Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Obj.1: Develop precision techniques or other methods for the characterization and harvesting of feedlot manure packs in order to maximize nutrient and energy value and minimize environmental risk. Obj. 2: Determine the fate and transport of antibiotics (e.g., monensin and tetracyclines) and pathogens (e.g., E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter) in beef cattle and swine facilities. Obj.3: Quantify and characterize air emissions from beef cattle and swine facilities to evaluate and improve management practices. Obj.4: Determine the risk and benefits of using coal-ash and other industrial byproducts as a component of surfacing material for feedlot pens. Approach (from AD-416): Approach 1A: Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. 1B: Develop geospatial techniques to estimate green house gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. 1C: Develop a real-time, subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen with sufficient energy for combustion. Approach 2A. Determine the fate and transport of the antibiotics, chlortetracycline and bacitracin, and the pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter in a swine production facility. 2B. Determine the fate and transport of monensin and the pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, in a production-scale beef cattle feedlot. Approach 3A. Develop a database of ammonia, greenhouse gases (GHG) and particulate matter, and relevant input variables from cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities. 3B. Use of alum on bedded pack of beef monoslope facilities to reduce ammonia volatilization. 3C. Determine dietary strategies equating a reduction in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur excretion on manure composition and subsequent reduction of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from cattle manure when ethanol byproducts are fed. Approach 4A. Determine the effect of using pens surfaced with soil or coal-ash on the quality and quantity of accumulated manure removed. 4B. Determine the effects of coal-ash feedyard surfacing on the subsurface soil and runoff water quality. This is the final report for project 3040-41630-001-00D; to be replaced by a bridging project 3040-41630-002-00D through FY2016. A model was developed that used real-time data from electromagnetic induction instrumentation that estimated the total phosphorus, nitrogen and energy content of manure on the feedlot pen surface. This addresses objective 1A Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. This information was combined with positional coordinates so that selective harvesting of high nutrient and energy feedlot pen surface material could be removed. Based on energy prices, collecting for energy increased value four times when compared to the same manure used to replace commercial fertilizer. A laboratory study was completed that detailed the odor emissions from a feedlot pen surface with respect to the spatial location in the pen, moisture content and temperature. This addresses objective 1B Develop geospatial techniques to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. The study demonstrated a majority of odor emissions occur near the base of the mound. Also, very little odor emissions occur when soil temperatures are below 25 degrees Celsius or when air dried. Electromagnetic induction instrumentation was used to identify areas on the feedlot pen surface that had high energy unconsolidated pen surface material. This addresses objective 1C, Develop a real-time subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen having sufficient energy for combustion. A foam marking system was developed that identified areas of the pen with sufficient energy and moisture content to be used for combustion. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the area within the pen, temperature and soil moisture content on emissions. Procedures were developed to conduct these studies in an environmentally controlled chamber to more closely represent field conditions. These studies provide information for in-situ studies. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of alum and method of application to reduce ammonia emissions in deep bedded barns. Application rate and frequency of application have been determined and will be reported at the 2016 Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of bedding material, temperature, and age of bedded pack on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from deep-bedded barns. Management recommendations were developed and published in two manuscripts submitted to Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). Results were presented at the 2015 Waste to Worth Conference and the 2015 ASABE Intersectional Meeting. The data is currently being used to develop a model that can be used to predict ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from deep-bedded barns. Four beef barns were instrumented with air quality sampling equipment and were continuously measured for two years, resulting in the first gas emission database from beef mono-slope facilities. Management recommendations, such as increased frequency of manure removal, and improved side-curtain management to increase cross-barn air flow, have been developed and utilized by producers. Two manuscripts detailing these recommendations were published in Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of feed additives in diets containing distillers grains on nutrient excretion and gas emissions: one feed additive increases nutrient retention (Zilmax�) and the second alters intestinal microbial diversity (Monensin�). Data were analyzed and were presented at the 2015 Waste to Worth Conference and will be presented at the 2015 Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Resistivity array technology was evaluated for its effectiveness for detecting unintended subsurface discharge from runoff holding ponds. The technology was found to improve current methods by sampling a greater area more frequently and to be more sensitive. The system has been automated and is currently being developed to alert managers when user- set threshold levels of change have been met, indicating potential problems. Linear resistivity arrays can effectively monitor only one side of a wastewater holding pond. To better conform the monitoring system to pond geometries, arrays were developed that had angles allowing one array to stand-watch over an entire pond. The angled arrays required a series of correction factors to be calculated to compensate for the change in geometry. A method was developed to test the accuracy of the altered array geometry against the equivalent linear geometry. A method was developed and is currently being evaluated to modify the data from the resistivity array to be more easily interpreted by the end- user. Also, methods are being evaluated to automatically alert end-users of potential unintended discharge. Accomplishments 01 Determine gaseous emissions from cattle deep-bedded mono-slope facilities as affected by temperature, bedding material, and age of the bedded pack. Concentration of greenhouse gases and regulated odorous gases like ammonia are emitted from beef cattle mono-slope facilities. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, teamed with researchers from South Dakota State University to conduct laboratory studies to determine nitrogen transformations from deep bedding. Nutrient concentrations and emissions were determined. These emissions vary with the temperature but were not affected by bedding material. Recommendations have been developed to aid producers in management of facilities to minimize air quality impact outside the barn. 02 A series of probes installed just below the soil surface, called a resistivity array, were evaluated for their effectiveness for detecting subsurface discharge from wastewater holding ponds. Unintended discharge from feedlot runoff holding ponds can contaminate soil and groundwater. A collaborative effort with the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, AgraTek LLC, and ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, has developed linear resistivity array systems to function as an early-warning system. The technology was shown to effectively respond to unintended subsurface discharge in both the saturated and non-saturated zones. The technology improves monitoring over conventional methods by sampling more frequently, sampling a greater area for leakage and can be automated to alert managers when pre-set threshold changes are met. 03 Adapting resistivity arrays to meet site requirements. Linear resistivity arrays have multiple site limitations preventing them from being used effectively at many locations. Bending linear array to follow the contour of earthen runoff storage structures substantially reduces site limitations and can provide greater protection by monitoring multiple sides simultaneously. A method was developed by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, to experimentally determine correction values to adjust for the angles in the array. This method was compared with theoretically determined values and was found to be comparable. These correction values allow resistivity array technology to be used to monitor multiple sides of earthen storage structures and allow the technology to be used at many more sites than linear arrays. 04 Interpretation of resistivity array data for management or reporting requirements. Interpreting information from resistivity arrays can be difficult for those not specifically trained. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, developed a statistically-based method to interpret resistivity array data to make it visually and easily interpreted by the end-user regardless of technical expertise. This method uses a series of criteria with threshold levels that can be adjusted by the user to meet specific needs. These criteria have been evaluated based on current database files. Expansion of the criteria evaluation will include multiple geologic regions, climates and applications. 05 Determine the within pen spatial impact on odor and greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas and odor emissions are not uniform across the pen surface. A laboratory study by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, found the region at the base of the mound within the pen is responsible for more than half of the total emission. It was also found that significant increases in emissions were measured when surface conditions were wet and above 25 degrees Celsius. The over- whelming predominant odor emissions from the pen surface were sulfur containing compounds; however, reactive nature of these compounds makes it difficult to predict the impact down-wind from the pen. Based on this information, management practices are being investigated to mitigate these emissions.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Spiehs, M.J., Cortus, E.L., Holt, G.A., Kohl, K.D., Doran, B.E., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S.D., Al Mamun, M.R., Pohl, S., Nicolai, R., Stowell, R., Parker, D.B. 2015. Particulate matter concentrations for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. Transactions of the ASABE. 57(6):1831-1837.
• Cortus, E.L., Al Mamun, M.R.H., Spiehs, M.J., Ayadi, F.Y., Doran, B.E., Kohl, K.D., Pohl, S., Cortus, S.D., Stowell, R., Nicolai, R. 2015. Site, environmental and airflow characteristics for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 58(1):123-135.
• Berry, E.D., Wells, J., Bono, J.L., Woodbury, B.L., Kalchayanand, N., Norman, K.N., Suslow, T.V., Lopez-Velasco, G., Millner, P.D. 2015. Effect of proximity to a cattle feedlot on Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of leafy greens and evaluation of the potential for airborne transmission. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81(3):1101-1110.
• Woodbury, B.L., Gilley, J.E., Parker, D.B., Marx, D.B., Eigenberg, R.A. 2015. VOC emissions from beef feedlot pen surfaces as affected by within- pen location, moisture, and temperature. Biosystems Engineering. 134:31-41.
• Ayadi, F.Y., Spiehs, M.J., Cortus, E.L., Miller, D.N., Djira, G.D. 2015. Physical, chemical and biological properties of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs. Transactions of the ASABE. 58(3):797-811.
• Ayadi, F.Y., Cortus, E.L., Spiehs, M.J., Miller, D.N., Djira, G. 2015. Ammonia and greenhouse gas concentrations at surfaces of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs. Transactions of the ASABE. 58(3):783-795.
• Soni, B., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Snow, D.D., Gilley, J.E., Woodbury, B.L., Marx, D.B., Li, X. 2015. Narrow grass hedges reduce tylosin and associated antimicrobial resistance genes in agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality. 44(3):895-902. DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2014.09.0389.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Obj.1: Develop precision techniques or other methods for the characterization and harvesting of feedlot manure packs in order to maximize nutrient and energy value and minimize environmental risk. Obj. 2: Determine the fate and transport of antibiotics (e.g., monensin and tetracyclines) and pathogens (e.g., E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter) in beef cattle and swine facilities. Obj.3: Quantify and characterize air emissions from beef cattle and swine facilities to evaluate and improve management practices. Obj.4: Determine the risk and benefits of using coal-ash and other industrial byproducts as a component of surfacing material for feedlot pens. Approach (from AD-416): Approach 1A: Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. 1B: Develop geospatial techniques to estimate green house gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. 1C: Develop a real-time, subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen with sufficient energy for combustion. Approach 2A. Determine the fate and transport of the antibiotics, chlortetracycline and bacitracin, and the pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter in a swine production facility. 2B. Determine the fate and transport of monensin and the pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, in a production-scale beef cattle feedlot. Approach 3A. Develop a database of ammonia, greenhouse gases (GHG) and particulate matter, and relevant input variables from cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities. 3B. Use of alum on bedded pack of beef monoslope facilities to reduce ammonia volatilization. 3C. Determine dietary strategies equating a reduction in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur excretion on manure composition and subsequent reduction of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from cattle manure when ethanol byproducts are fed. Approach 4A. Determine the effect of using pens surfaced with soil or coal-ash on the quality and quantity of accumulated manure removed. 