Source: KANSAS STATE UNIV submitted to NRP
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS AND EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES OF SWINE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1021491
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NC-_old229
Project Start Date
Nov 22, 2019
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2024
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506
Performing Department
Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology
Non Technical Summary
The overriding economic importance of PRRSV to North American agriculture, plus the significance of other emerging diseases and foreign animal diseases, such as ASF represent the driving force for the research conducted by NC229. For example, the estimated cost of PRRS outbreaks and the necessary biosecurity measures needed to prevent the entry of the virus into herds costs the industry more than $1 billion each year. The entry of a foreign animal disease, such as ASF would be more than catastrophic. The overall goal of this project is to develop new and improved control strategies for swine diseases. Since there are no vaccines for ASF, novel vaccine approaches are being pursued. Along with ASF vaccines are diagnostic tests that are faster, better and cheaper. Since ASFV is stable in the environment, work is being conducted to understand the minimum dose of ASFV needed to infect a pig under natural conditions. This information is important for testing novel feed additives that can inactivate the virus. The newest tool for disease prevention is the construction of genetically modified pigs that lack virus receptors. When taken together, this project represents a new generation of disease control strategies that can be directed at preventing the entry of foreign diseases and can be applied to the control of endemic viruses, such as PRRSV.
Animal Health Component
60%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
40%
Applied
60%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
31135101101100%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases;

Subject Of Investigation
3510 - Swine, live animal;

Field Of Science
1101 - Virology;
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: The first overall objective for this five-year NC-229 project (2019-2024) is to reduce the impact PRRS has on producers, and to assess the feasibility and financial acceptability of PRRS area control and/or elimination for producers. To that end, we commit to focus on at least the following 3 firstpoints, which represent the current research priorities of the US swine industry as defined by the NPB 2018 call for research priorities. 1.1. PRRS immunology/vaccinology: Swine industry views as significant impediments to achieving the PRRS reduction goal being : the frequent re-breaks of clinical disease in PRRS Stable Farms,⿝ and the constant need for safer and more efficacious vaccines. Central to this problem is the perfection of current vaccine towards broader antigenic coverage of the diverse strain circulating in the field. Likewise reduction in disease incidence will be dependent in part on highly sensitive diagnostic assays/methods
.

1.2. PRRS epidemiology:
Developing an understanding of the epidemiology of contemporary viral strains circulating in the field is critical to reduce between-herd transmission and minimize the average time-to-stability of herds following outbreaks. Current herd closure and management recommendations affecting average herd time-to-stability needs to be evaluated through a coordinated investigation of the relationships between the characteristics of the contemporary PRRSV strains, the host response and environmental factors. Central to these studies are perfected rational biosecurity measures including studies drivers of PRRSV circulation to be enhanced through data-mining large datasets.


1.3. PRRS Surveillance and Diagnostics: The development of effective testing and surveillance strategies supports the goal of reducing the impact of PRRS by 20% as well as support the future programs for the elimination of the virus. New tools and strategies are needed in order to effectively reach this goal. Accurately defining the true PRRS status of a site will have greater importance as the incidence of PRRSV decreases with success of the 2020 program and beyond. Novel cost effective ways to monitor populations should be considered in terms of sample types, procedures and target populations .https://www.nimss.org/img/region_logos/ncra.png


1.4. PRRSV Genomics: The genome varies considerably between and within Type 1 (European-like) and Type 2 (North American-like) PRRSV. The continued discovery of new viral strains and their genetic components, how these components vary, and the cellular functions associated with this variation is crucial to unraveling this complex pathogen and providing improved diagnostics, surveillance and vaccines.

Objective 2 Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence.

Pestiviruses: CSFV DIVA tests are pursued at UCONN for new live attenuated vaccine developed at PIADC and at KSU for E2 subunit vaccine and for pigs vaccinated with CSFV China strain.

Senecavirus and other newly emerging pathogens: Several diagnostic tests for new emerging pathogens such as atypical pestiviruses, Seneca virus, porcine circovirus 3 have been developed (KSU, SDSU, and ISU). New monoclonal antibody-based reagents for Senecavirus A and a fluorescence-based virus neutralization assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies is now offered as a diagnostic service (SDSU).

ASFV: A systematic immunogenic study of different ASFV antigens cloned in adenovirus vectors are being evaluated in pursuit of developing a protective ASFV subunit vaccine (KSU). This is crucial for protection of the US swine population given the rather rapid spread of ASFV in China and the risk of introduction into the US through world trade.

Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) import risk: An exemplary multi-laboratory collaboration that responds to the true essence of NC229 group, Pipestone Applied Research (MN) ISU, SDSU, KSU have jointly undertaken, with collaboration with SHIC and support of NPB, a significant experiment to test the risk of importing FAD through contaminated feed ingredients, using high consequence pathogens and surrogate viruses and simulating shipment conditions from China to the US. Results demonstrate the ability of multiple viral pathogens to survive in certain feed ingredients, including soybean meal. This study suggests that contaminated feed ingredients could present transboundary risk factors for high consequence pathogens. A major outcome of this project has been the resulting publication (27) that is being highly cited.

Swine Influenza Virus: Epidemiology studies based in UMN , NADC, ISU focus on studies of the seasonality of influenza A in farms, impact of climactic conditions on infection at weaning, co-circulation of multiple genome constellations, routes for virus introduction and persistence in pigs, studies centering primarily on piglets as a source of diversity
Project Methods
Vaccines for ASF, CSF and PRRS include the expression of candidate antigens in vaccine vectors. Pigs are vaccinated and then challenged with live virus. The vaccine development of foreign animal diseases, such as ASF and CSF is performed in the Biosecurity Research Institute (BRI) under BSL-3 Ag containment conditions.Diagnostics for serology includes the cloning and expression of immunogenic proteins. Proteins are coated onto ELISA plates and antibodies detected directly. Specificity is increasedthrough the incorporation monoclonal antibodies into a blocking format. Multiplexing for the detection of several targets is achieved byincorporating new technologies, such as Luminex.Targets for genetic modification include the construction of genetically modified pigs that lack virus receptors. Refinements include the expression and modification of recombinant receptors using in vitro systems, to find the smallest region on the receptor involved in virus infection. This information is used to construct the next round of genetically modified pigs.Risk analysis for the introduction of ASFV in feed is performed in the BRI. Different amounts of ASFV is mixed with different feed ingredients and fed to pigs under conditionsincorporating natural feedingbehaviors. The minimal infectious dose is then calculated.

