Progress 09/01/22 to 08/31/23

Outputs
Target Audience:Aquaculture Feed Companies and the USDA Changes/Problems:Shifting from cultivation of GAI-220 to cultivation of GAI-292, see below for explanation. Several carboy scale inoculums of the high protein algae strain GAI-220 were taken from the laboratory to the farm in Kauai. Using some of the results of the microplate assays, the nitrogen source and nutrient ratios were modified. After adjustment to outdoors and light levels, initial growth of GAI-220 in the Global Algae paddlewheel style raceways was promising with high levels of phycocyanin fluorescence, an indicator of healthy culture. However, after ~7 days outdoors, outdoor cultures of GAI-220 seemed to not respond to nutrient addition, and eventually became contaminated and unhealthy. There were several hypotheses for this including light stress, improper phosphorus and/or potassium concentrations, and insufficient microelements. Media formulation outdoors based on nutrient loads were similar to the findings from the media optimization tests, but it is possible there is some unknown factors playing in nutrient loads outdoors compared to results in the laboratory. Another hypothesis was the Kauai Algae farm water supply contained something that deterred growth of this particular strain. Lab scale cultures and carboy inoculums did not have any issues with growth. Due to the tight timeframe to grow biomass during the appropriate cultivation season, we decided to shift focus on another high protein filamentous cyanobacterial strain for the feed trial. This strain had initial results in a previous study that demonstrated suitable growth outdoors as well as an optimized media formulation. The strain, GAI-292, is an Arthrospira platensis, commonly referred to as Spirulina. Arthrospira resembles many of the same characteristics as GAI-220 with regards to proximate content and amino acid profile, making this strain a suitable alternative for a feed trial in California Yellowtail. Furthermore, from a commercialization perspective, several strains of A. platensis have been proven to be safe for consumption and have already established products in the nutraceutical and high-end health food markets. This means that time to commercialization would be shorter because there is established use of this species being sold as a consumable product. While A. platensis is currently cultivated commercially, it is not currently at a price point that is competitive with other aquafeed protein ingredients such as soy protein concentrate or fish meal. Additionally, it is not being used commercially as protein in animal feed, and there have not been many studies demonstrating the use of it in finfish, especially longer term. The integration of our low-cost algae production technologies with spirulina as well as demonstrating the efficacy of this strain in California Yellow tail, will be a significant step toward commercializing this strain for aquafeed and lay the foundation for other large markets such as poultry, swine and ruminant animal feed. We have requested a No Cost Extension for the period end date to be 8/31/2024. This year nothing to report. We added some of the verbiage from last year to have it readily available for review in this report. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As per our collaboration with Dr. Rick Barrows and Hubbs Seaworld Research Institute, the cultivation data, compositional analysis, and initial growth statistics from Trial 1 were all collected in the first year of the project. This data will help determine if either of these algae species are suitable for an aquaculture fish feed product. The data will be presented to fish feed formulators and scientists within the aquaculture community in an effort to commercialize an algae based aquaculture fish feed product. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to test and review the results from the first feeding trial. We have requested a no cost extension of time due to delays from the Covid-19 pandemic and initial results for the feeding trial. The time will allow us to cultivate algae and process it so that the end product is closer to what the commercial product will be. Depending on the results from another project, the long term 10 month market size trial, may be testing an extracted portion of the biomass (e.g: oil or protein meal) versus the whole biomass. This data will be more valuable for the commercialization of algae-based aquaculture feed products and for regulatory approvals from the FDA.