4B. Determine the effects of coal-ash feedyard surfacing on the subsurface soil and runoff water quality. Resistivity array technology was adapted to function as an early warning system for monitoring unintended discharge from feedlot runoff holding ponds. Non-linear array configurations were investigated to better adapt the technology to fit the space constraints typical of most production sites. (Objective 4) Non-invasive tools and procedures were developed to map sub-surface contaminant movement from runoff holding ponds. Geologic and statistical methods were adapted to provide understanding on the hydro-geological movement and to provide information for developing corrective measures and strategies for site remediation. (Objective 4) Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the area within the pen, temperature, and soil moisture content on emissions. Procedures were developed to conduct these studies in an environmentally controlled chamber to more closely represent field conditions. These studies provide information for in-situ studies. (Objective 3) Experiments were conducted to evaluate crop- and wood-based bedding material used in deep bedded barns. Management recommendations have been developed to reduce odors and greenhouse gas emissions. A follow up study was conducted to determine the impact of alum on emissions. (Objective 3) Four beef barns were instrumented with air quality sampling equipment and were continuously measured for two years, resulting in the first gas emission database from beef mono-slope facilities. Management recommendations have been developed and made available to producers through an extension bulletin and a beef facilities conference. (Objective 3) Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of feed additives in diets containing distillers grains on nutrient excretion and gas emissions; one feed additive increases nutrient retention (Zilmax�) and the second alters intestinal microbial diversity (Monensin�). Data were analyzed. Use of Zilmax in diets containing distillers grains lowers the concentration of odorous compounds compared to feeding distillers diets without Zilmax. (Objective 3) Accomplishments 01 Early warning of unintended discharge from runoff holding ponds. Unintended discharge from feedlot runoff holding ponds can contaminate soil and groundwater. Working with the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, and AgraTek LLC, ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, developed an automated resistivity array system to function as an early warning system. The technology has been shown to be sensitive to small changes in conductivity. The technology improves sub-surface monitoring through frequent sampling, monitoring saturated and non-saturated subsurface zones, expanding the surface area monitored when compared to traditional monitoring wells. Alerts can be communicated through modem or personal messages to mobile phones. 02 Near-surface site assessment tools developed. Movement of contaminants in soil and groundwater can be complex and difficult to predict when trying to assess environmental impact of runoff holding ponds. Common geophysical tools were modified and protocols developed by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, to assess sub-surface soil and water quality in the vicinity of a runoff holding pond. Many of these tools can be integrated with the automated controller of the array system. These tools have been shown to provide better information for understanding this complex movement. These tools can be used to assess site historic contamination and to delineate contaminant movement. 03 Location within the pen has an effect on emissions. Greenhouse gas and odor emissions are not uniform across the pen surface. A laboratory study by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, demonstrated that the types and amount of emissions can be dependent upon where in the pen emissions are measured. They found the region at the base of the mound is responsible for more than half of the total emission. They also found that when surface conditions have water present the types of odors that are emitted are predominantly sulfur-containing compounds. This work is designed to provide information for a more detailed study on the pen surface. These investigations are expected to result in management practices that can be used to reduce odor emissions from pen surfaces. 04 Determined particulate matter (dust) concentrations in cattle deep- bedded monoslope barns. Particulate matter from confined beef facilities can impact air quality in livestock facilities and down-wind. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, demonstrated differences in particulate matter concentration between cattle deep-bedded monoslope barns and reported values for open lot feedlots and dairy confinement barns. Particulate matter increases when bedding is added to the barns, but quickly returns to baseline levels. 05 Determined gaseous emissions from cattle deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Concentration of greenhouse gases and regulated odorous gases like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from beef cattle mono- slope facilities was unknown. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, teamed with researchers from regional universities to determine baseline ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and greenhouse gas emissions from mono-slope facilities. These emissions vary with the season and bedding management. Management recommendations have been developed to aid producers in management of facilities to minimize air quality impact outside the barn.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Spiehs, M.J., Brown-Brandl, T.M., Parker, D.B., Miller, D.N., Jaderborg, J. P., DiCostanzo, A., Berry, E.D., Wells, J.E. 2014. Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 1. Effect on ammonia, total reduced sulfide, and greenhouse gas concentrations. Journal of Environmental Quality. Special Section. Livestock GraceNet. 43:1187-1194. DOI: 10.2134/ JEQ2013.05.0164.
• Spiehs, M.J., Brown-Brandl, T.M., Berry, E.D., Wells, J.E., Parker, D.B., Miller, D.N., Jaderborg, J.P., DiCostanzo, A. 2014. Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations. Journal of Environmental Quality. Special Section. Livestock GraceNet. 43:1195-1206. DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2013.05.0165.
• Mantz, A.R., Miller, D.N., Spiehs, M.J., Woodbury, B.L., Durso, L.M. 2013. Persistence of erythromycin resistance gene erm(B) in cattle feedlot pens over time. Agriculture, Food and Analytical Bacteriology. 3(4):312-320.
• Joy, S.R., Li, X., Snow, D.D., Gilley, J.E., Woodbury, B.L., Bartlett-Hunt, S.L. 2014. Fate of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in simulated swine manure storage. Science of the Total Environment. 481:69- 74. Available:
• Gilley, J.E., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Lamb, S.L., Li, X., Marx, D.B., Snow, D. D., Parker, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2013. Narrow grass hedge effects on nutrient transport following swine slurry application. Transactions of the ASABE. 56(4):1441-1450.
• Woodbury, B.L., Gilley, J.E., Parker, D.B., Marx, D.B., Miller, D.N., Eigenberg, R.A. 2014. Emission of volatile organic compounds after land application of cattle manure. Journal of Environmental Quality. Special Section. Livestock GraceNet. 43:1207-1218. DOI: 10.2134/JEQ2013.05.0185.
• Joy, S.R., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Snow, D.D., Gilley, J.E., Woodbury, B.L., Parker, D.B., Marx, D.B., Li, X. 2013. Fate and transport of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in soil and runoff following land application of swine slurry. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 47:12081-12088. DOI: ORG/10.1021/ES4026358.
