Source: SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to NRP
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS AND EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES OF SWINE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1021072
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NC-_old229
Project Start Date
Nov 22, 2019
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2024
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
PO BOX 2275A
BROOKINGS,SD 57007
Performing Department
Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) continues to be the most devastating disease of swine in the U.S. A comprehensive study in 2013 estimated the cost of PRRS to U.S. pork producers at $664 million annually. While many advances have been achieved in control of this disease, some important obstacles still exist due to the unique characteristics of this virus. Therefore, the first overall objective for this five-year NC-229 Multi-State project is to reduce the impact of PRRS on producers and assess the feasibility of PRRS area control and/or elimination for producers. We will focus on three sub-objectives, PRRS immunology/vaccinology, PRRS epidemiology and PRRS Surveillance and Diagnostics, which represent the current research priorities of the U.S. swine industry as defined by the National Pork Board 2018 call for research priorities. This work should reduce production losses due to PRRS and increase the global competitiveness of the U.S. swine industry.Emerging and foreign animal diseases represent tremendous risk to the U.S. swine industry and associated industries. The introduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus into the U.S. in 2013 resulted in a costly outbreak across the country. The emergence of Senecavirus A in 2015 continues to have a negative impact. Primary concerns were not only the development of vesicular lesions, but also the fact that the disease is clinically indistinguishable from the highly contagious Foot-and Mouth disease virus (FMDV). The rapid spread of African Swine Fever across eastern Europe, China and Southeast Asia is particularly concerning to U.S. agriculture. Therefore, the second overall objective is to develop effective and efficient approaches for the detection, prevention and control of important swine viral diseases of recent emergence. The NC-229 Multi-State group will collaboratively address a number of high priority emerging diseases to develop improved diagnostic methods, disease mitigations, biosecurity approaches and methods to reduce the risk of introducing foreign animal diseases through imported feed ingredients. The SDSU station will continue to develop and share a variety of specific reagents and diagnostic assay systems with other NC-229 research groups in support of the overall efforts. We will also collect, assemble and submit diagnostic and sequence data to support established epidemiology and vaccine design efforts. Additionally, SDSU scientists will play a substantial role in evaluating the risks of introducing foreign animal diseases through feed ingredients and assist in evaluating mitigation strategies. Graduate and undergraduate students will receive substantial training and experience in infectious disease research through graduate assistantships, internships and experiential learning opportunities.
Animal Health Component
40%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
10%
Applied
40%
Developmental
50%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
31135991101100%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases;

Subject Of Investigation
3599 - Swine, general/other;

Field Of Science
1101 - Virology;
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: The first overall objective for this five-year NC-229 project (2019-2024) is to reduce the impact PRRS has on producers, and to assess the feasibility and financial acceptability of PRRS area control and/or elimination for producers. To that end, we commit to focus on at least the following 3 firstpoints, which represent the current research priorities of the US swine industry as defined by the NPB 2018 call for research priorities. 1.1. PRRS immunology/vaccinology: Swine industry views as significant impediments to achieving the PRRS reduction goal being : the frequent re-breaks of clinical disease in PRRS Stable Farms,⿝ and the constant need for safer and more efficacious vaccines. Central to this problem is the perfection of current vaccine towards broader antigenic coverage of the diverse strain circulating in the field. Likewise reduction in disease incidence will be dependent in part on highly sensitive diagnostic assays/methods
.

1.2. PRRS epidemiology:
Developing an understanding of the epidemiology of contemporary viral strains circulating in the field is critical to reduce between-herd transmission and minimize the average time-to-stability of herds following outbreaks. Current herd closure and management recommendations affecting average herd time-to-stability needs to be evaluated through a coordinated investigation of the relationships between the characteristics of the contemporary PRRSV strains, the host response and environmental factors. Central to these studies are perfected rational biosecurity measures including studies drivers of PRRSV circulation to be enhanced through data-mining large datasets.


1.3. PRRS Surveillance and Diagnostics: The development of effective testing and surveillance strategies supports the goal of reducing the impact of PRRS by 20% as well as support the future programs for the elimination of the virus. New tools and strategies are needed in order to effectively reach this goal. Accurately defining the true PRRS status of a site will have greater importance as the incidence of PRRSV decreases with success of the 2020 program and beyond. Novel cost effective ways to monitor populations should be considered in terms of sample types, procedures and target populations .https://www.nimss.org/img/region_logos/ncra.png


1.4. PRRSV Genomics: The genome varies considerably between and within Type 1 (European-like) and Type 2 (North American-like) PRRSV. The continued discovery of new viral strains and their genetic components, how these components vary, and the cellular functions associated with this variation is crucial to unraveling this complex pathogen and providing improved diagnostics, surveillance and vaccines.

