Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/04
Outputs
The positive effect of late season Nitrogen fertilization and cold hardiness, overwintering changed cultural systems in cool season areas of the world. Positive effects included added disease resistance, increased over wintering, better wear tolerance and improved growth, and cold hardiness. Seed production of the first perennial, named variety (True Putt) of Poa annua reptans was initiated in Oregon. This is a new species to the seed and turf industry. Investigation into control of bentgrass in Poa Annua revealed the Poast resulted in complete control of bentgrass in Poa annua turf with no phytotoxicity. Research completed showed benefits of using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) PCR for generating polymorphic loci for genetic research in P. annua Use of Creeping bluegrass continues to increase, because of this project, especially in the Northwest USA. Poast simplifies control of other grasses, especially bentgrass) in creeping bluegrass seed production fields.
Proxy decreased flowering & increased turf quality for 2+- weeks. Proxy w/ Embark either decreased phyto or aided recovery. Proxy @ 5oz. /1000 sq ft repeated as needed = best. Poxy resulted in brighter green color
Impacts
ISSR PCR is a method for generating polymorphic loci for research into genetic relatedness, inheritance and gene mapping. It is a robust method that can accelerate the identification, selection, & improvement in creeping bluegrass. Use of Creeping bluegrass continues to increase, especially in the Northwest USA. Poast simplifies control of other grasses in creeping bluegrass seed production fields.
Publications
- C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, V. W. Cline, M.H.B. Hayes, A. Palazzo, D. B. White & R. H. Dowdy; 2002. Plant Growth Enhancement by Humic Substances: Effects of Iron. Proc.IHSS-10, Toulouse France 8/2002
- C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, M.H.B. Hayes, V. W. Cline, A.J. Palazzo, J.A.E. Molina, D. B. White & J. M. Baker; 2002. Humic Substances for Enhancing Plant Growth. Proc IHSS- 11,Boston, MA, 7/2002
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Seed production research of advanced selections of creeping bluegrasses continued in MN and Oregon. The light intensity by cold interaction in the vernalization process continues to be observed. The seeded population of DW184 that once showed susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris in 2000 continued symptom free. 2 plantings of 576 plants each of 10 advanced selections for seed increase trials were planted in OR. 44 seed production plots were establish in MN. Seed was harvest. A 350 entry space planting (=- 3500 plants) established and seed harvested from 256 entries for 2004 planting, 25 crosses were executed in the greenhouse 30 open pollinated collections among parents. 2 plantings of 580 individual plants each of 10 advanced selections were established in OR for seed trial and increase. Seed was harvested from 35 plots in MN for increase & production data. A seed harvester utilizing a rotary brush for research plots was designed and built. Overseeding experiments
on the U soccer field were initiated. 3 experiments with overseeding fairways and tees were initiated (30 treatments 3 reps). Shade experiment initiated @ local golf course. Experiments on competition were conducted. Investigation into control of bentgrass in Poa Annua revealed the Poast resulted in complete control w/ no phyto. Fusilade, assure gave complete control but phytotoxic. Both exhibited PGR effect on P. annual. Research completed on use ISSR PCR for generating polymorphic loci for genetic research in P.annua. We continued to cooperate with several other projects on and off campus.
Impacts
ISSR PCR is a method for generating polymorphic loci for research into genetic relatedness, inheritance and gene mapping. It is a robust method that can accelerate the identification, selection, & improvement in creeping bluegrass. Use of Creeping bluegrass continues to increase, especially in the Northwest USA. Poast simplifies control of other grasses in creeping bluegrass seed production fields.
Publications
- T Carson, B. Horgan, D. B. White; Selective control of Bentgrass in Creeping Bluegrass: Agron. Abstracts 2003
- T. Carson; The Application of ISSR PCR for Distinguishing Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans Genotypes: MS Thesis, U of MN Aug. 2003
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
Seed production research of creeping bluegrass cv. DW184 continued in Minnesota. A definite interaction of light intensity and cold treatment was observed in the vernalization process with creeping bluegrass biotypes. The seeded population of DW184 exhibited susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris in the year 2000, but recovered completely, and no infection from reinoculation was observed in 2002. Development continues with 30 new lines selected in 2000. New seed trials were established with 33 different advanced genotypes. Initial seed increase in the greenhouse was expanded. Agreement was made with DLF-Jenks to expand seed trials, in Oregon, with MN234 and 680 plants of 5 biotypes including MN4337. 680 plants of each were shipped to Oregon for planting in sterilized soil. MN234 completed a 6th year with no Spring flowering. An investigation was initiated on the effect of intracultivar competition on flower initiation and production. Embark 2-S @0.2 fl. oz./M
inhibited flower production. Phytotoxicity was unacceptable. Two applications of Embark 2-S at 0.1 fl. Oz./M one week apart provided adequate suppression with less phytotoxicity. Proxy decreased flowering and increased turf quality for 2 plus or minus weeks. Proxy with Embark either decreased phytotoxcity or aided recovery. Proxy @ 5oz./M repeated as needed resulted in the best growth and a brighter green color. MN234 continues to exhibit no flowering under mowing. Selections from a space planting equaled 5000 plants; 490 accessions; 325 plants overwintered in the greenhouse. Many high quality F3s were observed. Work was initiated into light intensity and cold effects on vernalization. Evaluation of NTEP bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass studies continued. A technique using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and PCR to generate DNA fingerprints in creeping bluegrass is being developed. ISSR offers an inexpensive, fast, and reliable procedure for separating genotypes. We cooperate
with B. Horgan, V. Cline, J. Powell, N. Ehlke, J Lamb and C. Schaeffer.
Impacts
ISSR PCR is a robust method for generating polymorphic loci for research into genetic relatedness, inheritance and gene mapping It will enable accelerating the identification, selection and improvement with creeping bluegrass. We expect continuing release of improved varieties of creeping bluegrass cultivars.
Publications
- C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, V. W. Cline, M.H.B. Hayes, A. Palazzo, D. B. White & R. H. Dowdy; August 2002. Plant Gowth Enhancement by Humic Substances: Effects of Iron. Proc.IHSS-10, Toulouse France.