• Gilley, J.E., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Lamb, S.J., Li, X., Marx, D.B., Snow, D. D., Parker, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2014. Runoff nutrient transport as affected by land application method, swine growth stage, and runoff rate. Transactions of the ASABE. 56(6):1295-1303. DOI: 10.13031/TRANS.56.10146.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Obj.1: Develop precision techniques or other methods for the characterization and harvesting of feedlot manure packs in order to maximize nutrient and energy value and minimize environmental risk. Obj. 2: Determine the fate and transport of antibiotics (e.g., monensin and tetracyclines) and pathogens (e.g., E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter) in beef cattle and swine facilities. Obj.3: Quantify and characterize air emissions from beef cattle and swine facilities to evaluate and improve management practices. Obj.4: Determine the risk and benefits of using coal-ash and other industrial byproducts as a component of surfacing material for feedlot pens. Approach (from AD-416): Approach 1A: Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. 1B: Develop geospatial techniques to estimate green house gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. 1C: Develop a real-time, subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen with sufficient energy for combustion. Approach 2A. Determine the fate and transport of the antibiotics, chlortetracycline and bacitracin, and the pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter in a swine production facility. 2B. Determine the fate and transport of monensin and the pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, in a production-scale beef cattle feedlot. Approach 3A. Develop a database of ammonia, greenhouse gases (GHG) and particulate matter, and relevant input variables from cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities. 3B. Use of alum on bedded pack of beef monoslope facilities to reduce ammonia volatilization. 3C. Determine dietary strategies equating a reduction in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur excretion on manure composition and subsequent reduction of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from cattle manure when ethanol byproducts are fed. Approach 4A. Determine the effect of using pens surfaced with soil or coal-ash on the quality and quantity of accumulated manure removed. 4B. Determine the effects of coal-ash feedyard surfacing on the subsurface soil and runoff water quality. A technology for detecting contaminant movement from runoff holding ponds was developed. Systems were installed to facilitate system validation. An automated controller was developed and installed to explain contaminant movement. Tools were developed to understand the sub-surface contaminant movement from runoff holding ponds. Geologic tools were adapted to provide information on the hydro-geological properties to develop strategies for site remediation. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the area within the pen, temperature and soil moisture content on emissions. Procedures were developed to conduct these studies in an environmentally controlled chamber to more closely represent field conditions. Experiments were conducted to determine how to manage manure applied to soil as a fertilizer to reduce odor emissions. Experiments assessed the impact of tillage method, post-application irrigation and animal diet on odor emissions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate bedding material used in deep bedded barns. Data from a series of experiments were combined to compare crop-and wood-based materials. Data is being used for an economic evaluation. A follow up study is underway to assess the impact of alum on emissions. Two beef barns were instrumented with air quality sampling equipment and were continuously measured for 2 years. This established the first database on gas emissions from deep-bedded monoslope facilities. A study was conducted to determine the effect of diets containing different combinations of distillers grains and high moisture corn on manure composition and odor emissions from beef manure. Nutrient balance studies on nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were measured. Odor compounds in feces and urine from each diet were measured. Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of feed additives in diets containing distillers grains on nutrient excretion and gas emissions. The first study looked at the effect of a feed additive that increased nutrient retention on air quality. The second study looked at a feed additive that alters intestinal microbial diversity. Both studies evaluated treatment effect on gas emissions from collected manure. Experiments were conducted to determine odor reduction in swine manure using soybean peroxidase and calcium peroxide. The study used a continuous-flow vessel to determine the best application method, the amount of additive required, and the length of time odors were reduced. A study was conducted to determine the optimum rate of soybean peroxidase plus two different peroxide additives for reducing swine manure odors. Experiments determined the optimum rates and effectiveness of the additives. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a bioengineered yeast for expressing the horseradish peroxidase enzyme. A method was developed for assessing the enzyme activity from several yeast strains. Accomplishments 01 Automated monitoring of feedlot runoff holding ponds. Leakage from feedlot runoff holding ponds can contaminate soil and groundwater. Working with the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality and AgraTek LLC, ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska developed a technology for detecting leakage using resistivity arrays. Data indicates the technology is sensitive to small changes in sub-surface soil and water quality as impacted by contaminant leakage. A controller has been developed that can automate the monitoring, communicate information through a cell phone modem to a central data base and alert personnel of potential environmental risks to groundwater systems. 02 Development of near-surface site assessment tools. Movement of contaminants in soil and groundwater can be complex and difficult to predict when trying to assess environmental impact of runoff holding ponds. Common geophysical tools were modified and protocols developed by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska to assess sub-surface soil and water quality in the vicinity of a runoff holding pond. Many of these tools can be integrated in with the automated controller of the array system. These tools have been shown to provide better information for understanding this complex movement. These tools can be used to assess site historic contamination and to delineate contaminant movement. 03 Effect of the location within the pen on emissions. Greenhouse gas and odor emissions are not uniform across the pen surface. It was found by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska that the types and amount of emissions can be dependent upon where in the pen emissions are measured. It was found the material at the base of the mound is responsible for more than half of the odors being emitted. It was also found that when surface conditions have water present the types of odors that are emitted are predominantly sulfur-containing compounds. This work is designed to develop management practices that can be used to reduce odor emissions from pen surfaces. 