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project is on hold as we complete project objectives and methods developed on another award that will then be used to create biomass to test for aquafeed on this award. Impact Statement: According to the FAO, demand for fish will triple by 2050. Feed is the largest and most important component to ensuring safe, abundant and affordable fish supply. Most fish feeds contain a minimum level of fishmeal for adequate protein, amino acid profile, and omega-3 oils to attain good fish growth and meat quality. Global capture fisheries have been level for several decades, so fishmeal prices have risen dramatically, and alternatives to fishmeal are needed. Microalgae is part of the natural food chain for fish, and algae cultivation for a feed ingredient offers an attractive alternative to fishmeal. Global Algae Innovations has developed economical, scalable, algae production technology that will enable cost competitive production of algae meal for aquaculture feed. During the Phase 2 project, two types of algae were cultivated large scale using Global Algae Innovations low-cost production technology, and the resulting algae meal was processed into formulated test diets of varying algae inclusion levels suitable for Seriola dorsalis. The first algae species, GAI-292, was grown for high protein content and a favorable amino acid profile. The compositional analysis confirmed that the amino acid profile is favorable for aquaculture. The second algae species was grown for omega-3 oil content. The compositional analysis found that the 28% of the fat was omega-3 oil, 14% specifically the valuable EPA and DHA. Good progress was made on the project, and year 2 of the award will focus on the feeding trails and assessing the efficacy of our algae strains for use in Seriola dorsalis. Overall, this project will be critical in evaluating our lowcost production technology and algae biomass in aquaculture feed. Ultimately the use of microalgae in aquaculture feed will allow for a more sustainable industry and will aid in meeting the food needs of our growing world population. Objective #1: The first technical objective of the Phase 2 research is to increase the productivity for GAI-220 to 16 g/m2d or greater through media optimization and cultivation process optimization; Several carboy scale inoculums of the high protein algae strain GAI-220 were taken from the laboratory to the farm in Kauai. Using some of the results of the microplate assays, the nitrogen source and nutrient ratios were modified. After adjustment to outdoors and light levels, initial growth of GAI-220 in the Global Algae paddlewheel style raceways was promising with high levels of phycocyanin fluorescence, an indicator of healthy culture. However, after ~7 days outdoors, outdoor cultures of GAI- 220 seemed to not respond to nutrient addition, and eventually became contaminated and unhealthy. There were several hypotheses for this including light stress, improper phosphorus and/or potassium concentrations, and insufficient microelements. Media formulation outdoors based on nutrient loads were similar to the findings from the media optimization tests, but it is possible there is some unknown factors playing in nutrient loads outdoors compared to results in the laboratory. Another hypothesis was the Kauai Algae farm water supply contained something that deterred growth of this particular strain. Lab scale cultures and carboy inoculums did not have any issues with growth. Due to the tight timeframe to grow biomass during the appropriate cultivation season, we decided to shift focus on another high protein filamentous cyanobacterial strain for the feed trial. This strain had initial results in a previous study that demonstrated suitable growth outdoors as well as an optimized media formulation. The strain, GAI-292, is an Arthrospira platensis, commonly referred to as Spirulina. Arthrospira resembles many of the same characteristics as GAI-220 with regards to proximate content and amino acid profile, making this strain a suitable alternative for a feed trial in California Yellowtail. Furthermore, from a commercialization perspective, several strains of A. platensis have been proven to be safe for consumption and have already established products in the nutraceutical and high-end health food markets. This means that time to commercialization would be shorter because there is established use of this species being sold as a consumable product. While A. platensis is currently cultivated commercially, it is not currently at a price point that is competitive with other aquafeed protein ingredients such as soy protein concentrate or fish meal. Additionally, it is not being used commercially as protein in animal feed, and there have not been many studies demonstrating the use of it in finfish, especially longer term. The integration of our low-cost algae production technologies with spirulina as well as demonstrating the efficacy of this strain in California Yellow tail, will be a significant step toward commercializing this strain for aquafeed and lay the foundation for other large markets such as poultry, swine and ruminant animal feed. Shifting outdoor production to GAI-292 proved successful. With GAI-292, there were no crashes or significant growth defects and in total, 116 kilograms of dried biomass was harvested. Objective #2: Produce several hundred kilograms of a high protein algae and a high omega-3 content algae for use in