Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: To address Objective 1, the following selections placed in tissue culture for subsequent field evaluation: white obake 1431-18. red obake UH1998, blush-orange selection UH2189. Objective 2 was met by the placement in tissue culture of green selection UH2376, brown UH2018, and transition color UH2317. Objective 5 was addressed when the Hawaiian Anthurium Industry Association requested in vitro germplasm of previously released University of Hawaii cultivars to be sent to their cooperating propagation laboratory to fulfill members' needs for field replanting. During the reporting period, we transferred to their cooperating laboratory in vitro cultures of the following anthurium cultivars (Anuenue, Hokuloa, Tropic Sunrise, Centennial, Maggie Inouye, Leahi, and New Era). The cultivar Lavender Lady was placed again into tissue culture so that stakeholders can avail of the variety again. Cultivars (Hokulea and Satan) were also placed into tissue culture for germplasm storage. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Evaluation of newer selections with either industry standard or novel colors allow local stakeholders to remain competitive as anthurium producers. Strong demand exists for University- released varieties; in vitro germplasm storage of previously released varieties allow growers to fulfill replant needs over a shorter duration of time.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Field tests showed five hybrids to be worthy of release to industry. Anthurium 'Leahi', UH1211, is a dual-purpose light red and green bi-color selection. Strengths of 'Le'ahi' are its unusual obake coloration that holds all year round, and its good yield of over 7-1/2 flowers per year, with thick, sturdy and erect flower stems carried slightly above the foliage such that it is also attractive as a midi-size blooming potted plant for interiorscapes. Anthurium 'New Era', UH1402, 'New Era' has a pink spathe measuring 6-1/2" long by 4-1/4" wide with a relatively long acumen on a long, erect flower stem. It is tolerant to bacterial blight and moderately resistant to anthracnose. It has the species A. andraeanum and A. antioquiense in its pedigree. The average vase life with three days simulated packing is 44.5 days. Anthurium 'Maggie Inouye', UH1141, has light pink, tulip-type flower that is resistant to anthracnose. Vase life is extended to 4 weeks by dipping or spraying
flowers with 100 ppm benzyl adenine. Leaves are dark green, narrow and triangular. It originated from a complex cross between [('Uniwai' x A. kamemotoanum) x A. formosum] and A. amnicola. Anthurium 'Mini Gem', UH1207, is a miniature purple novelty potted plant that also may be well suited for bored lava rock culture or for small pot sizes used as table center pieces. The spathe measures 2.3 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. Anthurium 'Centennial', UH1272, is a dual-purpose cut flower and potted plant selection named in celebration of 100 years of higher education in the Hawaiian Islands. 'Centennial' has a small, white tulip-type spathe with green stripes (veins) and green-tinged back becoming more prominent with maturity. This hybrid has four Anthurium species in its background, A. andraeanum, A. lindenianum, A. amnicola and A. antioquiense. Tests of species A. ravenii were initiated in replicate for nematode resistance.
Impacts
Five new varieties of anthuriums colored pink, light pink, purple, white and red-green, were developed and released for cut flower and potted plant production. This work directly benefits flower growers and consumers.
Publications
- A.R. Kuehnle, T. D. Amore, H. Kamemoto, J. T. Kunisaki, J. S. Lichty, and J. Y. Uchida. 2007. Leahi and New Era anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-10, 2 pp. available http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-A-10.pdf
- A.R. Kuehnle, T. D. Amore, H. Kamemoto, J. T. Kunisaki, J. S. Lichty, and J. Y. Uchida. 2007. Maggie Inouye and Mini Gem anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-9, 2 pp. available http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-A-9.pdf
- A.R. Kuehnle, T. D. Amore, H. Kamemoto, J. T. Kunisaki, J. S. Lichty, and J. Y. Uchida. 2007. Centennial anthurium. 2007. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-11, 1 pp. available http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-A-11.pdf
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Fifteen new hybrids are being tested at grower-cooperator farms and at Waiakea. This includes 11 cut flower selections with five red, one green, two red obake, one orange obake, one pink obake, and one pink; 2 potted plant selections; and 2 novelty selections. Tests continue for UH1311 Waimea under protected cultivation. Thirteen new selections have been established in tissue culture, and several dozen are tagged for initiation of cultures for the coming cycle. Over 60 crosses were made in 2005. UH1554 Tropic Elf was withdrawn for consideration for early release as a compact potted variety due to uncertainty on floriferousness. UH1141 Maggie Inouye was multiplied for early release as a novelty cut flower. Plant selections UH1679, UH1211, and UH658 are being micropropagated for naming and early release. Species A. ravenii was propagated in vitro and planted out to test for nematode resistance. Cultures of eleven anthurium species were established in vitro and
transferred to the US National Plant Germplasm System for maintenance and further distribution to qualified organizations, institutions, and stakeholders.
Impacts
Fifteen new hybrids are being tested for cultivation as cut flowers, potted and landscape plants. An anthurium species, A. ravenii, with potential resistance to anthurium burrowing nematode that is cross-compatible with commercial hybrids, was propagated for field testing and hybridization. Eleven anthurium species were established in vitro and transferred to the US National Plant Germplasm System for start of the first anthurium in vitro germplasm bank.
Publications
- Hodgin H. 2006. Safeguarding Anthurium Genetic Resources: In vitro germplasm bank development and flow cytometry analysis. M.S. thesis, Univ. Hawaii, Manoa, 44 p
- Hodgin H., Kuehnle, A.R., T.D. Amore. 2006. Anthurium germplasm from Hawaii has rich history. Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center Quarterly Spring 2006, pp 3-4
- Kuehnle, A.R. and Amore, T. 2005. Tropical flower breeding at the University of Hawaii. HortScience 40: 945
- Kuehnle, A.R. 2005. Lytic peptides confer disease resistance and susceptibility in the bioengineered perennial anthurium. 16th biennial meeting of the New Zealand branch of the IAPTC&B, pg. 14
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
A total of four Anthurium hybrids were named and released based on performance in grower-cooperator fields. 'Pumehana' is red with dark green foliage, suitable as a cut flower for cultivation under saran cloth due to its bacterial blight tolerance, and for landscape use. 'Andraecola-1' anthurium is light red with exceptionally long flower stems and high yield. 'Princess Aiko' ('Imperial') is pink with a sweet fragrance that may find its niche as a novelty scented interior or exterior landscaping plant. It is also very attractive as a cut flower, but the scent is lost several days after harvest. 'Regina' is a novel large purple flower with lateral tulip shape for cultivation under cover. Two transgenic lines of anthurium 'Paradise Pink', engineered to produce the cecropin-like Shiva 1 lytic peptide, were able to significantly resist anthurium blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae when compared to a standard resistant cultivar, 'Kalapana'. However,
disease severity could be significantly increased as well using the same transgene approach in a different genotype, 'Tropic Flame'. These lines were shown to be compatible with beneficial leaf-associated bacteria that can aid in suppressing blight, suggesting that use of GMO plants should be combined with beneficial bacteria to provide durable protection against anthurium blight disease. Blight resistance incorporated by hybridization of A. andraeanum types with A. antioquiense also enhanced resistance, but the market-desired heart-shaped spathe form was difficult to recover. Both gene and genome breeding for resistance occurred in a comparable time frame of less than 10 years. Current means to control anthurium nematodes in production fields were described.