Objective 2 Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence.

Pestiviruses: CSFV DIVA tests are pursued at UCONN for new live attenuated vaccine developed at PIADC and at KSU for E2 subunit vaccine and for pigs vaccinated with CSFV China strain.

Senecavirus and other newly emerging pathogens: Several diagnostic tests for new emerging pathogens such as atypical pestiviruses, Seneca virus, porcine circovirus 3 have been developed (KSU, SDSU, and ISU). New monoclonal antibody-based reagents for Senecavirus A and a fluorescence-based virus neutralization assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies is now offered as a diagnostic service (SDSU).

ASFV: A systematic immunogenic study of different ASFV antigens cloned in adenovirus vectors are being evaluated in pursuit of developing a protective ASFV subunit vaccine (KSU). This is crucial for protection of the US swine population given the rather rapid spread of ASFV in China and the risk of introduction into the US through world trade.

Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) import risk: An exemplary multi-laboratory collaboration that responds to the true essence of NC229 group, Pipestone Applied Research (MN) ISU, SDSU, KSU have jointly undertaken, with collaboration with SHIC and support of NPB, a significant experiment to test the risk of importing FAD through contaminated feed ingredients, using high consequence pathogens and surrogate viruses and simulating shipment conditions from China to the US. Results demonstrate the ability of multiple viral pathogens to survive in certain feed ingredients, including soybean meal. This study suggests that contaminated feed ingredients could present transboundary risk factors for high consequence pathogens. A major outcome of this project has been the resulting publication (27) that is being highly cited.

