Progress 09/01/23 to 08/31/24

Outputs
Target Audience:The target market for the biocontrol product is hydroponic vegetable production in North America (United States and Canada), specifically tomato production. In just 25 years, the hydroponic vegetable industry has grown from about 0.5% of retail grocery sales of tomatoes, to today's market for tomatoes that is greater than 60% in retail grocery sales. Research outcomes and biocontrol product efficacy from the proof of concept trials will be communicated to industry leaders and key stakeholders through conferences, trade shows, and demonstrations. To increase awareness, activities will include but are not limited to writing articles for trade journals, speaking at trade shows and technical conferences, and hosting webinars for industry participants. In 2022 and 2023, 3Bar and Ohio State attended Cultivate, the premier American Hort trade show in Columbus, Ohio. In conjunction with Cultivate, Ohio State hosted a 1-day conference "Advancement of Microbial Technologies for Controlled Environment Agriculture"; both Dr. Fife and Dr. Taylor presented the SBIR-funded work at the conference. In addition, top fresh produce growers will be contacted and visited (if possible) to explain the technology and set up product tests. Interested growers will be involved early to provide feedback on ease-of-use (eg, no refrigeration, no gumming up of hoses, no handling of powders, etc) and efficacy of the product. Also, several leading distributors will be contacted to conduct trials and share data in 'demo day' events. Data from grower and distributor trials will be used to build case study materials for sharing with the industry. Changes/Problems:A no-cost extension (NCE) was requested to extend the period of performance to August 31, 2025, based on the following needs: Completion of trials with Ohio State University (OSU) in their new Ohio Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (OCEAC), to provide a production like setting for conducting disease trials. These trialsdepend on OSU securing additional funds and appropriate permits to conduct trials. Completion of trials with industry partner Village Farms. These tests are important to support reducing to practice application of product in an actual production setting. A delay in coordinating these trials with Village Farms until 2025 is needed to fit within their production schedule. Completion of these trials at OSU/OCEAC and/orVillage Farms will provide data to support EPA registration, label details, and use instructions needed for commercialization. Through LARTA support, completion of a go-to-market strategy and meetings with an EPA consultant to determine a path forward for product registration and commercialization. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided in-lab training and mentoring of four undergraduate student interns, who have learned skills in basic microbiology, aseptic technique, design of experiments for nutrient media optimization, bioformulation concepts, freeze-drying techniques, and advanced topics in stability of bological powders. The project also supported a PhD student at Ohio State, who subsequently continued as a Post Doc on the project. The project has provided advancement in expertise of using Pseudomonas bateria for biocontrol under several pathosystems and reducing to practice in hydroponic vegetable production. Professional development opportunites have included participation in workshops and presentations at several conferences; examples inlcude: -OHCEAC Advancement of Microbial Technologies for Controlled Environment Agriculture, July 20, 2022, Columbus, Ohio -Biostiumlants World Congress/Biocontrol and Biomes Conference, November 29-30, 2023, Milan Italy How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Early results have been presented to stakeholders in workshops and presentations at several conferences; examples inlcude: -OHCEAC Advancement of Microbial Technologies for Controlled Environment Agriculture, July 20, 2022, Columbus, Ohio -Biological control of hairy root disease on hydroponically grown crops using Pseudomonas strains. October 13th, 2022. Indianapolis, Indiana. Corteva New Frontiers Conference. One-on-one meetings have also occured with the key industry partner Village Farms. After meeting in January 2024, there was further interest in testing the product in a production facility. However, CR disease is not currently occuring in the US; efforts to test in Canada are being considered, but challenges in getting permits to test in Canada have stalled efforts. Interest in the plant beneficial effects on tomato yield enhancement is being explored. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The focus for the next period of performance will include the follow areas: • Commercialization potential - through LARTA support, a series of meeting with industry experts and an EPA consultant will be completed to determine a go-to-market strategy for a CR disease control product. Other potential considerations may be a yield enhancing product for tomatoes and/or a broad-spectrum control product in hydroponic production systems. • Scale-up of biomass production for increased freeze-dried powder production: Continue to assess use of bioreactor for increased biomass production, to optimize increase of oxygenation and cell concentration while improving stability of freeze-dried product after drying and during storage. Develop the process using the 12L console freeze-drier to increase freeze-dried powder production. • Qualify biomanufacturing process: A continuous, ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization and aseptic filling system is planned for installation in 3Bar Bio's manufacturing facility early 2025. Using this system, approximately 7,000 L of sterile liquid media per workday can be produced. After installation, efforts to qualify the biomanufacturing process will involve quality assurance measurements for consistent manufacture of LiveMicrobeTM units. "Mock" production runs will be conducted, and samples of assembled units will be evaluated immediately after production and after storage under supply chain conditions (i.e., 25C/60% RH). • Demonstration trials for reducing to practice. Demonstration trials in Village Farms facilities are being discussed. These trials wouldbe conducted without CR disease, and evaluate the yield enhancement potential of a product. • Expanding the use of Pseudomonas strains to other hydroponic vegetable crops and/or Agrobacterium diseases. Dr. Christopher Taylor's lab at OSU will complete on-going studies in Pythium control. Additional variants of Agrobacterium rhizogenes from infected greenhouses in Canada by industry partners may be provided to support feasibility for broader-spectrum activity by strains 1B1 and 93G8 against variants of A. rhizogene, if additional funding can be secured.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A series of studies were completed evaluating the candidate Pseudomonas strains in the LiveMicrobeTM system to support definition of the product label and product use instructions. Bacterial concentrations of Pseudomonas strains 1B1 and 93G8 were shown to consistently achieve 1E+08 CFU/mL within 48 hours when grown in the LiveMicrobeTM system at room temperature conditions (60-80F). These results establish the guaranteed number of viable cells of 1E+08 CFU/mL for application rate and provide use instructions to grow bacteria at room temperature and wait 48 hours before product use (Milestone 1). Long-term stability of the formulated bacterial powder in the cap packaging under realistic supply chain conditions (25C/60% RH) maintains levels >1E+08 CFU/g for at least 12 months. These results demonstrate the guaranteed number of viable cells of 1E+08 CFU/g in the package for the product label and shelf-life of 1 year (Milestone 2). Formulation and packaging are the main tools to assist with improving shelf life, mainly in the protection of the powder from the impacts of humidity. For packaging considerations, the moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of different packaging caps was measured, resulting in the identification of a 10-fold decrease in MVTR of a new cap option. The packaging was changed to include the AccureC cap (Bormioli Pharma) based on these findings. For formulation, addition of an appropriate excipient in the cap along with the bacterial powder helped to further buffer the impacts of humidity to achieve the >12 months shelf life. To support understanding the impacts of temperature and humidity on different formulations and packaging, an accelerated stability model that applies modified Arrhenius equations was developed. Using the model, estimated time for the bacterial powder to decay to the lower threshold concentration of 1E+06 CFU/g ranged from 7 - 18 months for ambient conditions of 22C to 25C and 40-60% relative humidities. Refinement of the accelerated stability model using formulation including the excipient buffer is planned as part of model validation efforts. The cost of goods for manufacturing of LiveMicrobeTM units is dominated by the cost of the liquid growth media in the bag, and the opportunity exists to reduce this cost by optimizing a less expensive alternative to tryptic soy broth (TSB; currently used nutrient rich, complex media). Evaluation of proprietary nutrient components using a design of experiments approach identified a promising "TSB-lite" alternative recipe that reduces costs by 3-fold, from $1.40 to $0.47 per liter for TSB at 50% concentration compared to the new TSB-lite