- C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, , M.H.B. Hayes, V. W. Cline, A.J. Palazzo, J. A. E. Molina, D. B. White and J. M. Baker. July, 2002. Humic Substances for Enhancing Plant Growth. Proc IHSS- 11,Boston, MA.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
Seed production research of creeping bluegrass cv. DW184 continued in MN. A definite interaction of light intensity and cold treatment was observed in the vernalization process with creeping bluegrass biotypes. The seeded population of DW184 exhibited susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris in the yr 2000 but recovered completely. Interseeding with seed from the same source was successful, but no infection was observed in 2001. Bankruptcy and demise of the licensee resulted in return of license to U of MN. A new license is in process to DLF-Jenks for sale of 60,000 lbs pounds of seed out of DW184 fields, currently on hand. The licensee has named the cv. "True-Putt Creeping Bluegrass." Development continues with 30 new lines selected in 2000. Seed was harvested from 2001 trials investigating clonal, transplants and direct seeding methods. New seed trials were established at the Horticultural Science Research Center in Excelsior, MN, with 23 different advanced
genotypes. We continued to collect F2 seed for future studies. Initial seed increases in the greenhouse were expanded. An agreement was made with DLF-Jenks to expand seed trials in Oregon with MN234 and MN4337. 234 lines completed the 5th year with no spring flowering. An investigation was initiated on the effect of intercultivar competition on flower initiation and production. Embark 2-S @0.2 fl. Oz./1000 ft2 inhibited flower production. Phytotoxicity was unacceptable. Two applications of Embark 2-S @ 0.1 fl. Oz./ 1000 ft2 one week apart resulted in adequate suppression with less phytotoxicity. Proxy decreased flowering and increased turf quality for 2+- weeks. Proxy with Embark either decreased phytotoxicity or aided recovery. MN 234 seeded with creeping bent continued to be better than seeded alone. MN234 continues to exhibit no flowering under mowing. Space planting included 4000 plants; 375 accessions; and 500 plants were overwintered in the greenhouse. Many high quality F3s were
observed. An experiment on the effect of density on flowering was initiated. Work was initiated to determine the effects of light intensity and cold on vernalization. We continued evaluation of the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program bentgrass & Kentucky bluegrass studies. Developing a technique using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to generate DNA fingerprints in creeping bluegrass was also continued.
Impacts
Over time, research will enable accelerating the identification and selection processes in research with creeping bluegrass. We expect continuing release of improved varieties of creeping bluegrass.
Publications
- V. Cline; Population dynamics of Poa annua L. on a Northern Golf Course. PhD Thesis; July 2001.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
Seed production research of the first Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua reptans) cultivar, Peterson's Creeping Bluegrass cv. DW184 continued. A portion of the seeded populations was observed to be susceptible to Xanthomonas campestris. Recovery from Xanthomonas appeared complete with no chemical intervention. Bankruptcy and demise of licensee precluded seed production. 30 new lines were added to golf green evaluation study. Mix of creeping bluegrass and creeping bentgrass continues to rate higher than either alone. Two 3500 sq ft seed production plots of clonal plantings installed at Hort. Res. Ctr. to produce seed in 2001. Initiated research in direct seeding techniques with 5 advanced selections. Direct seeding experiment for best seeding date was initiated with MN#234 creeping bluegrass. Initial seed increase in greenhouse was expanded with more selections. Collection of F2 seed from all F1s for evaluation of genotypes continues. 3750 plants were evaluated in space
planting. 400 plants from 350 accessions were brought into the greenhouse for over-wintering. Cross between MN#3861 (large) and MN# 3834 (dwarf) revealed F2 with increased vigor and maintenance of dwarf characteristics. MN#234 (continuous flowering type at greens height) did not flower. Initiated research into density effects on flowering in MN#234. On pure sand foliar applications of 0.1-0.2 lb. N with 1 oz. STEM/1000 sq ft/wk resulted in best quality. Increased N reduced flowering. 0.2 fl. oz. Embark/1000 sq ft controlled flowering in MN#184 for 45-60 days. Continued Bentgrass, Perennial Ryegrass, KY bluegrass in NTEP studies. Initiated (with Toro) measurements of plant tissue levels of P & K using near infra-red spectrometry. Initiated research into use of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and PCR to generate DNA fingerprints of creeping bluegrasses. ISSRs are highly polymorphic in creeping bluegrass. ISSRs distinguish different genotypes. ISSRs clearly separate other Poa. ISSR
primers and PCR results in a simple, fast, and inexpensive method to produce DNA markers in creeping bluegrass.
Impacts
60,000 pounds of seed of the first cultivar of creeping bluegrass were made available for sale. Several golf courses report excellent results with this grass on golf greens in environments where other grasses would not grow. The recent introduction of the creeping bluegrass offers another option for seed growers and golf course superintendents.
Publications
- Is the barley endosperm a water reservoir for the embryo when germinating seeds are dried? P.S. Allen, E. T. Thorne, J. S. Gardner & D. B. White. Int. J Plant Sci 16(12):195-201,2000
- DNA fingerprinting of creeping bluegrass using intersimple sequence repeats. (ISSR) T. D. Carson, D. B. White, & A. G. Smith. Agron Abstracts, 2000
- Life History trends in Poa annua L. on Northern golf courses. V. W. Cline, D. B. White Agron Abstracts, 2000
- Plant Growth effects by humic substances. C.E. Clapp, R. H. Dowdy, V. W. Cline, A. J Palazzo, M. H. Hayes, D. B. White, D. T. Lee. Agron Abstracts. 2000
- Plant Growth promoting activity of humic substances, C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, V. W. Cline, D. B. White, NCR Nat. OM wkshop abstracts, 2000
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
Seed production research of the first Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua reptans) cultivar, MN#184, continued in Oregon. A vegetative planting yielded 5 lb of breeder's seed. 50 acres were carried over from 1998, and 30 new acres were added with 750 lbs/A average yield. All fields were plowed under. MN#184 continued to exhibit resistance to Fusarium in Oregon and Washington. MN#42 and MN#208 exhibited less resistance. MN# 184 and 5 selections continue to exhibit strong resistance to dollar spot and anthracnose in Minnesota. Greenhouse inoculation showed differences in resistance observed in response to different pathogen strains and biotypes. Space planting evaluation revealed superior selections. Evaluation of offspring from 25 new directed crosses continued, resulting in 27 selections with superior traits. Under best management practices (BMP) research showed increased stress tolerance. 250 selections advanced 1+ generations. New 10M square foot experimental green
established Winter overseeding trial in Florida revealed that DW184, MN#208, MN#42 performed well. Chemical suppression experiments indicate a need for more research in transition to Bermuda grass. Fairway bent and perennial ryegrass NTEP trials were installed. Ecologial investigations contrary to expectations: restricted flowering types predominated in rough, continuous flowering predominated in fairway and green. This indicates current culture selections for undesirable types. Poa annua collected from fairway greens were more r type; fairway-rough more K type. Diploids were more tolerant of high temperatures. Humic or fulvic acid+iron and zinc were significantly better than either alone.
Impacts
Future introductions should reduce pest management needs and lower chemical inputs, resulting in improved turf quality with cultural changes.
Publications
- E. T. Thorne, P. S. Allen, J. S. Gardner, & D. B. White. 1999. The Barley Endosperm Serves as a Water Reservoir to the Embryo During Dehydration. International Jour. of Plant Science; in press.
- J. Mercier, T. D. Carson, D. B. White. 1999. Fairy Rings of Turf Produced by Bird's Nest Fungus Cyathus stercoreus. Plant Disease Notes.
- C. E. Clapp, Y. Chen, V. W. Cline, M. H. B. Hayes, A. J. Palazzo, D.B. White and R. H. Dowdy. 1999. White Plant Growth Enhancement by Humic substances : Effect of Iron. Agron Abst. (Poster).