Swine Influenza Virus: Epidemiology studies based in UMN , NADC, ISU focus on studies of the seasonality of influenza A in farms, impact of climactic conditions on infection at weaning, co-circulation of multiple genome constellations, routes for virus introduction and persistence in pigs, studies centering primarily on piglets as a source of diversity
Project Methods
Objective 1. Control of PRRSV:1.1. PRRSV immunology/vaccinology: Significant impediments to achieving the PRRSV reduction goal include the frequent re-breaks of clinical disease in PRRSV Stable Farms and the need for safer and more efficacious vaccines providing broader protection. Reduction in disease incidence will be dependent in part on highly sensitive diagnostic assays/methods. The SDSU Station will focus on development of additional highly specific monoclonal antibody-based reagents and assays required for support of PRRSV immunology and vaccinology studies led by collaborating NC-229 institutions. Expressed proteins representing key antigenic epitopes of selected pathogens will be produced and additional monoclonal antibodies for the detection and differentiation of specific antigen targets as required for immunology and vaccinology studies will be developed using routine methods in our laboratory.1.2. PRRSV epidemiology: Developing an understanding of the epidemiology of contemporary viral strains circulating in the field is critical to reduce between-herd transmission and minimize the average time-to-stability of herds following outbreaks. The SDSU Diagnostic Laboratory conducts extensive PCR testing and sequencing of PRRSV cases and will contribute sequence data to databases coordinated by NC-229 partners, USDA-ARS and swine industry partners to contribute to PRRSV epidemiology studies. SDSU is contributing to a user-friendly informatics tool to summarize and report routine pathogen detection from samples submitted to participating veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time. Standardized submission data and results of tests performed on porcine samples are retrieved from four participating laboratories (ISU, UMN, SDSU, and KSU).1.3. PRRS Surveillance and Diagnostics: The development of effective testing and surveillance strategies supports the goal of reducing the impact of PRRSV as well as supporting future programs for the elimination of the virus. New tools and strategies are needed to effectively reach this goal. Novel cost effective ways to monitor populations will be considered in terms of sample types, procedures and target populations. The SDSU Station will focus on development of improved diagnostic strategies, reagents and assays to support this objective. Ongoing sequence analysis of currently circulating PRRSV strains will be utilized to update current PCR platforms as needed. Approaches to serological and antigen detection assay development will vary based on specific antigen and antibody targets and desired assay sensitivity and specificity. General methods for the development, optimization and validation of these assays have been thoroughly described in our previous publications. Archived samples of known status and control materials available in our laboratory will be used for optimization and validation of each individual assay. Assay specificity, sensitivity and cut-off points will be determined using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis.Objective 2. Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence. The SDSU station will focus primarily on sub-objective 2.2 (Swine Influenza Virus), sub-objective 2.5 (Senecavirus A) and sub-objective 2.8 (Foreign animal disease import risk through feed ingredients) in support of the overall NC-229 objectives.2.2. Swine Influenza Virus: In this objective, factors influencing influenza virus transmission within and between swine farms will be determined to reduce economic losses caused by this disease. Identifying the mechanisms by which these pathogens enter, circulate and persist in swine herds is a critical step to devising methods that effectively prevent, control and/or eliminate this virus. The relationships between virus diversity and evolution with the ecology, epidemiology, and virulence properties of influenza A (IAV) virus in swine will be investigated, including viruses from under-sampled pig populations in North America. Epidemiologic and ecologic factors such as production system type, population immunity, age of susceptibility, seasonality, and polymicrobial interactions will be assessed to determine how influenza viruses are introduced and persist on farms and how are they moved within and between production systems and globally. The genetic or genomic bases for viral fitness or virulence will be investigated. The effectiveness of current and novel practices for preventing IAV infection will be evaluated, identifying immune parameters that are correlates of heterologous protection with traditional and/or new vaccine platforms or evaluating new vaccine strategies. The extent that genetic diversity impacts antigenic diversity and suboptimal immunity contributes to evolution of influenza viruses in swine will be evaluated. Population studies in different age groups will be conducted to explain the transmission and control of swine influenza virus under the hypothesis that the piglet plays a central role in this transmission (UMN), because weaned piglets are the source of strain diversity reservoirs of influenza at a subclinical level. The goal in this study should derive a combination of practices that increase the resistance of pigs and practices that decrease risk of exposure to SIV, which is an essential part of influenza control prior to weaning. The SDSU Diagnostic Laboratory will conduct extensive PCR testing and sequencing of swine influenza cases and will contribute data in support of this sub-objective as described for sub-objective 1.2.2.5. Senecavirus A: Comprehensive studies to characterize the pathogenesis and immunity to SVA infection will be conducted. ISU is investigating Senecavirus immunopathogenesis, specifically the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell culture and in vivo. The SDSU station will assist with further studies to evaluate SVA pathogenesis and immunity led by Dr. Diego Diel (Cornell). The SDSU Station will focus on development of improved research reagents and assays to support these projects and will assist with animal studies. We will also develop and validate new reagents and assays to serve diagnostic laboratories and the swine industry. Approaches to serological and antigen detection assay development will vary based on specific antigen and antibody targets and desired assay sensitivity and specificity. Reagents required for immunohistochemistry and fluorescent antibody staining will be developed as described under sub-objective 1.3. Serological assays will include indirect and competitive ELISA formats, multiplex fluorescent microsphere-based assays and rapid virus neutralization assays.2.8. Foreign animal disease import risk through feed ingredients: Collaborative studies led by Dr. Scott Dee, Pipestone Applied Research, with investigators at SDSU, KSU, ISU and industry partners have evaluated the risk of importing FAD through contaminated feed ingredients. Further study is required to fully evaluate risks and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. The SDSU station will contribute to collaborative efforts by providing virus stocks, conducting specialized diagnostic testing and virus titrations and participating in pathogen mitigation studies. Studies to assess the risks for transmission of emerging and transboundary viral diseases through animal feed and individual feed ingredients will be conducted as previously described by our group. Selection of additional pathogens to be targeted will be based on risk assessment priorities established by the Swine Health Information Center. Appropriate surrogate viruses will be used for the evaluation key transboundary diseases not currently circulating in the U.S. Mitigation studies will focus on both novel and commercially available compounds that can be added to feed to reduce the risk of virus transmission.