Impacts
Four new varieties of anthurium were released for cultivation as cut flowers and landscape plants, including with novelty traits of scent and purple color. Two transgenic lines of anthurium 'Paradise Pink' producing the cecropin-like Shiva 1 lytic peptide were able to significantly resist anthurium bacterial blight when compared to a standard resistant cultivar, 'Kalapana'.
Publications
- Kuehnle, A.R., Fujii, T., Chen, F.C., Alvarez, A., Sugii, N., Fukui, R., Aragon, S. and Jaynes, J.M. 2004. Peptide biocides for engineering bacterial blight tolerance and susceptibility in cut flower Anthurium. HortScience. 39:1327-1331.
- Kuehnle, A.R., Fujii, T., Mudalige, R. and Alvarez, A. 2004. Gene and genome melange in breeding of Anthurium and Dendrobium orchid. Acta Hort. 651:115-122
- Kuehnle, A.R., Amore, T.D., Kamemoto, H., Kunisaki, J.T., Lichty, J.S. and Uchida, J.Y. 2005. 'Pumehana' and 'Andraecola-1' anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-8.
- Kuehnle, A.R., Amore, T.D., Kamemoto, H., Kunisaki, J.T., Lichty, J.S. and Uchida, J.Y. 2004. 'Princess Aiko' ('Imperial') and 'Regina', two novelty anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-7.
- Sipes, B., Kuehnle, A., Lichty, J., Sewake, K. and Hara, A. 2004. Anthurium decline: Options for controlling burrowing nematodes. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series PD-26.
- Kuehnle, A.R., Amore, T.D., Lichty, J. and Neri, E. 2004. New anthurium cultivars and update on current anthurium research. Hawaii Floriculture Conference Maui, March 2004 (K. Leonhardt, P. Nakao, eds.), pp. 86-88.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
A total of 12 Anthurium species and hybrids were histologically examined for pigmentation in spathes using a new method employing vacuum infiltration of spathe tissue with polyethylene glycol (PEG) prior to cross-sectioning. PEG infiltration displaces intercellular air spaces between cells. This method greatly improved the clarity of the cross sections and consequently improved observations of spatial localization of anthocyanins and chloroplasts. Six anthurium (Anthurium andraenum) cultivars previously evaluated as tolerant, moderately tolerant, and intolerant to burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) were analyzed for their nutrient concentration which was then correlated with their tolerant and resistant measurements against burrowing nematode. Tolerance and resistance to this nematode was positively correlated with K/Ca and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios. These ratios, especially K/(Ca+Mg) can be a potential marker for selection of burrowing nematode resistance and tolerance
in an anthurium breeding program.
Impacts
Color of anthurium flowers can be attributed to the combination of different pigments within different tissue layers of the spathe. Species were previously thought to have color limited to the outer layers of the spathe but the improved technique shows that pigment can accumulate throughout the spathe structure. Anthurium plant nutrient content can be used as a marker for breeding nematode resistance and tolerance in anthurium. This may be useful to develop varieties that can reduce nematode reproduction and also yield well should any nematode infection occur.
Publications
- Ehrenberger, J. and Kuehnle, A.R. 2003. Enhanced histological technique for observation of spathe pigmentation in Anthurium species and hybrids. Aroideana. 26:120-124.
- Ehrenberger, J.A., Kuehnle, A.R. and Amore, T.D. 2003. Evaluation of University of Hawaii Anthurium Accessions, 1986-2001. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-10.
- Wang, K.-H., Sipes, B.S. and Kuehnle, A.R. 2003. Relationship between burrowing nematode resistance and tolerance and anthurium nutrient concentration. Proc. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida. 62:82-85.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
Methods previously used for marine algae, mango, and papaya were modified and successfully used for the simultaneous isolation of high quality genomic DNA and RNA from Anthurium, Colocasia, and Spathiphyllum leaves. Genomic DNA yields averaged 477 microg per g fresh weight for Anthurium and 322 microg per g and 177 microg per g fresh weight, respectively, for Colocasia and Spathiphyllum. Total RNA yields averaged 129 microg per g fresh weight for Anthurium and 61 microg per g and 50 microg per g fresh weight, respectively, for Colocasia and Spathiphyllum. Two transgenic lines of anthurium 'Paradise Pink', engineered to produce the cecropin-like Shiva 1 lytic peptide, were able to significantly resist anthurium blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae when compared to a standard resistant cultivar, 'Kalapana'. However, disease severity could be significantly increased as well using the same transgene approach in a different genotype, 'Tropic Flame'.
These lines were shown to be compatible with beneficial leaf-associated bacteria that can aid in suppressing blight, suggesting that use of GMO plants could be combined with beneficial bacteria to provide durable protection against anthurium blight disease. Blight resistance incorporated by hybridization of A. andraeanum types with A. antioquiense also enhanced resistance, but the market-desired heart-shaped spathe form was difficult to recover.
Impacts
A method was developed for co-isolating nucleic acids from the horticultural aroids taro, anthurium and spathiphyllum that may be useful in co-isolating high quality nucleic acids from additional aroids and other plants which may otherwise be difficult due to the presence of carbohydrates, phenolics, and other compounds that bind to and/or co-precipitate with the DNA or RNA.
Publications
- Kuehnle, A.R., Fujii, T., Mudalige, R. and Alvarez, A. 2003. Gene and genome melange in breeding Dendrobium orchid and Anthurium. EUCARPIA 21st International Symposium Section Ornamentals. Abstracts. p.46
- Wang, K.-H., Sipes, B.S. and Kuehnle, A.R. 2002. Relationship between resistance and tolerance to Radopholus similis, and plant nutrient concentration in Anthurium andraeanum. Proc. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida. Vol 61. (In press).
- Kuehnle, A.R. 2002. Flower Industry of Hawaii. International Symposium on Tropical Floriculture Industry and Biotechnology. National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, Abstracts. p. 5.
- Aragon, S., Chuang, K. and Kuehnle, A.R. 2003. An effective method for co-isolating nucleic acids from horticultural aroids. HortSci. (In press).
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
Field tests showed four hybrids to be worthy of immediate release to industry. Anthurium 'Hokuloa', UH1349, has a glossy white, medium size, heart-shaped flower and an excellent vase life of about 33 days. Leaves are dark green. It is a fast propagator in tissue culture. Anthurium 'Hilo Moon', UH1450, is a companion flower to UH1349. It is also white and glossy with a light yellow nose. It features an excellent yield of about 8 flowers per year, a vase life of about 22 days, and good sucker production. Both plants are moderately resistant to anthracnose and bacterial blight. These whites arose from a cross between 'Tropic Mist' and 768-47 (A. antioquiense x 'Marian Seefurth'). Anthurium 'Waimea', UH1311, has a bright red, medium to large size flower that retains its vibrant color even under hot summer conditions. Vase-life is 35 days with BA dip and 25 days with no treatment following 3 days of packing simulation. It is notably fast in tissue culture. This selection
arose from a cross between 'Paradise Pink' and 768-47 (A. antioquiense x 'Marian Seefurth'). Anthurium `Tropic Sunrise', UH1071, is a very large, attractive, bright orange obake also released to industry.
