 'Early Gold' matures in late August, with good dessert quality and shape similar to 'Golden Delicious.' Maturity for 'Gala' is approximately Oct. 1 in northern Wisconsin. Fruit color is poorly developed suggesting newer improved color strains may be preferable. 'Liberty' is apple scab disease resistant with tart fruit, suited primarily for cooking uses. Scab disease resistant 'MacFree' is very late season maturity with poor fruit color and fruit shape atypical of 'McIntosh.' 'Early Gold' and 'Redcort' are suggested for trial commercial plantings in Wisconsin. 'Liberty' is recommended for home fruit plantings.
Eight named cultivars and two selections of sweet cherry planted in 1983 were evaluated for hardiness, growth, tree form, and survival. 'Cavalier,' 'Hardy Giant' 'Gold' and the two selections, yellow round and yellow heart shaped, showed no gummosis or apparent bark cold injury. 'Hedelfingen,' 'Hudson,' 'Van' had winter bark injury and gummosis. Twenty eight cultivars and selections of apricot were established in a cultivar trial to assess winter hardiness, fruit quality and productivity.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
The disease resistant apple cultivars 'Liberty' and 'Redfree' continue to be productive with excellent fruit quality and are considered superior to 'Prima' and 'Priscilla' for home fruit production in Wisconsin. 'Liberty' and 'Redfree' are satisfactory alternatives to disease susceptible cultivars and are recommended to home fruit growers. Newer apple cultivars 'Empire', 'Jonagold', 'Honeygold', and 'Jerseymac' continue to be rated high in desirable characteristics and are recommended for new or replacement commercial plantings in Wisconsin. 'Marshall McIntosh' a new red sport of McIntosh is suggested for planting as an alternatie to spur type strains such as 'Spur McIntosh' or 'Macspur'. The latter have demonstrated a tendency to reversion to non-spur growth habit and susceptibility to winter cold injury. Gibberellins (GA(4+7)) applied postbloom to 'Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple for skin russet suppression had no effect on russetting. As in previous seasons,
a limited effect on elongation of treated apples was noted but the effect was considered inadequate to warrant labeling the chemical for commercial use. Application of 50 ppm gibberellin (GA(3)) at full bloom + 2 weeks in 1979-81 on 'Montmorency' cherry trees planted in 1978 reduced flowering the year after application. Treated trees grew larger, presumably due to reduced early fruiting. Projected cumulative grower return during the period 5 years after planting was increased because of GA(3) application the first 3 years.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Newer apple cultivars 'Redcoat', 'Liberty' and 'Jonagold' in addition to 'Empire', 'Paulared', 'Honeygold' and 'Jerseymac' were rated high in desirable characteristics and offer potential for commercial production in Wisconsin. 'Macspur', a spur type strain of 'McIntosh' sustained considerable winter injury in plantings around Central and southern Wisconsin. Potential for commercial production is seriously questioned. The disease resistant apple cultivars 'Liberty', 'Jonafree' and 'Redfree' are considered suitable for home fruit production in Wisconsin and superior to 'Prima' and 'Priscilla', previously recommended. All are satisfactory alternatives to disease susceptible cultivars, requiring fewer costly and time consuming disease control sprays by homeowners.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
The newer apple cultivars 'Empire', 'Jerseymac', 'Honeygold', 'Macspur' and 'Paulared" were most productive in trial plantings. 'Empire', 'Jerseymac' and 'Macspur" were particularly productive in early years after planting and are rated as moderate to highly precocious. All are considered hardy and adapted for commercial production in Wisconsin. Continued testing of the apple scab resistant cultivars 'Prima', 'Priscilla' and 'Liberty' indicates these cultivars are suitably adapted for home fruit production in Wisconsin. These and potential additional disease resistant cultivars will substantially reduce the need for frequent pesticide sprays in home plantings to maintain acceptable fruit quality.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 07/01/79 to 06/30/82
Outputs
This project was finalized with an evaluation of response of newer apple cultivars for winter hardiness, productivity, fruity quality and disease resistance. 'Empire', spur type McIntosh including 'Macspur' and 'Starkspur McIntosh', 'Viking', 'Redchief' Delicious, 'Paulared' and 'Honeygold' cultivars are considered adapted for commercial production in Wisconsin. Apple scab disease resistant cultivars 'Prima', 'Priscilla', 'Liberty', 'Nova Easygro' and 'Jonafree' are suitably adapted for home and limited commercial production in central and southern Wisconsin. Increased productivity of newer, high quality apple cultivars will help to expand Wisconsin apple production. Disease resistant apple cultivars will reduce need for pesticide sprays in home plantings and improve quality at harvest.