Progress 11/22/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include veterinary researchers and diagnosticians, veterinary practitioners, pork producers, and veterinary biologics and diagnostics companies. Tools and knowledge generated from this work provide insight for other researchers as well as direct benefits for the livestock industry through improved strategies for the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases. Changes/Problems:The COVID-19 pandemic did require some changes in our original research priorities over the past 9 months. Based on the focus of our original objectives for this project and our prior experience working with a variety of coronaviruses, we were well-positioned to conduct needed reagent and assay development for SARS-CoV-2. We anticipate that we will still be able to remain on schedule for all of our original stated objectives. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Six undergraduate students and 3 graduate students received extensive training from this project. Numerous additional graduate students, primarily assigned to collaborating laboratories, received specialized training in hybridoma technology and diagnostic assay development and validation. Three Research Associates at South Dakota State University, Dr. Steve Lawson, Aaron Singrey and Julie Nelson, contributed substantially to the project, benefitting from professional development opportunities. This work has resulted in expanded collaborations with private industry and other academic institutions. Additional funding for this work was provided by the National Pork Board, the Swine Health Information Center, USDA-NIFA, USDA-ARS, the South Dakota Governor's Office of Economic Development, the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Laura Munger, BS student. May, 2018 - present. Laura has been working in our laboratory on multiple projects including the development and validation of multiple serological assays.She has learned a wide range of molecular biology skills including DNA/RNA extraction/purification and protein purification. She worked extensively in our hybridoma laboratory to develop monoclonal antibody reagents. Post-graduation, Laura plans to further her education to receive her DVM, along with a master's degree. Molly Kroeger, BS student. January 2018 - May 2020. Molly is interested in a professional research career and recently started a PhD program. Her research work on this project focused on the development of diagnostic reagents and the validation of serological assays including ELISA, FMIA & IFA platforms for Senecavirus A. Katelyn Bettin, BS student. May 2020 - present. Katelyn has been working in our lab and has been involved in all aspects of hybridoma production, diagnostic test development and general maintenance of the laboratory. She is a junior Animal Science major. Kayla Egenes, BS student. August 2020 - present. Kayla is a junior Honors College student and Human Biology major and is interested in pursuing a medical degree. Her research project has focused on the development of diagnostic reagents and assays and she works extensively in the hybridoma laboratory. Pratik Katwal, PhD student with Dr. Wang, Fall 2017-present. Pratik is working on the role of cellular restriction factors in PRRSV replication in vitro. He has mastered flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, qRT-PCR and other techniques. He has submitted two abstracts for oral presentations to be held virtually. Shamiq Aftab, PhD student with Dr. Wang, Spring 2020-present. Shamiq is working on the role of cellular GTPases such as Rab11 and Rab8 in PRRSV replication. He will be also working on Senecavirus A pathogenesis. He has mastered cell culture, transfection, confocal microscopy and other molecular techniques. Sienna Josephine Mahan-Deitte, BS student, Fall 2019-spring 2020. Sienna worked with Pratik to examine the role of cellular restriction factors on PRRSV replication. She has mastered mammalian cell culture, virus titration assay, and other routine laboratory techniques. Kaylee Lynne Athey, BS student, Fall 2020-present. Kaylee is working with Shamiq on the role of cellular GTPase on PRRSV replication. She is learning routine laboratory techniques as well as cell culture, virus titration etc. Shaurav Bhattarai, PhD student with Ben Hause. June, 2020-present. Shaurav's dissertation is focused on emerging infectious viruses of cattle and swine and development of countermeasures. Specific to NC229, he is working on a universal influenza A virus-swine vaccine project. Pig vaccination and challenge experiments will be conducted in January, 2021. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of this work have been broadly disseminated through publications in appropriate scientific journals and presentations at scientific and stakeholder meetings. Technologies developed during the course of this project have been implemented in various veterinary diagnostic laboratories to serve the livestock industry. Additional products developed here are being considered for licensing and commercial distribution. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Goal 1: Control of PRRSV. 1.1. PRRSV immunology/vaccinology: We will continue to validate observations related to virus restriction factors and investigate the mechanistic basis of virus restriction mediated by both cellular and innate factors during the next reporting period. One USDA NIFA grant proposal was submitted and it is current under review. We will also provide specialized diagnostic assay support for studies related to PRRSV immunology and vaccinology. 1.2. PRRSV epidemiology: We will continue to contribute PRRSV sequence data from field cases to collaborative efforts using bioinformatics tools to summarize and report routine pathogen detection to inform the U.S. swine industry on key macro-epidemiological aspects of agent detection. 