MYCOTOXINS: BIOSECURITY, FOOD SAFETY AND BIOFUELS BYPRODUCTS (NC129, NC1025)

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1006955
• Project No.: IOW05441
• Multistate No.: NC-_old1183
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2015
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2020

Project Director
Munkvold, GA, P.

Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011

Performing Department
Plant Pathology and Microbiology

Non Technical Summary
Mycotoxins associated with crop contamination can adversely affect animal and human health and result in economic losses to multiple agricultural sectors including the producer, handler, processor and consumer. The most important issues facing grain and livestock producers are preventing mycotoxin contamination of food and feed, and reducing the deleterious effects of mycotoxins on livestock. Mycotoxins in grains processed for biofuels becomes concentrated in the solid byproduct known as distillers grain (DG), thus mycotoxin contamination is also a major concern for producers of DG. For grain buyers and food processors, the primary need is a reliable method for rapid assessment of grain quality pertaining to mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi. These stakeholders need cost-effective methods to predict, monitor, and minimize mycotoxin production in the field, and to detoxify mycotoxins. Our research focuses on several of the most important mycotoxins and the fungi that produce them. Fusarium graminearum causes a devastating disease in wheat, barley and corn (Fusarium Head Blight-FHB). The impact of this disease on human and animal health is primarily due to production of mycotoxins by the fungus, which then contaminate grain. Our work focuses on understanding how and why the fungus infects these grains, how it survives through the winter, and how it reinfects in the spring. Barley malt is crucial for the beer industry, so we are studying FHB toxin development especially in barley. We use studies of gene expression and genetic manipulation to determine what factors are important to the fungal life cycle. An assay system using a model plant species has helped define genes that enhance resistance to FHB, which have been selected for introduction into wheat and barley and which will then be tested for improved FHB resistance in the field. In genetically modifiable animal model systems, we are working to define which processes mycotoxins interfere with; this approach can be used to screen for compounds that protect against FHB-related mycotoxins. In the southeastern region of the United States, the infection of maize by A. flavus, producing aflatoxin (AF) is a chronic problem because commercial maize hybrids are generally susceptible. Significant levels of resistance to the fungus have been bred into some inbred maize lines such as Mp313E and Mp715. However, the resistance, controlled by many genes, must be integrated into commercial maize lines to improve corn production. Our research will speed up molecular-marker aided resistance breeding. We are also involved in the identification of corn metabolites inhibiting A. flavus propagation in the rachis (corn cob). We study fungal dispersal and AF production, with a focus on a fungus-specific regulator VelB. This project will test its central role by identifying genes that it controls and defining associated gene networks related to fungal growth and AF production. VelB may be an excellent broad-spectrum anti-fungal target. Another fungal virulence factor we study is LaeA; its signaling pathways are important in fungal pathogenicity and A. flavus receptor targets that impede aflatoxin synthesis are being investigated. Our project's cooperative efforts are intended to accelerate progress in understanding mycotoxigenic fungal biology to facilitate diminishing fungal hazards to our food supply.

Animal Health Component

25%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

40%

Applied

50%

Developmental

10%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
201	1510	1020	25%
314	3999	1150	30%
712	1599	1160	45%

Knowledge Area
314 - Toxic Chemicals, Poisonous Plants, Naturally Occurring Toxins, and Other Hazards Affecting Animals; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1510 - Corn; 3999 - Animal research, general; 1599 - Grain crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1160 - Pathology; 1020 - Physiology; 1150 - Toxicology;

Keywords

mycotoxin

fumonisin

deoxynivalenol

aflatoxin

maize

fusarium headblight

aspergillus species

fusarium graminearum

genetically modified maize

fusarium species

Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Objective 2: Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. Objective 3. Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi.