Progress 11/22/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of these projects are swine veterinarians and virologists, pork producers, international and domestic animal health companies, government agencies (USDA APHIS and ARS), and swine health organizations, individuals invested in advancing swine and livestock production disease research, industry and academic collaborators, as well as graduate and undergraduate students trained through these projects with experimental learning opportunities. Changes/Problems:We had to terminate an animal vaccine study on HP-PRRSV in the BSL-3 facility in mid-March 2020 because of limited university operation in response to COVID-19. We will repeat the study in 2021. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Dr. Shi has provided the training opportunity for two postdoctoral fellows that are working on ASF/CSF related research at PIADC - USDA ARS Research Unit on Plum Island. Dr. Niederwerder has provided graduate student mentoring as major professor or co-major professor to 1 MS and 3 PhD students during the reporting time period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?For the purpose of enhancing public understanding and increasing interest in learning and careers in science, technology, and the humanities, we have presented our research results to various members of communities thorough in person and online meetings with groups on or off campus, interviews with radio stations and other news outlets, as well as presenting at international and national scientific and industry conferences. Specifically, we have shared our results and knowledge with the following communities: The Hutchinson News K-State's daily "Agriculture Today" radio program and podcast KSNT TV International Veterinary Student Association (IVSA), KSU USDA APHIS, Topeka, KS ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Virtual Annual Meeting Kansas State University Global Food Systems Initiative Microbiome Virtual Workshop, 51st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians Midwest Animal Science Meeting Michigan Professional Pork Producers Symposium Annual Finnish Veterinary Congress, Helsinki, Finland Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago North American PRRS Symposium, Chicago Feed info News Service Feed Additives Americas South Dakota State University Swine Day, Brookings USAHA-AAVLD Annual Meeting, Providence What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will: Develop validate novel ASF vaccines and companion DIVA diagnostic assays. Develop and validate the cELISA that can differentiate pigs vaccinated with the C-strain vaccine from pigs infected with wildtype CSF viruses. Evaluate novel vaccines and therapeutic compounds against PRRSV. Investigate physical and chemical mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of foreign animal disease entry and spread through feed. Investigate the use of microbiome modulation in preventing respiratory disease in weaned pigs.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. CONTROL OF PRRSV PRRS immunology and vaccinology We have conducted one PRRS vaccine animal challenge study to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental vaccine, the study was terminated prematurely due to COVID-19 related university operation shutdown. We have done one in vitro anti-viral compound screening study and identified a small molecule compound that can block the replication of PRRSV in MARC-145 cells. We also evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of an anti-inflammatory compound in pigs challenged with high path PRRS virus. This study is still ongoing. Results will be available in 2021. 1.2. PRRS epidemiology: 1.3. PRRS Surveillance and Diagnostics: We have identified beneficial gut microorganisms associated with improved health and growth outcomes in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2, such as increased weight gain, reduced virus replication, less antimicrobial treatment, and decreased pathology. Fecal microbiota transplantation has been utilized as a preventative medicine tool to improve subsequent outcome during PRRS-associated polymicrobial respiratory disease. Further, we have identified microbiome characteristics associated with improved PRRS vaccine response. Novel PRRS vaccine is being evaluated as new tools for PRRS prevention and control in regions with highly pathogenic PRRSV. The anti-PRRSV and anti-inflammatory compounds may be used as experimental tools in studies employing PRRSV infection as a model for human COVID-19. The swine microbiome provides an opportunity to improve the growth and health outcomes of pigs with respiratory and other viral diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is considered the most costly disease of swine production in the U.S. Our work is aimed at identifying beneficial organisms from the gut microbiomes of pigs with improved health outcomes after viral disease challenge. Microbiome therapeutics may be used as preventative medicine tools to reduce the effects of viral infections and decrease the need for antimicrobials in swine. Objective 2 Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence 2.1 ASFV: Using ASF Georgia 2007 and Vietnam 2019, we have created three gene-deleted mutants as experimental vaccines against ASF. We will test the efficacy and safety of these vaccines in 2021. In addition, we are developing monoclonal antibodies against various ASFV proteins with the intention to develop DIVA assays for the ASF vaccine developed by USDA ARS and our own lab. We have received some serum samples from pigs infected with ASFV in Vietnam.Immunological analysis of these samples will be conducted in 2021. We have characterized ASFV decay during transoceanic shipment conditions in 9 feed ingredients commonly imported into the U.S. From the ASFV decay curves, we have calculated half-life estimates with SE and CI for recommended feed ingredient storage time. We have investigated chemical mitigation strategies, such as the use of formaldehyde and medium chain fatty acid based feed additives, for inactivating ASFV in feed ingredients. Further, we defined the dose-dependent ASFV inactivation curves for each feed additive in cell culture. 