Progress 12/01/15 to 11/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The following audiences were reached: Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at: NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health PI Meeting (April 2016) National Shellfisheries Association meetings - March 2017 - March 2018 - March 2020 USDA-NIFA PI meetings - July 2016 - July 2017 - July 2018 International Conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials meetings (ICEEN) - August 2016 - September 2018 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry meetings (SETAC) - November 2018 - November 2016 Aquatic Sciences Meeting (February 2019) Aquaculture meeting (March 2019) Science of Microplastics in the World Ocean workshop (October 2019) General public audience at: Global Café event (UConn) focusing on the impact of Rachel Carson's life and work (Oct. 2016) UConn-Avery Point 50th Festival (October 2017) Metanoia on the Environment titled "Unfiltered: An Exhibition About Water" (University of Connecticut; April 2018) Groton Conservation Commission, Town of Groton (September 2019) Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at: Mystic Aquarium, CT (May 2017; Ridgway Research Seminar) Gathering of the CT Shellfish Commissions (January 2020) Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate, graduate students and a postdoctoral researcher were trained as part of initiatives 1-3. A research assistant also gained new analytical skills, thus contributing to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date, results have been disseminated through conference presentations (see Products/Outputs above), both oral and poster formats. We published 5 peer-reviewed papers and will be submitting two manuscripts that describes the uptake and depuration of nanoplastics and Titan nanoparticles by bivalves in the next few months (initiatives 2 and 3). We will also be submitting a manuscript that describes the uptake of nanomaterials by bivalves based on delivery form (initiative 1), and a manuscript that describes the phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on Crepidula larvae. Additionally, through education and outreach activities, we have disseminated our work to grade school students, the general public, and interested parties within the shellfish industry. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
To accomplish these goals, we conducted several lines of research to investigate nanoparticles as an emerging food safety issue: • Initiative 1: Determine bioavailability by quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles, and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested; We found there was no difference in the uptake of titanium dioxide nanoparticles between two delivery forms (flocs or freely suspended) by mussels and oysters (see Doyle et al. 2015, Mar. Environ. Res. 110: 45-52.). The incorporation of polystyrene nanoparticles into flocs was low in general, but we found no difference in the uptake between two delivery forms (flocs or freely suspended) for mussels and oysters. • Initiative 2: Quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure of several weeks; Overall, we found very little evidence of bioaccumulation of titanium dioxide and polystyrene nanoparticles in mussels and oysters during a chronic exposure. Our preliminary experiments on clams suggested that these animals would not perform well in the laboratory for several weeks, so we did not proceed with those chronic exposure experiments. • Initiative 3: Define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period, and estimate the overall bioaccumulation factors. We found that both mussels and oysters depurate nanoparticles very quickly, and the majority of the titanium dioxide and polystyrene was found in the feces post-exposure. Although they do eliminate micro-sized particles faster than the nano-sized particles, there was no evidence of bioaccumulation. We did find interesting results with the micro-polystyrene beads, and chose to pivot to further studies on the uptake, ingestion and egestion of microplastics by bivalves. Additionally, we found early life stages are particularly vulnerable to the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and did further studies on the effects on the Atlantic slipper snail, Crepidula fornicata.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Haynes, V.N., J.E. Ward, B.J. Russell & A.G. Agrios, 2017. Review: Photocatalytic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms current knowledge and suggestions for future research. Aquatic Toxicology, 185: 138148
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Zhao, S.Y., M. Danley, J.E. Ward, D. Li & T.J. Mincer, 2017. An approach for extraction, characterization and quantitation of microplastic in natural marine snow using Raman microscopy. Analytical Methods, 9: 1470-1478
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Zhao, S.Y, J.E. Ward, M. Danley & T.J. Mincer, 2018. Field-based evidence for microplastic in marine aggregates and mussels: Implications for trophic transfer. Env. Sci. & Tech. 52: 1103811048
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ward, J.E., S. Zhao, B.A. Holohan, K.M. Mladinich, T.W. Griffin, J. Wozniak & S.E. Shumway, 2019. Selective ingestion and egestion of plastic particles by the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Implications for using bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution. Env. Sci. & Tech. 53: 8776-8784.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ward, J.E., M. Rosa & S.E. Shumway, 2019. Capture, ingestion and egestion of microplastics by suspension-feeding bivalves: a 40-year history. Anthropocene Coasts 2: 39-49.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward. J.E., Holohan, B., Haynes, V., Mladinich, K., and Griffin, T., (in prep). Ingestion and egestion of micro- and nano-plastic by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica: no evidence for bioaccumulation of plastic.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward, J.E., Holohan, B., Haynes, V., and Mladinich, K., (in prep). Examining ingestion and egestion of micro- and nano-titania by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward, J.E., et al. (in prep). Ingestion of polystyrene nanoparticles by three species of bivalve molluscs: no effects of form of delivery.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Haynes, V., Tallec, K., and Ward, J.E., (in prep). TiO2 nanoparticles are phototoxic to Atlantic slipper snail larvae (Crepidula fornicata).