Impacts
Four new varieties of anthuriums colored red, white and orange-green, were developed and released for cut flower production. This work directly benefits flower growers and consumers.
Publications
- Fujii, T.M. 2002. Evaluation of transgenic anthuriums expressing the shiva-1 gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Hawaii, Manoa. 93p.
- Fujii, T.M., Alvarez, A., Fukui, R., Obsuwan, K. and Kuehnle, A.R. 2002. Effect of transgenic anthuriums producing the Shiva-1 lytic peptide on beneficial bacteria. Phytopathology. 92:S27.
- Kuehnle, A.R., Amore, T.D., Kamemoto, H., Kunisaki, J.T., Lichty, J.S. and Uchida, J.Y. 2002. `Hokuloa' and 'Hilo Moon' Anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-5.
- Kuehnle, A.R., Amore, T.D., Kamemoto, H., Kunisaki, J.T., Lichty, J.S. and Uchida, J.Y. 2002. `Hokuloa' and 'Hilo Moon' Anthuriums. Univ. of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-6.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
Genetically engineered anthurium plants producing the cecropin-like Shiva 1 lytic peptide for enhanced resistance to anthurium blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae (Xcd) were examined for population changes amongst beneficial plant-associated bacteria. Four Shiva 1-expressing lines of two anthurium cultivars, 'Marian Seefurth' (MS1-1, MS 1-5) and 'Mauna Kea' (MK1-2, MK 2-6) and two non-transgenic control lines were inoculated in the greenhouse with a cocktail of four different strains of bacteria composed of Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas, Microbacterium and Pseudomonas species. Bacterial counts were taken from guttation fluids collected 6 and 11 days post-inoculation and cultured on strain-specific nutrient media. No significant difference in replicate counts of each of the four strains was observed between transgenic and control plants.
Impacts
Beneficial bacteria are indigenous to leaves of anthurium plants and are integral to suppressing bacterial blight and stimulating growth. Results indicate the potential for a two-pronged approach, using transgenic plants primed with the beneficial bacteria, to provide enhanced and durable protection against anthurium blight disease. This work directly benefits anthurium researchers and consumers.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 10/01/99 to 09/30/00
Outputs
Four objectives of anthurium fragrance research were: to survey anthurium species and hybrids for fragrance; to determine the genetics of scent; to chemically identify scent compounds; and to histologically study the site of scent production. This survey provided useful information about scent quality, time of production, and developmental stage of the fragrant spadix. Analysis by GC- mass spec showed that monoterpenes comprise the bulk of the volatiles produced. These include limonene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, with linalool infrequently present. Chemical analysis of tepals, pistils and stamens, followed by histological comparison of the structures, indicated that storage compounds in tepals differed markedly between fragrant and non-fragrant samples, with tepals accumulating high amounts of lipids. Comparison of chemical profiles between parents and their progenies showed similarities among types of monoterpenes and their relative proportions, but
this did not always correlate with the emitted scent. First generation progeny analyses from 22 crosses between non-fragrant and fragrant parents indicated that multiple genes likely govern the presence of scent in Anthurium. Thus, fragrance genetic engineering will be a challenge. For flower color engineering, we are part of an international team exploring modification of spathe color using anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.
Impacts
Fragrance in flowers is once again desirable by the consumer. Knowledge of fragrance biology and genetics for anthuriums is essential for varietal development and post-harvest handling. This work directly benefits anthurium researchers and consumers.
Publications
- Matsumoto, T.K., Kuehnle, A.R., and Webb, D.T. 1999. Zygotic embryogenesis in Anthurium. Proceedings of the 8th International Aroid Conference, St. Louis Missouri. (in press)
- Kuanprasert, N., Kuehnle, A.R., and Tang, C.S. 1999. Fragrance in Anthurium. Proceedings of the 8th International Aroid Conference, St. Louis Missouri. (in press)
- Kuanprasert, N., Kuehnle, A.R., and Tang, C.S. 1999. Descriptive, chemical, histological and genetic analysis of fragrance in Anthurium. Gordon Research Conference on Biology, Chemistry and Evolution of Floral Scent I., Sept. 1999, Queens Oxford, UK. Poster #6.
- Kuehnle, A.R. 1999. Biotech breeding in Anthurium. Proceedings of the 8th International Aroid Conference, St. Louis Missouri. (in press)
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Progress 10/01/98 to 09/30/99
Outputs
A total of 146 Anthurium species and hybrids from sections Belolonchium, Calomystrium, Cardiolonchium, Chamaerepium, Dactylophyllum, Leptanthurium, Oxycarpium, Pachyneurium, Porphyrochitonium, Semaeophyllium, Tetraspermium and Urospadix was evaluated for floral fragrance. A majority of plants emitted scent: 68% of the species and 80% of the hybrids were fragrant. Fragrance was categorized as citrus, fishy, floral, foul, fruity, menthol, minty, pine, spicy, and sweet. There was no correlation between scent production or quality with flower colour or botanical section. A plurality of plants emitted scent during the morning only (45%) and at the pistillate stage (77%). Detection of fragrance depended upon ambient temperature and relative humidity. Fragrance life of unharvested inflorescences varied from 3 days up to 4 weeks, whereas that of harvested inflorescences was short, only 1 or 2 days. First generation progeny analyses from 22 crosses between non-fragrant and
fragrant parents indicated that multiple genes likely govern the presence of scent in Anthurium.
Impacts
Knowledge of fragrance type and inheritance in anthurium directly benefits plant scientists and breeders and will ultimately benefit the flower industry and flower consumers with application of the knowledge to create scented anthurium varieties.
Publications
- Kuanprasert, N., Kuehnle, A.R. 1999. Fragrance quality, emission and inheritance in Anthurium species and hybrids. Aroideana. 22:47-61.
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Progress 10/01/97 to 09/30/98
Outputs
Morphological, anatomical and histochemical aspects of zygotic embryogenesis by Anthurium andraeanum were investigated from 4 to 24 weeks post-pollination. Anatomical features were correlated to morphology of the spadix and capacity of embryos to germinate in vitro. Development from a single-cell zygote to fully mature seed takes 24 weeks. Differentiation of the shoot apex, the cotyledon and protoderm occurs at 14 weeks. Embryos start to derive nutrition from the endosperm at this time, with 56% germination of cultured ovules. Shoot apex leaf primordia and the root apex are well defined by week 20, with 100% germination of cultured ovules and embryos. Fully mature embryos at 24 weeks are green and contain protoxylem elements. Floral fragrance compounds of five anthurium species and three anthurium hybrids were studied using headspace absorption and solvent extraction for sample preparation followed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry analysis.Twenty eight compounds were identified and their levels assessed at the secent-emitting pistillate stage of the spadix. Variation of compounds in the headspace in response of the time of day were determined in a hybrid, A. antioquiense x 'Tatsuda Pink Obake' (UH1299) which emitted strong fragrance all day. A novel green anthurium, 'Tropic Lime' was named and released.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- MATSUMOTO,T., KUEHNLE, A.R. and WEBB, D. 1998. Zygotic embryogenesis in Anthurium (Araceae). Am. J. Botany 85:1560-1568.