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Cumulative yield data obtained in the cultivar adaptation study block continues to show that McIntosh is the most productive cultivar in this area - particularly when compared with Delicious: 31-year-old trees - McIntosh 15,700 bushels, Delicious 10,255 bushels; 24-year-old trees - McIntosh 5,739 bushels, Delicious 3,942 bushels. Idared is gaining in popularity due to its production record, storage characteristics, and quality even though it is quite susceptible to Fireblight. Specialty cultivars (season of ripening, pick-ur-own, roadside markets, direct store delivery) that show considerable promise are Viking, Jerseymac, Paulared, Empire, Holiday, and Idared. Summer Treat (N.J. Breeding Program) is an early Delicious type ripening with Paulared that should have considerable value in the specialty marketing enterprises. The fruit is medium large, full red, typical Delicious shape, crisp, sweet, and very firm for an apple ripening approximately one month before
Delicious. Although there was one limited dry period during early summer, trickle irrigation with mature McIntosh and Delicious did not increase production with these two cultivars in 1981. Trickle irrigation was installed in 1976 and in only one year was there a marked increase in fruit size and production. Trickle irrigation (installed 1976) did not increase fruit size or total yield in a block of Montmorency cherries in 1981.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Apple cultivars planted in 1980 were Starkspur Mac, Summer Treat, Granny Smith, and Earlyredone. Apple cultivars discarded (sufficient data) due to very limited value were Connell's Red and Quinte and those of no apparent value in Wisconsin were Niagara, Bonner, Splendor, and Davey. Cultivars which continue to show promise for Speciality Markets are Vista Bella, Viking, Jerseymac, Paulared, Holiday, Empire, and Idared. Malformed fruits in 1978 and 1979 (Delicious, Beacon, Idared primarily) were apparently cold temperature related as fruits were not misshapen in 1980. Moisture availability was adequate in 1980 as evidenced by the fact that the trickle irrigation blocks (cherries, apples) showed very little response to supplemental moisture. There was, however, and indication that the repeat bloom in McIntosh was somewhat better in the irrigated areas. Pear Psylla was a serious problem in the pear cultivar block (also other orchards in the area) and the Department
of Entomology will conduct studies in this block in 1981.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Tree fruit cultivars added to the collection in 1979 were: Apple (Burgundy, Liberty, Spur Cortland, Beacon (irradiated), N.J. 75, 76, 72, 83, 86; Morello type cherry (Suda Hardy); Apricot (Wilson Delicious); Plum (Underwood, Ozark Premier, Earliblue). The severe winter of 1978-79 caused injury to several of the fruits: Apple - severe killing of blossoms and spurs on Red Delicious; malformation of fruit - primarily Red Delicious, Idared, Beacon. Other varieties, although not as severe, did have some misshappen fruits. Peaches: Three year old trees of the following cultivars were killed: Reliance, Harbelle, Harbrite, Washington, Raritan Rose, Madison, Earliglo, Garnet Beauty, Beekman, Redhaven, Candor, N.J. 68. Apricots: 1 year old trees killed - HW 410, HW 44, Harcot. Spurs were killed on the bearing trees except no apparent injury on Minnesota cultivars Moongold and Sungold. Available moisture was sufficient in 1979 and there was no appreciable benefit from
trickle irrigation (McIntosh apple; Montmorency cherry). Summer pruning of Montmorency cherry needs further investigation as too many of the summer pruned terminals (1978) had no vegetative buds (1979).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Newer tree fruit cultivars/selections are evaluated annually and results reported to growers to assist them in decisions regarding their particular enterprise (apples - 82 cultivars and 65 unnamed selections from breeders; pears - 15 cultivars). Recommendations of apples to extend the harvest season are Bella Vista, Viking, Paulared, Jerseymac, Empire, and Holiday. Growers are also interested in some of the less hardy tree fruits - peaches, sweet cherries, nectarines, apricots, and plums. Recently introduced hardier cultivars of these fruits are now included (3rd year). Winter hardiness has been evaluated and to date injury has been variable with the peaches, nectarines, and sweet cherries showing the most injury (twig injury to death of entire trees). Meaningful evaluations will probably take at least 10 years, (fruiting potential; tree survival). New releases of apricots and plums appear to be very promising. Trickle irrigation data in 1978 was not significant
for either cherries or apples since the rainfall, both in timing and amount, was sufficient. Additional growers have installed systems and even though their may be years of little need, it is still excellent, reasonable insurance. Viking trees (Wisconsin release - Gilbert) are now bearing and reports on production and acceptance have been excellent. Approximately 100,000 trees are planted throughout the country with the highest concentration in Wisconsin.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