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Progress 12/01/18 to 11/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The following audiences were reached: 1. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the Aquatic Sciences Meeting (February 2019). 2. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at the Aquaculture meeting (March 2019). 3. General public audience at Groton Conservation Commission, Town of Groton (September 2019). 4. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the Science of Microplastics in the World Ocean workshop (October 2019). 5. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at the CT Shellfish Commissions meeting (January 2020). 6. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at the National Shellfisheries Association meeting (March 2020). Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate students and postdoctoral researcher were trained as part of initiatives 2 and 3. A research assistant also gained new analytical skills, thus contributing to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date, results have been disseminated through conference presentations (see Products/Outputs above), both oral and poster formats. We published 2 peer-reviewed papers and will be submitting two manuscripts that describes uptake and depuration of nanoplastics and Titan nanoparticles by bivalves in the next few months (initiatives 2 and 3). We will also be submitting a manuscript that describes the uptake of nanomaterials by bivalves based on form of delivery (initiative 1). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
To accomplish these goals, we conducted several lines of research to investigate nanoparticles as an emerging food safety issue: • Initiative 1: Determine bioavailability by quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles, and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested; This initiative was completed in previous years. • Initiative 2: Quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure of several weeks; Completed the final two week exposure experiments quantifying the uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles by oysters. Began analyzing frozen tissue samples from previous experiments to determine the uptake of plastic and UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles by mussels and oysters. • Initiative 3: Define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period, and estimate the overall bioaccumulation factors. Following the two week exposure experiments described above, a one week depuration period was carried out for mussels and oysters. Again, all materials were frozen for analyses. Samples for mussels and oysters exposed to Titan nanoparticles are being analyzed. Experiments on exposure of oysters to polystyrene nanoparticles were conducted, and samples from depuration period are being analyzed.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ward, J.E., S. Zhao, B.A. Holohan, K.M. Mladinich, T.W. Griffin, J. Wozniak & S.E. Shumway, 2019. Selective ingestion and egestion of plastic particles by the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Implications for using bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution. Env. Sci. & Tech. 53: 8776-8784.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ward, J.E., M. Rosa & S.E. Shumway, 2019. Capture, ingestion and egestion of microplastics by suspension-feeding bivalves: a 40-year history. Anthropocene Coasts 2: 39-49
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward. J.E., Holohan, B., Haynes, V., Mladinich, K. and Griffin, T., (in prep). Ingestion and egestion of micro- and nano-plastic by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica: no evidence for bioaccumulation of plastic.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward, J.E., Holohan, B., Haynes, V., and Mladinich, K., (in prep). Examining ingestion and egestion of micro- and nano-titania by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Ward, J.E., et al. (in prep). Ingestion of polystyrene nanoparticles by three species of bivalve molluscs: no effects of form of delivery.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Haynes, V., Tallec, K., and Ward, J.E., (in prep). TiO2 nanoparticles are phototoxic to Atlantic slipper snail larvae (Crepidula fornicata).