feed trials; Using Global Algae's novel, low cost, high efficiency open-raceway bioreactor, CO2 supply, and harvest systems, a total of 5 batches of GAI-292 Spriulina, and 6 batches of the Nitzschia GAI-230, were grown to large-scale at our outdoor cultivationfacility in Kauai. Data fundamental to characterizing growth productivity, such as pigment levels, optical density, screening for contaminants, was collected and deposited in our online database. For each large scale grow out, algae biomass was scaled to pond 1000 which has a surface area of 0.17 acres. Algae biomass was first harvested using the Zobi® 16 which can harvest larger volumes and reduce biomass to be 2-5% solid. After, the retentate was further concentrated using the Zobi® 3 harvester, which concentrates to ~15-20% solids. The harvested biomass was then dried using a Celencor 100kW Microwave Dryer. Dried biomass was >93% solids for both batches of algae. In total, there were 8 harvests of algae using the Zobi Harvester®, with a total dried biomass weight of 220 kilograms. This objective was successfully met. Objective #3: to validate the inclusion levels and efficacy of these algae ingredients in grow out studies; For trial 1, there were a total of 7 formulated diets containing our algae biomass. Each algae strain was used at 3 different inclusion levels and 1 diet contained a mix of the two algae strains together. Evaluation of the feed trial 1 is still underway. Objective #4: to generate data to support the permitting effort for these algae as aquaculture feed ingredients. Data thus far has demonstrated favorable amino acid profile and high protein levels for the GAI-292 Spirulina and good omega-3 content for the GAI-230 diatom. No toxins were detected. As of the end date for this report, 9/30/2020 - trial 1 has only just begun so data still needs to be collected and evaluated. Conclusions: Overall, data collected during the scale up and harvest of the algae, samples processed for analytical measurements, and the fish feeding trials with Hubbs Seaworld will be critical in evaluating our production processes and use of these algae strains in aquafeed.

Publications

Progress 09/01/21 to 08/31/22

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project is on hold as we complete project objectives and methods developed on another award that will then be used to create biomass to test for aquafeed on this award.

Publications

Progress 09/01/20 to 08/31/21

Outputs
Target Audience:Aquaculture Feed Companies and the USDA Changes/Problems:Due to the results from the first feeding trials, we have paused work on this project for now. We have another active award (DOE funded) that will provide algae biomass that is processed into omega-3 oil concentrate and protein concentrate. These product forms are more aligned with what the actual commercial product would be at a larger scale algae production facility. In this DOE funded work, we have funds to test these biomass portions in Seriola, similar to the trial 1 of this project. Originally we planned for a long term market size trial, but the results of the trial on the DOE award will determine our plan for the 2nd feed trial for this USDA project. Market scale trial may not be appropriate at this current moment if this additional feed trial does not reveal the best diet for further testing and rather a different trial design for trial 2 may be considered. We plan to have the DOE trial sometime in the Spring of 2022 with the USDA 2nd trial occurring after results from that trial come in, likely in late summer 2022. As a result, it is likely we willrequest another no cost extension to complete the work and analysis, as the project currently ends in September 2022. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As per our collaboration with Dr. Rick Barrows and Hubbs Seaworld Research Institute, the cultivation data, compositional analysis, and initial growth statistics from Trial 1 were all collected in the first year of the project. This data will help determine if either of these algae species are suitable for an aquaculture fish feed product. The data will be presented to fish feed formulators and scientists within the aquaculture community in an effort to commercialize an algae based aquaculture fish feed product. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Due to the results from the first feeding trials, we have paused work on this project for now. We have another active award (DOE funded) that will provide algae biomass that is processed into omega-3 oil concentrate and protein concentrate. These product forms are more aligned with what the actual commercial product would be at a larger scale algae production facility. In this DOE funded work, we have funds to test these biomass portions in Seriola, similar to the trial 1 of this project. Originally we planned for a long term market size trial, but the results of the trial on the DOE award will determine our plan for the 2nd feed trial for this USDA project. Market scale trial may not be appropriate at this current moment if this additional feed trial does not reveal the best diet for further testing and rather a different trial design for trial 2 may be considered. We plan to have the DOE trial sometime in the Spring of 2022 with the USDA 2nd trial occurring after results from that trial come in, likely late summer 2022. As a result, it is likely we willrequest another no cost extension to complete the work and analysis, as the project currently ends in September 2022.