alternative. Future tests will examine growth in the LiveMicrobeTM units using the TSB-lite media and use of the TSB-lite recipe in the scaled Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) media sterilization system. Several efforts are underway to enable scale-up of production of LiveMicrobeTM units. Based on the current method using shake flasks, each 1 L of biomass culture yields approximately 40 g of freeze-dried powder. Each LiveMicrobeTM unit includes 0.1 g of freeze-dried powder, so that 1 L of biomass culture yields approximately 400 LiveMicrobeTM units. Scale-up of the biomass is desired to increase freeze-dried production, which is possible at a pilot scale using a benchtop bioreactor. Biomass produced using a 2 L bioreactor showed stability of freeze-dried cells was similar, but declined slightly faster than the batches prepared from standard shake flasks, particularly at higher temperature of 25C and 30C. Further assessment of the impact of increased oxygenation on stability of cells after freeze-drying compared to standard shake flasks is planned to further scale-up efforts. 3Bar Bio recently purchased a 10 L BioFlo 320 bioreactor (Eppendorf, Germany) and a 12 L FreeZone -50C console freeze-drier (Labconco). These equipment will expand the amount of material that can be produced by more than 10 times. To scale liquid media production, 3Bar Bio has commissioned the construction of a continuous, ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization and Alfa Laval aseptic filling system to manufacture the LiveMicrobeTM units. UHT involves tubular heat exchangers with a small footprint and high energy efficiency, allowing for continuous operation and less energy compared to large batch vessels. Using this system, approximately 7,000 L per workday can be produced. Installation of the system has been delayed by the equipment manufacturer, and is now anticipated during Q1 of calendar year 2025. Efforts to determine application rate, timing, and frequency for effective Crazy Root (CR) disease control continued in a series of studies conducted by Dr. Christopher Taylor's laboratory at The Ohio State University (OSU). Efficacy results from the hydroponic tomato trials show the LiveMicrobeTM system consistently produces microbes with the same level of disease control as compared to lab grown bacteria. Different treatment approaches were tested to assess the impact of strains 1B1 and 93G8 on crop yield with and without CR disease pressure. A single application of 1B1 or 93G8 at planting can provide a measure of protection to yield when Agrobacterium rhizogenes is present. When applied monthly, strain 1B1 was found to not only reduce disease incidence, but also improved yield over non-treated controls. The possibility exists that strain 1B1 may be exhibiting plant-growth promoting properties. Longer term experiments are needed to determine if there are additional benefits beyond disease control when adding strain 1B1 to vegetable production systems. Expanding the use of Pseudomonas strains 1B1 and 93G8 (or other Pseudomonas strains within the OSU library) to other hydroponic vegetable crops and/or other hairy root diseases is desirable for more broad-spectrum biocontrol. Hydroponically grown cherry tomato cv. Favorita showed when strain 1B1 was applied fruit number increased by 10% and total weight by 13% as compared to non-treated controls. Other Agrobacterium species are known to cause disease in other plant systems, therefore the whole Pseudomonas collection (48 strains total) was tested against A. tumefaciens strain C58 and A. vitis strain S4 (causative agents of crown gall disease). None of the strains were able to prevent gall formation 100%; however, some strains were visually able to reduce gall size and should be re-tested in the future. In addition, the Pseudomonas collection was tested for control of Pythium in hydroponic lettuce. Strains from the Pseudomonas chlororaphis group provided substantial protection against Pythium-induced disease. Interestingly, strain 93G8 demonstrated protective effects similar to P. chlororaphis strains, indicating potential as a biocontrol agent for managing Pythium in deep-water lettuce production systems.

Publications

• Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Navarro-Monserrat ED, Taylor CG. T6SS: A Key to Pseudomonass Success in Biocontrol? Microorganisms. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):2718. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11112718. PMID: 38004732; PMCID: PMC10673566.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2024 Citation: Freitas C.C., Polestra J., Weller, J., and Taylor, C.G. Impact of different water sources in hydroponic systems and roots microbiome. 2024. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting.

Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:The target market for the biocontrol product is hydroponic vegetable production in North America (United States and Canada), specifically tomato production. In just 25 years, the hydroponic vegetable industry has grown from about 0.5% of retail grocery sales of tomatoes, to today's market for tomatoes that is greater than 60% in retail grocery sales. Research outcomes and biocontrol prod\uct efficacy from the proof of concept trials will be communicated to industry leaders and key stakeholders through conferences, trade shows, and demonstrations. To increase awareness, activities will include but are not limited to writing articles for trade journals, speaking at trade shows and technical conferences, and hosting webinars for industry participants. In 2022 and 2023, 3Bar and Ohio State attended Cultivate, the premier American Hort trade show in Columbus, Ohio. In conjunction with Cultivate, Ohio State hosted a 1-day conference "Advancement of Microbial Technologies for Controlled Environment Agriculture"; both Dr. Fife and Dr. Taylor presented the SBIR-funded work at the conference. In addition, top fresh produce growers will be contacted and visited (if possible) to explain the technology and set up product tests. Interested growers will be involved early to provide feedback on ease-of-use (eg, no refrigeration, no gumming up of hoses, no handling of powders, etc) and efficacy of the product. Also, several leading distributors will be contacted to conduct trials and share data in 'demo day' events. Data from grower and distributor trials will be used to build case study materials for sharing with the industry. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has provided in-lab training and mentoring of four undergraduate student interns, who have learned skills inbasic microbiology, aseptic technique,design of experiments for nutrient media optimization, bioformulation concepts, freeze-drying techniques, and advanced topics in stability of bological powders. The project also supported a PhD student at Ohio State, who subsequently continued as a Post Doc on the project. The project has provided advancement in expertise of using Pseudomonas bateria for biocontrol under several pathosystems and reducing to practice in hydroponic vegetable production. Professional development opportunites have included participation inworkshops and presentations at several conferences; examples inlcude: -OHCEAC Advancement of Microbial Technologies forControlled Environment Agriculture, July 20, 2022, Columbus, Ohio -Biostiumlants World Congress/Biocontrol and Biomes Conference, November 29-30, 2023, Milan Italy How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Early results have been presented to stakeholders inworkshops and presentations at several conferences; examples inlcude: -OHCEAC Advancement of Microbial Technologies forControlled Environment Agriculture, July 20, 2022, Columbus, Ohio -Biological control of hairy root disease on hydroponically grown crops using Pseudomonas strains. October 13th, 2022. Indianapolis, Indiana. Corteva New Frontiers Conference. One-on-one meetings have also occured with the key industry partner Village Farms. Next meeting is planned for early January 2024. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The focus for the next period of performance will include the follow areas: Task 3 - Optimization of freeze-dried formulation:The HTP screening method will be used to compare different formulation reagents (e.g, micellular casein)as well as different exposures to sub-lethal stresses to pre-condition the cells to survive the stresses (e.g. cold-shock, osmotic stress) of freeze-drying. Task 4 - Scale-up of biomass production for increased freeze-dried powder production: Continue to assess use of Ultra High Yield flasks and bioreactors for increased biomass production, to optimize increase of oxygenation and cell contration while improving stability of freeze-dried product after drying and during storage. Task 5 - Qualify biomanufacturing process: A continuous, ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization andaseptic filling system is planned for installation in 3Bar Bio's manufacturing facility mid year 2024. Using this system, approximately 7,000 L of sterile liquid media per workday can be produced.After installation, efforts to qualify the biomanufacturing process will involve quality assurance measurements for consistent manufacture of LiveMicrobeTM units. "Mock" production runs will be conducted, and samples of assembled units will be evaluated immediately after production and after storage under supply chain conditions (i.e., 25oC/60% RH). Task 6 - Determination of application rate, timing and frequency for product label and use instructions. Dr. Christopher Taylor'slab at OSU will complete on-going hydroponic studies. Task 7 - Demonstration trials for reducing to practice. Demonstration trials are currently being planned in OSU's Controlled Environment Agriculture Research Complex (CEARC) located on the OSU Columbus campus. A greenhouse containment suite for pathogen trials is currently being set up as a pilot hydroponic system, with eight 10 ft hydroponic trough sections each supported by their own recirculation pump and tank to simulate a commercial operation. Rockwool will be used as the growing substrate in the pilot hydroponic system. The presence of Pseudomonas strains and A. rhizogenes will be monitored