- KUANPRASERT, N., KUEHNLE, A.R. and TANG, C.S. 1998. Floral fragrance compounds of some Anthurium (Araceae) species and hybrids. Phytochem. 49:521-528.
- KUEHNLE, A.R, KAMEMOTO, H., AMORE, T.D., KUNISAKI, J.T., UCHIDA, J.Y. and LICHTY, J.S. 1998. 'Tropic Lime' Anthurium. University of Hawaii CTAHR Coop. Ext. Ser. Series NPH-A-1.
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Progress 10/01/96 to 09/30/97
Outputs
Root explants from in vitro-grown plants of Anthurium Alii and UH1060 produced multiple shoots under weak light on a modified Murashige & Skoog medium containing 2.2 M benzyl adenine. Regenerated UH1060 plants grew normally and flowered within 16 months. Cocultivation of root cuttings with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404/pCa2Att produced 'Anuenue' shoots transgenic for neo and att one year after culture on selection media with a transformation efficiency of 1.3%. Protoplasts capable of first divisions were isolated from axenic etiolated shoots of cultivars 'Rudolph', UH1060, and UH1003. Enzymatic digestion by 1.5% (w/v) Cellulase R-10, 0.5% Macerozyme R-10 and 0.5% Driselase in 0.5 M mannitol yielded between 1.6 104 to 2.2 104 protoplasts per gram etiolated shoots. Green leaves produced only mixtures of protoplasts and partially digested cells with a mean yield of 3.8 105 protoplasts per gram leaf. Anthurium Rudolph and UH1060 protoplasts cultured in darkness at 2.5
104 to 7.0 104 protoplasts per ml in a tobacco protoplast medium with 1 mg per liter 6-benzylaminopurine and a-naphthaleneacetic acid, and 0.1 per liter 2,4-D divided within 2 to 6 days and formed microcolonies within 10 days.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CHEN, F.C., KUEHNLE, A.R., and SUGII, N. 1997. Anthurium roots for micropropagation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Plant Cell Tissue Org Culture 49:71-74
- KUEHNLE, A.R. 1997. Progress in protoplast isolation and culture from axenic tissues of hybrid Anthurium. Aroideana 20:147-154
- KAMEMOTO, H. and KUEHNLE, A.R. 'Tropic Fire' Anthurium (No. Plant 9797, Feb. 1997)
- MATSUMOTO, T. and KUEHNLE, A.R. 1997. Micropropagation of anthuriums. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 40, High-Tech and Micropropagation V, (Bajaj, Y.P.S., ed.) Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 14-29p.
- KAMEMOTO, H. and KUEHNLE, A.R. 1996. Breeding Anthuriums in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 168 pp.
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Progress 10/01/95 to 09/30/96
Outputs
Histological analysis of somatic embryos derived from in vitro-grown lamina of Anthurium andraeanum showed bipolarity with the presence of shoot & root poles connected by procambium. Vascular connections between the explant & somatic embryos were not observed. Storage of proteins, starch & raphides as well as a suspensor-like structure & an epidermis were observed in the somatic embryos. Origin of the somatic embryos was from a proembryonic cell complex or possibly from a single cell by direct embryogenesis. Both modes of somatic embryogenesis arose from the mesophyll. Transgenic anthurium plants expressing antibacterial genes were produced using an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Etiolated internodes of anthurium 'Rudolph' were co- cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing pCa2Att encoding the antibacterial peptide attacin, the gene NPTII for kanamycin resistance, & the gene GusA for B- glucuronidase. Plantlets were regenerated in the
presence of kanamycin 6 to 12 months following co-cultivation. DNA & RNA analysis from callus & leaves confirmed the presence of Att, NPTII & GusA genes. Attacin peptide was detected in callus by Western blot analysis. Some kanamycin-resistant R0 showed resistance or a noticeable delay in bacterial blight disease symptom development after inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv dieffenbachiae, with low counts from bacterial reisolation compared with untransformed controls.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CHEN, F.C. and KUEHNLE, A.R. 1996. Obtaining transgenic Anthurium through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of etiolated internodes. J. Amer. Sec. Hort. Sci. 121:47-51.
- KUEHNLE, A.R. 1994. Biotechnology-assisted Anthurium breeding. In: Higaki, T., Lichty, J.S. and Moniz, D. (eds.) Univ. of Hawaii HITAHR Research Ext. Series 152:5-9.
- KUEHNLE, A.R., SUGII, N., CHEN, F. C., KUANPRASERT, N., FUKUI, R. and ALVAREZ, A.1996. Peptide biocides for engineering blight resistance in floral Anthurium. J.Sec. In Vitro Biol. 32:72A.
- MATSUMOTO, T., WEBB, D., and KUEHNLE, A.R. 1996. Histology and origin of somaticembryos derived from Anthurium andraeanum Lind. ex Andre lamina. J. Am. Sec. Hort. Science 121:404-407. .
- WANG, K. H., KUEHNLE, A.R. and SIPES, B.S. 1996. Eval.