04 Method of manure application on the types and amounts of odors emitted. Applying manure as a fertilizer is beneficial to soil quality; however, it can place offensive odors close to people. It was found by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska that incorporating the manure into the soil reduced odor emissions. Also, the addition of irrigation water following application can increase sulfur-containing odors, which can be more offensive. This information will provide producers with ways to control odor following manure application. 05 Reducing air emissions in deep-bedded beef barns. Raising beef cattle in deep-bedded barn improves animal productivity but may compromise barn air quality. Results by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska indicate the type of bedding material had an impact on overall barn air quality. Pine wood shavings emitted the lowest amount of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and greenhouse gases, while corn cobs and paper emitted the highest amount of these gases. This information will allow livestock producers to develop management practices that improve barn air quality and improve animal health and productivity. 06 Develop emissions database for cattle deep-bedded monoslope barns. Gaseous emissions from the manure pack can impact down-wind air quality as well as air quality in the barn. Results by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska demonstrate differences in particulate matter concentration between cattle deep-bedded monoslope barns and reported values for open lot feedlots. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and greenhouse gases vary with the time of seasons and bedding management. This information allows producers to better manage inside air quality for the animals and minimize air quality impact outside the barn. 07 Effect of adding high moisture corn to diets containing high and low concentrations of wet distillers grains with solubles. Diet can affect nutrient excretion and odor production from cattle manure. Beef animals fed diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska produced less intestinal methane than high moisture corn. The higher nitrogen content of the distillers grains increased nitrogen retention as a percentage of intake. This information will allow cattle producers to formulate diets that can reduce nitrogen excretion and methane emissions. 08 Odor reduction in swine manure using the soybean peroxidase and calcium peroxide. Research by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska showed that combining soybean peroxidase and calcium peroxide were effective at reducing emissions between 0 and 7 days after application. However, after day 14 odors were higher for the treated manure. This indicates that treatment will be required every 7 � 10 days to be effective. 09 Reducing odor emissions from swine lagoons. Odors from swine lagoons are causing public relation issues for the industry. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska found that when combinations of soybean peroxidase and hydorgen peroxide were added to swine manure, certain odor compounds were reduced by 62% but other odor compounds were increased 10 times. When soybean peroxidase and calcium peroxide were added this reduction increased to 98% and maintained reduction at 92% 48 hours after application. Using this combination improved odor control.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Parker, D.B., Ham, J., Woodbury, B.L., Cai, L., Spiehs, M.J., Rhoades, M., Trabue, S.L., Casey, K., Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A. 2013. Standardization of flux chamber and wind tunnel flux measurements for quantifying volatile organic compound and ammonia emissions from area sources at animal feeding operations. Atmospheric Environment. 66:72-83.
• Parker, D.B., Gilley, J.E., Woodbury, B.L., Kim, K., Galvin, G., Bartelt- Hunt, S.L., Li, X., Snow, D.D. 2013. Odorous VOC emissions following land application of swine manure slurry. Atmospheric Environment. 66:91-100. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.001.
• Spiehs, M.J., Brown Brandl, T.M., Parker, D.B., Miller, D.N., Berry, E.D., Wells, J.E. 2013. Effect of bedding materials on concentration of odorous compounds and Escherichia coli in beef cattle bedded manure packs. Journal of Environmental Quality. 42(1):65-75.
• Parker, D.B., Cai, L., Kim, K., Hales, K.E., Spiehs, M.J., Woodbury, B.L., Atkin, A.L., Nickerson, K.W., Patefield, K.D. 2012. Reducing odorous VOC emissions from swine manure using soybean peroxidase and peroxides. Bioresource Technology. 124:95-104.
• Hales, K.E., Cole, N.A., Varel, V.H. 2012. Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of corn wet distillers grains with solubles on odor and gas production in cattle manure. Journal of Animal Science. 90:3988-4000.
• Hales, K.E., Parker, D.B., Cole, N.A. 2012. Potential odorous volatile organic compound emissions from feces and urine from cattle fed corn-based diets with wet distillers grains and solubles. Atmospheric Environment. 60:292-297.
• Susaya, J., Kim, K., Cho, J., Parker, D.B. 2012. The combined application of impinger system and permeation tube for the generation of volatile organic compound standard gas mixtures at varying diluent flow rate. Sensors. 12:10964-10979.
• Gilley, J.E., Eigenberg, R.A., Marx, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2012. Nutrient losses in runoff from feedlot surfaces as affected by unconsolidated surface materials. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 67(3): 211-217.
• Shelver, W.L., Varel, V.H. 2012. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of chlortetracycline degradation in swine manure. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 402:1931-1939.
• Eigenberg, R.A., Woodbury, B.L. 2012. Using resistivity arrays to monitor groundwater impacts near runoff holding ponds. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics. 17(2):103-112.
• Puchala, R., Animut, G., Patra, A.K., Detweiler, G.D., Wells, J., Varel, V. H., Sahlu, T., Goetsch, A.L. 2012. Effects of different fresh-cut forages and their hays on feed intake, digestibility, heat production, and ruminal methane emission by Boer x Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science. 90(8) :2754-2762.
• Akdeniz, N., Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 2. Odor emissions. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(6):2335-2345.
• Akdeniz, N., Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D.B. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: part 4-correlations between sensory and chemical measurements. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(6):2347- 2356.
• Jo, S., Kim, K., Shon, Z., Parker, D.B. 2012. Identification of control parameters for the sulfur gas storability with bag sampling methods. Analytica Chimica Acta. 738:51-58.
• Parker, D.B., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Jacobson, L.D., Akdeniz, N., Bereznicki, S.D., Lim, T., Caraway, E.A., Zhang, S., Hoff, S.J., Heber, A. J., Heathcote, K.Y., Hetchler, B.P. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 6.Odor activity value. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(6):2357-2368.