- Ruilong Liu, C. E. Clapp, D. C. Johnson, D. B. White, A. J. Palazzo, and Yona Chen. 1999. Plant Growth Effects of Humic Substances, Proc. Workshop National Organic Matter Research. In Soil and Water, University of Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
MN#184 , Poa annua reptans was named 'Peterson's Creeping Bluegrass' CV DW184. U.S. Utility Patent Application Ser. No. 08/711,913, IMPROVED VARIETIES OF POA ANNUA, was approved. Seed production research of the 1st Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua reptans) cultivar, MN#184 continued in OR. 50 acres were harvested w/ ave.yield 500 lb./A. An additional 30 acres was newly established Fall '98. MN#184 continued to exhibited resistance to Fusarium in OR and WA. MN #42 and MN#208 exhibited less resistance. MN# 184 and 5 selections exhibit strong resistance to dollar spot and anthracnose in MN. Lab Inoculation supported field disease resistance observations. Space planting eval revealed superior selections. Offspring from 25 new directed crosses evaluated. Several selections w/ superior traits. BMP res. showed increased stress tolerance. 200 selections advanced 1+ generations. New 10,000 sq ft exp green was constructed. Winter overseeding tr in Fla. Revealed DW184, MN#208,
MN#42 all ranked top4of trial. Best NTEP Kbluegrass Cult: Allure, Bartitia, Chateau, Glade, Unique, Wildwood, America, Limousine. Best bents: A1, G2, Cato, A4, G6, L12, Providence, Trueline, Southshore. Ecol invest.contrary to expect, restricted flowering types predom in rough, continuous flwring in fairway & green. Indicates current culture selects for undesir types. Poa annua col fr greens more r type; fwy-rough more K type. Gen var RAPD's revealed 90% of var w/in pop 10% among populations. Diploids more tol hi temps. Humic or fulvic acd=iron & zinc sig better. First record Cyathus stercoreus fairy ring in turf.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- P. H. VELGUTH & D WHITE. July 1998. Documentation of Genetic Differences in a Volunteer Grass Poa annua, Under different Conditions of Golf Course Turf, Implications for Urban Landscape Plant Selection & Management. Proc. International Conf. On Urban Ecology Leibzig. Pub. Springer.
- E. T. THORNE, P. S. ALLEN, J. S. GARDNER, & D. B. WHITE. 1998. The barley endosperm is a water reservoir for the embryo when germinating seeds dry.
- U.S. Patent Serial No. 1998. 08/711,913 was approved for IMPROVED VARIETIES OF POA ANNUA.
- V. W CLINE & D. B. WHITE. 1998. High temperature stress tolerance on golf course populations of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Agron. Abst.
- J. MERCIER, T. D. CARSON & D. B. WHITE. 1998. Fairy Rings of Turf Produced by Bird's Nest Fungus Cyathus stercoreus. Plant Disease Notes (in press).
- P. G. JOHNSON & D. B. WHITE. 1998. Inheritance of flowering pattern among four annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) genotypes. Crop Science 38: 163-168.
- V. W. CLINE & D. B. WHITE. 1998. Genetic variation in golf course populations of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Agron. Abstr.
- R. LIU, C. E. CLAPP, V. W. CLINE, M. H. B. HAYES, D. C. JOHNSON, & D. B. WHITE. 1998. Plant growth effects of humic substances. Agron. Abst.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/711,913, IMPROVED VARIETIES OF POA ANNUA, was submitted for selection MN#184, Poa annua reptans, named 'Peterson's Creeping Bluegrass' CV DW184. Seed production research of the 1st Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua reptans) CV MN#184 & 5 other continued in OR. One 7A field seeded in 5/97 to MN#184 yielded almost 400 lbs/A. 50A of new seeding was established Fall, 97. MN#184 exhibited resistance to Fusarium in OR and WA. MN#42 and MN#208 exhibited less resistance. MN#184 & 5 selections exhibit strong resistance to dollar spot and anthracnose in MN. Space planting revealed superior selections. Trials on greens were initiated in MN, WA, NE, RI, & MI. 25 new directed crosses were completed. Several selections exhibited superior traits. Best Management Practices research showed increased stress tolerance. 200 selections were advanced 1+ generations. A DNA library for RFLP was initiated. Contrary to expected, restricted flowering types predominate in
rough, continuous types in fairway & green. This indicates current culture selects for undesirable types. New 10,000 sq ft experimental green was constructed. In National Turfgrass Evaluation Program trials, the best Kentucky bluegrass cultivars were: Allure, Bartitia, Chateau, Glade, Unique, Wildwood, America, Limousine. Best bents: A1, G2, Cato, A4, G6, L12, Providence, Trueline, Southshore. Greenhouse & field investigations w/organic liquid nutrients & humic substances on creeping bent were established w/new lysimeters and a 90% sand rootzone green. 2 organic liquids were super to others. During establishment, preplant treatments produced significantly more root mass than post applications w/little effect on mature grass.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 1997. 08/711,913 was submitted for IMPROVED VARIETIES OF POA ANNUA.
- P.G. JOHNSON AND D.B. WHITE. 1997. Flowering Responses of Selected Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Genotypes under Different Photoperiods and cold treatments. Crop Science 37(5):1543-1547.
- P.G. JOHNSON AND D.B. WHITE. 1997. Vernalization requirement among selected genotypes of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Crop Science 37(5):1538-1542.
- P.G. JOHNSON AND D.B. WHITE. 1998. Inheritance of Flowering Patterns among four Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Genotypes. Crop Sci. Vol. 38, Mar-Apr 98.
- P.H. VELGUTH and D.B. WHITE. 1997. Documentation of Genetic Differences in a Volunteer Grass Poa annua, Under different Conditions of Golf Course Turf, Implications for Urban Landscape Plant Selection & Management. Abst., International Conf. "Urban Ecology".
- R. LIU, C.E. CLAPP, V.W. CLINE, A.J. PALAZZO, AND D.B. WHITE. 1997. Application of Organic Amendments to Creeping Bentgrass Using Microsystems. White & J.A.E. Molina, Agron. Abstracts.
- B.L. WALDRON, N.J. EHLKE, D. J. VELTIKSON AND D.B. WHITE. 1998. Controlled Freezing as an Indirect Selection Method for Field Winter Hardiness in Turf Type Perennial Ryegrass. Crop Science Reg #C-97-467.
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
U.S. Patent App. No. 08/711,913 was submitted for IMPROVED VARIETIES OF POA ANNUA. Seed production research of the 1st Creeping Bluegrass (Poa annua reptans) cultivar, MN#184, and five other continued in OR. One 11A seed production field was flooded out, and one was flooded but produced harvestable seed. One field seeded in Apr (MN#184, which requires vernalization to flower); 1st seed expected in 6/97. 2 new fields seeded fall of 96. MN#184 exhibited resistance to Fusarium in OR and WA. MN#42 and MNB#208 exhibited less resistance. MN#184 and five selections exhibited strong resistance to dollar spot and anthracnose in MN. Trials on greens were initiated in MN, WA, NE, RI, MA, & MI. 40 directed crosses were completed. Several selections exhibit superior traits. BMP research showed increased stress tolerance. 250 selections were space planted for evaluation. 200 selections advanced 1+ generations. DNA library for RFLP analysis initiated. Contrary to expected,
restricted flowering types predominate in rough, continuous in fairway & green, indicating the possibility that current culture selects for undesirable types. Best NTEP Kbluegrass Cultivars: Allure, Bartitia, Chateau, Glade, Unique, Wildwood, America, Limousine. Best NTEP bentgrasses: A1, G2 Cato, A4, G6, L12, Providence, Trueline, Southshore. Greenhouse & field investigations w/organic liquid nutrients and humic substances on creeping bentgrass were established over new lysimeters in 90% sand rootzone golf green.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/711,913 was submitted for Improved Varieties Of Poa Annua.
