Progress 08/01/12 to 07/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is dairy farmers and allied industry, anaerobic digester technology and technical service providers, project developers and partners, conservation district staff and agriculture and environmental regulatory agency staff and inspectors. In the no-cost extension year, we held live and digital outreach events reaching hundreds of stakeholders. 82 people participated in a multi-farm field day, 1,182 people viewed a 5-part webinar series live or recorded, and nearly 7,500 people have viewed our AD Systems research webpage during the no-cost extension year. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?2 PhD students completed their programs. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Anaerobic Digestion Webinar Series: Emerging Technologies to Improve Environmental and Economic Impact This webinar series took place February through April 2016. February 10, 2016 - Dairy Nutrient Recovery Technologies within an Anaerobic Digestion Bio-refinery. (click link for recording) Speaker: Dr. Tim Ewing, Research Engineer, Washington State University.Please note that the speaker has changed. As dairy manure anaerobic digestion (AD) units are converted to bio-refineries with add-on technologies, one key process that is of interest to the dairy industry is nutrient recovery. Dr. Ewing will discuss the various approaches that have been proposed for recovering phosphorus and nitrogen from dairy manure, integrated within an AD platform. He will also discuss the challenges and opportunities posed by the products from these recovery approaches. February 24, 2016 - Anaerobic Digestion Bio-refinery: Potential for Biochar Production and Utilization.(click link for recording)Speaker: Dr. Manuel Garcia-Perez, Associate Professor at the Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University.Dr. Garcia-Perez will discuss the challenges and opportunities for integrating emerging technologies with existing anaerobic digestion (AD) systems as a way to gradually convertADunits intobiorefineries. The focus of this webinar is on pyrolysis and gasification, two technologies that are capable of converting the digested fibers into a bio-char, and that can be integrated with AD. During the presentation Dr. Garcia-Perez will also discuss some of the potential uses of these chars in anaerobic digestion systems. March 23, 2016 - Agronomic Evaluation of Anaerobic Digestion System Recovered Fertilizers.(click link for recording)Speaker: Dr. Harold P. Collins, Soil Scientist and Microbiologist at the Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA - Agricultural Research Service.Increasing public concern about environmental quality and the sustainability of agro-ecosystems has emphasized the need to develop management strategies that protect soil and water resources. The recent use of anaerobic digesters (AD) on Pacific Northwest dairies to mitigate excessive manure storage and produce energy generates substantial amounts of nutrient-rich materials after digestion. Dr. Collins will share research that assesses new products derived from AD treatment of dairy and poultry wastes, with a particular emphasis on the dynamics, availability and uptake of phosphorous (P) from P-enriched materials recovered from anaerobic digesters. Dr. Collins will discuss the opportunities and challenges related to using animal wastes as fertilizers without the need for composting in the Pacific Northwest. April 6, 2016 - An Introduction to the Anaerobic Digestion System Enterprise Budget Calculator (click link for recording).Speaker: Dr. Gregory Astill, Research Economist at the USDA Economic Research Service; obtained his Ph.D. from the School of Economic Sciences at Washington State University.Join Dr. Greg Astill, the creator of the Anaerobic Digester (AD) System Enterprise Budget Calculator, for a walk-through of the basic operations of the budget calculator and a demonstration of the results it produces. The Budget Calculator is intended for dairy owners, AD system industry experts, and AD researchers to be able to easily calculate the net present value of investment under a variety of technology and price scenarios for an AD system. The budget calculator includes options for anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, compressed natural gas, combined heat and power, environmental credits, fiber solids separation, phosphorous solids separation, struvite precipitation, ammonium sulfate recovery, and water ultra-filtration/reverse osmosis. Dr. Astill will discuss some of these examples during the webinar. April 20, 2016 - Insights for Anaerobic Digestion from Dairy-CropSyst, a Decision Support Tool for Gaseous Emissions and Nutrient Management (click link for recording). Speaker: Mr. Bryan Carlson, Associate in Research, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University. Join Bryan Carlson to hear about Dairy-CropSyst, a decision support tool for researchers and managers of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). Mr. Carlson will provide an overview of the concepts behind the tool and guide the user through the process of inputting dairy information and interpreting the results. This tool models the fate of nutrients and emissions from manure excretion to field application, and its use provides insights into the effects of various manure treatment options. Mr. Carlson will discuss examples that explore the effects on nutrients and emissions of incorporating an anaerobic digester into a conventional dairy system. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Two important models (economic and engineering performance) are completed and have been reviewed by our Stakeholder Advisory Group (SAG) using data from real dairy AD system enterprises. A dairy system model simulation was completed based on input from the SAG and a manuscript has been prepared for publication. A separate manuscript using the model to evaluate decomposition rates for various digester co-products was published in the Journal of Environmental Management. The economic modeling tool is complete and the tool and a user guide is available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/anaerobic-digestion-systems/enterprise-budget-calculator/. A submitted manuscript evaluating the feasibility of AD Systems using the economic modeling tool was published in the Journal of Environmental Management. A submitted manuscript on phosphorus uptake from AD manure-derived fertilizer products was published in the Agronomy Journal. A final field day outreach event was held in June 2016 with 82 participants from around the region. A 5-part webinar series covering all of the aspects of the project was produced in early 2016 with viewership from an international audience. The webinars are available for viewing at http://csanr.wsu.edu/webinars/anaerobic-digestion/. 3 additional fact sheets in the AD Systems Manuel were published and four more are in press. The published factsheets are available at http://csanr.wsu.edu/anaerobic-digestion-systems/series/. Anaerobic Digestion Systems have significant potential to address climate, air and water quality concerns associated with concentrated livestock production systems. Model simulation for two locations (cool, wet climate and warm, dry climate) indicate that a dairy with an Anaerobic Digestion System complete with nitrogen and phosphorous recovery technologies provides the lowest total greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions for small (1,000 cows) and large (5,000 cow) dairies. In all scenarios assessed dairy cow enteric emissions were highest, followed by lagoon and field emission. Dairy barn emitted negligible GHG when compared to other farm unit operations. AD resulted in a net decreasing effect on GHG emissions but increased the risk of ammonia volatilization from the lagoon, indicating the importance of N and P recovery technologies. Ambient conditions had significant effect on both GHG and NH3 volatilization, with the warmer location resulting in higher emissions. We found that the economic viability of AD systems increases with herd size. However, without public subsidies, AD systems whose only revenue stream is from the sale of electricity or compressed natural gas are currently unprofitable even for very large herds. With environmental credits, AD systems can be profitable investments for all herd sizes we considered. The most profitable system includes AD, co-digestion, fiber solids separation, and compressed natural gas production with environmental credits. The same system plus nutrient recovery technology is nearly as profitable, so there is no need to risk nutrient overloading when co-digesting off-farm organic waste. Challenges remain to the adoption of AD Systems technologies, including both investment hurdles related to electricity and natural gas pricing and contracts, use of manure-derived fertilizer products, as well as regulatory hurdles for navigating new technology (particularly for the nutrient recovery technologies). Further development of alternative uses and markets for biogas, such as renewable natural gas as a green transportation fuel, are important for providing stable markets for the energy produced from AD systems. Our research has demonstrated that soil amendment products recovered from anaerobically digested manure can be perform as effectively as commercially available fertilizer products in the greenhouse and field. Additional testing of these products in crop production systems and addressing concerns related to food safety considerations of manure-derived soil amendments need further research. Our project has demonstrated significant interest from the project development and regulatory communities for improving the understanding of this technology platform and how it can be deployed to meet environmental challenges faced by concentrated livestock production systems. Two integrated modeling tools (economic and engineering performance) have been completed and are publically available for use in applications examining the feasibility and environmental performance of AD Systems. 3 journal articles were published in 2016 and two additional manuscripts were submitted bringing the project total to 11. Development of the AD Systems Manual is complete. 8 of 11 peer-reviewed chapters are published and the final 4 are in press or review through WSU Extension Communications. In addition, mutiple digital outreach products including a comprehensive webinar series are complete and available for use by the industry and ag professionals.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Astill, Gregory M and C. Richard Shumway. (2016) Profits from Pollutants: Economic Feasibility of Integrated Anaerobic Digester Systems. Journal of Environmental Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.012
