Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, women in agriculture, minorities in agriculture, veterans of foreign wars,agricultural professionals, grower organizations, and industry personnel will be taught cultivar characteristics, production methods and marketing strategies associated with winter canola. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PD gave a guest presentation on winter canola best management practices to an Agronomy cropping systems class at Kansas State University. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through virtual and in-person extension programming, extension publications, radio interviews, social media, and popular press. All co-PIs used means within their university systems to deliver information to clientele. The PD virtually attended the U.S. Canola Association (USCA) fall board meeting in Nashville, TN, in November 2021 and the spring board meeting in Washington D.C. in March 2022. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the USCA Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? For Objective 1, acres planted to varieties with a K-State genetic component achieved 37,000 in fall 2021, with the majority of the acres seeded in Kansas (KS), Oklahoma (OK), and Montana (MT). This was the fifth highest total for the program. For new variety development achievements, 'KSR4848' Roundup Ready winter canola was approved for increase; however, the foundation seed increase was negatively impacted by severe drought conditions during the winter and early spring. Only minimal seed was produced so a second increase was planned. Winter canola yields attained record levels at testing sites in KS in 2021. The primary reason for the high yields was ideal flowering and grain filling temperatures during April and May. Dense canopies filled with an abundance of seed pods were witnessed. The above average yields provided greater insights for identifying high performing varieties. As a result, pre-breeder seed increases were initiated in the greenhouse for four varieties including KSUR1212, a sulfonylurea herbicide residual tolerant variety; KS4662, a conventional variety with enhanced winter survival characteristics; KSR4839S, a Roundup Ready variety with high oil content; and KSR4767, a Roundup Ready variety that has shown consistent performance over a number of environments and years. These varieties will be evaluated for their potential increase or release over the next 2-3 years. Yield records were broken at multiple National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT) sites in KS. The open pollinated (OP) and hybrid trials in Belleville averaged 3,950 and 4,550 lb/acre, respectively, with the program harvesting entries that yielded over 5,000 lb/acre for the first time. The Garden City OP and hybrid trials averaged 2,150 and 2,350 lb/acre, respectively. Yields were lower at this site because of dry conditions. The Hutchinson OP and hybrid trials averaged 3,000 and 3,350 lb/acre, respectively, and the Manhattan OP and hybrid trials each averaged 3,700 lb/acre, mostly because of timely spring rainfall and dense crop canopies. The Norwich site was the most drought stressed location with the OP and hybrid yields averaging 2,100 and 2,550 lb/acre, respectively. Other trial site yield averages(lb/acre of OP and hybrid trials, respectively) that are a part of this project include Akron, CO (684; 644), Clovis, NM (2,387; 2,296), Miami, OK (844; 1,070), Bushland, TX (2,138; 2,021), and Chillicothe, TX (597; 652 ). Yields outside of KS were challenged by adverse weather conditions. In addition, performance of intermediate yield trials was above average for the project period. Average yields in the Great Plains Canola Variety Trial (GPCVT) and the Early Generation Screening Nursery (EGSN) ranged from 2,337 to 3,143 lb/acre across three sites and from 1,627 to 3,070 lb/acre across two sites, respectively. For the intermediate Roundup Ready Yield Trial (RRYT), average yields ranged from 3,035 to 3,663 lb/acre across three sites. These high-quality yield results greatly benefit the advancement of new winter canola cultivars under development. K-State-developed male sterile (A-line) hybrid parent lines were evaluated in hybrid combinations. Six of the 11 experimental hybrids exhibited positive general combining ability (GCA). Some experimental hybrids yielded up to 10% greater than the check average. For Objective 2, K-State conducted a study investigating the use of plant growth regulators (PGR) to manage fall growth patterns. For 2021, there were no significant differences among PGR treatments for winter survival, days to 50% bloom, and yield. Yields ranged from 3,642 to 4,069 lb/acre. The near ideal moisture and temperature conditions encountered during grain filling likely masked any treatment effects. Similarly, a canola crop input study was carried out by adding and omitting critical crop inputs near Manhattan, KS. There were no signficant differences for days to 50% bloom or yield. In fact, the low input check (no inputs) yielded more than the high input check (all inputs) (4,161 vs. 3,899 lb/acre, respectively.) These results make it difficult to state claims as to which