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Progress 10/01/94 to 09/30/95
Outputs
Three obstacles - presence of mucilage, hardened carpel wall, & hardened seed coat in the developing fruit & seed - were overcome in the anatomical study of Anthurium floral structure & embryo development. A fixative of 6% glutaraldehyde & 1% cetylpyridinium chloride in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate, pH 6.8, fixed or removed mucilage from locules in spadices. This treatment aided infiltration of the embedding medium through the hardened carpel wall into the locule space & decreased holes in the embedding block during sectioning. Specimens 16 weeks after pollination could be fixed, infiltrated, & observed without physical removal of the seed coat. Embryos may be excised from the seed at later stages without compromising embryo structure. 3 plants of 'Rudolph' & UH1060 were selected from genetic engineering trials, using inoculation by Xanthamonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae, for clonal propagation for further testing for bacterial disease resistance. Plantlets of cultivar
'Mauna Kea' engineered to contain a secreted modified cecropin gene SB37 with PR-1 signal peptide were shown to be transgenic based on Southern restriction analysis. Beds of UH cultivars were displayed for grower field days in Fall 1994 & 1995. Flowers were harvested & packed vase life data were collected for selection UH1071, 'Misty Pink', & 'Rudolph' with the following results (data includes 3 days packing): UH1071--31.4 days for 119 flowers; 'Misty Pink'-- 18.3 for 354 flowers; 'Rudolph'-- 23.8 for 365 flowers.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/93 to 09/30/94
Outputs
A new cultivar named 'Tropic Ice' was selected from a cross between 'Anuenue' and UH515. It has attractive white-green, small to medium-sized spathes on a compact plant with very high yield, excellent vase life, resistance to anthracnose and tolerance to bacterial blight. A selection from a cross between 'Diamond Jubilee' and 'Paradise Pink' was found to produce a red- green medium to large sized bicolor spathe with long flower stems, vigorous growth, resistance to anthracnose and tolerance to the systemic phase of bacterial blight. It was named 'Kalapana' and released to industry. 'Tropic Mist' was named and released to the Industry. 'Tropic Mist' was selected from a cross between 'Manoa Mist' and 'Sea Pearl'. It has a round, cream spathe with a vertical orientation to allow dense packing and escape from rain injury. Young anthurium plantlets genetically engineered with Attacin, T4, and P13 lysozyme gene show resistance or delayed bacterial blight symptoms when
inoculated by Xanthamonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae. Mature anthurium plants obtained from genetic engineering experiments were subjected to serve, moderate, and natural blight disease pressure in the greenhouse. Two 'Rudolph' plants genetically engineered with the Attacin gene were selected for clonal propagation for further testing for bacterial disease resistance. Cultivar UH1060 plants engineered to contain a secreted modified cecropin gene SB37 were shown to be transgenic based on Southern restriction analysis.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/92 to 09/30/93
Outputs
Karyotypes and meiotic configurations of Anthurium andraeanum and closely related taxa were analyzed. The karyotypes of A. andraeanum, A. caperatum, A. formosum, A. kamemotoanum, A. lindenianum, A. roseospadix, A. cf. sanctifidense, A. subsignatum, A. garagaranum consisted of 4 large metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes, two fairly large acrocentric chromosomes, 2 satellite chromosomes, and 22 smaller chromosomes. All taxa showed 15 pairs of chromosomes at prometaphase I of meiosis in pollen mother cells. Regular bivalent formation at prometaphase I of species hybrids suggested close genomic relationships among parental taxa. Transgenic A. andraeanum cultivar 'Rudolph' expressing insect and bacteriophage antibacterial genes were produced using cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing pCa2Att, pCa2P13, and pCa2T4. PCR analysis of DNA from kanamycin-resistant de novo callus and leaves confirmed the presence of antibacterial genes Att and P13,
NPTII and GusA genes. Expression of the attacin peptide was detected in de novo callus by Western blot analysis. Kanamycin-resistant 'Rudolph' plantlets with Ca2Att, Ca2P13 and Ca2T4 challenged with Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae showed a noticeable delay in disease symptom development compared with untransformed controls. A patent (No. Plant 8,320, July 27, 1993) was issued for a cultivar named 'Kalapana'.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/91 to 09/30/92
Outputs
A method for the production of somatic embryos and subsequent plant regenerationfor Anthurium andraeanum hybrids was developed. Whole leaf blade explants, derived from plantlets grown in vitro, formed embryos from callus at their basal ends within one month of culture in the dark. Embryogenesis was induced with three genotypes using a modified half-strength MS supplemented with 1.0 to 4.0 mg 1-1 2,4-D and 0.33 to 1.0 mg 1-1 kinetin. A combination of 2% sucrose with 1% glucose in the medium favored embryogenesis over 3% sucrose alone. Blades produced more somatic embryos on medium solidified with 0.18% Gelrite than on medium with 0.7% Bacto-agar. Rooted plants readily transferred into pots with tree fern fiber medium in the greenhouse. Evaluation of two anthurium selections, UH908 and UH965, was completed. Both showed desirable attributes as cut flowers and, therefore, were named lii' and udolph' respectively and were released to the anthurium industry. lii' has
attractive large light-red flowers while udolph' has large, white spathes with a red spadices. Plants from both cultivars are resistant to anthracnose and have high yields. A patent (Application Serial No.: 07/708,852; May 31, 1991) was filed for a cultivar named alapana' (formerly UH1016). Its merits are tolerance to bacterial blight, long stems, and attractive triangular red-green flowers.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/90 to 09/30/91
Outputs
Leaf explants of seven cultivars of Hawaiian anthuriums, aumana,' ozohara,'
arian Seefurth,'
auna Kea,' itta,' zaki,' and
aradise Pink,' produced callus most successfully after 2-3 months on a modified Pierik medium containing 0.36 uM 2,4-D and 4.4 uM BA. A method was established for infecting anthurium with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Tumors were obtained on plant stems 7 to 10 weeks after inoculation with oncogenic A. tumefaciens strains C58 and A281 cultured previously in an induction medium containing 200 uM acetosyringone at pH 5.5. Etiolated internodes explants were much more responsive to infection by induced C58 than green leaf or petiole explants. DNA extracted from tumors formed on C58-inoculated tissue, but not from uninoculated anthurium tissue, contained sequences homologous to the nopaline synthase gene of A. tumefaciens T- DNA. Evaluation of two anthurium selections, UH1069 and UH1070, under advance testing with cooperating growers was completed. Both showed desirable attributes as cut flowers and, therefore, were named
isty Pink' and
ink Elf' respectively and were released to the anthurium industry.
isty Pink' has attractive delicate pink flowers while
ink Elf' has smaller reddish-pink flowers. Flowers from both cultivars are tulip-type in shape and are resistant to anthracnose.
ink Elf' may also be suited as a potted plant cultivar.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/89 to 09/30/90
Outputs
A procedure for initiation of callus cultures of the commercial anthurium cultivars 'Kaumana', 'Marian Seefurth', 'Mauna Kea', 'Paradise Pink', 'Ozaki' and 'Nitta' was developed. A method for callus establishment and plant regeneration from long-term callus cultures was also tested with the University of Hawaii selections UH965, UH1060, and UH1003. The histology of anthocyanin deposition in anthurium spathes was explored. The accumulation of anthocyanins was found to be tissue-specific and differed among species. The shade and intensity of color were not always uniform within the tissue layer. Evaluation of two anthurium selections, UH712 and UH798, under advance testing with cooperating growers was completed. Both showed desirable attributes and, therefore, were named 'Tropic Flame' and 'Blushing Bride' respectively and were released to the anthurium industry. 'Tropic Flame' produces unique, dark red, tulip-type flowers while 'Blushing Bride' is highly tolerant to
bacterial blight.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/88 to 09/30/89
Outputs
Two selections, UH1067 (purple spathes) and UH1145 (lavender spathes) were named'ARCS Hawaii' and 'Lavender Lady,' respectively, and released to anthurium growers. Both have four species in their pedigree: Anthurium andraeanum, A. kamemotoanum, A. formosum, and A. amnicola. The lavender-purple color results from the recessive allele p in the presence of M (production of cyanidin 3-rutinoside) and O (production of pelargonidin 3-rutinoside) genes. The mini-flowered lavender species, Anthurium antioquiense, has exhibited resistance to bacterial blight. Crossed to highly susceptible 'Marian Seefurth,' the offspring were resistant. Numerous progenies between the first generation resistant hybrid backcrossed to standard-type cultivars have begun to flower. Hopefully, a new generation of resistant seedlings will emerge with desirable horticultural characteristics. Research was initiated to develop and utilize gene transfer techniques to introduce antibacterial genes into
anthurium for the control of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/87 to 09/30/88
Outputs
The genetics of the major spathe colors in anthuriums was summarized. Two major genes, M and O, are responsible for the five major colors of anthuriums, red, orange, pink, coral, and white. The gene M controls the production of cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and the gene O controls the production of pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. Red and pink result when both M and O are present, and orange and coral result when only O is present. The double recessive mmoo results in white. The recessive, or M is in combination with oo. The dosages of M and O affect colors. The incremental effects of M appear to be greater than O, and therefore the intensity of colors decreases from MMOO, MMOo, MmOO to MmOo. The miniature, lavender-flowered Anthurium amnicola has a somatic chromosome number of 30. At metaphase I of meiosis in pollen mother cells 15 bivalents were formed. Interspecific hybrids with A. andraeanum, A. lindenianum, and A. formosum in the section Calomystrium also formed 15 pairs,
indicating that A. amnicola is genetically closely related to species in the section Calomystrium.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/86 to 09/30/87
Outputs
A new type of anthurium with purple, upright spathe was named 'ARCS' and a few plants were released to the Honolulu Chapter of ARCS Foundaton and the Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association. It is being micropropagated for wider distribution. 'ARCS' has four Anthurium species in its pedigree: A. andraeanum, A. formosum, A. kamemotoanum and A. amnicola. It is resistant to anthracnose, tolerant to the bacterial blight, and yields slightly over 7 flowers per plant per year. Among selections under advance test with cooperating growers, the following look promising: UH712 (attractive red tulip-type, anthracnose resistant), UH798 (blush, anthracnose resistant, tolerant to the bacterial blight), and UH931 (attractive large orange, anthracnose resistant, vigorous grower). Two anthocyanins from the lavender-flowered species, Anthurium amnicola, were identified as cyanidin 3-rutinoside and peonidin 3-rutinoside. HPLC chromatograms from spathe and spadix were similar.