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Collins, H.P., Kimura, E., Frear, C. Kruger, C.E. (2016) Phosphorus uptake by potato from fertilizers recovered from anaerobic digestion. Agronomy Journal 108,2036-2049.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Khalil, Tariq M. , Stewart S. Higgins, Pius M. Ndegwa, Craig S. Frear, Claudio O. St�ckle. 2016. Assessing the effect of different treatments on decomposition rate of dairy manure. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 182, 1 November 2016, Pages 230-237, ISSN 0301-479.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Zhao, Q., Ma, J., Zeb, I., Yu, L., Chen, S., Zheng, Y.M., and Frear, C. (2015) Ammonia recovery from anaerobic digester effluent through direct aeration, Chemical Engineering Journal 279, 31-37.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Neerackal, G.M., Ndegwa, P.M., Joo, H.S., Wang, X., Harrison, J.H., Heber, A.J., Ni, J.Q. Frear C., Beutel, M. (2015) Effects of anaerobic digestion and solids separation on ammonia emissions from stored and land applied dairy manure, Water Air Soil Pollution. DOI 10.1007/s11270-015-2561-9
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N., Zhao, Q., Ma, J., Chen, S., and Frear, C. (2015) The selective removal of H2S over CO2 from biogas in a bubble column using pretreated digester effluent. Separation and Purification Technology 144, 240-247.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Liaw, S.S., Frear, C., Lei, W., Zhang, S., Garcia-Perez, M. (2015) Anaerobic digestion of C1-C4 light oxygenated organic compounds derived from the torrefaction of lignocellulosic materials, Fuel Processing Technology, 131: 150-158.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Jiang, A., Zhang, T., Zhao, Q., Chen, S., Li, X., Frear, C. (2014) Evaluation of an integrated ammonia stripping, recovery, and biogas scrubbing system for use with anaerobically digested dairy manure, Biosystems Engineering, 119: 117-126.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Astill, Gregory M and C. Richard Shumway. (Submitted) A Real Options Approach with Learning Spillovers: Investment in Anaerobic Digester Technology. WSU School of Economic Science Working Paper: 2016-1.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Astill, Gregory M and C. Richard Shumway. (2016). The Market Impact of Widespread Adoption of Anaerobic Digestion with Nutrient Recovery Technology in the US Dairy Industry. WSU School of Economic Science Working Paper: 2016-2.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Yorgey, G.G., C.S. Frear, C.E. Kruger, and T.J. Zimmerman. (2014). The rationale for recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from dairy manure. Washington State University Extension Fact Sheet FS136E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Galinato, S., Kruger, C.E., and Frear, C.S. (2015). Anaerobic Digester Project and System Modifications. WSU Extension Manual. EM090E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mitchell, S.M., Kennedy, N., Ma, J., Yorgey, G.G., Kruger, C.E., Ullman, J.L., and Frear, C.S. (2015). Anaerobic digestion effluents and processes: the basics. WSU Extension Fact Sheet FS171E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N., G. Yorgey, C. Frear, D. Evans, J. Jensen, and C. Kruger. 2015. Biogas upgrading on dairy digesters. Washington State University Extension Publication 180E, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., G.G. Yorgey, C.S. Frear, and C.E. Kruger. 2015. On-farm co-digestion of dairy manure with high energy organics. Washington State University Extension Publication FS172E, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Galinato, S., Kruger, C.E., and Frear, C.S. (2016). Economic Feasibility of Anaerobic Digester Systems with Nutrient Recovery Technologies. WSU Technical Bulletin. TB27. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jensen, J., C. Frear, J. Ma, C. Kruger, R. Hummel, and G. Yorgey. In press. Digested fiber solids: Developing technologies for adding value. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kennedy, N., G. Yorgey, C. Frear, and C. Kruger. In revision. The dairy manure biorefinery. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ma, J., C.S. Frear, and G.G. Yorgey. In review. Approaches to nutrient recovery from dairy manure. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jensen, J., G.G. Yorgey, C.E. Kruger, and C.S. Frear. In review. Completing a Successful Feasibility Study for an Anaerobic Digestion Project. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Yorgey, G.G. and M. Donnay. 2016. Can nutrient crediting support adoption of nutrient recovery technologies for AD Systems on dairies? Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., G.G. Yorgey, C.S. Frear, and C.E. Kruger. 2016. Considerations for building, operating, and maintaining anaerobic co-digestion facilities on dairies. Washington State University Extension Publication EM088, Pullman, WA.