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Progress 12/01/17 to 11/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The following audiences were reached: 1. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at the National Shellfisheries Association meeting (March 2018). 2. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the USDA-NIFA PI meeting (July 2018) 3. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the 13th international conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials (September 2018) 4. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC; November 2018). 5. Interdisciplinary Audience of University students, professors, staff and general public at an event for the Metanoia on the Environment titled "Unfiltered: An Exhibition About Water" (University of Connecticut; April 2018). Changes/Problems:A one-year, no-cost extension for the grant has been approved. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate and graduate student were trained as part of the second year initiatives. A research assistant also gained new skills, thus contributing to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date, results have been disseminated through conference presentations (see Products/Outputs above), both oral and poster formats. We have also published 3 peer-reviewed papers and will be submitting a manuscript that describes uptake and depuration of nanoplastics by bivalves in the next few months. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the no-cost extension year, we will complete the analyses of frozen materials and develop a biokinetic model of NP uptake and depuration. Manuscripts describing our work will be prepared and submitted.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
• Initiative 1: Determine bioavailability by quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested; 1) Previously (year 1), we characterized the physical properties of polystyrene and UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles, and determined the percent incorporation of polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) in marine snow. We then determined the uptake of NP by oysters when delivered particles that were freely suspended (aged for 3 days) or that were incorporated into marine snow. In year 2, we ran identical experiments with mussels and clams to determine the uptake of both NP delivered in both forms (freely suspended, in marine snow). Data from these experiments are currently being analyzed. • Initiative 2: Quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure of several weeks; 1) Two week exposure experiments quantifying the uptake of UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles by mussels and oysters have been completed and all material is frozen for analyses. Two week exposure experiments quantifying the uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles by mussels and oysters have also been completed. The samples for mussels have been analyzed, and those for oysters will be analyzed in the spring of 2019. In all experiments, bivalves were exposed to a 0.1 mg/L/hr concentration of nanoparticles for two weeks, and were fed a standard microalgal diet throughout the exposure period. • Initiative 3: Define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period, and estimate the overall bioaccumulation factors. 1) Following the two week exposure experiments described above, a one week depuration period was carried out for mussels and oysters. Again, all materials were frozen for analyses. Samples for mussels have been analyzed, and those for oysters will be analyzed in the spring of 2019. Results from initiatives 2 and 3 above were presented by Ward at the 2018 USDA-NIFA PI meeting.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Zhao, S.Y, J.E. Ward, M. Danley & T.J. Mincer, 2018. Field-based evidence for microplastic in marine aggregates and mussels: Implications for trophic transfer. Env. Sci. & Tech. 52: 11038⿿11048
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Progress 12/01/16 to 11/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The following audiences were reached: 1. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (November 2016) 2. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists and industry members at the National Shellfisheries Association meeting (March 2017). 3. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the USDA-NIFA PI meeting (July 2017) 4. Interdisciplinary audience of aquarium staff and scientists at the Mystic Aquarium, CT (May 2017; Ridgway Research Seminar) 5. General public at the UConn-Avery Point 50th Festival (October 2017) Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate and graduate student were trained as part of the second year initiatives. A research assistant also gained new skills, thus contributing to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date, results have been disseminated through conference presentations (see Products/Outputs above), both oral and poster formats. We have also published 2 peer-reviewed papers and submitted a manuscript which is now being revised for final consideration. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the third year, we will complete the two week exposure experiments for clams and quantify their uptake of UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles. We will also complete a one-week depuration period for clams. Finally, we will analyze frozen materials and develop a biokinetic model of NP uptake and depuration. Manuscripts describing our work will be developed.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
