Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several undergraduate and graduate students have participation in the research and extension programs. Farmers and industry representatives have gained new knowledge through technology transfer activities such as winter extension meetings and summer field days. Canola growers and industry representatives were able to inspect the canola variety trials growing in their region and reviewed performance data to help determine the most suitable cultivars for their farms or to market in the PNW. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results stemming from this research are requested by county extension educators during their fall and winter programming where the information has been presented. Information also is presented at seminars and summer field days. Full reports of many studies are posted on the University of Idaho Brassica Breeding website, http://webpages.uidaho.edu/jbrown/brassica. Findings also can be found at http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/, and http://ag.montana.edu/nwarc/research/Publications/13EntireStatWideCanolaEval.pdf. Reports are distributed to producers and industry representatives and submitted to various agricultural publications. A day long research review was held in January 2013 where all researchers presented findings from their studies. The research review was attended by researchers, growers and industry representatives. Information has been provided to the scientific community through peer refereed manuscripts and presentations at professional meetings. Findings with commercial value are provided to private industry. All new canola varieties release by the University of Idaho are Plant Variety Protected and the rights to sell seed are licensed to seed dealers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?For several studies, the second year of field research will be completed next year. Data will be analyzed and results will be presented to grower, industry and scientific audiences.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A study examining the management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production was conducted during the 2013 and 2014 crop years to understand the physiological mechanism(s) governing winter canola health when planted soon after the harvest of winter wheat and learn how to effectively and profitably produce winter canola without burning or excessive tillage of wheat stubble. Four winter wheat stubble management treatments were established on newly-harvested irrigated winter wheat stubble; stubble burned + disked, stubble chopped then moldboard plowed, stubble burned then direct seeded, and direct seeded into standing and undisturbed stubble. Wheat stubble was burned in appropriate treatments in Aug and irrigation water immediately applied to promote germination of wheat volunteer. Glyphosate was applied over the entire plot area in Sept. Land was prepared as required by protocols for each treatment. Winter canola was planted and fertilized in one pass in all treatments in Sept using a no-till hoe drill. Plant and soil samples from all treatments were collected in Oct and are being processed to sort out the role of pathogens versus residue or potential allelopathic effects of wheat straw on canola. A study was established to determine factors affecting survival of winter canola in MT. Six crop stubble plots were established to contrast stubble microclimates from short pea stubble to tall wheat stubble, in E-W and N-S row orientations. During September 2012, two winter canola varieties were planted at 2 fall N rates. The site was irrigated within 24 hr with 4 inches of water to cause timely seedling emergence. Seedlings were counted twice during the fall. Biomass samples were collected when the second seedling count was made. Point measurements of soil temperatures were taken several times per week in Oct. Canola crown temperature was measured continuously beginning shortly after snowmelt. Bi-weekly plant counts, biomass, and seedling disease assessment were conducted during the spring. The experiment is being repeated. This project is expected to provide knowledge about the limitations of winter canola production in cereal stubble, and crucial exploration of seedling disease challenges during the spring regenerative period. Three Brassica napus winter canola cultivars that have shown good potential for early planting situations were evaluated in field trials with 3 different planting dates, and 3 seeding rates near Moscow, ID, Dusty, WA, and Pendleton, OR in mid- June, mid-July and in Aug, 2012 and 2013. Plots were planted into traditional summer fallow, using a double disk openers or a single cone plot drill Flexi-coil shank openers, depending on the tillage regime. Any insect infestations were controlled. At ID locations, soil water use was determined in 1-ft increments to 2 ft. In OR, soil water content was monitored with a neutron moisture meter monthly in 1-foot increments from June to mid-Oct. Plots were assessed for winter survival, days to 50% bloom, plant height after flowering, lodging and maturity. Plots were harvested, and weighed. A subsample of seed was taken from each plot to determine seed oil content with a nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer. Fertility studies were initiated in fall of 2013. Results from this project will provide growers with valuable information to help them make decisions on how best to manage early planted winter canola. Winter canola variety trials were planted at various locations in the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) for 2014 crop year. During the summer of 2013, winter canola trials with 24 private and public entries were planted at 6 sites, including 2 sites each in eastern WA, northeastern OR, and northern ID. The following spring, spring canola trials with 32 entries were planted at 9 sites, including 3 locations in eastern WA, 2 in northeastern OR, and 4 in northern ID. The trials included conventional and direct-seed sites. All trials were harvested, yields determined, and the data summarized. Oil content analyses are being completed on subsamples from each