Progress 08/01/14 to 07/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period we held a stakeholder meeting with our Advisory Council on April 10, 2015 to give progress on the NIFA project as well as ask specific questions and open up the meeting to general discussion and comments. Stakeholders attending the meeting were a mix of animal/crop producers, anaerobic digestion operators/suppliers, government and regulatory agencies, financiers, environmental credit experts, academicians, and concerned citizens. This Advisory Council is representative of our target audience for final project deliverables. Eleven presentations were given and a field tour was organized by project team members at the national Waste to Worth Conference sponsored by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center in Seattle, WA. Changes/Problems:In our last annual report, we reported uncertainty related to the status of co-PI Harold Collins (USDA ARS) who oversees the greenhouse and field trials portion of the project. His ARS unit in Prosser was proposed for closure. The unit did, in fact, get closed and Collins was transferred to Temple, Texas. He has continued as co-PI on the project focused on completing data analysis and preparation of manuscripts. Joan Davenport, WSU Crop & Soil Sciences Faculty, agreed to oversee final greenhouse experiments, lab-work, and on-site supervision of research technicians and graduate student. At the end of project year 3, Project Director Craig Frear left WSU to join an industry technology provider that works in the Anaerobic Digestion field. This move happened extremely quickly and is representative of the serious demand from the dairy and allied industry for the need for AD System and nutrient recovery technology expertise in response to increasing pressure on dairies to improve the management of manure nutrients. Frear's departure was last-minute and filing of this report was delayed. The company that hired Frear has agreed to have him continue in a pro-bono consulting role to facilitate the project team's completion of the project. We are in the process of submitting a request to NIFA to change the PD to Chad Kruger. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two of three graduate students trained on the project will be completing their Ph.D.'s in Fall 2015. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Eleven Presentations were made and a digester field tour were led by the AD Systems Team at the national Waste to Worth Conference (March 30 - April 3, 2015) sponsored by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center. SUMMARY STATISTICS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: Nothing to report yet. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?KEY OUTCOMES OR OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS REALIZED: Two integrated modeling tools (economic and engineering performance) have been completed and are in review / testing stage at the end of year 3. The AD Systems Manual is approximately 75% complete, with 8 fact sheets and all auxiliary materials published or in press, 4 fact sheets in final stage review, and 3 fact sheets in final stage preparation.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. MAJOR ACTIVITIES COMPLETED / EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED: As described earlier in the sheets, two important models (economic and engineering performance) are in final development and review stage with our Stakeholder Advisory Group (SAG) using data from real dairy AD system enterprises. These models were presented to the SAG on April 10th, 2015 in Prosser, Washington. The set of AD systems options for scenario analysis was finalized in consultation with the SAG in this meeting and set forth for simulations beginning at the end of year 3 and rolling over into the no-cost extension year. Field and greenhouse trials are completed and data is being analyzed for publication and extension. Fivejournal articles were published, 1 additional manuscript was submitted and multiple manuscripts are in preparation by the end of year 3, with a number of them published. 2 additional extension fact sheets that comprise the AD System Manual were published, 4 are in press and 4 is in review during year 3 through the WSU Extension Fast Track publication system. ElevenPresentations were made and a digester field tour were led by the AD Systems Team at the national Waste to Worth Conference (March 30 - April 3, 2015) sponsored by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center. 2. DATA COLLECTED: Final data collection from greenhouse and field trials was completed early in year 3 (the end of field season 2).