• Bereznicki, S.D., Heber, A.J., Akdeniz, N., Jacobson, L.D., Hetchler, B.P., Heathcote, K.Y., Hoff, S.J., Koziel, J.A., Cai, L., Zhang, S., Parker, D. B., Caraway, E.A., Lim, T.T., Cortus, E.L., Jacko, R.B. 2012. Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: part 1 - project overview, collection methods, and quality control. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(6):2325-2334.
• Woodbury, B.L., Eigenberg, R.A., Parker, D.B., Spiehs, M.J. 2013. Effect of pond ash on pen surface properties. Transactions of the ASABE. 56(2) :769-775.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Obj.1: Develop precision techniques or other methods for the characterization and harvesting of feedlot manure packs in order to maximize nutrient and energy value and minimize environmental risk. Obj. 2: Determine the fate and transport of antibiotics (e.g., monensin and tetracyclines) and pathogens (e.g., E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter) in beef cattle and swine facilities. Obj.3: Quantify and characterize air emissions from beef cattle and swine facilities to evaluate and improve management practices. Obj.4: Determine the risk and benefits of using coal-ash and other industrial byproducts as a component of surfacing material for feedlot pens. Approach (from AD-416): Approach 1A: Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. 1B: Develop geospatial techniques to estimate green house gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. 1C: Develop a real-time, subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen with sufficient energy for combustion. Approach 2A. Determine the fate and transport of the antibiotics, chlortetracycline and bacitracin, and the pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter in a swine production facility. 2B. Determine the fate and transport of monensin and the pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, in a production-scale beef cattle feedlot. Approach 3A. Develop a database of ammonia, greenhouse gases (GHG) and particulate matter, and relevant input variables from cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities. 3B. Use of alum on bedded pack of beef monoslope facilities to reduce ammonia volatilization. 3C. Determine dietary strategies equating a reduction in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur excretion on manure composition and subsequent reduction of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from cattle manure when ethanol byproducts are fed. Approach 4A. Determine the effect of using pens surfaced with soil or coal-ash on the quality and quantity of accumulated manure removed. 4B. Determine the effects of coal-ash feedyard surfacing on the subsurface soil and runoff water quality. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, adapted an electronic system for determining the accumulated manure depth on feedlot surfaces. This system, combined with other spatial technologies developed by ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, allows for precision harvesting of manure. This allows beef producers to harvest manures that are best suited for land application or as a fuel for energy recovery. In response to a request from the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, teamed with Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality and AgraTek LLC of Phoenix, AZ to develop a technology that monitors feedlot runoff holding pond integrity. This technology was shown to be sensitive to subsurface changes resulting from pond leakage. Detailed studies are underway to determine efficacy of an automated system based on this research. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, have pioneered a technology to measure the spatially variable manure accumulation on feedlot surfaces. This technology has been used for identifying areas on the pen surface that are more likely to emit offensive odor and greenhouse gases. Studies are being conducted to model these patterns and develop abatement strategies. ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, have conducted laboratory and field-scale experiments to evaluate the effect of diet, temperature and location within pen on manure odor and greenhouse gas emission when applied agricultural fields. Results indicate manure from animals fed distillers grain emits more odors than animal fed corn-based diet. As part of an AFRI grant, two beef barns in Iowa have been instrumented with air quality sampling equipment and weather stations. Air quality data have been collected continuously for 1.5 years and will continue until October 2012. A field day was held in summer 2012 at one of the barns with scientists at Iowa State University and South Dakota State University. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the combination of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100% pine wood chips in combination with corn stover as a bedding material. A third experiment was initiated to evaluate corn stover and bean stover in winter and summer conditions. Air quality emissions and manure characteristics were measured on the manure packs in each study. A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding feedlot steers diets containing high (45%) and low (25%) concentrations of wet distillers grains with solubles in combination with high (45%) and low (25%) concentrations of high moisture corn on air and manure quality. Nutrient balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were measured. Concentration of odorous compounds in feces and urine from cattle fed each diet were also measured. As part of the National Research Initiative grant project, ARS scientists at Clay Center, Nebraska, conducted research to evaluate soybean-byproducts as an additive to manure for reducing odorous emissions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of additive type and application rate on odor reductions using a previously developed method utilizing small wind tunnels. Accomplishments 01 Automated monitoring of feedlot runoff holding ponds. Leakage from feedlot runoff holding ponds can contaminate soil and groundwater. Worki with the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality and AgraTek LLC, ARS scientists at the U.S.MARC (Clay Center, NE) have developed a system to detect leakage. This system demonstrated resolution to detect subtle changes and sensitivity to measure dynamic changes without the need for costly monitoring wells. A prototyped automated system has been evaluated to effectively measure subsurface soil quality changes resulting from leakage. 02 Precision harvesting of manure for nutrients or energy. Manure accumulation on pen surfaces is not uniform in nutrient or energy conten A technology was developed by ARS scientists at Clay Center, NE that estimates manure energy content and identifies areas on the pen surface where manure can be collected for energy recovery. Use of the technology will allow direct harvesting of manure for use as a recoverable energy source. 03 Reducing odor emissions from swine lagoons. Malodorous emissions from swine lagoons are causing public relation issues for the swine industry. ARS scientists at Clay Center, NE demonstrated that soybean peroxidase w effective at reducing odorous chemical emissions from swine manure by 68 to 81 percent. The research has resulted in awarding of additional grant funds from the National Pork Board for further development in commercial swine production facilities. 04 Standardization of emission measurements. Numerous methods used to measu gas emissions result in different values even when measuring the same source. ARS scientists at Clay Center, NE standardized a method for measuring gas emission rates from soil and feedlot surfaces using water evaporation within instrument chambers. A correction factor was obtaine that was used to adjust emission values across a variety of instruments which allows for improved comparisons. 05 Reducing air emissions in deep-bedded beef barns. Raising beef cattle in deep-bedded barn improves performance but may compromise barn air qualit In laboratory experiments, ARS scientists at Clay Center, NE investigat the relative value of corn cob byproducts, shredded paper, corn stover, and/or pine chips for use as odor-eliminating bedding materials. Preliminary results indicate significant differences among the bedding materials. Livestock producers will be able to balance the value and effectiveness to determine which bedding materials to use. 06 Odor emissions following land application. Land application of swine manure can emit offensive odors. ARS scientists at Clay Center, NE, measured the reduction of odor emissions and emission rates after land application of swine slurry. A model was developed to predict the emissions during the 24 hour period following land application. Odor emissions decreased rapidly following land application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 t 8 hours. These data will be used to reduce offensive odors downwind.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Varel, V.H., Wells, J., Shelver, W.L., Rice, C., Armstrong, D.L., Parker, D.B. 2012. Effect of anaerobic digestion temperature on odour, coliforms and chlortetracycline in swine manure or monensin in cattle manure. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 112:705-715.