1.3. PRRSV Surveillance and Diagnostics: We will continue to provide reagents, including monoclonal antibodies, as well as diagnostic assay support to collaborating stations, other universities and industry for research and diagnostic applications. Goal 2: Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence. 2.2. Swine Influenza Virus: The SDSU Station will continue to contribute swine influenza virus diagnostic and sequence data from field cases to collaborative efforts using bioinformatics tools to summarize and report routine pathogen detection to inform the U.S. swine industry on key macro-epidemiological aspects of agent detection. 2.5. Senecavirus A: We will continue efforts to develop improved diagnostic methods for Senecavirus A. 2.8. Foreign animal disease (FAD) import risk through feed ingredients: During the next year, we will continue to contribute to efforts led by Dr. Scott Dee, Pipestone Applied Research, to evaluate mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission through feed using SVA, PRRSV and PEDV as model pathogens.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1: Control of PRRSV (20% Accomplished). 1.1. PRRSV immunology/vaccinology: During the current reporting period we examined the role of two virus restriction factors, namely IFITM3 and ZMPSTE24, in PRRSV replication. We have shown that over-expression of IFITM3 reduces PRRSV replication. An average of 5.4-fold decrease in virus titers was observed in the supernatants of IFITM3 transfected cells compared to vector controls. To examine the mechanisms by which IFITM3 reduced PRRSV replication, we first focused on virus entry. We observed the colocalization of PRRSV with early endosome marker (EEA1) at 3 h after virus infection, but only limited colocalization between PRRSV and late endosome/lysosome marker (LAMP1) at 3 h after virus infection. No or limited colocalization of PRRSV with EEA1 and LAMP1 was observed at 1 h and 6 h after infection. Amphotericin B treatment only partially restore the replication of PRRSV in cells over-expressing IFITM3. Over-expression of IFITM3 does not significantly impact virus entry (p > 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that MARC-145 cells constitutively express a relatively low level of IFITM3. Treatment of MARC-145 cells with Interferon alpha and gamma upregulates the expression of Mx1 (9.7 and 28.5 fold respectively) and IFITM3 (2.3 and 2.7 fold respectively), which is positively correlated with reduced virus replication. The exact mechanisms by which IFITM3 restricted PRRSV replication remain to be determined in future studies. Similarly, we found that over-expression of ZMPSTE24 in MARC-145 cells reduces PRRSV replication. An average of 76-fold decrease in PRRSV TCID50 titer was observed in the supernatants of ZMPSTE24 transfected cells compared to the vector controls. Over-expression of ZMPSTE24 does not affect virus entry into MARC-145 cells. Interestingly, PRRSV nucleocapsid distribution pattern in ZMPSTE24 positive cells is different from those in ZMPSTE24 negative cells. Little or no colocalization of exogenous ZMPSTE24 with PRRSV was observed at 24 h after infection. However, silencing of endogenous ZMPSTE24 slightly affects PRRSV replication. Cell viability was not affected by over-expression of either IFITM3 or ZMPSTE24. We will continue to examine the molecular mechanisms by which these two virus restriction factors limit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Additionally, in support of research being conducted at USDA-ARS-NADC in Ames, IA, mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibody reagents against the PRRSV MLV?23-S tag peptide sequence were developed for DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine diagnostic differentiation. 1.2. PRRSV epidemiology: The SDSU Station contributed PRRSV sequence data from field cases to collaborative efforts using bioinformatics tools to summarize and report routine pathogen detection to inform the U.S. swine industry on key macro-epidemiological aspects of agent detection. During this reporting period, over 900 PRRSV sequences were contributed by the SDSU Station. 1.3. PRRSV Surveillance and Diagnostics: The SDSU Station continued to provide numerous reagents, including monoclonal antibodies, as well as diagnostic assay support to collaborating stations, other universities and industry for research and diagnostic applications. Goal 2: Developing effective and efficient approaches for detection, prevention and control of pressing viral diseases of swine of recent emergence (20% Accomplished). 2.2. Swine Influenza Virus: The SDSU Station contributed swine influenza virus diagnostic and sequence data from field cases to collaborative efforts using bioinformatics tools to summarize and report routine pathogen detection to inform the U.S. swine industry on key macro-epidemiological aspects of agent detection. Additional monoclonal antibodies against selected epitopes of influenza D virus were developed and are being fully characterized for application in collaborative research projects. 2.5. Senecavirus A: We continued to develop additional reagents for detection of Senecavirus A antigen and antibody. Serum virus neutralization assays (SVN) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods using these antibodies are now readily available to veterinary clients at the South Dakota ADRDL and provide important tools to monitor and differentiate incidences of vesicular disease outbreaks. 