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Collins, H.P., Kimura, E., Frear, C. Kruger, C.E. (Submitted) Phosphorus uptake by potato from fertilizers recovered from anaerobic digestion.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Zhao, Q., Ma, J., Zeb, I., Yu, L., Chen, S., Zheng, Y.M., and Frear, C. (2015) Ammonia recovery from anaerobic digester effluent through direct aeration, Chemical Engineering Journal 279, 31-37.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Neerackal, G.M., Ndegwa, P.M., Joo, H.S., Wang, X., Harrison, J.H., Heber, A.J., Ni, J.Q. Frear C., Beutel, M. (2015) Effects of anaerobic digestion and solids separation on ammonia emissions from stored and land applied dairy manure, Water Air Soil Pollution.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N., Zhao, Q., Ma, J., Chen, S., and Frear, C. (2015) The selective removal of H2S over CO2 from biogas in a bubble column using pretreated digester effluent. Separation and Purification Technology 144, 240-247.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Liaw, S.S., Frear, C., Lei, W., Zhang, S., Garcia-Perez, M. (2015) Anaerobic digestion of C1-C4 light oxygenated organic compounds derived from the torrefaction of lignocellulosic materials, Fuel Processing Technology, 131: 150-158.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Jiang, A., Zhang, T., Zhao, Q., Chen, S., Li, X., Frear, C. (2014) Evaluation of an integrated ammonia stripping, recovery, and biogas scrubbing system for use with anaerobically digested dairy manure, Biosystems Engineering, 119: 117-126.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yorgey, G.G., C.S. Frear, C.E. Kruger, and T.J. Zimmerman. (2014). The rationale for recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from dairy manure. Washington State University Extension Fact Sheet FS136E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Galinato, S., Kruger, C.E., and Frear, C.S. (2015). Anaerobic Digester Project and System Modifications. WSU Extension Manual. EM090E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mitchell, S.M., Kennedy, N., Ma, J., Yorgey, G.G., Kruger, C.E., Ullman, J.L., and Frear, C.S. (in press). Anaerobic digestion effluents and processes: the basics. WSU Extension Fact Sheet FS171E. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N., G. Yorgey, C. Frear, D. Evans, J. Jensen, and C. Kruger. (in press). Biogas upgrading on dairy digesters. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., Yorgey, G.G., Frear, C.S., and Kruger, C.E. (in press). On-farm co-digestion of dairy manure with high-energy organics. WSU Extension Manual. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., Yorgey, G.G., Frear, C.S., and Kruger, C.E. (in press). Project considerations for on-farm co-digestion of dairy manure. WSU Extension Manual. Pullman, WA: WSU Extension. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: University and Anaerobic Digestion Industry PartnershipsLaboratory Testing, Shannon Mitchell, Jingwei Ma, Liang Yu, Quanbao Zhao, and Craig Frear
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: The Dairy Bio-Refinery, Nick Kennedy, Georgine Yorgey, Tara Zimmerman, Craig Frear, and Chad Kruger
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Anaerobic Digestion Projects: Environmental Credits 101, Nick Kennedy, Jim Jensen, Georgine Yorgey, Greg Astill, Craig Frear, and Chad Krugera
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Anaerobic DigestionHighlights of a Successful Project Feasibility Study, Jim Jensen, Georgine Yorgey, Craig Frear and Chad Kruger
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Digested SolidsForms, Markets and Trends, Jim Jensena, Nick Kennedy, Georgine Yorgey, Craig Frear and Chad Kruger
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Co-Digestion: A Primer on Substrate Utilization and Project Considerations, Nick Kennedy, Georgine Yorgey, Chad Kruger and Craig Frear
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Renewable Natural GasBiogas Cleaning and Upgrading 101, Nick Kennedy, Georgine Yorgey, Jim Jensen, Chad Kruger and Craig Frear.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Renewable Natural GasEconomics, Suzette Galinato, Chad Krugera, Georgine Yorgey and Craig Frear.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Farm-Based Anaerobic Digestion ProjectsWastewater Disposal and Nutrient Considerations, Georgine Yorgey, Craig Frear, Tara Zimmerman, and Chad Kruger.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Nutrient Recovery TechnologiesA Primer on Available and Emerging Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Salt Recovery Approaches, their Performance and Cost, Craig Frear, Jingwei Ma, Georgine Yorgey and Chad Kruger
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Poultry DigestionEmerging Farm-Based Opportunity, Craig Frear, Quanbao Zhao, Jingwei Ma, and Chad Kruger.