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? According to the FAO, demand for fish will triple by 2050. Feed is the largest and most important component to ensuring safe, abundant and affordable fish supply. Most fish feeds contain a minimum level of fishmeal for adequate protein, amino acid profile, and omega-3 oils to attain good fish growth and meat quality. Global capture fisheries have been level for several decades, so fishmeal prices have risen dramatically, and alternatives to fishmeal are needed. Microalgae is part of the natural food chain for fish, and algae cultivation for a feed ingredient offers an attractive alternative to fishmeal. Global Algae Innovations has developed economical, scalable, algae production technology that will enable cost competitive production of algae meal for aquaculture feed. During the Phase 2 project, two types of algae were cultivated large scale using Global Algae Innovations low-cost production technology, and the resulting algae meal was processed into formulated test diets of varying algae inclusion levels suitable for Seriola dorsalis. The first algae species, GAI-292, was grown for high protein content and a favorable amino acid profile. The compositional analysis confirmed that the amino acid profile is favorable for aquaculture. The second algae species was grown for omega-3 oil content. The compositional analysis found that the 28% of the fat was omega-3 oil, 14% specifically the valuable EPA and DHA. Good progress was made on the project, and years 2-3 of the award will focus on the feeding trials and assessing the efficacy of our algae strains for use in Seriola dorsalis. Overall, this project will be critical in evaluating our low-cost production technology and algae biomass in aquaculture feed. Ultimately the use of microalgae in aquaculture feed will allow for a more sustainable industry and will aid in meeting the food needs of our growing world population. Objective #1: The first technical objective of the Phase 2 research is to increase the productivity for GAI-220 to 16 g/m2d or greater through media optimization and cultivation process optimization; Work on this objective was completed in the previous reporting period. Objective #2: Produce several hundred kilograms of a high protein algae and a high omega-3 content algae for use in feed trials; This objective was successfully met in the previous reporting period, no updates for this reporting period. Objective #3: to validate the inclusion levels and efficacy of these algae ingredients in grow out studies; For trial 1, there were a total of 7 formulated diets containing our algae biomass. Each algae strain was used at 3 different inclusion levels and 1 diet contained a mix of the two algae strains together. Feed trial 1 completed in October 2020. The results indicated that there were growth inhibitions in the fish fed with algae compared to both the commercial feed diet and fish meal diet. The best performing algae diet were 8% and 16% inclusion for spirulina. The weight gain for those were 352% compared to 378% weight gain with the fish meal control. The fish meal control diet, which was formulated at the same time as the algae diets also exhibited a lower weight gain than the commercial diet (378% for fish meal compared to 457% for commercial EWOS diet). The diets were tested for peroxide values to see if there was rancidity in the processing. All of the diets with algae included exhibited peroxide values > 5,indicating rancidity which could be playing a role in the lower growth values. Objective #4: to generate data to support the permitting effort for these algae as aquaculture feed ingredients. Data thus far has demonstrated favorable amino acid profile and high protein levels for the GAI-292 Spirulina and good omega-3 content for the GAI-230 diatom. No toxins were detected. Trial 1 revealed some additional analytical testing that needs to occur to the biomass and the formulated feed diets after processing. Overall, data collected during the scale up and harvest of the algae, samples processed for analytical measurements, and the fish feeding trials with Hubbs Seaworld will be critical in evaluating our production processes and use of these algae strains in aquafeed. Additional work in understanding the algae as an ingredient needs to occur, and moving forward we have plans to create algae based ingredients that will be more defined than the whole biomass itself. See plans for next reporting period for further details.