- JOHNSON, P.G. AND D.B. WHITE. Inheritance of Flowering Patterns Among Four Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua 1.) Genotypes. Crop Sci Reg #C197-465, in press
- JOHNSON, P.G. AND D.B. WHITE. Flowering Responses of Selected Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Genotypes under Different Photoperiods and Cold Treatments. Crop Science Reg #C96-481, in press
- JOHNSON, P.G. AND D.B. White. Vernalization Requirement Among Selected Genotypes of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Crop Science Reg #C96-480, in press.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Poa reptans (perennial) MN#184 from breeding program selected for into. by Peterson Seed as 1st Poa.r. culitvar. 15 Acre Breeder's seed field planted of MN#184 Poa reptans in Oregon. In trial, MN#184; MN#42 & MN#208 produced more seed 2nd yr. P. reptans seed can be harvested with standard equip. Of 8 herbicides, Poast@32oz/A gave best weed and bentgrass control in P.r. seed trials. Turf evaluation of selections continues. Vernalization & photoperiod flowering requirements define perenniality in P.r. Vernalization requirements met between 4C & 8C after 10-12 wks. Only annual type didn't respond to vernalization. Some Biotypes also induced under Short Day; some LD; some day neutral but require vernalization. Flowering patterns inherited on 3:1 ratio continal flowering to restricted flowering. Fits gen. mod of 1 locus w/continual flowering dominant to restricted. Minimum juvenile period observed = 4 weeks. Juvenile period Interspecific X's P.r. x P. supina resulted in
unique plant types. Prelim. indication 0.028 g. GA3/100 sq. ft. elongated Poa annua culms for flower removal flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed 2N=14 chrom. type Poa annua made up 24% of population on putting greens; 0% on fairways and roughs. 2N=14 are fine textured, diminutive, persistent perennials. Contrary to expected, restricted flowering types perdominate in rough, continuous flowering in fairways and greens. Seeded 103 entry NTEP K. Bluegrass trial. Seeded 30 entry sod production trial on peat sod field.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92
Outputs
In Pennisetum alopecuroides, upright & mound growth habits appear dominant traits; dwarf = true breeding recessive; prostrate appears recessive. Isozyme analysis of phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) tracks segregation in crosses; dwarf gene may be linked to PGI-2. Heterosis was observed in inbred crosses of prostrate and mound biotypes. Poa annua dominated native soil golf greens from a high of 90% in Apr to low of 19% in Aug over 5 years. Flowering peaks in June w/high of 60 flowers per 25 cm(superscript 2). Root density and tiller declined in late June, following life cycle patterns. Three greens exhibit 3 difference phenotypic populations. Flowering habits in P. a. F1, F2, & F3 segregates indicate one simply inherited gene. Cold induction required only in perennials. Short day may be involved. Flow cytometry techniques for DNA analysis in P. a. separated P. a.(2N=28), P. a.(2N=14) & P. supina (2N=14). Four new 14-chromosome P. annuas discovered, may indicated apomic
(agamospermy); all lack pollen formation. Fourteen chrom. type phenotypically different from 2n=28 biotypes w/dimunitive size & finer texture, darker color. HCL-giesma method best for chromosome counts in P. a.. P. infirma (evolutionary parent to P. a.) acquired for research. Patent remains pending on seed germination acceleration-synchronization technique. Seed desynchronized by uncontrolled drying after imbibition; synchronization reduced over 4 weeks in storage, tapers off by 8 weeks.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91
Outputs
In Pennisetum alopecuroides, isozyme analysis revealed no variation in malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, alchol dehydrogenase, or glutamte-oxaloacetate. Phosphoglucoisomerase banding matched homozygous for lighter protein (AA), heterozygous (Aa) & homozygous for heavier protein (aa); Prostrate form may be hardiest (LD(50)=-14C); Heterosis was observed in Penn. a. in inbred crosses. In Poa annua reptans, 2N=28 (normal) & 2N=14 selections were identified. Three flowering types were found in 28 chrom. Poa a. reptans apears to segregate in 3:1 ratio for cold induction of flowering. Fertile offspring resulted from interspecific cross of Poa a.reptans (2n=28) X Poa supina (2n=14). Fourteen year-old Poa a.sp. seed from herbarium collection germinated to 50%. Viable Poa a. sp. seed populations were found throughout the top 4" of soil in 50+ year old greens. Germination of some Poa a. retans seed was enhanced by vernalization; GA had no affect. GA increased culm
length in induced plants. First seed production trials in Oregon of Poa a. reptans selections indicated potential for commercialization. Patent on synchronizing seed germination is still pending. Seed lot germination was synchronized by hydration/dehydration cycles; germination was de-synchronized when dehydrated in uncontrolled humidity. Poa a. sp. dominates on selected golf greens in spring and fall, Agrostis palustris sp. in summer.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90
Outputs
Patent pending status was assigned to a process of sychronizing germination by hydration - dehydration cycles. Dehydrating seed at -10MPa did not affect radicle emergence. Radicle emergence was prevented by exogenous ABA (> 0-5 molar). Fluridone (ABA inhibitor) did not affect endogenous ABA levels. Endogenous ABA was high in air dried seed and declined during imbibition by leaching. Dehydration did not increase ABA. Respiration declined after 8+ hours dehydration. Water stress rather than ABA prevents radicle emergence. 78 of 160 ornamental grasses survived 3 winters in MN. In sucrose-boric acid solution 59% & 20% pollen germination was observed for Pennisertum alopecuroides & P. setaceum, respectively. Pollen viability was 1 hour for P. alopecuroides and 5 days for P. setaceum at room temp. After 5 years Poa annua dominated on golf greens in the spring and fall and creeping bentgrass dominated in summer. Many P.a. plants persisted for 4 yrs. P. tillers develop
primarily from buds at nodes below active leaves. Competition appears temperature mediated. Fructose was superior to sucrose in seed production on excised stem of Poa annua. Optimum concentration is 4-6%. Supplemental light increased seed weight at low sugar concentrations. 8HQC antibiotic was not necessary. Optimum seed maturity occurred after 15 days on excised stems. P. annua & P. supina shed pollen around sunrise. Offspring of P.a x P.s exhibited heterosis, color, texture modification. Mist inhibited pollen shed in exserted anthers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89
Outputs