Cyanidin 3-rutinoside occurred in much larger amounts than peonidin 3-rutinoside.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/85 to 09/30/86
Outputs
A large, white anthurium selection designated UH711 was named "Elison Onizuka" and released through the Hawaii Anthurium Industry Association. It is moderately resistant to anthracnose and yields 6.1 flowers per plant per year. Selections under advance test with cooperating growers are: UH712 (attractive tulip-type), UH789 (blush, tolerant to the bacterial blight), UH862 (white obake), and UH927 (high yielding red). Plantlets of UH908 (large red) and UH931 (large orange) are about to be transferred to cooperators. All of the above selections are resistant to anthracnose. UH780 (large creamish white), UH1051 (small, round, white obake), UH1060 (white tulip-type), and UH1071 (large orange obake) have been placed in aseptic culture for clonal increase and advance testing. Evaluations of anthurium clones acquired from breeders and growers between 1965 and 1984 were published in HITAHR Research Extension Series 069.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/85 to 09/30/85
Outputs
The status of selection under advance test with cooperating growers is as follows: UH721 (large, bright red) showed splitting of spathes, and therefore was dropped; UH711 (white), UH712 (red tulip-type) and UH789 (blush) began to flower. UH798 appears to be tolerant to the bacterial blight. Plantlets of the following selections intended for advance test were transferred to the Beaumont Research Center: UH862 (white obake), UH908 (large, light red), UH927 (dark red) and UH931 (large orange). All give relatively high yields and are resistant or moderately resistant to anthracnose. Initial aseptic cultures of selection from crosses involving Anthurium amnicola were established but have not reached the increase stage. Two new selections, UH780 (large, creamish white) and UH1051 (small, round, white obake) were placed in tissue culture for clonal increase. Spathe color in Anthurium andraeanum was shown to be determined by relative concentrations of the anthocyanins
cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. A predominance of cyanidin 3 rhamnosylglucoside results in pink to dark red colors, whereas a predominance of pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside results in coral to orange.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84
Outputs
Advance tests of selections with cooperating growers have been progressing well. UH721 (large bright red) began to flower. Plants of UH712 (red tulip-type) were transferred to cooperators. Plantlets of UH711 (large white), UH798 (splash), UH862 (white obake) and UH927 (dark red) were transferred to the Beaumont Research Center. UH908 (large light red) and UH931 (large orange) are in the increase stage in tissue culture. All are resistant or moderately resistant to anthracnose. Five exciting new selections resulting from crosses with the small, lavender-flowered Anthurium amnicola have been placed under clonal increase in tissue culture. The pink-flowered miniatures, UH1003, UH1069, and UH1070, give more than 8 flowers per plant per year. UH1067 and UH1068 are lavender-purple, a new color in anthuriums. Karyotypes of Anthurium species commonly consisted of 4 large metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes, 2 fairly large acrocentric chromosomes, 2 satellite
chromosomes and 22 smaller chromosomes. Regular bivalent formation was observed in species hybrids, indicating relatively close homology of parental genomes.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83
Outputs
Eight thousand plants of 'Paradise Pink', 1200 'Anuenue', 1300 'Diamond Jubilee'and 800 'Mauna Kea' propagated from tissue culture were released through the Anthurium Industry Plant Distribution Committee. The status of selections which have been increased through tissue culture for advance testing with cooperating growers is as follows: 1) UH721 (large, bright red, anthracnose resistant) - 1740 plants were distributed to 5 cooperators; 2) UH712 (red, tulip-type, anthracnose resistant) - 748 plants are now in individual pots and should be ready for advance testing soon; 3) UH711 (large, white, moderately resistant to anthracnose) - 68 plants are in individual pots, 133 in community pots, 120 in aseptic culture; 4) UH798 (splash, anthracnose resistant) - 350 plantlets are in aseptic culture. Six new promising selections were placed in aseptic culture for eventual advance testing with cooperators. Sixty-three seedling selectins were placed under evaluation during 1983.