Progress 08/01/13 to 07/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: During this reporting period we held a stakeholder meeting with our Advisory Council on February 8, 2014 to give progress on the NIFA project as well as ask specific questions and open up the meeting to general discussion and comments. Stakeholders attending the meeting were a mix of animal/crop producers, anaerobic digestion operators/suppliers, government and regulatory agencies, financiers, environmental credit experts, academicians, and concerned citizens. This Advisory Council is representative of our target audience for final project deliverables. Changes/Problems: We leveraged an additional year of field trials at the Prosser Station, but as we speak the Prosser Station is in flux regarding status due to ARS shutting it down. We will know shortly how we are going to be able finish the field trials, but our goal regardless of the ARS decisions is to complete this leveraged task. Development of the models is an ongoing process and my fears are that we are bit delayed in the final completion and validation. Efforts will be made to get us back on track as best as possible. Some of the more complex system interactions involving pyrolysis and clean water might need to be streamlined due to non-availability of reliable scaled data--as these systems are still a bit too much out there in regard to commercialization ability. This is a small adaption and should not negatively effect the volume and importance of data that can be concluded from the models and scenario development. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Several graduate students (Waled Suliman, Matt Smith, and Greg Astill) are completing a portion of their PhD students through this grant with several papers directly related to this grant as part of their theses. Annual advisory meetings allows for researchers, post-docs and students to meet with industry, producer, government officials knowledgable in this area and to keep those lines of communication open throughout the study and beyond. Funds have been leveraged for researchers to attend several regional and national meetings with NRCS, EPA, EPA Agstar, and USDA regarding larger CAFO nutrient issues, biogas roadmap development, and biorefinery roadmap development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Presently the main dissemination pathways, halfway through the project are: published peer reviewed extension factsheets, published journal articles, weekly and bimonthly regional AD meetings, and Advisory Council meetings. As more of the key deliverables are produced and in the case of extension documents, collated into a coherent book, dissemination will increase and utilize more active methods such as field days, conferences, etc. This week of last week in July was a Prosser WA Field Day where are bio-based fertilizer studies were a key component of the overall field day results for the research station. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? The main and overarching goals are to finalize and validate the two key models, then integrate the models and develop concurrent outputs from scenario testing. We will validate using real dairy information and hopefully supply detailed quantitative information of the inpact these unit operations and systems as a whole have on GHG and nutrients. This is the large, large goal of the project and the focus in year three will be completion of this important task. The second focus of year 3 will be to put all of the envisioned extension documents through the peer review process and to work with WSU publication on an integrated modern electronic portfolio of the documents that can be easily accessible to users. Lastly, publications be they journal articles or theses will be pushed through and conference presentations will start in earnest.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? As described earlier in the sheets, two important models (economic and engineering performance) are under development and nearing completion with validation. Once these models are done and integrated we will run scenarios that will provide outputs on how components of an AD system improve or do not improve GHG emissions or utilization of nutrients/gases. Thus the key deliverable is not completed yet but is scheduled for year 3. Field and greenhouse trials are nearing completion and manuscripts are being developed. A second year of field data (leveraged with other funds) as well as final greenhouse run are needed to complete this task and finalize even more publications Several manuscripts from theses related to models and pyrolysis char work are nearing completion as well and should all be published in third year Numerous extension fact sheets on AD basics and AD system integrations are working their way through peer reviewed process. About half dozen are in now with a few published with another 7-8 in development for the third year submission.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yorgey, G., Frear, C., Kruger, C., Zimmerman, T. 2014. The Rationale for Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Dairy Manure. Washington State University Extension Document, FS136E, Pullman WA, June 2014.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Galinatto, S., C.E. Kruger, and C. Frear. In review. Economic Feasibility of Post-Digester Nutrient Recovery Using Struvite Crystallization and the WSU AIRTRAP System. WSU Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Galinatto, S., C.E. Kruger, and C. Frear. In review. Economic Feasibility of an Anaerobic Digester in Washington. WSU Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., G.G. Yorgey, C.S. Frear, and C.E. Kruger. In review. On-farm co-digestion with high energy organic substrates in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kennedy, N.P., G.G. Yorgey, C.S. Frear, and C.E. Kruger. In review. On-farm co-digestion in the Pacific Northwest: Project considerations. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mitchell, S.M., J.L. Ullman, N.P. Kennedy, G.G. Yorgey, C.E. Kruger, and C.S. Frear. In review. Anaerobic digestion fundamentals. Washington State University Extension Publication, Pullman, WA.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Zhao, Q., Ma, J., Yu, L., Chen, S., Frear, C. (Submitted) Non-tower ammonia stripping for nitrogen recovery from anaerobically digested dairy manure. Environmental Science and Technology.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Suliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI, Fortuna A-M, Garcia-Perez M: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Source on Physico-chemical properties of Bio-chars Produced in a Spoon Pyrolysis Reactor. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2014).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Suliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI, Fortuna A-M, Garcia-Perez M: Changes in Oxidability and Surface Chemistry of Bio-chars as a Function of Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Sources (Biomass and Bioenergy, 2014).