plot. Several sites were featured on grower field tours. This research will contribute to a better understanding of available winter and spring canola cultivars most adapted to different growing regions within the PNW, including new cultivars that are released nearly every year. The performance data from these trials is used by local growers to evaluate newly-released cultivars and select the most adapted cultivars for their growing region. In addition, the trials will aid seed companies in selecting the best cultivars to market in the region. The final year of a time of forced lodging of winter canola experiments was conducted near Pendleton, OR in 2013. Treatments were pushing at the end of flower drop, pushing at 7-10 day after flower drop, pushing at first brown seed on the main raceme, and swathing at 15 percent brown seed on the main raceme. Canola was pushed at respective treatments stages using a plot pusher.Grain yield, seed size, percent green seed, chlorophyll content, protein, and oil content were determined from the various treatments and compared using appropriate statistical methods.Yields were based on combine weights and adjusted for seed water content. Better management of forced lodging of winter canola will minimize costs and labor. Proper timing of lodging will allow growers to achieve of optimum yields with minimum harvest inputs. New winter canola cultivars that can survive in the winter environment in MT and produce greater and stable yields are needed. Two winter canola varieties from the UI breeding program were planted into a summer fallowed field, and a field after harvest of winter cereal forage to test their stand establishment and winter survival. The two selected winter canola varieties are Amenda and Baldur. The canola varieties were planted on June 25, 2013. The canola planted into summer fallowed field had good emergence and growth, but the canola planted into the field after harvest of winter cereal forage had poor emergence because of dry seed bed condition, which prevented canola seed germination. The canola in the summer fallowed field grew to 3 inches tall before winter set in. The canola plants were covered with snow over the winter. The winter survival was evaluated in the spring after snow melts. Plots were harvested at maturity. The experiment is being repeated. MT ranks third in the nation for canola acres harvested. Canola acres in MT increased by 20,000 acres in 2013 for a total of 69,000 harvested acres. Increasing canola acreage, coupled with competitive commodity prices and a growing market, necessitate the varieties continue to be evaluated for performance across diverse environments. Indicative of this increased demand is the fact that the number of entries increased from twelve in 2012 to nineteen in 2013. The trial included one industrial rapeseed, two canola quality mustards and sixteen spring canola varieties. Data collected included time to flowering and maturity, plant stand, plant height, seed yield, test weight, and oil content. In 2013, there were over 22,600 visitors to the canola research website. Over 48,200 pages were viewed.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Davis, Jim B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2013. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial 2013. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Davis, Jim B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2013. Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial 2012-2013. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Jim B. Davis, Megan Wingerson, Jack Brown, Alan Wernsing, and Don Wysocki. Results of the 2013 Pacific Northwest Canola & Mustard Trials. 2014. 2014 Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick Washington. Jan 20-22, 2014.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, M. Wingerson, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2014. 2012-2013 Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial and Deep Furrow Trial Results. .
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Schillinger, W., T. Paulitz, J. Schibel, K. Schroeder, J. Jacobsen, and S. Schofstoll. 2013. Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. p. 55. In 2013 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences Tech. Report 13-1, WSU, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Stougaard, B. and B. Bohannon. 2013. Montana Statewide Spring Canola Variety Trial bulletin.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wysocki, D. J. 2014. Timing of Forced Lodging and Swathing on Yield and Quality of Winter Canola. 2014 Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference Abstracts. http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/

Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. Changes/Problems:Due to the dry seed bed after the harvest of cereal forage, in the future we might cut the winter cereal earlier or plant the canola into the soil after termination of cover crops. For the Solving Spring Survival for Winter Canola in MT project, the study was conducted during the two driest years in the 48-yr weather record at the MSU A.H. Post Research Farm. This resulted in relatively warm, dry spring conditions for winter canola growth leading to excellent plant survival. However, we monitored and sampled a nearby grower field under the wetter spring conditions of 2014 and found no evidence of a causal biological agent despite near complete mortality in a very well established field. It was noteworthy that marginally acceptable plant survival occurred in the relatively drier knoll-top positions with 100% mortality everywhere else in the field. This, coupled with observations in research plots over the years, leads us to believe that short-term (i.e. days) ice encasement and/or ponding is highly detrimental to canola. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Several undergraduate and graduate students have participation in the research and extension programs. Farmers and industry representatives have gained new knowledge through technology transfer activities such as winter extension meetings and summer field days. Canola growers and industry representatives were able to inspect the canola variety trials growing in their region and reviewed performance data to help determine the most suitable cultivars for their farms or to market in the PNW. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results stemming from this research are requested by county extension educators during their fall and winter programming where the information has been presented. Information also is presented at seminars, summer field days, regional growers meetings such as the Oilseeds and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conferences in WA in 2014, and national meetings such as the Nov 2014 U.S. Canola Research Conference in CA. Full reports of many studies are posted on the University of Idaho Brassica Breeding website, http://webpages.uidaho.edu/jbrown/brassica. Findings also can be found at http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/. Reports are distributed to producers and industry representatives and submitted to various agricultural publications. A day long research review was held in January 2013 where all researchers presented findings from their studies. The research review was attended by researchers, growers and industry representatives. Information has been provided to the scientific community through peer refereed manuscripts and presentations at professional meetings. Findings with commercial value are provided to private industry. All new canola varieties release by the University of Idaho are Plant Variety Protected and the rights to sell seed are licensed to seed dealers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Data will be analyzed and results will be presented to grower, industry and scientific audiences.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Winter and spring canola variety trials were planted at various locations in the PNW for the 2013 and 2014 crop years. During summer of 2012, winter canola trials with 24 private and public entries were planted at 6 sites; 2 sites each in eastern WA, northeastern OR, and northern ID. The following spring, spring canola trials with 32 entries were planted at 9 sites; 3 locations in eastern WA, 2 in northeastern OR, and 4 in northern ID. The trials included conventional and direct-seed sites. A similar set of trials were planted in summer 2013 and spring 2014. All trials were harvested, yields determined, and the data summarized. Oil content was analyzed on all samples. Several sites were featured on grower field tours. This research contributes to a better understanding of available winter and spring canola cultivars most adapted to different growing regions within the PNW, including new cultivars that are released nearly every year. The performance data from these trials is used by local growers to evaluate newly-released cultivars and select the most adapted cultivars for their growing region. In addition, the trials will aid seed companies in selecting the best cultivars to market in the region. Three separate experiments at multiple locations to examine moisture use, seeding rates, response to N applications, and response to insecticides were undertaken to improve management practices and increase the productivity of winter canola in the Inland PNW. Winter canola cultivars that have shown good potential for early planting situations were evaluated with 3 planting dates and 3 seeding rates near Moscow, ID, Dusty, WA, and Pendleton, OR in mid- June, mid-July and Aug, 2012 and 2013. Plots were planted into traditional summer fallow. Soil water use was monitored at the ID and OR locations. Winter survival, days to 50% bloom, plant height after flowering, lodging, maturity, seed yield and oil content were determined. Fertility studies were conducted during the 2013, 2014 and 2105 growing seasons at various locations. Insect control trials were conducted during the 2013 and 2104 growing in northern ID. There were 4 different insecticide treatments: seed treated plus late season foliar application; no seed treatment and only a late season application; seed treated but no foliar insecticide treatment; and an untreated control. Insect damage was visually assessed throughout the growing season. Results from these trials will provide growers with valuable information to help them make decisions on how best to manage early planted winter canola. Winter and spring canola residue was collected from UI variety trials 2011 and 2012. Canola residue was analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Stalks of canola residue contained higher NDF, ADF, ADL and C/N than litter and spring canola residue contained higher NDF, ADF, ADL and C/N than winter canola residue. Higher NDF, ADF, ADL and C/N are indicators of slower decomposition. Factors affecting survival of winter canola in MT was studied. Six crop stubble plots were established to contrast stubble microclimates from short pea stubble to tall wheat stubble, in E-W and N-S row orientations. During Sept 2012 and 2013, 2 winter canola varieties were planted at 2 fall N rates. The site was irrigated with 4 inches of water to cause timely seedling emergence. Seedlings were counted twice during the fall and biomass samples were collected. Soil temperature was measured several times per week in Oct. Canola crown temperature was measured continuously beginning shortly after snowmelt. Bi-weekly plant counts, biomass, and seedling disease assessment were conducted during the spring. This project is expected to provide knowledge about the limitations of winter canola production in cereal stubble, and crucial exploration of seedling disease challenges during the spring regenerative period. A study examining the management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production was conducted during the 2013 and 2014 crop years to understand the physiological mechanism(s) governing winter canola health when planted soon after the harvest of winter wheat and learn how to effectively and profitably produce winter canola without burning or excessive tillage of wheat stubble. Four winter wheat stubble management treatments were established on newly-harvested irrigated winter wheat stubble; stubble burned + disked, stubble chopped