Self pollination of Anthurium warocqueanum with 3B chromosomes resulted in offspring with 0 to 6 B chromosomes. No phenotypic effects of B chromosomes were observed.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82
Outputs
Selection UH517 was named 'Diamond Jubilee' in conjunction with the 75th Anniversary Celebration of the University of Hawaii, and has been increased through tissue culture for release to the anthurium industry. It is an exceptionally high yielding, small to medium-sized, dark coral obake, resistant to anthracnose. Two selections, UH658 (red) and UH851 (miniature orange), were distributed to cooperators on the Island of Hawaii for advance testing. Both are moderately resistant to anthracnose. The major attribute of the former is that old flowers remain attractive, thereby allowing "holding" flowers for important florist holidays such as Christmas and Valentine. The status of promising selections which have been increased through tissue culture for advance testing with cooperators is as follows: UH721 (large, bright red, anthracnose resistant) - plantlets are in compots; UH711 (large white, intermediate resistance to anthracnose) and UH712 (red, tulip-type,
anthracnose resistant) - about 500 plantlets each are in culture; UH798 (attractive splash, anthracnose resistant) - in clonal increase stage. Thirty-one species and 3 hybrids were obtained from Selby Botanical Garden, University of Flordia-Apopka, growers in Miami area and Dr. Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The new germplasm should be of value in our future breeding program.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81
Outputs
Selection UH383 performed well in advance test with cooperators at all locations, and therefore, it was officially named 'Paradise Pink'. It produces a large pink to light red spathe with overlapping lobes. The reclining spadix changes in color from yellow to white as it matures and is resistant to anthracnose. It yields about 6 flowers per plant per year. We have been increasing it through shoot-tip culture, and the first shipment of 840 plantlets was sent to our Waiakea Station for eventual release. The status of promising selections undergoing increase through tissue culture for advance testing are: UH517 (small orange obake, high yield, resistant) - over 1000 plantlets were sent to Waiakea Station for either naming and release or further testing; UH721 (large bright red, resistant) - plantlets are now being rooted in culture; UH711 (white, high yield, resistant) and UH712 (attractive red, tulip-type, resistant) - these are in multiplication stage; UH798
(attractive splash, resistant) - recently placed in culture for advance testing. During the year 49 "standard" selections and 65 "novelty" selections were made. Evaluations of resistance to anthracnose showed that among accessions 5 were resistant, 2 were moderately resistant, 2 were moderately susceptible and 10 were susceptible, while among UH selections 16 were resistant, 4 were moderatey resistant, 1 was moderately susceptible and 3 were susceptible.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80
Outputs
Fifty-five seedlings were selected during the year and placed under observation and evaluation. Four advance selections, UH517 (small, orange obake), UH711 (white), UH712 (red, tulip-type) and UH722 (red) were placed in shoot-tip culture for eventual "field" testing with cooperators. UH383 (pink, anthracnose resistant) cultures have attained sufficient growth for clonal increase. This clone appears to be relatively slow growing in culture. As soon as sufficient number of plants is obtained, it will be named and released. Preliminary evaluations of resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloesporioides) of 37 selections were completed: 19 were resistant, 6 were moderately resistant, 5 were intermediate in resistance and 7 were susceptible. Two different spellings, Anthurium andraeanum and A. andreanum have been in common use for the commerical anthurium. Based on review of literature, it was concluded that the correct spelling should be Anthurium andraeanum and
the authority should be Linden ex Andre, or, if contracted, Andre.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79
Outputs
Sixty-five seedlings were selected during the year and placed under observation and evaluation. Among the selections advance tested by cooperators on the Island of Hawaii, UH383 (pink, resistant to anthracnose) has performed exceptionally well and, therefore, it is being increased through tissue culture for naming and release. Anthocyanins in the spathes of Anthurium andraeanum were identified as cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and perlargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. Both pigments were present in the red cultivars, 'Ozaki', 'Kaumana', 'Kozohara', 'Kansako No. 1' and 'Nakazawa', and in the pink cultivar, 'Marian Seefurth'. The orange cultivar, 'Nitta', and the coral cultivar, 'Tateishi Coral', contained only pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. A plant of Anthurium warocqueanum was determined to have 30 A and 3 B chromosomes. Self-pollination resulted in offspring with 2, 3 and 4 B chromosomes, indicating the transmission of B chromosomes through both pollen and egg.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78
Outputs
Anthurium trinerve, originally introduced from Trinidad, was released through the Hawaii Association of Nurserymen. This pearl anthurium has a more erect and compact habit than those from Panama. The chromosome number of the Surinam type is 2n equal to 30; the number of the Panama type is 2n equal to 24. A unique spadix-less anthurium selection was named 'Hidden Treasure' and released. It is a compact, miniature plant with short internodes. The spadix is usually absent but sometimes hidden in the axil of leaves or rarely carried in a near normal position. We have successfully produced the first intersectional species hybrid between the pig-tailed anthurium, Anthurium scherzerianum (Section Porphyrochitonium) and A. wendlingerii (Section Episeiostenium). The spathe color of the hybrid is a unique grayish-orange. Due to the good fertility of the hybrid, it should be possible to obtain new types combining the desirable characteristics of both parental species.
The chromosome number of 'Kaumana' and 'Uniwai' was 2n equal to 30 and 2n equal to 32 plus 2B, respectively. Meiotic irregularities in both cultivars suggest a hybrid origin of cultivated plants of Anthurium andreanum.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77
Outputs
Selection UH84, an anthracnose resistant, high yielding, white Obake, was named 'Mauna Kea' and released to anthurium growers. Anthurium trinerve, commonly known as pearl anthurium, which was originally introduced from Surinam has been propagated for release in 1978. This pearl anthurium has a more erect and compact habit than those from Panama released earlier. Also the large light purple fruiting spadices are attractive. Four advanced selections were placed under field testing with 2 cooperators in Hawaii. Fifty-four new selections were made for observation and evaluation. Six interspecific hybrids were made between Anthurium andreanum and closely related species. These hybrids should provide the deversity for producing new types. The orange pigment found in 'Nitta' and other cultivars was identified by thin layer chromatography, spectrophotometry and aluminum chloride shift as pelargonidin monoglucoside.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76
Outputs
Forty-one crosses were made this year, nearly double the usual number of crossesmade annually. The objective of most of these crosses is to elucidate the genetics of such characteristics as green, brown and spotting. Seedlings from 1975 were transplanted into flats, and some of the 1974 crosses were moved into 6-inch pots for flowering. Sixty-one initial seedling selections were made. Sixadvanced selections were placed under field testing with 2 cooperators on Hawaiiand 3 on Oahu. The naming and release of UH84, an anthracnose resistant, high yielding, white Obake, was deferred until Spring of 1977 due to insufficient number of plants for distribution. About 5 plants each of the cultivars named and released to date by the University of Hawaii were made available to the American Anthurium Society and the Wahiawa Anthurium Society. Spathe blight caused by Phytophthora capsici is a new disease encountered at Mountain View, Hawaii. Cultivars, 'Calypso' and
'Trinidad', and selection UH150 were very susceptible to P. capsici, 'Manoa Mist' and 'Abe Pink' were moderately resistant, and 'Marian Seefurth' and 'Kaumana Red' were resistant.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75
Outputs