The performance of newer tree fruit cultivars/selections is reported to growers annually in order that they might make decisions regarding their merit for their particular operation. At present the planting consists of 75 named cultivars (red sports and spurs included); 68 selections of apples; 15 pears; 8 peaches; 1 nectarine; 6 apricots; 7 plums; 2 cherry-plum hybrids. Specialty apples recommended to growers are Viking, Bella Vista, Tydeman's Red, Paulared, and Holiday. Fruits other than apples and pears included the newer, more hardy introductions to obtain data regarding the effect of Wisconsin's winter temperature on survival (2 years old). The winter of 1976-77 was quite severe and most of the peach trees were injured to various degrees. After several years it should be possible to give growers more reliable recommendations regarding the adaptability of these fruits. Trickle irrigation data (2nd year) have shown that eliminating the periods of water streses
are beneficial in Wisconsin where an optimum supply of water is not always available to the trees. The decrease in the number of smaller fruits and an increase in the larger sizes has increased the overall yield of fresh market fruit. Viking (Wisconsin introduction) trees are reaching bearing age and this early ripening cultivar has excellent acceptance (approximately 80,000 trees sold to date).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Evaluations (tree and fruit characteristics) were made for the following tree fruits: (a) 74 apple cultivars and their sports (color and spur types), (b) 75 apple selections and 15 pear cultivars. Additional plant materials included in the tests are 7 scab immune apple selections, 1 pear, and 4 recently named applecultivars. Information is needed on the hardiness of other tree fruits of interest for smaller plantings plus the effect of white latex paint on the tree trunks to determine the possibility of eliminating some of the low temperature problems. Fruits included in this planting are cultivars which include: 9 peaches; 8 apricots; 1 nectarine; 2 plums. Trickle irrigation has been installed in a portion of the variety planting in order to alleviate some of thewater stress problems that occur in practically every year during some portion of the growing season. Approximately 65,000 Viking apple trees (Wisconsin release - 1969) have been sold throughout the
United States. Early reports indicate that this early cultivar has been widely accepted due to its very good color and quality characteristics. Propagation of this cultivar ranges from 12,000 to 15,000 trees per year.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Evaluations (tree and fruit characteristics) were made for the following tree fruits: (a) 78 apple cultivars and their sports (color and spur types), (b) 80 apple selections, and (c) 19 pear cultivars. Data are presented to fruit growers at their annual meetings in order that they might make judgements for trying new cultivars which might fit into their particular orchard operation. Apple cultivars which have been evaluated and are being planted by growers are Viking, Paulared, Jerseymac, and Empire. 14 additional scab immune apple selections were top-worked for adaptability evaluations in this area. These selections are from the most advanced progenies (Rutgers-Illinois-Purdue Program) and should have improved horticultural characters along with their immunity to apple scab. Two selections which have been under test are being top-worked for further adaptability studies in other areas of the state. Twenty scab immune selections were discarded as they have no
apparent value in this area. Approximately 50,000 Viking trees (Wisconsin release in 1969) have been sold (throughout the United States) and most reports indicate excellent performance. Ad additional 13,000 trees have been ordered for 1976 planting.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Records of fruit and tree characteristics in 1974 include the following: 68 apple varieties and red sports 84 apple selections 19 pear varieties Data presented to growers used as source material for trying new cultivars (particularly special purpose apples for local sales) in their orchards. Surveyof growers with Viking apple (throughout U.S.) has shown wide range of adaptability for this new cultivar. Approximately 45,000 trees now in orchards.Several scab-immune selections which appear to have considerable promise will bedistributed to grower cooperators. Ethrel sprays for early maturing fruits again proved to be of value for earlier maturation and "once-over" harvest.
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Records of fruit and tree characteristics obtained in 1973 include the following; 118 apples, 19 pears. All plum trees were removed in 1973 due to extensive injury caused by a combination of severe winter temperatures and herbicide injury (associated with shallow soil). Sufficient data for the apricot varieties and selections along with cultural problem information for this area have been accumulated and the limited block of trees have been removed. A new block of trees (new varieties) will be planted in another year. Studies initiated to determine the value of "stem-piece" rootstock combinations for Wisconsin's climatic conditions (6 rootstocks, 4 "stem-pieces", 4 varieties). Additional rootstock-stem-piece combinations will be made as materials become available. Ethrel sprays for advancing Viking fruit maturationwere very successful-ripening advanced one week.