via testing of plant material, rockwool, and nutrient solution. Sampling of the pilot hydroponic system for plant colonization, longevity of microbes in substrate and nutrient solution, and potential for biofilm formation will help to better understand the system dynamics over extended periods of time to fine tune application rate, timing, and frequency. Testing is planned for spring 2024. Task 8 - Expanding the use of Pseudomonas strains to other hydroponic vegetable crops and/or Agrobacterium diseases.Dr. Christopher Taylor'slab at OSU will complete on-goingstudies, with focus on expanding CR disease control to other crops with candidate strains 1B1 and 93G8. Addtional variants of Agrobacterium rhizogenes from infected greenhouses in Canada are being provided by industry partners for efficacy evaluation.Collectively, data from these trials will support feasibility for broader-spectrum activity by strains 1B1 and 93G8 (or potentially other strains from the Pseudomonas library) against variants of A. rhizogenes (the causative agent of CR disease) and other Agrobacterium diseases and additional hydroponic vegetable crops

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A series of studies were completed evaluating the candidate Pseudomonas strains in the LiveMicrobeTM system to support definition of the product label and product use instructions. Bacterial concentrations of Pseudomonas strains 1B1 and 93G8 were shown to consistently achieve 1x108 CFU/mL within 48-72 hours when grown in the LiveMicrobeTM system at room temperature conditions (60-80oF). These results establish the guaranteed number of viable cells of 1x108 CFU/mL for application rate and provide use instructions to grow bacteria at room temperature and wait 48 hours before product use (Milestone 1). Stability of the freeze-dried bacterial powder maintains levels >1x108 CFU/g for at least 13 months when stored in bulk under dessication. Stability of the formulated bacterial powder in the cap packaging under realistic supply chain conditions (25oC/60% RH) is showing similar stability after 2 months (study on-going). These results demonstrate the guaranteed number of viable cells of 1x108 CFU/g in the package for the product label (Milestone 2). As more data from the long term storage study are available, shelf-life for the product will be defined; the goal is greater than one-year shelf-life. The cost of goods for manufacturing of LiveMicrobeTM units is dominated by the cost of the liquid growth media in the bag, and the opportunity exists to reduce this cost by optimizing a less expensive alternative to tryptic soy broth (TSB; currently used nurtrient rich, complex media). Evaluation of proprietary nutrient components using a design of experiments approach identified a promising "TSB-lite" media alternative. Target cost of goods for the media alternative is a 3-fold cost reduction from the current source of TSB. Future tests will examine growth in the LiveMicrobeTM units, as well as the ability to support growth of other bacterial species. Several efforts are underway to optimize the freeze-dried formulation, including different lyoprotectants and different exposures to sub-lethal stresses (e.g., cold shock, osmotic stress) to pre-condition cells before freeze-drying. A high-throughput process (HTP) to evaluate multiple variables during biomass generation and formulation on stability of the freeze-dried material was developed to expedite optimization efforts. The HTP platform utilizes a 48-vial mini-stoppering chamber attached to the lyophilizer equipment for freeze-drying the bacterial formulations. The HTP method was used to compare six different formulations to the standard formulation solution of 10% w/v sucrose and 10% w/v of skim milk (control). This study aimed to replace the skim milk component of the lyoprotectant and/or to reduce the concentration of lyoprotectants added. Replacement of skim milk with micellar casein improved stability by at least 0.5-log after 12 weeks of storage at 25°C and reduced the decay rate by approximately 25%. The concentration of lyoprotectants could be reduced in the formulation solution to 4% w/v sucrose and 2.5% w/v micellar casein and produce the stabilizing effect. Additionally, several efforts are underway to enable scale-up of production of LiveMicrobeTM units. Currently, biomass for freeze-drying is produced in standard shake flasks. Based on the current method, each 1 L of biomass culture is 5X concentrated and prepared into 200 mL of formulation for freeze-drying. The 200 mL of formulation yields approximately 40 g of freeze-dried powder. Each LiveMicrobeTM unit includes 0.1 g of freeze-dried powder, so that 1 L of biomass culture yields approximately 400 LiveMicrobeTM units. Scale-up of the biomass is desired to increase freeze-dried production, which is possible at a pilot scale using Thompson Ultra Yield flasks and/or a benchtop bioreactor. Biomass produced using both Thompson Ultra Yield flasks and a 2 L bioreactor showed stability of freeze-dried cells was similar, but declined slightly faster than the batches prepared from standard shake flasks, particularly at higher temperature of 25oC and 30oC. Further assessment of the impact of increased oxygenation on stability of cells after freeze-drying compared to standard shake flasks is planned to further scale-up efforts. Efforts to determine application rate, timing, and frequency for effective Crazy Root (CR) disease control continued in a series