2.8. Foreign animal disease (FAD) import risk through feed ingredients: The goal of this work is to evaluate survival of important viral pathogens of livestock in animal feed ingredients imported into the U.S. under simulated transboundary conditions. Previously, virus survival was evaluated using Trans-Pacific or Trans-Atlantic transboundary models with representative feed ingredients, transport times and environmental conditions. Results demonstrated survival of certain viruses in specific feed ingredients ("high-risk combinations") under conditions simulating transport between continents and provided further evidence that contaminated feed ingredients may represent a risk for transport of pathogens at domestic and global levels. Continuing collaborative efforts are now focused on mitigation strategies using SVA, PRRSV and PEDV as model pathogens. A variety of feed additives, including a dried lactic acid product, and extended feed storage times were found to help reduce the risk of pathogen transmission through feed. Impact statements: A recently developed monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA to detect antibody responses to Senecavirus A (SVA) was validated and licensed for commercialization. Monoclonal antibodies against Senecavirus A were further characterized and applied to serum virus neutralization assays (SVN) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods, providing important tools to monitor and differentiate incidences of vesicular disease outbreaks. Large panels of monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were developed. These antibodies will be of value in a wide range of research and diagnostic applications related to COVID-19. Further study to evaluate survival of viral pathogens in animal feed and feed ingredients imported into the U.S. under simulated transboundary conditions provided evidence that contaminated feed ingredients represent a risk for transport of pathogens at domestic and global levels. However, it is possible to partially mitigate this risk using selected feed additives. Through evaluation of virus restriction factors, we demonstrated that over-expression of IFITM3 reduces PRRSV replication. Further evaluation of cellular factors involved in PRRSV replication in-vitro may lead to improved control of this disease.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dee, S., M. Niederwerder, R. Elder, D. Hanson, A. Singrey, R. Cochrane, G. Spronk, E. Nelson. 2020. An evaluation of additives for mitigating the risk of virus-contaminated feed using an ice-block challenge model. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.13749.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dee, S., A. Shah, R. Cochrane, A. Wu, T. Clement, A. Singrey, R. Edler, G. Spronk, M. Niederwerder, E. Nelson. 2020. Use of a demonstration project to test the effect of extended storage on viral survival in feed: Proof of concept. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13682.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dee, S., M. Niederwerder, G. Patterson, R. Cochrane, C. Jones, D. Diel, E. Nelson, G. Spronk, E. Brockhoff, P. Sundberg. 2020. The risk of viral transmission in feed: What do we know, what do we do? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13606.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Dee, S., J. DeJong, C. Neill, B. Ratliff, A. Singrey, E. Hansen, E. Nelson, J. Keegan, A. Gaines. 2020. Inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in contaminated swine feed through inclusion of a dry lactic acid-based product. JSHAP 28:213-216.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Benfield, D., J. Lunney, M. Murtaugh, E. Nelson, F. Osorio, R. Pogranichniy, S. Ramamoorthy, R. Rowland, J. Zimmerman, F. Zuckermann. 2020. The NC229 Multi-station Research Consortium on Emerging Viral Diseases of Swine: Solving stakeholder problems through innovative science and research. Virus Research 280. doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197898.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Vinson, H., G. Singh, A. Pillatzki, B. Webb, E. Nelson, S. Ramamoorthy. 2019. Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs. Vet. Micro. 239:108492. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108492.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Singh, G., O. Zholobko, A. Pillatzki, B. Webb, E. Nelson, A. Voronov, S. Ramamoorthy. 2019. An amphiphilic invertible polymer as a delivery vehicle for a M2e-HA2-HA1 peptide vaccine against an Influenza A virus in pigs. Vaccine. 37(31):4291-4301. doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.030.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fernandes, M.H.V., M.F. Maggioli, J. Otta, L.R. Joshi, S. Lawson, D.G. Diel. 2019. Senecavirus A 3C protease mediates host cell apoptosis late in infection. Frontiers in Immunology 10:363 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00363
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sharma, B., M.H.V. Fernandes, M. DeLama, L.R. Joshi, S. Lawson, D.G. Diel. 2019. A novel live attenuated vaccine candidate protects against heterologous senecavirus A challenge. Frontiers in Immunology, Manuscript 487682 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00347
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Rauh, R., T. Clement, J. Christopher Hennings, S. Lawson, S-L Zhai, J-Y Ma, J.D. Callahan, E.A. Nelson, D.G. Diel. 2019. Development of a novel multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of SADS-CoV, an emerging swine coronavirus. Abstract #60. North American PRRS Symposium. Chicago, Il. Dec. 2-3.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Diel, D., S. Lawson, F. Li, E. Nelson, D. Wang, X. Wang, J. Christopher-Hennings. 2019. Detection and control of PRRS virus and emerging viral diseases of swine (NC-229 South Dakota). Abstract #65. North American PRRS Symposium. Chicago, Il. Dec. 2-3.