Publications

Progress 09/01/19 to 08/31/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Aquaculture Feed Companies and the USDA Changes/Problems:Shifting from cultivation of GAI-220 to cultivation of GAI-292, see below for explanation. Several carboy scale inoculums of the high protein algae strain GAI-220 were taken from the laboratory to the farm in Kauai. Using some of the results of the microplate assays, the nitrogen source and nutrient ratios were modified. After adjustment to outdoors and light levels, initial growth of GAI-220 in the Global Algae paddlewheel style raceways was promising with high levels of phycocyanin fluorescence, an indicator of healthy culture. However, after ~7 days outdoors, outdoor cultures of GAI-220 seemed to not respond to nutrient addition, and eventually became contaminated and unhealthy. There were several hypotheses for this including light stress, improper phosphorus and/or potassium concentrations, and insufficient microelements. Media formulation outdoors based on nutrient loads were similar to the findings from the media optimization tests, but it is possible there is some unknown factors playing in nutrient loads outdoors compared to results in the laboratory. Another hypothesis was the Kauai Algae farm water supply contained something that deterred growth of this particular strain. Lab scale cultures and carboy inoculums did not have any issues with growth. Due to the tight timeframe to grow biomass during the appropriate cultivation season, we decided to shift focus on another high protein filamentous cyanobacterial strain for the feed trial. This strain had initial results in a previous study that demonstrated suitable growth outdoors as well as an optimized media formulation. The strain, GAI-292, is an Arthrospira platensis, commonly referred to as Spirulina. Arthrospira resembles many of the same characteristics as GAI-220 with regards to proximate content and amino acid profile, making this strain a suitable alternative for a feed trial in California Yellowtail. Furthermore, from a commercialization perspective, several strains of A. platensis have been proven to be safe for consumption and have already established products in the nutraceutical and high-end health food markets. This means that time to commercialization would be shorter because there is established use of this species being sold as a consumable product. While A. platensis is currently cultivated commercially, it is not currently at a price point that is competitive with other aquafeed protein ingredients such as soy protein concentrate or fish meal. Additionally, it is not being used commercially as protein in animal feed, and there have not been many studies demonstrating the use of it in finfish, especially longer term. The integration of our low-cost algae production technologies with spirulina as well as demonstrating the efficacy of this strain in California Yellow tail, will be a significant step toward commercializing this strain for aquafeed and lay the foundation for other large markets such as poultry, swine and ruminant animal feed. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As per our collaboration with Dr. Rick Barrows and Hubbs Seaworld Research Institute, the cultivation data, compositional analysis, and initial growth statistics from Trial 1 were all collected in the first year of the project. This data will help determine if either of these algae species are suitable for an aquaculture fish feed product. The data will be presented to fish feed formulators and scientists within the aquaculture community in an effort to commercialize an algae based aquaculture fish feed product. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to test and review the results from the first feeding trial. We have requested a no cost extension of time due to delays from the Covid-19 pandemic and initial results for the feeding trial. The time will allow us to cultivate algae and process it so that the end product is closer to what the commercial product will be. Depending on the results from another project, the long term 10 month market size trial, may be testing an extracted portion of the biomass (e.g: oil or protein meal) versus the whole biomass. This data will be more valuable for the commercialization of algae-based aquaculture feed products and for regulatory approvals from the FDA.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Impact Statement: According to the FAO, demand for fish will triple by 2050. Feed is the largest and most important component to ensuring safe, abundant and affordable fish supply. Most fish feeds contain a minimum level of fishmeal for adequate protein, amino acid profile, and omega-3 oils to attain good fish growth and meat quality. Global capture fisheries have been level for several decades, so fishmeal prices have risen dramatically, and alternatives to fishmeal are needed. Microalgae is part of the natural food chain for fish, and algae cultivation for a feed ingredient offers an attractive alternative to fishmeal. Global Algae Innovations has developed economical, scalable, algae production technology that will enable cost competitive production of algae meal for aquaculture feed. During the Phase 2 project, two types of algae were cultivated large scale using Global Algae Innovations low-cost production technology, and the resulting algae meal was processed into formulated test diets of varying algae inclusion levels suitable for Seriola dorsalis. The first algae species, GAI-292, was grown for high protein content and a favorable amino acid profile. The compositional analysis confirmed that the amino acid profile is favorable for aquaculture. The second algae species was grown for omega-3 oil content. The compositional analysis found that the 28% of the fat was omega-3 oil, 14% specifically the valuable EPA and DHA. Good progress was made on the project, and year 2 of the