of studies conducted by Dr. Christopher Taylor's laboratory at The Ohio State University (OSU). Efficacy results from the hydroponic tomato trials show the LiveMicrobeTM system produces microbes with the same level of disease control as compared to lab grown bacteria. Moreover, Pseudomonas strains 1B1 and 93G8 produced better results when applied alone as compared to co-inoculation, with disease incidence reduced from 80% disease (disease treated control) to approximately 20% and 23%, respectively. Further, a single application of strains 1B1 and 93G8 prior to the inoculation with the pathogen was enough to help maintain yield parameters (fruit number and fruit weight) with and without disease pressure. Expanding the use of Pseudomonas strains 1B1 and 93G8 (or other Pseudomonas strains within the OSU library) to other hydroponic vegetable crops and/or other hairy root diseases is desirable for more broad-spectrum biocontrol. Studies were started exploring efficacy of strains 1B1 and 93G8 against Agrobacterium rhizogenes (causative agent of CR disease, also known as hairy root disease) in hydroponically grown cherry tomato cv. Favorita, tomato cv. Money Maker, cucumber cv. Spacemaster, pepper cv. King Arthur and eggplant cv. Scorpio. These studies are on-going. Other Agrobacterium species are known to cause disease in other plant systems, therefore the whole Pseudomonas collection (48 strains total) was tested against A. tumefaciens strain C58 and A. vitis strain S4 (causative agents of crown gall disease). The strains were tested for their ability to suppress disease development in the model Kalanchoe plant (Kalanchoe daigremontiana). None of the strains were able to prevent gall formation 100%; however, some strains were visually able to reduce gall size. These Pseudomonas strains will be re-tested in the future and the gall size and weight will be measured. The Pseudomonas strains to be re-tested are: 38D4, Darke, Wood3, 15G2, 93D8, 93F8, 93G8, Delaware, 88A6, 29G9, 90F12-1, 90F12-2, 36B3 and 23D3.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Freitas, C.C. and Taylor, C. 2023. Biological Control of Hairy Root Disease using Beneficial Pseudomonas strains. Biological Control Vol 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105098
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Navarro-Monserrat, E.D. and Taylor, C.G. 2023. T6SS: A Key to Pseudomonasâ¿¿s Success in Biocontrol? Microorganisms 11:2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112718
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Freitas, C.C., Moraes, W.B., and Taylor, C. Examining the economic impact of beneficial Pseudomonas application for hairy root disease control on hydroponically grown tomatoes. October 31st, 2023. Purdue, Indiana. Tomato Disease Workshop.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Freitas C.C. and Taylor, C. Biological control of hairy root disease on hydroponically grown tomato using Pseudomonas strains. October 31st, 2023. Purdue, Indiana. Tomato Disease Workshop.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Navarro-Monserrat, E.D., and Taylor, C.G. Knowing thyself: Understanding the biocontrol potential of a collection of Pseudomonas by genomic and phenotypic characterization. October 9, 2023. University of Minnesota Plant Pathology Seminar Series.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Freitas C.C. and Taylor, C. Biological control of hairy root disease on hydroponically grown crops using Pseudomonas strains. October 13th, 2022. Indianapolis, Indiana. Corteva New Frontiers Conference.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2022 Citation: Freitas C.C. and Taylor, C. Management of Crazy Root Disease on hydroponically grown tomatoes using biocontrol. January 28th, 2022. Virtual. Greenhouse Management Workshop: Integrated Disease and Insect Management.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Freitas C.C., Moraes W.B., and Taylor, C. Examining the economic impact of beneficial Pseudomonas application for Hairy root disease control on hydroponically grown tomatoes. August 12th, 2023. Denver, Colorado. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. (Poster)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Freitas C.C. and Taylor, C. Transcriptomic analysis of the early interaction between tomato roots and beneficial Pseudomonas. August 12th, 2023. Denver, Colorado. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting. (Poster)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Navarro-Monserrat, E.D., Poelstra, J. and Taylor, C.G. Uncovering T6SSs in a collection Pseudomonas spp. Plant Pathology Graduate Student Association Spring Symposium. May 2023.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Freitas C.C., Fife, J., and Taylor, C. Comparing laboratory grown Pseudomonas with the LiveMicrobe â¿¢Technology system grown Pseudomonas in the biological control of hairy root disease in hydroponically grown tomato. August 8th, 2022. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Fife, J.P. 2022. Industry-university collaboration developing biopesticides for disease control in hydroponics. OHCEAC Advancement in Microbial Technologies for Controlled Environment Agriculture, July 20, 2022. (presentation)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2023 Citation: Fife, J.P. 2023. Development of biopesticides for plant disease control in hydroponics. Biocontrol and Biomes, Milan Italy, November 29-30, 2023. (presentation)