Grass seed germination enhanced and seed lot germination synchronized by succeeding hydration-dehydration cycles of imbibed seed. Interruption of germ. by drying did not adversely affect germination. Seeds accumulated affects of hydration-dehydration. Adventitious root development stimulated at point of radicle damage. Water uptake in grass seeds was documented with PTS dye. Water proceeded through aleurone layer moving directly to embryo before uptake into endosperm. Hydration-dehydration cycles reduced or prevented Pythium invasion in germinating Ryegrass seeds. 6 poa annua & 2 p. supina selections established at 5 university evaluation stations. Heritability varied by selection for major growth characteristics. 1 biotype of P. annua exhibits possibility of apomixis. Seed head height varied by biotype in P. annua & P. supina from 4" to 14". 6 Interspecific crosses P. annua x P supina resulted in viable seed. 50 designed crosses of P. annua accomplished. Sucrose &
water were equal to sucrose, water & 8-HQC in seed production from excised flower heads. Fogging during flowering inhibits anthesis while fostering full expression of anthers & easy emasculation. Computerized breeding record system (9000 + entries) installed. P. a. selections tolerated rootzone temps of 44C for 45 days. Bentgrass dominated greens Spring and Summer, P.a. in Fall. 2 bimodal chambered blocks with precise temperature controls fabricated for VPI & Miss State cold tolerance research. Crossing of Pennisetum alopecuroides & P.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88
Outputs
Fall or spring applied EL-107 gave long term pre-emergent broadleaf weed control. Mon15151 gave pre-post emergent grassy weed control. The national tall fescue trial was established. A breeding project with Pennisetum setaceum & P. alopecuriodes was initiated. 2 Poa annua & 1 P. supina selection produced 12" root systems under 46C day temps for 6 weeks. P. annua & A. stolonifera competition on golf greens indicates bent predominates spring & summer while poa dominates fall. Rapid changes in poa colony size were observed over the season. Data analysis indicate incongruity (genetic isolation) in P. annua populations from western Canada, Ny & AZ. Apparent incongruity observed in populations from the same golf course. 50 replications of 6 P. annua & 2 P. supina selections were placed on 19 golf courses across the USA. Bentgrass lost hardiness rapidly & earlier in 1988. A germination chamber was built that gave temp control to +/-.1C. Grass seeds subjected to
alternate wetting & drying (up to 15 cycles) germinated to at least 75%. Alternated drying resulted in synchronized germination (all within 8-16 hour period). All seed germinated after the same number of accumulated hrs of wetting. Radicles damaged by dehydration produced adventitious roots. Seeds do not require continuous moisture to germinate. Germinating seed are not damaged by water potentials that fail to support root growth. Leaf esterase isozyme patterns distinguished P. annua & P.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87
Outputs
Muncipal solid waste compost appears suitable for bedding plant soil amendment. Turkey is not manure compost suitable. EL107 is effective pre-emergent for broadleaf weeds - 2 yrs control. Synergism observed with Balan and Team pre-emergent herbicides. Grasses did not develop usual cold hardiness because of warm 86-87 winter temps. Poa supina was more cold tolerant than Poa annua. Late season N enhanced turf quality did not affect cold tolerance. New national per. ryegrass trial established. Common type K. bluegrasses and Cr red fescue were best adapted at Morris, MN. Three variants of a Poa annua from somoclonal variation isolated. A computer model was developed for predicting post harvest sod heating damage: Y = -1.26 0.48 (temp)-0.05 (time)+ 0.000007 (time) -0.00025 (temp) mult r = 0.78. PGR PP333 most toxic to P. annua followed by EL-500 and Embark. Excised culms of P. annua & P. supina completed flower and seed maturation in sucrose solution w/ 8-HQC
preservative. No difference between sucrose or fructose solution carbon sources. Seed set analysis indicate strong possibility of "incongruity" (genetic isolation) in evolution of P. annua. Plants from Canada would not cross with plants from Arizona, crossed best with closer locations, less with plants from MN. Selfing and crossing are related to geographical biotypes. Incompatibility and incongruity appear important in evolutionary development and breeding P. annua. High quality P. annua & P. supina selections identified and under increase.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86
Outputs
Late season nitrogen nutrition showed no effect on winter cold tolerance. Turf quality and moisture content were related to amount and source of nitrogen. Late season iron also affected moisture content. Diplomat (hardiest), Blazer, Prelude, Birdie II and HE-168 are most cold tolerant per ryegrasses. A range of cold tolerance levels continues to be observed in Poa annua 'annua' and P.A. 'reptans' genotypes. Callus formed in vitro from veg. parts of P.a. was not node specific; optimum callus production was from 2x10-5M 2,,4-D; Endophytic bacteria were common; somoclonal variation was observed in 1 clone of P.a. Cinch (best) EL107, EL107+Balan, Team, Sonolan 3EC, Dacthal and Balan = acceptable annual grass pre emerg. ctrl. Stolons of P.a. survived storage for 7 months @ 0-5.4C and resulted in plant development. Some self-incompatibility observed in one genotype of P.annua; determinate flowering selection of P.a. was identified; successful emasculation technique
was developed; individual culm culture in nutrient sol. technique improved pollination efficiency and integrity. Wilt-pruf antitranspirant reduced heating potential, improved quality & top growth in performance of rolled sod. Co-compost resultred in improved plant growth in growing media mixes. Comparing 5 soil mixes, Penncross Bent accumulated organic matter at faster rate in sandier soils.
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Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85
Outputs
Mystic, Midnight, Eclipse, Birka, Bristol, WWAG478, PSU150, CEBVB3965 best in 5 yr Nat. Kentucky Bluegrass (KB) Project. Touchdown most shade tolerant KB. Diplomat, Blazer, Crown & Birdie Per. ryegr. most cold tolerant. Late season N improved dvlpmt. of cold tol. in grasses. A range of cold tol. levels observed in Poa annua 'annua' & P.a. 'reptans'. Different cold tol. related to diff. hgt. of cut in P.a. Rugby, Mystic, Adelphi, Touchdown & Eclipse = most cold tol. KB. Database mgmt. system with 13 fld. Xing & inventory rcd. ref. with 80 fld. phenotypic character + 15 fld. Xing & pedigree rcd. system was developed compat. w/ USDANER-622 data base. Callus formed in vitro from veg. parts of P.a. Small colonies of cells establ. for somaclonal variation rsrch. Dacthal, Balan, EL 107, BASF514 = best annual grass pre-emerg. ctrl. BASF 514 = best post-emerg. ctrl. of annual grasses. Mixes of 2,4-D, MCPP & Dicamba = best brd. lf. ctrl. Field-applied PGR's resulted
in reduced root system. Embark @ .25X = flower suppression for contamination ctrl. in P.a. breeding. Stolons of P.a. stored for 10 wks @ -5.4C with field establish. Stolons did not survive -0C well. Cold trmt. of stolons induced flowering & rooting. 1 Bermudagrass selection survived 5 yrs in field. Fescue selection #67135 continues superior seed production; distributed for evaluation. P. supina found to be self-incompatible; P. annua likely pseudo-self-compatible. GA @ 160 ppm did not affect germination-dormancy in P.a. A superior selection of perennial P.a.