inputs should be added or removed. Product omission trials were used to measure the impacts of individual inputs in both high- and low-input systems in OK. In the high-input system, the removal of high-intensity N management (i.e. moving back to a two-way split from a three-way split) and the removal of S applications resulted in significant decreases in yields compared to the high-input check (3-7 bu/acre for N and 2-4 bu/acre for S). Low-input systems resulted in similar findings for N management, in which more intensive N management significantly increased yields (6-14 bu/acre) compared to the low-input check. These results show the value of increasing N management intensity. Additionally, more intensive weed management (fall and spring management compared to spring only) increased yield in the low-input system. Planting winter canola following an application of isoxaflutole, a common herbicide used in corn and soybean production, is a concern because canola falls under the "All Other Crops" category (18-month restriction). This could limit the options for canola planting as isoxaflutole is a popular herbicide. In greenhouse and field studies conducted by OSU, no significant effects were observed in canola growth and development at 4 to 6 months following an application of isoxaflutole. These results could enable a change to the rotation restriction for canola following an isoxaflutole application. Under double-crop scenarios in OK, soybean yields behind wheat were always significantly higher than behind canola, mostly because of drier soil conditions following canola. Conversely, yields of sesame were significantly greater behind canola than wheat. Greater residue cover decreased sesame stands following wheat compared to canola. Double crop sorghum also had greater yields following canola than wheat. Delayed planting after canola should not happen because soil moisture can be depleted quickly. These results will help encourage producers that want to double crop after canola. A study at K-State evaluated the effect of phosphorous (P) supply (usng increasing P levels) on canola plant growth and yield formation in a greenhouse setting. Fertilizer P rate of 15 kg ha-1 of total P2O5 was sufficient to achieve maximum seed yield at harvest. The greatest amount of total dry matter at maturity and greatest number of branches was achieved with 45 kg P2O5 ha-1. The full P rate, 75 kg P2O5 ha-1, was needed to achieve maximum number of pods. These yield components showed that canola is responsive to P fertilization, and the crop has the potential to maximize yields and close yield gaps with the addition of P. Thus, this study showed that breeding efforts could select lines presenting a greater response to P fertilization. A study near Manhattan, KS assessed the impact of source:sink manipulation and its interaction with two levels of nitrogen (N) on yield components, the seed filling period (SFP), and the SFP's main parameters of seed fill duration (SFD), seed fill rate (SFR), and overall dry matter dynamics. Analysis of variance showed that source and sink manipulations presented negative effects on total dry biomass, seed yield, and seed number compared to the control treatment. There was no significant effect for the interaction between source:sink manipulations and fertilizer N rates. Thus, under field conditions, reductions on either the source or sink resulted in a similar impact on canola yield components. For Objective 3, in-person canola extension activities were slow to ramp up coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Meeting attendance was less than normal and the demand for canola content was low. However, virtual opportunities existed and field days were held.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Secchi, M.A., A.A. Correndo, M.J. Stamm, T. Durrett, P.V.V. Prasad, C. Messina, and I. A. Ciampitti. 2022. Suitability of different environments for winter canola oil production in the United States of America. Field Crops Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108658. 287: 108658.

Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Experienced and beginning farmers and ranchers, women in agriculture, minorities in agriculture, veterans of foreign wars,agricultural professionals, grower organizations, and industry personnel will be taught cultivar characteristics, production methods and marketing strategies associated with winter canola. Changes/Problems:Restrictions set in place as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted research activities. NMSU was not able to carry out a seeding rate study because of a lack of personnel and an inability to hire because of the pandemic. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PD gave a guest presentation on winter canola as an alternative crop and best management practices to an Agronomy cropping systems class at Kansas State University. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Information for clientele was made available through websites, virtual and in-person extension programming, extension publications, radio interviews, social media, and popular press. All co-PIs used means within their university systems to deliver information to clientele. The PD virtually attended the Project Directors' meeting for the Supplemental and Alternative Crop Competitive Grants Program in Washington D.C. in March 2021. He reported on the accomplishments, products, and impacts of this project to the US Canola Association Board of Directors and other key stakeholders. He also gave a brief update of activities to the US Canola Association during its fall board meeting in November 2021. The PD is also an active, participatory member of the Great Plains Canola Association (GPCA). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were few opportunities to disseminate research results from this work to regional stakeholders during the project period. During the next reporting period, we would like to carry out additional field days and production schools to share results. This should be possible as pandemic restrictions on meetings have been lifted.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The 2020-2021 growing season conicided with the project period. For Objective 1, acres planted to varieties with a K-State genetic component achieved 37,000, with the greatest acreages seeded in Kansas (KS), Oklahoma (OK), and Montana (MT). 'KSR4848' Roundup Ready winter canola was approved for increase in summer 2021 and if performance dictates it will be proposed for commercial release in summer 2022. KSR4848 is later flowering and later maturing than other Roundup Ready varities on the market. A Foundation seed increase of 'CP320WRR' (PVP#201800533 as variety KSR4652) was carried out for WinField United, the licensee of the variety. Winter canola yields attained record levels at testing sites in KS in 2021. The primary reason for the high yields was ideal flowering and grain filling temperatures during April and May. Dense canopies filled with an abundance of seed pods were witnessed at multiple National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT) sites. Yields in the open pollinated (OP) and hybrid trials in Belleville averaged 3,950 and 4,550 lb/acre, respectively. For the first time, the canola program harvested entries that yielded over 5,000 lb/acre at this site. The Garden City OP and hybrid trials averaged 2,150 and 2,350 lb/acre, respectively. Yields were lower at this site because of dry conditions. The Hutchinson OP and hybrid trials averaged 3,000 and 3,350 lb/acre, respectively, and the Manhattan OP and hybrid trials each averaged 3,700 lb/acre, mostly because of timely spring rainfall and dense crop canopies. The Norwich site was the most drought stressed location and as a result the OP and hybrid yields were 2,100 and 2,550 lb/acre, respectively. Greater losses from a late April freeze were observed at this location. Other trial site yields (lb/acre) that are a part of this project include Akron, CO (487), Clovis, NM (2,341), Miami, OK (956), Bushland, TX (2,021), and Chillicothe, TX (597). Yields outside of KS were challenged by adverse weather conditions. In addition, performance of intermediate yield trials was above average for the project period. Average yields in the Great Plains Canola Variety Trial (GPCVT) and the Early Generation Screening Nursery (EGSN) ranged from 2,337 to 3,143 lb/acre across three sites and from 1,627 to 3,070 lb/acre across two sites, respectively. The GPCVT site at Walsh, CO only reported winter survival ratings ranging from 18% to 70% of fall stand. For the intermediate Roundup Ready Yield Trial (RRYT), average yields ranged from 3,035 to 3,663 lb/acre across three sites. These high-quality yield results greatly benefit the advancement of new winter canola cultivars under development. For the first time , K-State-developed male sterile (A-line) hybrid parent lines were tested in hybrid combinations. A private industry cooperator provided the fertility restoration line (R-line). Tests were carried out at three locations in KS and 1 location in NM using four top commercial hybrids as checks. Six of the 11 experimental hybrids exhibited positive general combining ability (GCA). Some experimental hybrids yielded up to 10% greater than the check average. For Objective 2, K-State conducted a study investigating the use of plant growth regulators (PGR) to manage fall growth patterns. Too much fall growth can be detrimental to winter survival because the crown, or rosette, can become elevated to an unprotected postion above the soil surface. For 2021, there were no significant differences among PGR treatments for winter survival, days to 50% bloom, and yield. Yields ranged from 3,642 to 4,069 lb/acre. The near ideal moisture and temperature conditions encountered during grain filling likely masked any treatment effects. Similarly, a canola crop input study was carried out by adding and omitting critical crop inputs near Manhattan, KS. There were no signficant differences for days to 50% bloom or yield. In fact, the low input check (no inputs) yielded more than the high input check (all inputs) (4,161 vs. 3,899 lb/acre, respectively.) Again, the lack of treatment effects can be attritubed to the ideal grain filling conditions. Product omission trials were used to measure the impacts of individual inputs in both