then moldboard plowed, stubble burned then direct seeded, and direct seeded into standing and undisturbed stubble. Wheat stubble was burned in appropriate treatments in Aug and irrigation water immediately applied to promote germination of wheat volunteer. Glyphosate was applied over the entire plot area in Sept. Land was prepared as required by protocols for each treatment. Winter canola was planted and fertilized in one pass in all treatments in Sept using a no-till hoe drill. Plant and soil samples from all treatments were collected in Oct and are being processed to sort out the role of pathogens versus residue or potential allelopathic effects of wheat straw on canola. The experiment is currently in its third year with funding from an additional source. The final year of a time of forced lodging of winter canola experiments was conducted near Pendleton, OR in 2013. Treatments were pushing at the end of flower drop, pushing at 7-10 day after flower drop, pushing at first brown seed on the main raceme, and swathing at 15 percent brown seed on the main raceme. Canola was pushed at respective treatments stages using a plot pusher.Grain yield, seed size, percent green seed, chlorophyll content, protein, and oil content were determined from the various treatments and compared using appropriate statistical methods.Yields were based on combine weights and adjusted for seed water content. Better management of forced lodging of winter canola will minimize costs and labor. Proper timing of lodging will allow growers to achieve of optimum yields with minimum harvest inputs. New winter canola cultivars that can survive in the winter environment in MT and produce greater and stable yields are needed. Two winter canola varieties from the UI breeding program were planted into a summer fallowed field, and a field after harvest of winter cereal forage to test their stand establishment and winter survival. The two selected winter canola varieties are Amenda and Baldur. The canola varieties were planted on June 25, 2013 and July 11, 2014. The canola planted into summer fallowed field had good emergence and growth, but the canola planted into the field after harvest of winter cereal forage had poor emergence because of dry seed bed condition, which prevented canola seed germination. In the 2013, the canola in the summer fallowed field grew to 3 inches tall before winter set in. The canola plants were covered with snow over the winter. The winter survival was evaluated in the spring after snow melts. Plots were harvested at maturity. In the 2014 experiment, canola in the summer fallowed field grew well and establish big rosette before winter set in. The canola plants were covered with snow over the winter. The winter survival will be evaluated in the spring after snow melts and plots harvested in 2015.

Publications

• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2104 Citation: Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, M. Wingerson, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2014. 2013 Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial Results. .
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Davis, Jim B., B. Pakish, M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2014. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial 2014. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wingerson, Megan, Jim B. Davis and Jack Brown. 2014. Environmental Effects on Oil Quality of High Oleic-Low Linolenic (HOLL) and Low Linolenic (LLIN) Spring Canola. U.S. Canola Research Conference, Long Beach, CA, Nov 4-5, 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wingerson, Megan, Jim B. Davis and Jack Brown. 2015. Environmental Effects on Oil Quality of High Oleic-Low Linolenic (HOLL) and Low Linolenic (LLIN) Spring Canola. PNW Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick, WA, Jan 21-23, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, M. Wingerson, and D. Wysocki. 2015. Early Planting Dates for Winter Canola in the Inland Pacific Northwest. PNW Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick, WA, January 21-23, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Davis, Jim B., B. Pakish, M. Wingerson, J. Brown, A. Wernsing, and D. Wysocki. 2015. Results of the 2014 Pacific Northwest Canola & Mustard Trials. 2015 Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick Washington. January 21-23, 2015.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Davis, Jim B., B. Pakish, M. Wingerson, A. Wernsing, D. Wysocki, and J. Brown. 2015. 2013-2014 Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial, in progress. < http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/>.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Davis, Jim B., B. Pakish, M. Wingerson, A. Wernsing, D. Wysocki, and J. Brown. 2015. 2014 Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial Results, in progress. < http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/brassica/>.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Miller, P.R., M. Burrows and J. Holmes. Solving spring survival for winter canola in Montana. [abstract] ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Nov 2-5, 2014, Long Beach, CA. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2014am/webprogram/Paper84985.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Schillinger, W.F., T.C. Paulitz, B.S. Sharratt, and W.L. Pan. 2013. Oilseed crops for biofuel production in wheat-based cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest, USA. International Conference on Agricultural Ecosystems, 15-18, July, Athens, Greece.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Schillinger, W., T. Paulitz, J. Schibel, J. Jacobsen, and S. Schofstoll. 2014. Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. p. 54. In Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences Tech. Report 14-1, WSU, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Schillinger, W.F., T.C. Paulitz, J.S. Schibel, and J.A. Jacobsen. 2014. Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. American Society of Agronomy annual meeting. 2-5, Nov., Long Beach, CA. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Abstracts.

Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience is farmers and Brassica oilseed industry representatives in canola, rapeseed, and mustard growing regions of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Plains regions of the USA. Information is delivered through extension meetings, field days, news articles, and extension publications. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Several undergraduate and graduate students have participation in the research and extension programs. Farmers and industry representatives have gained new knowledge through technology transfer activities such as winter extension meetings and summer field days. Canola growers and industry representatives were able to inspect the canola variety trials growing in their region and reviewed performance data to help determine the most suitable cultivars for their farms or to market in the PNW. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results stemming from this research are requested by county extension educators during their fall and winter programming where the information has been presented. Information also is presented at seminars and summer field days. Full reports of many studies are posted on the University of Idaho Brassica Breeding website, http://webpages.uidaho.edu/jbrown/brassica. Findings also can be found at http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/, and http://ag.montana.edu/nwarc/research/Publications/13EntireStatWideCanolaEval.pdf. Reports are distributed to producers and industry representatives and submitted to various agricultural publications. A day long research review was held in January 2013 where all researchers presented findings from their studies. The research review was attended by researchers, growers and industry representatives. Information has been provided to the scientific community through peer refereed manuscripts and presentations at professional meetings. Findings with commercial value are provided to private industry. All new canola varieties release by the University of Idaho are Plant Variety Protected and the rights to sell seed are licensed to seed dealers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? For several studies, the second year of field research will be completed next year. Data will be analyzed and results will be presented to grower, industry and scientific audiences.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? A study examining the management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production was conducted during the 2013 and 2014 crop years to understand the physiological mechanism(s) governing winter canola health when planted soon after the harvest of winter wheat and learn how to effectively and profitably produce winter canola without burning or excessive tillage of wheat stubble. Four winter wheat stubble management treatments were established on newly-harvested irrigated winter wheat stubble; stubble burned + disked, stubble chopped then moldboard plowed, stubble burned then direct seeded, and direct seeded into standing and undisturbed stubble. Wheat stubble was burned in appropriate treatments in Aug and irrigation water immediately applied to promote germination of wheat volunteer. Glyphosate was applied over the entire plot area in Sept. Land was prepared as required by protocols for each treatment. Winter canola was planted and fertilized in one pass in all treatments in Sept using a no-till hoe drill. Plant and soil samples from all treatments were collected in Oct and are being processed to sort out the role of pathogens versus residue or potential allelopathic effects of wheat straw on canola. A study was established to determine factors affecting survival of winter canola in MT. Six crop stubble plots were established to contrast stubble microclimates from short pea stubble to tall wheat stubble, in E-W and N-S row orientations. During September 2012, two winter canola varieties were planted at 2 fall N rates. The site was irrigated within 24 hr with 4 inches of water to cause timely seedling emergence. Seedlings were counted twice during the fall. Biomass samples were collected when the second seedling count was made. Point measurements of soil temperatures were taken several times per week in Oct. Canola crown temperature was measured continuously beginning shortly after snowmelt. Bi-weekly plant counts, biomass, and seedling disease assessment were conducted during the spring. The experiment is being repeated. This project is expected to provide knowledge about the limitations of winter canola production in cereal stubble, and crucial exploration of seedling disease challenges during the spring regenerative period. Three Brassica napus winter canola cultivars that have shown good potential for early planting situations were evaluated in field trials with 3 different planting dates, and 3 seeding rates near Moscow, ID, Dusty, WA, and Pendleton, OR in mid- June, mid-July and in Aug, 2012 and 2013. Plots were planted into traditional summer fallow, using a double disk openers or a single cone plot drill Flexi-coil shank openers, depending on the tillage regime. Any insect infestations were controlled. At ID locations, soil water use was determined in 1-ft increments to 2 ft. In OR, soil water content was monitored with a neutron moisture meter monthly in 1-foot increments from June to mid-Oct. Plots were assessed for winter survival, days to 50% bloom, plant height after flowering, lodging and maturity. Plots were harvested, and weighed. A subsample of seed was taken from each plot to determine seed oil content with a nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer. Fertility studies were initiated in fall