Progress 08/01/12 to 07/31/13

Outputs
Target Audience: During this reporting period (Year 1) the main target audiences were the stakeholders and specifically the advisory panel stakeholders that have been identified as being able to be of assistance to the delivery of the project. A one-day summit, attended both in person and via web, was initiated so that co-PIs, researchers, and students could have time to both describe the project and discuss the project/project needs with stakeholders and advisors. Since that first meeting, on-going individual meetings have taken place throughout the year whenever necessary so that individual researchers could obtain the needed information. In addition,monthly team meetings via phone bridge have been conducted to maintain project management and to keep everyone updated on accomplishments/needs. Beyond entire group meetings, sub-group meetings take place on weekly or even daily time framesinorderto accomplish stated goals/deliverables. Changes/Problems: 1. Attemps to modify biochar for both phosphorus and nitrogen absorbance experienced difficulty in modifying for nitrogen as absorbance was very small, thus only P-modified char was produced for the greenhouse trials, but data/conclusions from the nitrogen as well as phosphours methods will be reported in upcoming thesis and published papers. 2. Difficulty is being encountered in regard to modeling pyrolysis with condenser/oil as opposed to pyrolysis for char/heat and as such the latter will make the focus of modeling and scenario development. 3. A second year of field trials will be conducted.This was not the original plan, this is an extension. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 1. A stakeholder, advisory panel one-day meeting, was extremely useful to researchers and students and informed them of real-life scenarios that are to be modeled. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Key objectives during the second year report are: 1. Completion of second year greenhouse and field trials, followed by publishing of papers on those results 2. Completion of technical and economic models and development of scenario outputs for analysis 3. Once these scenario outputs are started and nearing completion, publication and extension of results can start in earnest near the end of year 2 and continuing through year 3 of the project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Laboratory research has led to a simple method to dose calcium at altered temperatures during pyrolysis char production, thus producing an 'engineered' char that has greater absorbance capacity for phosphorus. Detailed capabilities and performance of this engineering work is due to be presented in journal articles and a thesis in year 2. Method has been applied at scale to produce required 'engineered' char for greenhouse trials to take place in Year 2. 2. Agronomic evaluations of bio-fertilizers has taken place in year 1 both in greenhouse and field scale (except for biochar which is year 2 as noted above, but only in greenhouse scale due to quantity limitations). Additional funding has allowed for a second year of field trials alongside greenhouse trials to expand upon work and make it more reliable. This is an expansion of the original plan. Year 1 greenhouse and field trial reports are to be given this winter during the start of year 2. 3/4. Models allowing for scenario analysis of AD systems in regard to GHG, nutrient, economic, etc. outputs are in the process of being developed with plans for actual scenario simulations and outputs being accomplished during mid/late year 2. 5. Stakeholders and advisory members were consulted during a one day conference during the first year and on-going consultation has taken place throughout the year by researchers.

Publications