Source: UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING submitted to
INTEGRATED DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ANIMAL DISEASE
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
ANIMAL HEALTH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1007854
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
WYO-564-16
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2015
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2020
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Laegreid, WI.
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING
1000 E UNIVERSITY AVE DEPARTMENT 3434
LARAMIE,WY 82071-2000
Performing Department
Veterinary Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Hatch and Animal Health projects in the Department of Veterinary Sciences (DVS) and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL) are interwoven. In the past, the projects have been combined. Currently, separating the two projects is justified but there will remain overlap in the scope of work. The WSVL, operated and staffed by personnel of DVS, is an AAVLD accredited full-service laboratory involved in the timely and accurate diagnosis of animal disease and is the only diagnostic laboratory of its kind in Wyoming. Strengths of the WSVL have traditionally involved diseases of livestock and wildlife and at the interface of these animal populations. With the acceptance that the health of animals, humans, and the environment are interrelated, this focus will expand to include diseases that occur at the wildlife/livestock/companion animal/human interface. Large land holdings are being subdivided throughout Wyoming and the populace, often individuals from larger urban centers, is expanding into rural and semi-rural areas. The expansion will lead to greater exposure of the populace to zoonotic diseases and possible environmental toxins. The missions of the WSVL and DVS are 1) timely and accurate diagnosis and reporting of disease in all animal species and 2) surveillance for high-impact animal diseases including those that can adversely affect the economies of animal production and wildlife management/tourism, agents of bioterrorism, animal diseases that reflect poor environmental health, or zoonotic diseases. The benefits are obvious, improvement of animal, human, and environmental health and prevention or mitigation of the effects of animal disease. To accomplish these missions, the WSVL must have the varied accessions from diverse animal species that represent a cross-section of the diseases that occur in Wyoming. The economic realities of animal production, companion animal ownership, and wildlife management are that the fees assessed to WSVL clientele sometimes prevent submission of samples or animals for diagnostic testing or for more costly and comprehensive workups. The potential result is that accessions to the WSVL may not accurately reflect the incidence of animal disease across Wyoming. The WSVL must also maintain the staffing, facilities, equipment, and other infrastructure to support the diverse tests applied to the diagnosis of animal diseases. To this end, the WSVL maintains laboratories of toxicology and electron microscopy (in addition to the other diagnostic disciplines) unlike other laboratories of similar or even larger size that have eliminated these capabilities. We propose to use Animal Health funds to 1) offset some of the costs for animal disease diagnostic testing to ensure an accurate representation of animal species statewide and 2) to provide infrastructure support for the WSVL. Use of Animal Health funds in this way will ensure that we accomplish the missions of the WSVL. This use of Animal Health funds is also the initial step to identify new, emerging, or re-emerging animal diseases for applied research which is more the focus of the Hatch proposal.
Animal Health Component
100%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
0%
Applied
100%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3113999116020%
3113999110020%
3113999110120%
3113999115010%
3113999117010%
3113999111010%
3113999109010%
Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases;

Subject Of Investigation
3999 - Animal research, general;

Field Of Science
1090 - Immunology; 1101 - Virology; 1160 - Pathology; 1100 - Bacteriology; 1110 - Parasitology; 1150 - Toxicology; 1170 - Epidemiology;
Goals / Objectives
1. Insure that submissions to the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory represent an accurate reflection of the incidence of disease in domesticated and wild animal species throughout Wyoming and the region2. Determine the cause and pathogenesis of naturally occurring diseases in wildlife and domestic animals, identify those potentially impacting human health, and identify those that may be due to environmental causes3. Document and track the incidence, prevalence and trends of spontaneous diseases as they occur state-wide4. Sustain the infrastructure to assure timely and up-to-date animal disease diagnostic testing and methodology across species5. Leverage preliminary data from spontaneous disease in animals and wildlife or studies of environmental toxins to generate extramural grants to support applied and basic research
Project Methods
The economics of animal production, companion animal ownership, and wildlife management often prevent comprehensive examination and diagnosis of disease in domestic animals and wildlife. To the extent that this occurs, it can seriously compromise the Laboratory's abilities to monitor and track the incidence of animal disease across species in Wyoming and the intermountain region.We propose to use Animal Health funding to lessen the cost of diagnostic testing related to animal disease investigations and to maintain the infrastructure needed for comprehensive evaluation. Case submissions to the WSVL are varied but could involve efforts in the various disciplines of pathology, toxicology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, and epidemiology/public health as well as the support laboratories of clinical pathology, molecular diagnostics, and electron microscopy. The funds allow the WSVL: 1) the latitude to pursue additional avenues of diagnostic testing that would otherwise be prohibited by the financial resources of our clients and the WSVL and 2) maintain the infrastructure of the WSVL to offer comprehensive testing at a reasonable cost across the major animal species. The funds will help insure the health of animals, humans, and the environment and mitigate the effects of animal disease across species.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Efforts supported by this project affected livestock producers, veterinarians, regulatory agencies, public health officials and animal owners throughout the state of Wyoming and the region. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In each of the accomplishments above, numerous graduate and undergraduate students participated in the studies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The accomplishments listed above are published in high quality peer-reviewed journals. In addition, all have been presented at scientific and professional meetings, as well as continuing education presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Diagnostic testing remained relatively constantin the Wyoming State Vet Lab (WSVL) in 2020, despite COVID-related issues. 2. Brucellosis diagnostic challenges remain an issue but progress on novel diagnostics research was made under this project. Multipleoutbreaks of Mycoplasma bovis in prognhorns were diagnosed and both bacterial genetics and pathology described. Mortality was quite high in these outbreaks and it appears the Mycoplasma bovis represents a new threat to pronghorn populations. 3. As in #2 above, extensive testing was performed to track and establish patterns of seropositivity for brucellosis in cattle. 4. Staff were hired and are in training to develop next generation sequencing as a routine diagnostic tool in the WSVL. 5. Three publications related to this project were published in 2020.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Marin RE, Micheloud JF, Vignale ND, Gimeno EJ, O'Toole D, Gardner DR, Woods L, Uzal FA. Intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2020 May;32(3):467-470. doi: 10.1177/1040638720914338. Epub 2020 Apr 1. PMID: 32233843; PMCID: PMC7377608.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Elderbrook MJ, Schumaker BA, Ueti MW, Bastos de Almeida M, Vieira TSWJ, Vieira RFC, Sondgeroth KS. Comparison of 2 ELISAs for detecting exposure to Brucella ovis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2020 Aug 4:1040638720943880. doi: 10.1177/1040638720943880. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32748706.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Bangoura B, Bardsley KD. Ruminant Coccidiosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2020 Mar;36(1):187-203. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.12.006. PMID: 32029184.


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Efforts supported by this project affected livestock producers, veterinarians, regulatory agencies, public health officials and animal owners throughout the state of Wyoming and the region. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In each of the accomplishments above, numerous graduate and undergraduate students participated in the studies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The accomplishments listed above are published in high quality peer-reviewed journals. In addition, all have been presented at scientific and professional meetings, as well as continuing education presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL will continue to provide diagnostic and surveillance support to the state of Wyoming and the region. Case and other material resulting from this work will be analyzed and characterized to provide new knowledge and insights into the pathogenesis, immunity and behavior of pathogens in animal populations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Diagnostic testing was at an all time high in the Wyoming State Vet Lab (WSVL) in 2019. 2. Due to changes in testing protocols, brucellosis seropositivity was relatively quite high in cattle in 2019. Extensive efforts to establish the true infection status of individuals and herds were made including necropsy and culture of significant numbers of cattle. More work will be required to rule out false postivies as a source of seropositivity using approved testing protocols. 3. As in #2 above, extensive testing was performed to track and establish patterns of seropositivity for brucellosis in cattle. 4. Nothing to report for this objective this reporting period. 5. Ten publications related to this project were published in 2019.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Geuthner AC, Koethe M, Ludewig M, Pott S, Schares G, Maksimov P, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Development of an in vivo model for Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens and turkeys simulating natural routes of infection. Vet Parasitol. 2019 Dec;276:108956.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Benson JF, Mahoney PJ, Vickers TW, Sikich JA, Beier P, Riley SPD, Ernest HB, Boyce WM. Conserving ecological roles of top predators in isolated mountains. Ecol Appl. 2020 Jan;30(1):e02029.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Delling C, Daugschies A, Bangoura B, Dengler F. Cryptosporidium parvum alters glucose transport mechanisms in infected enterocytes. Parasitol Res. 2019 Dec;118(12):3429-3441. doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06471-y. Epub 2019 Oct 31.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: LaCava MEF, Aikens EO, Megna LC, Randolph G, Hubbard C, Buerkle CA. Accuracy of de novo assembly of DNA sequences from double-digest libraries varies substantially among software. Mol Ecol Resour. 2019 Oct 30.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Trumbo DR, Salerno PE, Logan KA, Alldredge MW, Gagne RB, Kozakiewicz CP, Kraberger S, Fountain-Jones NM, Craft ME, Carver S, Ernest HB, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S, Funk WC. Urbanization impacts apex predator gene flow but not genetic diversity across an urban-rural divide. Mol Ecol. 2019 Nov;28(22):4926-4940. doi: 10.1111/mec.15261. Epub 2019 Nov 1.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Baskaran P, Markert L, Bennis J, Zimmerman L, Fox J, Thyagarajan B. Assessment of Pharmacology, Safety, and Metabolic activity of Capsaicin Feeding in Mice. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 13;9(1):8588.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Graves EE, Jelks KA, Foley JE, Filigenzi MS, Poppenga RH, Ernest HB, Melnicoe R, Tell LA. Analysis of insecticide exposure in California hummingbirds using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 May;26(15):15458-15466. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04903-x. Epub 2019 Apr 2.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Agrawal S, Fox JH. Novel proteomic changes in brain mitochondria provide insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse models of Huntington's disease. Mitochondrion. 2019 Jul;47:318-329.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Benson JF, Mahoney PJ, Vickers TW, Sikich JA, Beier P, Riley SPD, Ernest HB, Boyce WM. Extinction vortex dynamics of top predators isolated by urbanization. Ecol Appl. 2019 Apr;29(3):e01868.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Vazquez A, Gustafson KD, Harmeling B, Ernest HB. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIES ( PICA NUTALLI) BEFORE AND AFTER A WEST NILE VIRUS EPIDEMIC. J Wildl Dis. 2019 Apr;55(2):316-324.


Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Efforts supported by this project affected livestock producers, veterinarians, regulatory agencies, public health officials and animal owners throughout the state of Wyoming and the region. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In each of the accomplishments above, numerous graduate and undergraduate students participated in the studies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The accomplishments listed above are published in high quality peer-reviewed journals. In addition, all have been presented at scientific and professional meetings, as well as continuing education presentations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL will continue to provide diagnostic and surveillance support to the state of Wyoming and the region. Case and other material resulting from this work will be analyzed and characterized to provide new knowledge and insights into the pathogenesis, immunity and behavior of pathogens in animal populations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1) Accessions to the WSVL at all time record levels in 2018. 2) Several field investigations of Brucella abortus cases were performed n 2018. These resulted in multiple isolates of Brucella abortus from cattle which were subsequently sequenced at NVSL to assist in determining source of infection. Studies on the impact of deer adenovirus A continue with genotyping of subtypes 3) The seroprevalence of pestiviruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2,Border disease virus (BDV) and HoBi-like pestivirus) in Wyoming sheep was determined. Seroprevalence to BVDV-1 was most common, with overall seroprevalence varying by region of the state. 4) Nothing to report this year. 5)Several extramural funding proposals based on the above results were submitted.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Thabet A, Schm�schke R, Fertey J, Bangoura B, Sch�nfelder J, Lendner M, Ulbert S, Daugschies A. Eimeria tenella oocysts attenuated by low energy electron irradiation (LEEI) induce protection against challenge infection in chickens. Vet Parasitol. 2019 Feb;266:18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.001. Epub 2019 Jan 6. PubMed PMID: 30736944.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hund AK, Churchill AC, Faist AM, Havrilla CA, Love Stowell SM, McCreery HF, Ng J, Pinzone CA, Scordato ESC. Transforming mentorship in STEM by training scientists to be better leaders. Ecol Evol. 2018 Oct 2;8(20):9962-9974. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4527. eCollection 2018 Oct. PubMed PMID: 30397439; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6206201.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Silveira S, Falkenberg SM, Elderbrook MJ, Sondgeroth KS, Dassanayake RP, Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Canal CW. Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in Wyoming domestic sheep. Vet Microbiol. 2018 Jun;219:96-99. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.019. Epub 2018 Apr 13. PubMed PMID: 29778211.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Agrawal S, Fox J, Thyagarajan B, Fox JH. Brain mitochondrial iron accumulates in Huntington's disease, mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, and can be removed pharmacologically. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 May 20;120:317-329. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 29625173; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5940499.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Joachim A, Altreuther G, Bangoura B, Charles S, Daugschies A, Hinney B, Lindsay DS, Mundt HC, Ocak M, Sotiraki S. W A A V P guideline for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidials in mammals (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep). Vet Parasitol. 2018 Apr 15;253:102-119. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.029. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 29604993.