Twenty-three crosses were made in Spring, 1975. Seedlings from 1974 crosses were moved into flats, and those from 1973 crosses were transplanted into 6-inchpots for flowering. Thirty-seven initial seedling selections were made, and 6 selections were placed under advance testing. UH84, an advance selection, has been undergoing multiplication for naming and possible release next year. It isa high-yielding, white Obake, resistant to anthracnose. Two attractive, novel, tulip-type clones introduced from Trinidad in 1968 were named 'Calypso' and 'Trinidad', respectively, and released to the anthurium growers of Hawaii. A total of 1,507 intra- and inter-specific pollinations were made among 57 Anthurium species. 250 fruiting spadices yielded 180 flowering populations. Onthe basis of morphology and cross compatibility of species, 6 groups of species were constructed. Primary hybrids with A. andreanum were obtained with 6 closely related species, but not with the
velvety-leaved group.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74
Outputs
Twenty-one new crosses were made in Spring, 1974. Seedlings from 1973 crosses were advanced to flats, and those from 1972 crosses to 6-inch pots. Twenty-seven new selections were placed under observation and evaluation. Amongthe three selections, UH84 (white Obake), UH139 (orange) and UH188 (coral), under advanced testing, UH84 performed well, and, therefore, will be increased for possible release. It is a high-yielding, attractive white Obake, resistant to anthracnose. Multiplication of the two novel tulip-type clones has been slow, causing the delay in release to the growers to Spring of 1975. Evaluationfor resistance to anthracnose was completed for 39 seedlings of which 22 were resistant. Two isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes were more severe on "Manoa Mist" than on "Abe Pink," which does not conform to previous observationsof non-differential resistance of anthurium to anthracnose. The investigation on chromosome numbers of Anthurium species was
completed. Chromosome numbers for 63 species were determined, of which 28 were new counts. The numbers rangedfrom 2n = 30 to 90. Polyploidy and B chromosomes were encountered.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73
Outputs
Nineteen new crosses were made in Spring, 1973. Seedlings from 1972 crosses were advanced to flats and those from 1971 crosses to 6-inch pots. Forty new selections were made and placed under observation and evaluation. Two novel tulip-type selections introduced from Trinidad in 1968 are being increased for naming and release during the Summer of 1974. Evaluations for anthracnose resistance were completed for 54 selections. Nineteen of these were highly resistant and 14 had a level of resistance adequate for commercial cultivars. The monitoring of Colletotrichum gleosporioides shows no evidence of physiological specialization toward 5 cultivars selected for diverse resistance levels. Cytological investigations revealed variable chromosome numbers in the scandens-trinerve complex. A. trinerve was determined to be 2n = 24. For A. scandens 2n numbers of 24, 48 and 84 (2N, 4N, and 7N) were recorded. A colchicine induced tetraploid plant of A. trinerve exhibited
"gigas" characteristics and reduced fertility.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72
Outputs
Twenty-one new crosses were made in Spring, 1972, with some emphasis placed on breeding new cupped types. Seedlings from 1971 crosses were advanced to flats and 6-inch pots. Forty-one new selections were made and placed under observation and evaluation. Three advanced selections were sent out to 6 cooperators for evaluation of performance under grower conditions. Two cupped type selections introduced from Trinidad have been clonally propagated for naming and release. Pearl anthuriums, Anthurium trinerve and Anthurium scandens, collected in Panama in 1968 were released through the Hawaii Association of Nurserymen for pot plant culture. 'Marian Seefurth', 'Manoa Mist', 'Abe Pink', 'Red Elf' and 'Kaumana' which represent a wide range of anthracnose resistance levels were inoculated with 42 isolates of Colletotrichumgloeosporioides collected from various locations. No evidence for specialization in the pathogen was observed. 'Marian Seefurth' and 'Manoa
Mist'continue to exhibit high resistance to anthracnose in laboratory tests and underfield conditions.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71
Outputs
A new anthracnose-resistant white anthurium was named 'Manoa Mist' and released to the industry. This outstanding cultivar has excellent flower shape, straightflower stalk, relatively short internodes, and high yielding capacity. Two clones introduced from Trinidad in 1968 with attractive cup-shaped flowers are now being vegetatively propagated for release in the near future. Seventeen newcrosses were made in spring, 1971. Seedlings from the 1970 crosses were advanced to flats and individual 6-inch pots. Sixty-eight new selections were made among the seedlings. Eight selections were placed under advanced testing. Among these are red and orange anthracnose-resistant types. Selections have been evaluated for anthracnose resistance, yield, and other horticultural characteristics.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70
Outputs
Three anthurium selections, UH8 (White Obake), UH39 (Coral Obake) and UH100 (RedDouble) were named 'Chameleon', 'Anuenue', and 'Red Elf', respectively, and werereleased to the anthurium industry. Chameleon and Anuenue are highly resistant to the anthracnose disease and are intended for commercial cut flower production, while Red Elf, an attractive red double dwarf, is suitable as pottedplant. An outstanding white-flowered selection (UH185) with resistance to anthracnose is being increased for release in Spring. Twenty new crosses were made in Spring, 1970 and germinated during Fall. Seedlings from the 1969 crosses were advanced to flats and individual six-inch pots. Evaluation was initiated on seedlings from the 1968 crosses. Initial evaluation of seedlings from the 1967 crosses was completed and 55 new selections were made for advancedtesting. In cooperation with the Plant Pathologist, all selections were screened for anthracnose resistance. Two new
introductions from Trinidad in 1968 with novel and attractive cup-shaped flowers are now being increased for advanced testing.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69
Outputs
Twenty new crosses made in Spring, 1969 were germinated. These crosses were aimed at the production of high yielding anthracnose resistant cultivars. Seedlings from the 1968 crosses were advanced to flats. Evaluation was initiated on seedlings from the 1967 crosses which began to flower. Initial evaluation of seedlings from the 1966 crosses was completed, and close to 100 plants were selected for further testing. Data on advanced selections and accessions were accumulated. Selections UH8 (white obake), UH39 (coral obake) and UH100 (red double) are being named 'Chameleon', 'Anuenue' and 'Red Elf', respectively, and will be released in Spring. Chameleon and Anuenue are highly resistant to anthracnose and are intended for commercial cut flower production. Red Elf is being introduced as a pot plant cultivar. An outstanding selection, UH185 (white), UH139 (orange), UH84 (white obake) and UH150 (red) have been placed under multiplication for future release. All are
resistant to anthracnose.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68
Outputs
Twenty-one new crosses were made. The 1967 seedling progenies have begun to flower. The 1966 seedling progenies were scored for yield, flower color, anthracnose resistance and general quality, and promising plants were selected for further evaluation. Observation and evaluation of advanced selections and recent accessions were continued. Four selections, UH8 (white obake), UH16 (pink obake), UH39 (coral obake) and UH100 (red double), were increased for naming and release. Through the cooperative effort of the Plant Pathology Department, selections and accessions were evaluated for resistance or susceptibility to anthracnose. Marian Seefurth, which was released earlier by the University, was shown to be highly resistant to the disease. The attendanceat the meetings of the Tropical Section of the American Society for Horticultural Science provided an excellent opportunity to collect species of anthuriums from their native habitats. Over 30 species were assembled
and successfully introduced from Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia and Panama. These species have greatly expanded the gene pool necessary for a successful breeding program.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 01/01/67 to 12/30/67
Outputs
Forty-five new crosses were made and seeds germinated. About 2,000 seedlings from 35 crosses made last year were transplanted into flats and later into 6-inch pots. Some of the seedlings have begun to flower. Fifteen new selections were made and placed under observation and evaluation. Performance data on all selections and accessions were accumulated. In cooperation with thePlant Pathology Department, all selections and accessions were screened for anthracnose resistance. Advanced selections were sent to the East Hawaii BranchStation for evaluation of adaptability. Four promising selections, H8 (white obake), H16 (pink obake), H39 (coral obake) and H100 (red double), were increased for possible release next year. Two relatively new selections, H139 and H185, are being increased for future release. The distribution of Uniwai and Marian Seefurth was extended to semi-commercial growers on all islands.
Impacts
(N/A)
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