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
There were no differences in mid-winter cold tolerance levels in creeping bentgrass from either late or early fall N treatments. Penncross bent achieved hardiness to onl -22C in Jan., much less than previous years, probably reflecting the mild winter temperatures. Equipment & instrumentation was develoaped to imprve precision in control f cold treatments allowing 80 samples & below -40C. Soiless culture techniques developed resulted in improved evaluation of hardiness in treated plants. Instrumentation was developed for monitoring heating of sod rolls in truck transit. Eclipse, P-141, WWAG-478, & Midnight were best overall Kentucky bluegrasses in national evaluation. Some dfferences were observed using SEM to investigate possibility for separating 'Park' ecotypes by trichome arrangements & X-ray analysis for silicon in K. bluegrass leaves. Uniform medium sands resulted in less pick up of topdressing by, & less wear on, mowing equipment than coarser materials.
10% soil X 90% sterile power plant slag waste mixture gave adequate growing media for establishment of selected plant materials. A Nonograph was developed which allows specification for, or prediction of sand content in sand-soil-peat mixtures. Improved interfacing software developed for direct electronic data processing from field (handheld TRS-80) to microcomputer (MTU). Techniques & procedures were developed for first successful in vitro culture of P. pratensis, P. supina & P. annua from vegetative explant sources.
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Respirational heating produced temperatures in excess of 42 degrees C in rolled Kentucky bluegrass sod. Heating rate was linear, not related to starting temperature; time to reach damaging temperatures was related to starting temperature. 37.5 degrees C for 1 hour reduced rooting potential; 40 degrees C resulted in cellular damage in leaf; 42 degrees C killed plants. A new cold tolerance evaluation technique was developed: an 80 compartment aluminum block with heat control is placed in a -40 degrees C freezer resulting in excellent control of cooling plant samples under hardiness test and uniform cold treatment over all compartments. Experiments in late season application of soluble N continue to result in improved over-wintering of verdure while sustaining cold tolerance. A hardiness experiment was established with 5 NCR-10 cooperators. Lateral shoots were induced from stolon nodes of Poa annua In Vitro (LS medium plus kinetin). Interfacing software was
developed facilitating collection of field data directly onto TRS-80 (Hand held) and tape transfer to MTU130 micro-computer for processing and statistical analysis. Delayed damage response was associated with 5 of 6 sources of elemental S on high pH, heavy soils in western Minnesota. Several new pre-post emergent weedy grass herbicides show promise. 'Welcome' and 1528T were best overall in National K. bluegrass Study. Several CR fescue selections continue to show promise in quality and seed production in northern Minnesota.
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Experiments indicate a positive correlation between tearing strength of a sod roll and rhizome length in a 4" dia. sample surface plug. This will allow for improved determination of harvestability. Cheri, Glade, Enmundi, and Eclipse Ky. B. grass exhibited greatest tearing strength. Significant varietal differences in rerooting were also observed. Positive relationships continue support of late season N applications, cold hardiness, reduced N requirement, and improved quality. Effects of FeSO(4) treatments were visible within 2 hours of application. Poa annua tissue culture experiments have resulted in callus differentiation and successful plantlet regeneration. Plants were transplanted to soil. Treatments included 2,4-D and Kinetin in a Linsmaier-Skoog medium. Flower initiation was observed in vitro. Relationship of NAA and IBA concentration unclear. Addition of 1/2" and 1" of soil to long sterile coal slag wastes may be sufficient modification to establish
and sustain slected plant species. New growth regulators for low maintenance turves and several new pre and post emergent weedy grass herbicides show promise. No visible improvement of turf was associated with up to 2250 lbs elemental S (6 sources)/A on high pH, heavy soils. Basic contribution of heat in sod rolls is associated with the rhizome mat. This heat level was not damaging. Increased verdure increased heating. Leaf damage resulted from exposure to 40 degrees C. Crown damage resulted from exposure to 45 degrees C.
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Experimental results demonstrated that a layer of Kentucky bluegrass thatch oversoil reduced water infiltration rate initially, but within 10 minutes, offered no resistance to infiltration rate. Differential Thermal Analysis confirms acquisition of cold tolerance is not affected by fall N fertilization and loss of hardiness is not accelerated in the spring. Poa annua is the least cold tolerant of any grasses under study in spring and summer tolerating only -6 degrees C in August compared to -12 degrees C for other grasses. Tissue culture techniques for callus formed from seed of Poa supina were refined to produce field viable plants. Flowering was observed on a few cultures directly from callus tissue using 2,4-D and kinetin in Linsmaier-Skoog medium. Several legumes and grasses show potential for vegetating low sulfur coal stockpiles and for reclaiming slag-fly ash waste deposits. Sod heating is related to the temperature of the sod at time of harvest. Center
rolls of pallets incur greatest damage. Leaf damage resulted at 30-35 degrees C while whole plant kill occurred at 35 degrees C and above. Sod harvest for shipment is indicated at the coolest part of the day.
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Results continue to confirm that the addition of N fertilizer at 0.5 kg/100m 2 during the cold hardening period does not adversely affect the acquisition of hardiness in cool season grasses. Scheduling N fertilization in the late fall can result in reducing the annual N requirements on turf by 0.5 kg/100m 2. Best N sources continued to be NH(4)NO(3) and natural organics (sludge). Slow release N forms need to be applied earlier in fall in order to affect early spring growth. All grasses evaluated survived to -12 degrees C in July 1979. Reinforcing sod with plastic netting resulted in earlier availability for harvest, improved uniformity in stand, improved percent cover, earlier germination probably due to improved seed placement. Experiments indicate low sulfur coal stockpiled for power plants may be vegetated to reduce pollution with selected legumes and grasses. Sweetclover, cicer milkvetch; birdsfoot trefoil; red, sheep, hard and tall fescues; quackgrass;
timothy; smooth bromegrass; alkaligrass show promise for perennial cover. Annual rye grass, Bermudagrass and perennial grasses show promise for annual cover. Mulching accrued no advantage over nonmulch. Experiment indicates promising methods for tissue culturing of Poa supina and developing callus growth using 2,4-D and kinetin in Linsmaier and Skoog medium. Interior rolls of sod exhibit most heat damage during simulated transit. Damage occurred at temperatures between 40 and 45 degrees C. Highest temps were associated with greatest damage.