high- and low-input systems in OK. In the high-input system, the removal of high-intensity N management (i.e. moving back to a two-way split from a three-way split) and the removal of S applications resulted in significant decreases in yields compared to the high-input check (3-7 bu/acre for N and 2-4 bu/acre for S). Low-input systems resulted in similar findings for N management, in which more intensive N management significantly increased yields (6-14 bu/acre) compared to the low-input check. These results show the value of increasing N management intensity. Additionally, more intensive weed management (fall and spring management compared to spring only) increased yield in the low-input system. Isoxaflutole is a common herbicide used in corn production and in Balance herbicide-resistant soybeans. Planting winter canola following an application of isoxaflutole is a concern because it falls under the "All Other Crops" category, meaning the crop rotational restriction is 18 months. This could limit the options for canola planting as isoxaflutole is a popular herbicide. In greenhouse and field studies conducted by OSU, no significant effects were observed in canola growth and development at 4 to 6 months following an application of isoxaflutole. These results could enable a change to the rotation restriction for canola following an isoxaflutole application. Under double-crop scenarios in OK, soybean yields behind wheat were always significantly higher than behind canola, mostly because of drier soil conditions following canola. Conversely, yields of sesame were significantly greater behind canola than wheat. Greater residue cover decreased sesame stands following wheat compared to canola. A study at K-State evaluated the effect of phosphorous (P) supply (usng increasing P levels) on canola plant growth and yield formation in a greenhouse setting. Fertilizer P rate of 15 kg ha-1 of total P2O5 was sufficient to achieve maximum seed yield at harvest. The greatest amount of total dry matter at maturity and greatest number of branches was achieved with 45 kg P2O5 ha-1. The full P rate, 75 kg P2O5 ha-1, was needed to achieve maximum number of pods. These yield components showed that canola is responsive to P fertilization, and the crop has the potential to maximize yields and close yield gaps with the addition of P. Lower fertilizer P rates reduced the duration of the growing season. Thus, this study showed that breeding efforts could be done in order to select lines presenting a greater response to P fertilization, avoiding late harvest and with more yield gain. A study near Manhattan, KS assessed the impact of source:sink manipulation and its interaction with two levels of nitrogen (N) on yield components, the seed filling period (SFP), and the SFP's main parameters of seed fill duration (SFD), seed fill rate (SFR), and overall dry matter dynamics during the SFP. Analysis of variance showed that source and sink manipulations presented negative effects on total dry biomass, seed yield, and seed number compared to the control treatment. There was no significant effect for the interaction between source:sink manipulations and fertilizer N rates. Thus, under field conditions, reductions on either the source or sink resulted in a similar impact on canola yield components. No differences were found among the main parameters for seed filling for source:sink manipulations. For Objective 3, the COVID-19 pandemic greatly disrupted our ability to provide the educational activities we had planned for in person and in the field. However, by late spring 2021 in-person meetings were being held again, and project personnel were able to engage with stakeholders about this project.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Stamm, M., R. Aiken, S. Angadi, J. Damicone, S. Dooley, J. Holman, J. Johnson, E. Kimura, K. Larson, J. Lofton, and D. Santra. 2021. Registration of KS4719 winter canola. J Plant Regist. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20177.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Sage, L., J. Lofton, A. Zander, and S. Harris. 2021. N management and timing for winter canola. Abs. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Lofton, J., A. Zander, S. Harris, R. Wyma, and L. Sage. 2021. How much canola is too little canola? Abs. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Secchi, M.A., L.M. Bastos, M. Stamm, Y.Y.Wright, C. Foster, C.D. Messina, and I.A. Ciampitti. 2021. Winter survival response of canola to meteorological variables for current canola germplasm in the United States Abs. ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Stamm, M., A. Aubert, R. Aiken, S. Angadi, E. Asfeld, J. Bell, J. Bond, P. Carr, E. Cebert, J. Damicone, H. Darby, S. Dooley, E. Eriksmoen, V. Green, J. Holman, Z. Hubhachen, J. Johnson, S. Jones-Diamond, S. Fordyce, R. Keshavarz Afshar, E. Kimura, B. Kirksey, K. Larson, G. Lillard, J. Lingenfelser, J. Lofton, D. Mailhot, R. Malone, C. Mansfield, S. Maxwell, A. Post, K. Russell, D. Santra, P. Sexton, W. Thomason, C. Trostle, and D. West. 2021. SRP1164. 2020 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. Kans. Ag. Exp. St. and Coop. Ext. Ser., Manhattan, KS.