award will focus on the feeding trails and assessing the efficacy of our algae strains for use in Seriola dorsalis. Overall, this project will be critical in evaluating our low-cost production technology and algae biomass in aquaculture feed. Ultimately the use of microalgae in aquaculture feed will allow for a more sustainable industry and will aid in meeting the food needs of our growing world population. Objective #1: The first technical objective of the Phase 2 research is to increase the productivity for GAI-220 to 16 g/m2d or greater through media optimization and cultivation process optimization; Several carboy scale inoculums of the high protein algae strain GAI-220 were taken from the laboratory to the farm in Kauai. Using some of the results of the microplate assays, the nitrogen source and nutrient ratios were modified. After adjustment to outdoors and light levels, initial growth of GAI-220 in the Global Algae paddlewheel style raceways was promising with high levels of phycocyanin fluorescence, an indicator of healthy culture. However, after ~7 days outdoors, outdoor cultures of GAI-220 seemed to not respond to nutrient addition, and eventually became contaminated and unhealthy. There were several hypotheses for this including light stress, improper phosphorus and/or potassium concentrations, and insufficient microelements. Media formulation outdoors based on nutrient loads were similar to the findings from the media optimization tests, but it is possible there is some unknown factors playing in nutrient loads outdoors compared to results in the laboratory. Another hypothesis was the Kauai Algae farm water supply contained something that deterred growth of this particular strain. Lab scale cultures and carboy inoculums did not have any issues with growth. Due to the tight timeframe to grow biomass during the appropriate cultivation season, we decided to shift focus on another high protein filamentous cyanobacterial strain for the feed trial. This strain had initial results in a previous study that demonstrated suitable growth outdoors as well as an optimized media formulation. The strain, GAI-292, is an Arthrospira platensis, commonly referred to as Spirulina. Arthrospira resembles many of the same characteristics as GAI-220 with regards to proximate content and amino acid profile, making this strain a suitable alternative for a feed trial in California Yellowtail. Furthermore, from a commercialization perspective, several strains of A. platensis have been proven to be safe for consumption and have already established products in the nutraceutical and high-end health food markets. This means that time to commercialization would be shorter because there is established use of this species being sold as a consumable product. While A. platensis is currently cultivated commercially, it is not currently at a price point that is competitive with other aquafeed protein ingredients such as soy protein concentrate or fish meal. Additionally, it is not being used commercially as protein in animal feed, and there have not been many studies demonstrating the use of it in finfish, especially longer term. The integration of our low-cost algae production technologies with spirulina as well as demonstrating the efficacy of this strain in California Yellow tail, will be a significant step toward commercializing this strain for aquafeed and lay the foundation for other large markets such as poultry, swine and ruminant animal feed. Shifting outdoor production to GAI-292 proved successful. With GAI-292, there were no crashes or significant growth defects and in total, 116 kilograms of dried biomass was harvested. Objective #2: Produce several hundred kilograms of a high protein algae and a high omega-3 content algae for use in feed trials; Using Global Algae's novel, low cost, high efficiency open-raceway bioreactor, CO2 supply, and harvest systems, a total of 5 batches of GAI-292 Spriulina, and 6 batches of the Nitzschia GAI-230, were grown to large-scale at our outdoor cultivation facility in Kauai. Data fundamental to characterizing growth productivity, such as pigment levels, optical density, screening for contaminants, was collected and deposited in our online database. For each large scale grow out, algae biomass was scaled to pond 1000 which has a surface area of 0.17 acres. Algae biomass was first harvested using the Zobi® 16 which can harvest larger volumes and reduce biomass to be 2-5% solid. After, the retentate was further concentrated using the Zobi® 3 harvester, which concentrates to ~15-20% solids. The harvested biomass was then dried using a Celencor 100kW Microwave Dryer. Dried biomass was >93% solids for both batches of algae. In total, there were 8 harvests of algae using the Zobi Harvester®, with a total dried biomass weight of 220 kilograms. This objective was successfully met. Objective #3: to validate the inclusion levels and efficacy of these algae ingredients in grow out studies; For trial 1, there were a total of 7 formulated diets containing our algae biomass. Each algae strain was used at 3 different inclusion levels and 1 diet contained a mix of the two algae strains together. Evaluation of the feed trial 1 is still underway. Objective #4: to generate data to support the permitting effort for these algae as aquaculture feed ingredients. Data thus far has demonstrated favorable amino acid profile and high protein levels for the GAI-292 Spirulina and good omega-3 content for the GAI-230 diatom. No toxins were detected. As of the end date for this report, 9/30/2020 - trial 1 has only just begun so data still needs to be collected and evaluated. Conclusions: Overall, data collected during the scale up and harvest of the algae, samples processed for analytical measurements, and the fish feeding trials with Hubbs Seaworld will be critical in evaluating our production processes and use of these algae strains in aquafeed.

Publications