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Efforts supported by this project affected livestock producers, veterinarians, regulatory agencies, public health officials and animal owners throughout the state of Wyoming and the region. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Numerous graduate and undergraduate students were involved in these projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of work under this project have been presented to state and regional stakeholders at Wyoming Veterinary Medical Association meetings, the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association meeting, working group meetings including those with state and regional APHIS staff, the Wyoming Livestock Board and others. Direct contact with veterinarians and producers on specific problems occurs daily. In addition, this and related work is presented at national and international scientific meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL will continue to provide diagnostic and surveillance support to the state of Wyoming and the region. Case and other material resulting from this work will be analyzed and characterized to provide new knowledge and insights into the pathogenesis, immunity and behavior of pathogens in animal populations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Animal Health and Hatch-related projects at the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL) have traditionally been interrelated. The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL are actively involved in diagnosis and reporting of disease in all animal species within the state. For high impact or unusual occurrences of disease, we combine our diagnostic and scientific expertise to identify the source of the problem, recognize possible etiologies and enable the development of disease control strategies. In addition to direct and laboratory investigation of animal health problems in Wyoming, faculty and staff of the VeterinaryScience Department and WSVL invested significant time on development of standard procedures and operational standards for the recently completed BSL-3 diagnostic and laboratory facility at the University of Wyoming. Notable accomplishments this year include description of aspects of pathogenesis of cardiac lesions associated with Histophilus somni infection in cattle, econominc benefits of various types of bluetongue vaccination and analysis of the risks and benefits of BHV-1 vaccination in cattle.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hiob L, Koethe M, Schares G, Goroll T, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Experimental Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella co-infection in chickens. Parasitol Res. 2017 Nov;116(11):3189-3203.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Taha S, Elmalik K, Bangoura B, Lendner M, Mossaad E, Daugschies A. Molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium isolated from diarrheic calves in the Sudan. Parasitol Res. 2017 Nov;116(11):2971-2979.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: 4: Munsick TR, Peck DE, Ritten JP, Jones R, Jones M, Miller MM. Expected Net Benefit of Vaccinating Rangeland Sheep against Bluetongue Virus Using a Modified-Live versus Killed Virus Vaccine. Front Vet Sci. 2017 Oct 11;4:166.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dinkel KD, Schneider DA, Mu�oz-Guti�rrez JF, McElliott VR, Stanton JB. Correlation of cellular factors and differential scrapie prion permissiveness in ovine microglia. Virus Res. 2017 Aug 15;240:69-80.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mauri N, Kleiter M, Dietschi E, Leschnik M, H�gler S, Wiedmer M, Dietrich J, Henke D, Steffen F, Schuller S, Gurtner C, Stokar-Regenscheit N, O'Toole D, Bilzer T, Herden C, Oevermann A, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. A SINE Insertion in ATP1B2 in Belgian Shepherd Dogs Affected by Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia (SDCA2). G3 (Bethesda). 2017 Aug 7;7(8):2729-2737.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chase CCL, Fulton RW, O'Toole D, Gillette B, Daly RF, Perry G, Clement T. Bovine herpesvirus 1 modified live virus vaccines for cattle reproduction: Balancing protection with undesired effects. Vet Microbiol. 2017 Jul;206:69-77.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Agrawal S, Berggren KL, Marks E, Fox JH. Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2017 Jun 1;75(6):456-470.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience supported by the efforts of this project include affected livestock producers, veterinarians, regulatory agencies, public health officials and animal owners throughout the state of Wyoming and the region. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Numerous graduate and undergraduate students were involved in these projects. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of work under this project have been presented to state and regional stakeholders at Wyoming Veterinary Medical Association meetings, the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association meeting, working group meetings including those with state and regional APHIS staff, the Wyoming Livestock Board and others. Direct contact with veterinarians and producers on specific problems occurs daily. In addition, this and related work is presented at national and international scientific meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL will continue to provide diagnostic and surveillance support to the state of Wyoming and the region. Case and other material resulting from this work will be analyzed and characterized to provide new knowledge and insights into the pathogenesis, immunity and behavior of pathogens in animal populations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Animal Health and Hatch-related projects at the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL) have traditionally been interrelated. The Department of Veterinary Sciences and the WSVL are actively involved in diagnosis and reporting of disease in all animal species within the state. For high impact or unusual occurrences of disease, we combine our diagnostic and scientific expertise to identify the source of the problem, recognize possible etiologies and enable the development of disease control strategies. In addition to direct and laboratory investigation of animal health problems in Wyoming, faculty and staff of the Veterinary Science Department and WSVL invested significant time on development of standard procedures and operational standards for the recently completed BSL-3 diagnostic and laboratory facility at the University of Wyoming. Specifically, validation of an assay for Sand Fly Fever Virus antigen, a potential cross-reactor with Rift Valley Fever Virus, characterization of cross-reactivity between Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus antibodies and characterization of Chlamydia pecorum and bovine histophilosis disease and lesions.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Giannitti F, Anderson M, Miller M, Rowe J, Sverlow K, Vasquez M, Cant�n G. Chlamydia pecorum: fetal and placental lesions in sporadic caprine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016 Mar;28(2):184-9.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Reeves WK, Szymczak MS, Burkhalter KL, Miller MM. Laboratory Validation of the Sand Fly Fever Virus Antigen Assay. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2015 Dec;31(4):380-3.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: O'Toole D, Sondgeroth KS. Histophilosis as a Natural Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2016;396:15-48.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: : Taus NS, Cunha CW, Marquard J, O'Toole D, Li H. Cross-Reactivity of Neutralizing Antibodies among Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 14;10(12):e0145073.