• Parker, D.B., Rhoades, M.B., Cole, N.A., Sambana, V.P. 2012. Effect of urease inhibitor application rate and rainfall on ammonia emissions from beef manure. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(1):211-218.
• Parker, D.B., Malone, G.W., Walter, W.D. 2012. Vegetative environmental buffers and exhaust fan deflectors for reducing downwind odor and VOCs from tunnel-ventilated swine barns. Transactions of the ASABE. 55(1):227- 240.
• Kim, Y., Kim, K., Jo, S., Jeon, E., Sohn, J., Parker, D.B. 2011. Comparison of storage stability of odorous VOCs in polyester aluminum and polyvinyl fluoride tedlar bags. Journal of Chromatography. 712:162-167.
• Susaya, J., Kim, K., Cho, J., Parker, D.B. 2011. The use of permeation tube device and the development of empirical formula for accurate permeation rate. Journal of Chromatography A. 1218:9328-9335.
• Susaya, J., Kim, K., Cho, J., Parker, D.B. 2012. The controlling effect of temperature in the application of permeation tube (PT) devices in standard gas generation. Journal of Chromatography A. 1225:8-16.
• Spiehs, M.J., Miller, D.N., Woodbury, B.L., Eigenberg, R.A., Varel, V.H., Parker, D.B. 2012. Effect of feeding wet distillers grains with solubles to beef cattle on air and manure quality. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 28(3):423-430.
• Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H., Shurson, G.C., Nicolai, R.E., Renteria-Flores, J., Parker, D.B. 2012. Odor and gas emissions and nutrient excretion from pigs fed diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 28(3):431-437.
• Fortuna, A., Honeycutt, C.W., Vandemark, G.J., Griffin, T.S., Larkin, R.P., He, Z., Wienhold, B.J., Sistani, K.R., Albrecht, S.L., Woodbury, B.L., Torbert III, H.A., Powell, J.M., Hubbard, R.K., Eigenberg, R.A., Wright, R. J., Allredge, R.J. 2012. Links among nitrification, nitrifier communities and edaphic properties in contrasting soils receiving dairy slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality. 41:262-272.
• Eigenberg, R.A., Woodbury, B.L., Auvermann, B., Parker, D.B., Spiehs, M.J. 2012. Energy and nutrient recovery from cattle feedlots. Scholarly Research Exchange. 2012:1-5.
• Lim, T., Parker, D.B. 2011. An automated scraper system for swine confinement facilities. University of Missouri Extension. pp. 1-4.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Obj.1: Develop precision techniques or other methods for the characterization and harvesting of feedlot manure packs in order to maximize nutrient and energy value and minimize environmental risk. Obj. 2: Determine the fate and transport of antibiotics (e.g., monensin and tetracyclines) and pathogens (e.g., E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella and Campylobacter) in beef cattle and swine facilities. Obj.3: Quantify and characterize air emissions from beef cattle and swine facilities to evaluate and improve management practices. Obj.4: Determine the risk and benefits of using coal-ash and other industrial byproducts as a component of surfacing material for feedlot pens. Approach (from AD-416) Approach 1A: Develop a system to estimate spatial nutrient and recoverable energy distribution on feedlot surfaces. 1B: Develop geospatial techniques to estimate green house gas (GHG) emissions and odor from feedlot surfaces. 1C: Develop a real-time, subsurface sensing tool that estimates combustion energy and marks areas on a feedlot pen with sufficient energy for combustion. Approach 2A. Determine the fate and transport of the antibiotics, chlortetracycline and bacitracin, and the pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter in a swine production facility. 2B. Determine the fate and transport of monensin and the pathogen, E. coli O157:H7, in a production-scale beef cattle feedlot. Approach 3A. Develop a database of ammonia, greenhouse gases (GHG) and particulate matter, and relevant input variables from cattle deep-bedded monoslope facilities. 3B. Use of alum on bedded pack of beef monoslope facilities to reduce ammonia volatilization. 3C. Determine dietary strategies equating a reduction in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur excretion on manure composition and subsequent reduction of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor, and greenhouse gas emissions from cattle manure when ethanol byproducts are fed. Approach 4A. Determine the effect of using pens surfaced with soil or coal-ash on the quality and quantity of accumulated manure removed. 4B. Determine the effects of coal-ash feedyard surfacing on the subsurface soil and runoff water quality. ARS scientists developed an electronic near-surface system for determining manure depth of feedlot surfaces, which will allow for precise harvesting of manure for energy recovery. In response to a request from the Nebraska Cattlemen�s Association, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) scientists teamed with AgraTek LLC of Phoenix, AZ to adapt the technology for monitoring the integrity of feedlot lagoons. Chlortetracycline is an antibiotic commonly added to swine feed to improve animal performance and health. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate how anaerobic digestion temperature affects the degradation of the antibiotic chlortetracycline in swine manure. As part of an AFRI grant, two beef barns in Iowa were instrumented with air quality sampling equipment and weather stations. Air quality data was collected continuously for one year. A field day was held in summer 2011 at one of the barns in conjunction with scientists at Iowa State University and South Dakota State University. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate nine manure bedding pack materials consisting of various crop residues and wood byproducts. Air quality emissions and manure characteristics were measured on the manure packs. A second experiment was initiated to look at combinations of different bedding pack materials. ARS scientists evaluated two full-scale odor reduction technologies at tunnel-ventilated swine barns with a cooperator in another state. The first technology was an automated scraper system designed to replace the existing flush system. The second technology was a vegetative environmental buffer (VEB), which consisted of specially designed rows of trees and shrubs placed downwind of the exhaust fans in the tunnel- ventilated swine barns. Accurate estimation of air emissions from animal feeding operations is crucial for regulatory reporting and testing of abatement measures. ARS scientists developed methods for comparing emissions from different measurement devices. With support from a grant from the National Pork Board, methods for quantifying air emissions from the land application of swine manure and for assessing additives for odor control were evaluated. As part of an NRI grant project, ARS scientists have initiated collaborative research with Iowa State University and the Kansas firm of Bio-Research Products Inc. to evaluate soybean-byproduct additives for reducing odor emissions from swine lagoons. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the optimum amount of additive necessary for odor control of swine manure. A multi-year study was completed that evaluated the effectiveness of using coal-ash material as a pen surfacing material. The study determined the effect of coal-ash surfaced pens on the quality and quantity of manure collected. Accomplishments 01 Determining the effect of animal diet on air emissions from feedlot surfaces. Air emissions from animal feeding operations affect the environment and pose potential nuisance concerns to downwind neighbors. Based on laboratory studies, there is evidence that animal diet impacts the types and amounts of air emissions from manure. ARS researchers at Clay Center, NE, developed a method for evaluating the spatial distribution of air emissions at the field-scale, and determined that di had an effect on the spatial distribution, types and quantities of odorants produced by manure. Having the ability to predict the location of elevated air emissions will allow producers to use cost-effective precision management techniques to minimize air emissions from feedlot surfaces.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A., Rhoades, M.B., Parker, D.B., Casey, K. 2011. Daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual ammonia emissions from Southern High Plains cattle feedyards. Journal of Environmental Quality. 40:1-6.
• Parker, D.B. 2011. Effectiveness of a manure scraper system for odor control in tunnel-ventilated swine finisher barns. Transactions of the ASABE. 54(1):315-324.
• Rhoades, M.B., Parker, D.B., Cole, N.A., Todd, R.W., Caraway, E.A., Auvermann, B.W., Topliff, D.R., Schuster, G.L. 2010. Continuous ammonia emission measurements from a commercial beef feedyard in Texas. Transactions of the ASABE. 53(6):1823-1831.
• Spiehs, M.J., Woodbury, B.L., Doran, B.E., Eigenberg, R.A., Kohl, K.D., Varel, V.H., Berry, E.D., Wells, J. 2011. Environmental conditions in beef deep-bedded monoslope facilities: a descriptive study. Transactions of the ASABE. 54(2):663-673.
• Durso, L.M., Gilley, J.E., Marx, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2011. Effects of animal diet, manure application rate, and tillage on transport of microorganisms from manure-amended fields. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77:6715-6717.
• Vogel, J.R., Gilley, J.E., Woodbury, B.L., Berry, E.D., Eigenberg, R.A. 2011. Transport of trace elements in runoff from unamended and pond-ash amended feedlot surfaces. Transactions of the ASABE. 54(4):1269-1279.
• Parker, D.B., Perschbacher-Buser, Z.L., Cole, N.A., Koziel, J.A. 2010. Recovery of agricultural odors and odorous compounds from polyvinyl fluoride film bags. Sensors. 10:8536-8552. DOI: 10.3390/s100908536
• Gilley, J.E., Durso, L.M., Eigenberg, R.A., Marx, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2011. Narrow grass hedge control of nutrient loads following variable manure application. Transactions of the ASABE. 54(3):847-855.
• Gilley, J.E., Berry, E.D., Eigenberg, R.A., Marx, D.B., Woodbury, B.L. 2011. Runoff, erosion, and size distribution of sediment from beef cattle feedlots. Transactions of the ASABE. 54(2): 435-440.
• Gilley, J.E., Durso, L.M., Eigenberg, R.A., Woodbury, B.L. 2010. Nutrient transport in runoff as affected by diet, tillage and manure application rate. Transactions of the ASABE. 53(6): 1895-1902.
• Woodbury, B.L., Eigenberg, R.A., Nienaber, J.A., Spiehs, M.J. 2010. Soil- crop dynamic depth response determined from TDR of a corn silage field compared to EMI measurements. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics. 15:185-196.
• Woodbury, B.L., Eigenberg, R.A., Varel, V.H., Lesch, S., Spiehs, M.J. 2010. Using electromagnetic induction technology to predict volatile fatty acid, source area differences. Journal of Environmental Quality. 39:1-7.
• Eigenberg, R.A., Woodbury, B.L., Nienaber, J.A., Spiehs, M.J., Parker, D., Varel, V.H. 2010. Soil conductivity and multiple linear regression for precision monitoring of beef feedlot manure and runoff. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics. 15:175-183.