of 2013. Results from this project will provide growers with valuable information to help them make decisions on how best to manage early planted winter canola. Winter canola variety trials were planted at various locations in the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) for 2014 crop year. During the summer of 2013, winter canola trials with 24 private and public entries were planted at 6 sites, including 2 sites each in eastern WA, northeastern OR, and northern ID. The following spring, spring canola trials with 32 entries were planted at 9 sites, including 3 locations in eastern WA, 2 in northeastern OR, and 4 in northern ID. The trials included conventional and direct-seed sites. All trials were harvested, yields determined, and the data summarized. Oil content analyses are being completed on subsamples from each plot. Several sites were featured on grower field tours. This research will contribute to a better understanding of available winter and spring canola cultivars most adapted to different growing regions within the PNW, including new cultivars that are released nearly every year. The performance data from these trials is used by local growers to evaluate newly-released cultivars and select the most adapted cultivars for their growing region. In addition, the trials will aid seed companies in selecting the best cultivars to market in the region. The final year of a time of forced lodging of winter canola experiments was conducted near Pendleton, OR in 2013. Treatments were pushing at the end of flower drop, pushing at 7-10 day after flower drop, pushing at first brown seed on the main raceme, and swathing at 15 percent brown seed on the main raceme. Canola was pushed at respective treatments stages using a plot pusher.Grain yield, seed size, percent green seed, chlorophyll content, protein, and oil content were determined from the various treatments and compared using appropriate statistical methods.Yields were based on combine weights and adjusted for seed water content. Better management of forced lodging of winter canola will minimize costs and labor. Proper timing of lodging will allow growers to achieve of optimum yields with minimum harvest inputs. New winter canola cultivars that can survive in the winter environment in MT and produce greater and stable yields are needed. Two winter canola varieties from the UI breeding program were planted into a summer fallowed field, and a field after harvest of winter cereal forage to test their stand establishment and winter survival. The two selected winter canola varieties are Amenda and Baldur. The canola varieties were planted on June 25, 2013. The canola planted into summer fallowed field had good emergence and growth, but the canola planted into the field after harvest of winter cereal forage had poor emergence because of dry seed bed condition, which prevented canola seed germination. The canola in the summer fallowed field grew to 3 inches tall before winter set in. The canola plants were covered with snow over the winter. The winter survival was evaluated in the spring after snow melts. Plots were harvested at maturity. The experiment is being repeated. MT ranks third in the nation for canola acres harvested. Canola acres in MT increased by 20,000 acres in 2013 for a total of 69,000 harvested acres. Increasing canola acreage, coupled with competitive commodity prices and a growing market, necessitate the varieties continue to be evaluated for performance across diverse environments. Indicative of this increased demand is the fact that the number of entries increased from twelve in 2012 to nineteen in 2013. The trial included one industrial rapeseed, two canola quality mustards and sixteen spring canola varieties. Data collected included time to flowering and maturity, plant stand, plant height, seed yield, test weight, and oil content. In 2013, there were over 22,600 visitors to the canola research website. Over 48,200 pages were viewed.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Davis, Jim B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2013. Pacific Northwest Spring Canola Variety Trial 2013. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Davis, Jim B., M. Wingerson, J. Brown, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2013. Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial 2012-2013. A flyer published by the University of Idaho Canola Program.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Jim B. Davis, Megan Wingerson, Jack Brown, Alan Wernsing, and Don Wysocki. Results of the 2013 Pacific Northwest Canola & Mustard Trials. 2014. 2014 Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference, Kennewick Washington. Jan 20-22, 2014.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Davis, Jim B., J. Brown, M. Wingerson, D. Wysocki, and A. Wernsing. 2014. 2012-2013 Pacific Northwest Winter Canola Variety Trial and Deep Furrow Trial Results. .
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Schillinger, W., T. Paulitz, J. Schibel, K. Schroeder, J. Jacobsen, and S. Schofstoll. 2013. Management of fresh wheat residue for irrigated winter canola production. p. 55. In 2013 Dryland Field Day Abstracts: Highlights of Research Progress. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences Tech. Report 13-1, WSU, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Stougaard, B. and B. Bohannon. 2013. Montana Statewide Spring Canola Variety Trial bulletin.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: ysocki, D. J. 2014. Timing of Forced Lodging and Swathing on Yield and Quality of Winter Canola. 2014 Oilseed and Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference Abstracts. http://css.wsu.edu/biofuels/