2.2: Swine Influenza Virus: 2.3 Porcine Circovirus: 2.4 Swine Pestiviruses: We have developed a competitive ELISA that can differentiate pigs vaccinated with the C-strain CSF vaccine from pigs infected with wildtype CSF viruses or other swine viruses. Using a transoceanic shipment model, we identified what feed ingredients support CSFV stability during environmental import conditions from Asia. 2.5: Senecavirus: 2.7: Viruses with potential interest to Xeno-transplantation science: Impacts: DIVA assays are CSF and ASF vaccines so that they can be used on swine farm to differentiate vaccinated pigs from animal infected with the wildtype CSFV or ASFV. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is currently the most significant threat to worldwide pork production. Defining the risk and mitigation of ASFV and other emerging viral diseases of swine in feed provides the opportunity to implement interventions for preventing introduction and spread of foreign viral diseases into the U.S. herd. We are identifying high-risk ingredients commonly imported in the U.S. that support virus stability, and investigating physical and chemical mitigation strategies, such as feed additives with antimicrobial activity, to inactivate viruses in feed.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 15. Gebhardt, J.T., K.A. Thomson, J.C. Woodworth, S.S. Dritz, M.D. Tokach, J.M. DeRouchey, R.D. Goodband, C.K. Jones, R.A. Cochrane, M.C. Niederwerder, S. Fernando, W. Abbas, T.E. Burkey. 2020. Effect of dietary medium-chain fatty acids on nursery pig growth performance, fecal microbial composition, and mitigation properties against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following storage. Journal of Animal Science. 98(1):skz358. doi:10.1093/jas/skz358.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 16. Sanglard, L.P., S. Schmitz-Esser, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, C.J. Yeoman, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2020. Investigating the relationship between vaginal microbiota and host-genetics and their impact on immune response and farrowing traits in commercial gilts. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 137(1):84-102. doi:10.1111/jbg.12456.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: 17. Wang, Y., L. Noll, N. Lu, E. Porter, C. Stoy, W. Zheng, X. Liu, L. Peddireddi, M.C. Niederwerder, J. Bai. 2020. Genetic diversity and prevalence of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 67(3): 1284-1294. doi:10.1111/tbed.13467.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 18. Stoian, A.M.M., J. Zimmerman, J. Ji, T.J. Hefley, S. Dee, D.G. Diel, R.R.R. Rowland, M.C. Niederwerder. 2019. Half-Life of African Swine Fever Virus in Shipped Feed. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 25(12): 2261-2263. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.191002.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 6. Niederwerder, M.C. 2020. Survival and transmission of foreign animal diseases in feed. Invited oral presentation and proceedings, 51st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, March 7-10, 2020, Atlanta, GA, pg 366.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 7. Sanglard, L.P., R.L. Fernando, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, and N.V.L. Ser�o. 2020. Genomic basis of antibody response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccination. Oral presentation, Midwest Animal Science Meeting, Omaha, NE; March 3, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 8. Niederwerder, M.C. 2020. Risk of Foreign Animal Disease in Feed. Invited oral presentation, Michigan Professional Pork Producers Symposium, East Lansing, MI; February 20, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 9. Niederwerder, M.C. 2020. Gut Microbiome and Respiratory Health. Invited oral presentation, Michigan Professional Pork Producers Symposium, East Lansing, MI; February 20, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 10. Niederwerder, M.C. 2019. Role of the gut microbiome in porcine respiratory disease complex. Invited oral presentation, Annual Finnish Veterinary Congress, Helsinki, Finland; December 12, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 11. Niederwerder, M.C. 2019. Risk of feed in the introduction and transmission of viral diseases. Invited oral presentation, Annual Finnish Veterinary Congress, Helsinki, Finland; December 12, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 1. Shi, J. Control and impacts of African swine fever. International Veterinary Student Association (IVSA), College of Veterinary Medicine, KSU, Manhattan, KS. Feb. 24, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 2. Shi, J. Control and impacts of African swine fever. USDA APHIS, Topeka, KS. Feb. 11, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 3. Sanglard, L.P., R.L. Fernando, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder and N.V.L. Ser�o. 2020. Genomic relationship between antibody response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccination and reproductive performance in commercial sows. Oral presentation, ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Virtual Annual Meeting; July 22, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 4. Niederwerder, M.C. 2020. Role of Gut Microbes in Swine Respiratory Disease. Invited oral presentation, Kansas State University Global Food Systems Initiative Microbiome Virtual Workshop, Manhattan, KS; April 30, 2020.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 5. Dee, S., M. Niederwerder, G. Patterson, D. Diel, E. Nelson. 2020. Update on feed mitigation research. Invited oral presentation and proceedings, 51st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians, March 7-10, 2020, Atlanta, GA, pg 367-368.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 12. Sanglard, L.P., S. Schmitz-Esser, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, C.J. Yeoman, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2019. Association between vaginal microbiome and antibody response to PRRS vaccination in commercial gilts. Oral presentation and proceedings, Conference for Research Workers in Animal Disease, Chicago, IL; pg 32.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 13. Sanglard, L.P., S. Schmitz-Esser, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, C.J. Yeoman, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2019. Vaginal microbiome of PRRS-vaccinated gilts differs between animals with high and low farrowing performance. Poster presentation and proceedings, North American PRRS Symposium, Chicago, IL; pg 30.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 14. Sanglard, L.P., S. Schmitz-Esser, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, C.J. Yeoman, J.C. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2019. Association between vaginal microbiome and antibody response to PRRS vaccination in commercial gilts. Poster presentation and proceedings, North American PRRS Symposium, Chicago, IL; pg 29.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 15. Niederwerder, M.C. 2019. The Relationship between Animal Health and Nutrition. Invited oral presentation, Feed info News Service Feed Additives Americas, Miami, FL; November 15, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 16. Niederwerder, M.C. 2019. Risk of African swine fever and other foreign animal diseases through feed. Invited Keynote speaker, South Dakota State University Swine Day, Brookings, SD; November 5, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 17. Wang, Y., L. Noll, N. Lu, E.G. Porter, C.P.A. Stoy, W. Zheng, X. Liu, L. Peddireddi, M. Niederwerder, T.G. Nagaraja, J. Bai. 2019. Genotyping and Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) and Type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018. Oral presentation and proceedings, USAHA-AAVLD Annual Meeting, Providence, RI; October 27, 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 18. Dee, S., M. Niederwerder, G. Patterson, D. Diel. 2019. Risk of ASFV and PEDV transmission in feed ingredients. Oral presentation and proceedings, USAHA Foreign and Emerging Diseases committee meeting, USAHA-AAVLD Annual Meeting, Providence, RI.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2020 Citation: 1. Shi, J., L. Wang, and D.S. McVey. 2020. Of pigs and men: the best laid plans for prevention and control of swine fevers. Animal Frontiers (Invited review and accepted for publication).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 2. Wang, L., R. Madera, Y. Li, D.S. McVey, B.S. Drolet, and J. Shi. 2020. Recent advances in diagnosis of classical swine fever and future perspectives. Pathogens. 9(8), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080658
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 3. Wang, L., S. Mi, R. Madera, L. Ganges, M.V. Borca, J. Ren; C. Cunningham, A.G. Cino-Ozuna, H. Li, C. Tu, W. Gong; and J. Shi. 2020. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for classical swine fever C-strain postvaccination monitoring. BMC Veterinary Research. Open Access, Published online Jan. 14, 2020. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-020-2237-6
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 4. Borca, M.V., V. ODonnell, L.G. Holinka, G.R. Risatti, E. Ramirez-Medina, E.A. Vuono, J. Shi, S. Pruitt, A. Rai, E. Silva, L. Velazquez Salinas, and D.P. Gladue. 2020. Deletion of CD2-like gene from the genome of African swine fever virus strain Georgia does not attenuate virulence in swine. Scientific Reports. 10:494. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6965178/
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 5. Evans, T.S., Z. Shi, M. Boots, W. Liu, K. Olival, X. Xiao, S. Vandewoude, H. Brown, J. Chen, D. Civitello, L. Escobar, Y. Grohn, H. Li, K. Lips, Q. Liu, J. Lu, B. Martinez-Lopez, J. Shi, X. Shi, B. Xu, L. Yuan, G. Zhu, and W. Getz. 2020. Synergistic China-US Ecological Research is Essential for Global EID Preparedness. EcoHealth, Open Access, Published online Feb. 3, 2020. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10393-020-01471-2
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: 6. Zhang, H., Y. Wang, E. Porter, N. Lu, Y. Li, F. Yuan, M. Lohman, L. Noll, W. Zheng, C. Stoy, Y. Lang, V. Huber, W. Ma, L. Peddireddi, Y. Fang, J. Shi, G. Anderson, X. Liu, J. Bai. 2019. Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of influenza A, B, C, and D viruses. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 95(1):59-66.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 7. Patterson, G., M.C. Niederwerder, G. Spronk, S.A. Dee. 2020. Quantification of soy-based feed ingredient entry from ASFV-positive countries to the United States by ocean freight shipping and associated seaports. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13881.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 8. Sanglard, L.P., R.L. Fernando, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2020. Genetic analysis of antibody response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome vaccination as an indicator trait for reproductive performance in commercial sows. Frontiers in Genetics. 11:1011. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.01011.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 9. Dee, S.A., M.C. Niederwerder, R. Edler, D. Hanson, A. Singrey, R. Cochrane, G. Spronk, E. Nelson. 2020. An evaluation of additives for mitigating the risk of virus-contaminated feed using an ice-block challenge model. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13749.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 10. Niederwerder, M.C., S. Dee, D.G. Diel, A.M.M. Stoian, L.A. Constance, M. Olcha, V. Petrovan, G. Patterson, A.G. Cino-Ozuna, R.R.R. Rowland. 2020. Mitigating the risk of African swine fever virus in feed with antiviral chemical additives. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13699.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 11. Dee, S., A. Shah, R. Cochrane, T. Clement, A. Singrey, R. Edler, G. Spronk, M. Niederwerder, E. Nelson. 2020. Use of a demonstration project to evaluate viral survival in feed: Proof of concept. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13682.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 12. Dee, S.A., M.C. Niederwerder, G. Patterson, R. Cochrane, C. Jones, D. Diel, E. Brockhoff, E. Nelson, G. Spronk, P. Sundberg. 2020. The risk of viral transmission in feed: What do we know, what do we do? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13606.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 13. Sanglard, L.P., S. Schmitz-Esser, K.A. Gray, D.C.L. Linhares, C.J. Yeoman, J.C.M. Dekkers, M.C. Niederwerder, N.V.L. Ser�o. 2020. Vaginal microbiota diverges in sows with low and high reproductive performance after porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination. Scientific Reports. 10(1):3046. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59955-8.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: 14. Stoian, A.M.M., V. Petrovan, L.A. Constance, M. Olcha, S. Dee, D.G. Diel, M.A. Sheahan, R.R.R. Rowland, G. Patterson, M.C. Niederwerder. 2020. Stability of classical swine fever virus and pseudorabies virus in animal feed ingredients exposed to transpacific shipping conditions. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 67(4):1623-1632. doi:10.1111/tbed.13498.