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
N applications of 1-2 kg/100 m 2 applied at 2 wk intervals during Sept.-Dec. period did not alter normal acquisition of cold hardiness in 'Penncross bentgrass' regardless of N source. NH(4)NO(3) and Milorganite resulted in best quality spring turf comparing treatments after Oct. 15. Increased N efficiency was indicated with increased spring quality and leaf dry weight. Grasses were least hardy in May-June, most hardy in Jan.-Feb. Experiments indicate cold tolerance of minus 35 degrees to minus 40 degrees C equal to hardy; minus 30 degrees to minus 35 degrees C equal to not dependable; above minus 30 degrees C equal to not hardy here. Dehardening period appears most critical in "winter kill" susceptibility. Reinforcing sod with plastic netting gave more uniform seed distribution and germ. Netting may allow sod transplant of non-rhizomatous grasses. Varietal evaluations indicate contamination or non-apomictic seed in mature populations of several Kentucky bluegrass
cv's. Rapid germinating varieties developed deepest root systems from fall seeding. High quality turf from Adelphia, Birka, Bonnieblue, Majestic, Merion, Touchdown, Plush, Wabash and Tivoli K. bluegrass. Ryegrasses gave poorest sod tearing resistance. Several legumes and grasses show potential for ground cover use on coal stockpiles. At 10 degrees C soil temp roots were larger in diameter than at 26 degrees C. Lower temp equal to fewer roots, more cortical cell layers, thicker cell walls, larger intercellular spaces.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
Experiments into effect of Oct-Nov N applications on hardiness in cool season grasses reaffirm that May-June equal to least hardy period and Jan-Feb equal to hardiest period. Late fall N does not reduce ability to tolerate cold temperatures. Different cultivars (cv's) develop different tolerance. Research indicates dehardening period most critical to winter survival. Experiments indicate that change from dehardening to hardening is associated with day length changes. Poa annua acquired greater cold hardiness earlier in the fall than creeping bentgrass on putting greens. Experiments indicate possibility of no adverse affects on development of hardiness related to N fertilization any time in the fall. Late fall N applications are more efficient and may reduce overall N requirement on yearly basis while increasing quality. Final evaluation for drought tolerance of grasses for sod production on organic soils indicated cv's Aquila, Majestic, K1-155, Fanfare, Victa,
Baron and Parade Kentucky bluegrass most tolerant; several new perennial ryegrasses also quite tolerant except KN-200 continues as the only 1 hardy for Minnesota. Data on root development and soil temp still being analyzed indicate changes in root characteristics, cell size and top/root ratio. Prelim expermts with grasses and forbs on coal indicate several species with tolerance. New plantings at Morris, St. Paul and sod fields for adaptibility and reinforcing sod with plastic netting.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Experiments confirmed previous findings in cold hardiness development of Kentucky bluegrass(KB), red fescue(CRF), perennial ryegrasses(PR) and bentgrasses(BG) least in June & increases steadily from July to greatest in Jan. Different cold hardiness capability is associated with different cv's within species. Rate of loss of hardiness differed with different cv's. Slight increases in hardiness observed with late fall (Oct-Nov) N applications. Also overwinter survival greatly improved resulting in 3 weeks earlier start on golf green also apparent lower incidence and more rapid recovery from disease. Amino acid analysis indicated several changes and high glutamic acid was associated with high NH(4)NO(3) fertilization. Late fall application 2 lb N/1000 sq ft adequate until June-July following year with improved spring growth patterns. With KB, CRF, PR, BG dry wt increased with increasing temp (to 29 degrees C), root diameter increased at decreasing temp (to 10
degrees C). Colder temp increased cortical tissue producing larger intercellular spaces and lower degree of xylem differentiation in grass roots. Drought tolerance of turf grasses in experiments at branch stations and commercial sod fields related directly to depth of rooting & vigor of root growth. Order of tolerance (short term) most to least was PR, KB&CRF. Poa annua achieved greater hardiness (to -22 degrees C on 8/11) earlier in the fall than bentgrasses on putting greens.
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Hardiness onset in Kentucky bluegrass (KB), red fescue (CRF), per. ryegrass (PR)& bentgrass (BG) was observed in July. Hardy grasses gained hardiness to -35 to-48(0)C by Jan., non hardy to -28 or less. Speed hardiness lost seems a major factor in spring kill. Cultivars (cv) harden & deharden at different rates. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR) showed freezing of water in tissuesof hardy PR and non hardy PR the same. Hardy tissue tolerated more ice and lessfree HyO. Higher amino acid content found in non-hardened tissues of same cultivars. Content varied with species and cv. Post-hardened N fertilization (N ) did not alter hardiness pattern in BG at putting hgt, did improve over-winter survival. Three weeks earlier spring growth, reduced snowmold incidence & severity. Hardiness not altered in cool season grasses by post-hardened fertilization. NH,NODT & nat. organic = best early spring quality compared to slow release & fourth root. Grass plants at
50(o)F root temp-normalair temp developed thicker roots & larger root systems than at higher temp. MBR212325 and Ethrel reduced growth & flowering in mixed KB community. CG 24705 (7lbs/A) and 17020 (2.5 lbs/A) reduced growth & flowering in redtop-(RT)-bromegrass turf. U. of M. CRF selections continue to outperform other grasses on highway sites. Three RT selections rank above other grasses onheavy soil and normal maint. Basagram & Destun controlled yellow nutsedge in KBsod. BG performed well with up to 500 lbs N/A from sewage sludge, KB
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Kentucky bluegrass, creeping red fescue, bentgrass were least hardy in June (-4 to -14 C). Hardening started in July. Many hardened to -20 to -30 by late September. Hardiness peaked in Jan. (-20 to -45C). Hardening and dehardening vary with variety. NK-200 continued only perennial ryegrass dependably hardy inMinnesota. Sustar, Mon 0175 growth regulators reduced vertical growth by 50% for 6 weeks. Sustar reduced root growth, Mon 0175 did not. "Roundup" in conjunction with overseeding resulted in complete conversion of Kentucky bluegrass to perennial ryegrass. Paraquat was not effective. Mixtures of 40-60% NK 200 ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass continue better than pure stands under athletic situations. Perennial ryegrasses show drought tolerance at Lamberton (heavy soil--no supplemental water). Creeping red fescues and Kentucky bluegrasses best at Morris, Grand Rapids. After transplanting, knitting of Kentucky bluegrass varieties varied from 2 to 6 weeks.