To accomplish these goals, we conducted several lines of research to investigate nanoparticles as an emerging food safety issue: • Initiative 1: Determine bioavailability by quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested; Previously (year 1), we characterized the physical properties of polystyrene and UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles, and determined the percent incorporation of polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) in marine snow. We then determined the uptake of NP by oysters when delivered particles that were freely suspended (aged for 3 days) or that were incorporated into marine snow. In year 2, we ran identical experiments with mussels and clams to determine the uptake of both NP delivered in both forms (freely suspended, in marine snow). Data from these experiments are currently being analyzed. • Initiative 2: Quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure of several weeks; Two week exposure experiments quantifying the uptake of UV-Titan M212 nanoparticles by mussels and oysters have been completed and all material is frozen for analyses. A two week exposure experiment quantifying the uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles has also been completed. In all experiments, bivalves were exposed to a 0.1 mg/L/hr concentration of nanoparticles for two weeks, and were fed a standard microalgal diet throughout the exposure period. Finally, a preliminary experiment with clams has been conducted to identify the optimal procedures for the two week uptake experiment that will be conducted next summer. • Initiative 3: Define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period, and estimate the overall bioaccumulation factors. Following the two week exposure experiments described above, a one week depuration period was carried out for mussels and oysters. Again, all materials have been frozen for analyses.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Haynes, V.N., J.E. Ward, B.J. Russell & A.G. Agrios, 2017. Review: Photocatalytic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms current knowledge and suggestions for future research. Aquatic Toxicology, 185: 138148 (partial support)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Zhao, S.Y., M. Danley, J.E. Ward, D. Li & T.J. Mincer, 2017. An approach for extraction, characterization and quantitation of microplastic in natural marine snow using Raman microscopy. Analytical Methods, 9: 1470-1478 (partial support)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Doyle, J.J., J.E. Ward & G.H. Wikfors, in revision. Acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles produces minimal apparent effects on oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), hemocytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin (partial support)
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Progress 12/01/15 to 11/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The following audiences were reached: 1. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health PI Meeting (April 2016) 2. Interdisciplinary audience of scientists at the USDA-NIFA PI meeting (July 2016) 3. Scientist focused on environmental nanotechnology at the ICEENN meeting (Aug. 2016) 4. High school students from CT at the Global Café event (UConn) focusing on the impact of Rachel Carson's life and work (Oct. 2016) 5. Undergraduate students from UConn at the Global Café event (UConn) focusing on the impact of Rachel Carson's life and work (Oct. 2016) 6. Interdisciplinary audience of faculty at the Global Café event (UConn) focusing on the impact of Rachel Carson's life and work (Oct. 2016) Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Undergraduate and graduate student were trained as part of the first year intitiatives. A research assistant also gained new skills, thus contributing to their professional development. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date, results have been disseminated through conference presentations (see "other products"), both oral and poster formats. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the second year of the project, we will complete experiments to quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested with mussels and clams (Initiative 1). Informed by these results, we will then begin experiments to quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure (Initiative 2), and define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period (Initiative 3).
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
• Initiative 1: Determine bioavailability by quantifying the rates at which freely suspended nanoparticles and nanoparticles incorporated within marine aggregates are ingested; 1) We characterized the physical properties of the polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) using the same techniques that we employed to previously characterize UV-Titan M212 (a surface-coated TiO2 NP), the other nanoparticle that will be examined in the study. Specifically, Zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter of the NP were determined by means of a Zetasizer Nano 2ZS instrument (Malvern Instruments Inc.). Multipoint Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements of the NP were made by means of a Micromeritics TriStar 3000 static pressure surface area analyzer. Characterization was carried out immediately after suspending NP in seawater and 72 hours after being placed in seawater. 2) In laboratory experiments, we determined the percent incorporation of polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) in marine snow, an important hetero-aggregation in the ocean. Similar to the incorporation of UV-Titan into marine snow, polystyrene NP showed the greatest increase in incorporation over the first 72 hours, with diminishing increases to 168 hours. Unlike UV-Titan NP, however, polystyrene NP had a maximum incorporation of approximately 27% (cf. UV-Titan incorporation = 95%; Doyle et al. 2014). 3) We determined the uptake of NP by oysters when delivered particles that were freely suspended (aged for 3 days) or that were incorporated into marine snow. Data from these experiments are currently being analyzed. • Initiative 2: Quantify the bioaccumulation of nanoparticles during a chronic exposure of several weeks; Nothing to report • Initiative 3: Define the depuration rate and residual concentrations (if any) of nanoparticles over a post-exposure period, and estimate the overall bioaccumulation factors. Nothing to report
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Haynes, V.N., J.E. Ward, B.J. Russell & A.G. Agrios, 2017. Review: Photocatalytic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms current knowledge and suggestions for future research. Critical Reviews in Toxicology [in review]
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