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
Annual records regarding fruit and tree characteristics obtained in 1972 includethe following: (a) 136 apples, (b) 18 pears, (c) 4 plums, (d) 10 apricot. All data is made available to growers. The fall and winter of 1971-72 was such thatthere was considerable injury to many fruit trees on the Station. Injury was most severe on plums and apricots in general but with apples there was differential injury according to variety. Classified rootstocks were also differentially injured and 1971-72 pointed out once again that these stocks (particularly MM 106 and to a lesser degree M VII) are not the answer with the climatic conditions in Wisconsin. M IX and M 26 appeared to have come through the winter in good condition. The Alar Mac/M IX treatments had to be discontinued due to differential injury to the rootstock. Approximately 25,000 Viking apple trees have been sold (1970-72). A substantial number of the trees are planted in Wisconsin, but sales have been made to
growers throughout the apple acres of the U. S. Royalty payments from the sale of trees have been returned to the University of Wisconsin (via Wisconsin Apple and Horticultural Council) to support additional studies with fruits.
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
Data from the following tree fruits are obtained each year (yields; fruit and tree characteristics) 75 apple varieties and red sports, 65 apple selections from breeders, 20 pear varieties, 3 plum varieties, 10 apricot varieties and selections. These data are summarized and presented at the Annual Wisconsin Fruit Meeting. Approximately 14,000 Viking trees were sold to fruit growers. Another 15,000 have been propagated for sale in 1972. The advantages of using Alar for McIntosh (limits preharvest drop, spreads harvest season, improved firmness and color, repeat bloom) appear to outweigh the disadvantage of somewhat smaller fruit size. First year Alar trials with spur type Delicious appeared to depress fruit size to a greater extent than is desireable. However,further work is planned to try and compensate for the percentage of smaller sizefruit. McIntosh rootstock trials (12th year) comparing standard trees/seedling roots; standard trees topworked on Hibernal and
Beacon/seedling roots; and McIntosh/M VII have shown the potential for the dwarfing rootstocks for the orchard of the future. Data from dwarf apple trees (15 varieties of M IX and M 26) are available for commercial and "Backyard" fruit growers. Two of the appleblocks have been removed to prepare for a more detailed study of dwarf rootstocks and hopefully the use of trickle irrigation.
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
1. Individual tree yields, tree characteristics, and fruit characteristics available from 1970 data (approximately 100 varieties and sports). 2. 11 selections (from other Experiment Stations) top-worked in 1970. (Total selections now available for evaluation - 84.) 3. Comparative yield data of McIntosh and Delicious on 4 rootstock combinations (11th year) giving the annualper tree yield and total accumulative yields (presented at regional meetings). 4. Yield comparisons and tree growth characteristics (Beacon, Connell's Red) for M VII and MM 106 rootstocks summarized (11 years). 5. Second year Alar trials (McIntosh) a. Excellent fruit drop control. b. Firmer fruit c. Slight fruit size depression Fewer fruits 2 3/4" up Approximately same percentage 2 3/8" up d. Improved repeat bloom and fruit set from 1969 treatment. e. M IX and M 26 tree training study 6. Variety recommendations: Apples General planting: Viking (early, red eating) Roadside, retail, etc.:
Mollies Delicious, Holiday. Plums Richards early Italian Milton early Italian.
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Yield data available (annually) for growers - approximately 95 varieties, selections, and red sports. 12 selections from other areas (top-working) have been added to the variety collection. Top-worked 17 new varieties and selections on Mac/M VII at a test block in Bayfield, Wisconsin. Data from 10 year old trees are available to growers comparing yields with several rootstock combinations. Viking scion wood has now been distributed to 23 cooperating growers and University personnel. The majority of these trees should fruit in 1970. Pilot study Alar plots were established in 1969. Preliminary data show very little size decrease plus the practical elimination of pre-harvest drop with McIntosh. Delicious data were inconclusive.
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
Data regarding the new varieties and red strains are presented annually to the Wisconsin growers. Varieties which are being recommended for trial are: Spartan, Idared, Puritan, Mutsu, plus several of the new red strains of Delicious. The variety adaptability block contains 69 varieties (including red strains) and 65 unnamed selections. Data from the cultural management studies continue to show the over-all superiority of a sod-mulch management system. Data accumulated from the classified rootstocks show: (1) increased per acre production (at least during early years), (2) Malling VII sensitive to winter ground temperatures, (3) Malling VII is an inferior stock for Red and Golden Delicious, (4) Malling-Merton 106 has been more productive than Malling VII (limited trials). 17 varieties on Malling IX and one variety on Malling 26 (dwarfs) are being grown with individual staking and trellis. The complete yield records for these systems are being accumulated. A new
apple variety, "Viking", originating in the cooperative scab resistant breeding program will bereleased in the near future. This variety appears to be outstanding as an earlyred, fresh market, fruit which will store at least 6 weeks. Trees will be available in volume in 1971. 517 non-bearing seedlings are now growing in the breeding area and an additional 500 seedlings will be planted in 1969.
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