Creeping redfescues and ryegrasses were best in sod mixtures with Kentucky bluegrass. Basagran and Destun controlled yellow nutsedge in sod fields without damaging sod. Roundup controlled nutsedge but also killed the Kentucky bluegrass. U. ofM. creeping red fescue selections continue to outperform other grasses on highway sites.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
The U of M creeping red fescue (CRF) selections continue to outperform other grasses on highway sites. Sodco, Baron and Adelphy Kentucky bluegrass, King andSceempter timothy, Golfrood, Ruby and Jamestown fescue are adapted to Minnesota environments. NK-200 perennial ryegrass is the only ryegrass dependably hardy in Minn. Miscanthus sinensis, Glyceria grandis "Variegata," Elymus giganteus, and Elymus glaucus may be recommended as ornamentals for Minnesota. K. bluegrassseems to be required to develop transplantable sod with CRF or ryegrass. Mixtures of 40-60% NK-200 ryegrass and K. bluegrass out-performed other mixturesunder athletic field conditions. "Roundup" herbicide applied to turf followed by immediate overseeding resulted in excellent renovation and establishment of new turf. No chemical effects were discernible on the developing seedlings. Bentgrass (Agrostis) exhibited the greatest degree of hardiness and perennial ryegrasses the least; K. bluegrass and
CRF are intermediate. Hardening seemed to be related to decreasing photoperiod rather than decreasing temperatures. Hardiness exceeded normal expected low temps by Sept. and peaked in Jan. Mon-175 and Sustar (MBR 6033) growth regulators reduced height growth for 6 weeks. Sustar may be fall applied.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
Phase II of the grass selection program (partially supported by the Minn. Highway Dept.) was continued with 3 redtop, 1 hard fescue, 3 sheep fescue, 1 timothy, and 9 red fescue selections. All selections continue to be superior toexisting varieties. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrasses resulted in densest populations at Morris, Lamberton, and Waseca. Investigations into population management of native grasses, sedges (Carex), and rushes (Juncus) forcampsite cover were initiated. Experiments with Bermudagrass and new perennial type ryegrasses indicated possibilities for difficult athletic turf situations in Minnesota. Hardiness investigations revealed that on Oct. 9 bluegrass was killed at 15F; on Oct. 25 it survived -13 and was killed at -17. Fescues andbents survived -17 on Oct. 25; all grasses survived -20 and some bentgrass survived -28 on Nov. 17. Growth regulators did not affect hardiness. 20,000 sq. ft. of turf was grown for cooperative snow mold
control evaluation with Plant Path. Investigations into the chemical regulation of growth in the field indicated MBR 6033, Mon 0175 and Mon 0845 controlled growth for more than 8 weeks. No interaction of nutrient x growth regulator was detected.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
307 new accessions of red fescue and sheep fescue were processed through the first evaluation for disease, habit, color rhizomes, dormancy, hardiness and seed production. The second phase of the grass screening selection program supported by highway funds was initiated. Nine red fescues (Festuca rubra), 3 redtop (Agrostis alba), 3 sheep fescue (F. ovina), and 1 hard fescue (F. ovina duriuscula) selections have been advanced to final evaluation and seed increase.All are superior to materials currently available. The fescues show excellent performance under low fertility and water regimes on sandy soil. Nine perennialryegrasses survived over winter under mowed conditions. A densitometer under development for evaluating infrared negatives was made functional but needs refining. Prairie investigations were limited to burning and overseeding and have been turned over to the Landscape Arboretum for continuation. Foliar application of 3 different growth regulating
chemicals resulted in suppression of growth for 8 weeks. At effective rates no detrimental effects were observed.46 grasses were evaluated under commercial sod conditions and were transplanted at the Anoka Tech. Education Center in cooperation with the area soils agent. 32 treatments for snowmold were applied in the Fall of 1971. Arrangements were made and chemicals applied at 4 golf courses around the state by Plant Pathology. Nematocide treatments were applied on selected greens around the state. A new evaluation planting of turfgrasses was established at the Waseca station.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
400 new accessions of red fescue, redtop, timothy and bluegrass were processed through first evaluation for disease resistance, habit of growth, color rhizomes, dormancy, hardiness, and seed production. 53 accessions continue to show qualities superior to currently available grasses. Further investigation into germination and establishment of selected prairie grasses revealed that pregermination shortened time of emergence but did not affect total germination percentages. Development of an inexpensive transistorized continuous reading densitometer for measuring grass density from infra-red negatives is nearing completion. Investigation into the possible use of alkaligrass on roadsides wascontinued. Ecological studies on deterioration of bluegrass sod on roadsides indicate a rapid decrease in density through 4 years after sodding. Foliar and soil applications of 6 growth regulators resulted in suppression of growth. Ethrel resulted in increased leaf numbers,
internode elongation and reduced leafblade length. Cooperative investigations with Plant Pathology into nematode distribution in golf greens in Minnesota were completed and revealed 14 species present in the state. Several greens around the state were selected for use in developing control measures and evaluating the effects of nematode populations on bentgrass.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Two thousand new accessions of red fescue, ryegrass, redtop, timothy, bromegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass were processed through the first selection and field evaluation for habit of growth, color, rhizome vigor, dormancy, hardiness, flower and seed production. 9 fescue, 13 Kentucky Bluegrass, 5 red top and 2 timothy materials were selected for further investigation. The r(1) generation of squirreltail barley treated for induction of awnless or short awned character was screened and seed harvested for evaluation of next generation. Ecological study has shown population changes brought about by highway sowing practices are primarily caused by mowing interval and mowing height rather than mower type. Weeds become more evident under low height, highmowing frequency compared to low frequency high cut. Investigation into germination of selected prairie grass species revealed that removal of hulls increased germination 20-40% and pregermination is a practicable way of
establishment. Ethrel and MBR 6033 (3M) as foliar treatments and Ethrel as soiltreatment resulted in growth inhibition. Seed treatments with Ethrel reduced plant populations while treatment with HC1 increased populations. A technique for use of infra-red sensitive film for evaluation of turf density is being developed. Investigation into nematode distribution in Golf greens in Minnesotareveals 10 different parasitic genera present in sufficient numbers to damage turf.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
Five thousand accessions of red fescue, ryegrass, redtop, timothy, brome and Kentucky bluegrass have been processed through the selection phases and field evaluation for habit of growth, color, rhizome vigor, dormancy characteristics, texture, flower and seed production and hardiness. Twenty-two fescues, twelve bluegrasses and three redtops have been selected as potential parents or for useon highways. Seed was harvested from squirreltail barley grown from irradiated seed for evaluation for an awnless or short awn character. The population changes brought about by mowing treatments in a mixed herbaceous-grass population continue to be evident. Comparatively, the competitive ability of Kentucky bluegrass is enhanced by a bi-weekly mowing while the competitive ability of bromegrass is enhanced under a once or twice yearly mowing schedule. An experiment with Bermuda-grass has shown that summer seeding for soil stabilization can be effective in Minnesota. Experiments
involving actively growing plants germinating seed, pre-germinated seed, dormant seed and'Ethrel' (growth regulator) resulted in stimulation of germination, elongation of crown and both stimulation and inhibition of growth, all of which were affected by stage of growth and time after treatment.
Impacts
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Progress 01/01/67 to 12/30/67
Outputs
Field and greenhouse experiments with 10 different potential growth regulating chemicals revealed one chemical (Amchem 66-329) with apparent strong growth regulating capacity on bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass and creeping red fescue. Results from a soil warming experiment indicate that grass can be transplanted and established as sod in December. Heating throughout the winter or careful hardening of the grasses is necessary for survival. Indications were that 45F temperature at 6" depth may have effected a reduction in root development as compared to 35F at the 6". Six accessions of creeping red fescue continue to exhibit superior rhizome vigor, excellent color, and leaf width comparable to Kentucky bluegrass. One bromegrass accession exhibits extreme rhizome vigor andstiff stalk characteristics. An experiment on the ecological effects of mowing indicates that after three years Kentucky bluegrass dominates reel mower and rotary mower treatments while bromegrass and
timothy are dominant in the sicklebar and flail treatment areas. A highway experiment with a resin coated 'slow release' type fertilizer (Osmocote) indicates that 87 pounds of actual N per acre resulted in the best quality turf and that a significant carry over effect was evident during the second growing season.
Impacts
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