Project Methods
IA will use the K562 human erythroleukemia cell line as a model to evaluate Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) of deoxynivalenol (DON), its major metabolites and other trichothecenes. Growth of this cell line is inhibited by DON, in a manner similar to inhibition of mouse splenocyte proliferation in vivo, according to preliminary data from Iowa. This model may be used as a biologically relevant screening assay for DON-contaminated grain and food samples; 24 h incubation of K562 cells with grain extracts containing known amounts of DON cause cell proliferation inhibition identical to the same amount of pure DON. This cell system will also be used to model human tissue contents of trichothecenes, by comparing individual mycotoxin dose/responses with various combinations of trichothecenes and their key metabolites.Rodents will be used as a model for carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and immunotoxicity for the fumonisins and DON. Since several trichothecenes have been identified by Centers for Disease Control as biosecurity risks, it is critical to be able to use animal assays in conjunction with cell systems to evaluate potential natural or intentional contamination of feeds and foods by these agents. Animal assays will be critical to Iowa in assessing if the decontamination and detoxification strategies designed in objective 2 are successful. We will continue to assess acute toxicity of fumonisins and DON in mouse and other animal models in oral feeding studies with naturally contaminated foods or purified toxin. Adaptation to subchronic exposures to DON is a key observation in previous studies (IA) that we will assess further by studying DON metabolites and DON-metabolizing gut microbial changes over time and dose of DON.IA will assess distillers grains for mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and evaluate effects of genetically engineered maize varieties on mycotoxin formation, using a combination of natural observation and mycotoxin spiking during ethanol production.IA will evaluate fungal population diversity, especially for fumonisin producing species, and assess in the field and in laboratory conditions, how co-contamination by diverse fungal species affects fumonisin (FB) production, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other genetic methods to identify fungal species and HPLC to assess mycotoxin loads in maize.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:Agricultural professionals, mycotoxin researchers, general public Changes/Problems:Drs. Wilson Rumbeiha and Steve Ensley, Co-PIS on this project, left ISU during the project period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During this project, four graduate students, Kayla Cappelle, Laura Weieneth, Derrick Mayfield, and J. Aiza Mandap, were trained and conducted thesis/dissertation research related to the project objectives. Ms. Cappelle graduated with a MS in 2018 and results were published in 2019; Ms. Weieneth's graduated with a MS and results were published in 2018; Mr. Mayfield is continuing his PhD studies, and Ms. Mandap graduated with a MS in 2019. Additionally, three visiting scholars, Fabricio Lanza from Brazil, Yan Meng from China and Agustina del Palacio from Uruguay, were trained in the lab and conducted related research. Dr. Meng's and Lanza's results have been published, and Ms. Del Palacio is continuing her PhD studies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been reported by presenting posters at professional meetings, and publishing in peer-reviewed journals and books. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall impact statement: One of the most important issues facing grain and livestock producers is the prevention of mycotoxin contamination of food and feed, and reducing the deleterious effects of mycotoxins on livestock. Mitigation and mechanisms of action for aflatoxins and Fusarium toxins are the highest priorities. Fungal biology for mycotoxigenic fungi was a major research target. This project has contributed to development of aflatoxin assays in animal tissues; our studies have increased understanding of Mycotoxigenic fungal biology, which can facilitate diminishing fungal hazards to our food supply. Research done under this project demonstrated the potential to reduce mycotoxin risk in stored maize by using hybrids with existing biotechnology traits. Stored grain insects were unable to feed on transgenic insect-resistant hybrids, therefore avoiding the elevated aflatoxin levels that often occur following insect damage. Book chapters served to educate stakeholders about mycotoxin risks and best management practices. Objective 1...Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Development and validation of an HPLC-fluorescence assay for aflatoxins in urine was accomplished in 2018. Objective 2...Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. We developed data on the effects of insect management in reducing fumonisin contamination in the field and also reducing aflatoxin contamination in stored grain. Research described under Obj. 3 has demonstrated the value of transgenic insect resistance for reducing aflatoxin risk in stored maize grain. Mycotoxin reduction in Bt maize has been well-studied in the field but not in storage. This study demonstrated that Bt protection was effective against stored-grain insects Indianmeal moth and maize weevil and that the use of Bt hybrids can mitigate the risk of A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination related to stored-grain insects. In 2020, we also investigated the impact of applying aflatoxin-nonproducing strains of A. flavus in stored grain to suppress aflatoxin contamination by endemic, aflatoxin-producing strains. Results are still pending from these experiments. Objective 3...Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Studies on interactions between insects and mycotoxigenic fungi further illustrated the important role that insects play in enhancing mycotoxin contamination both in the field and in storage. We reported on occurrence of emerging mycotoxins such as beauvericin, fusaproliferin, moniliformin, and fusaric acid as a result of infection by Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum, as well as the interactions between these fungi and insect pests. In 2019, efforts focused on the interactions between Aspergillus flavus and stored grain insect pests. Fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination are chronic problems that can compromise grain quality and safety in stored maize. Aflatoxins, associated with Aspergillus flavus infection, are the most economically important mycotoxins. Insect damage is a major factor that predisposes grain to infection by mycotoxigenic fungi. Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) are lepidopteran and coleopteran stored-grain insects, respectively, that can cause considerable damage in stored maize. The effect of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil infestations on A. flavus colonization and vice versa in non-Bt and Bt maize hybrids with lepidopteran and coleopteran events were evaluated in this study. After 28 days of storage at 32°C and 80-85% relative humidity, the presence of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil did not enhance A. flavus colonization in non-Bt or Bt hybrids. No Indianmeal moths or maize weevils survived in grain of Bt hybrids with lepidopteran or coleopteran resistance genes, respectively. Aflatoxin levels in the 106 A. flavus inoculated non-Bt grain increased significantly in the presence of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil (p ≤ 0.01), but aflatoxins in the Bt hybrids were unaffected by insect infestation. A. flavus caused increased mortality, reduced survivorship, and lower growth indices of both insects,hence, limiting their feeding activity in the inoculated grain compared to the uninoculated. As a result, damage (p ≤ 0.0001) and grain weight loss (p ≤ 0.01) were significantly higher in the uninoculated non-Bt hybrid. In the transgenic hybrids, no damage and grain weight loss were observed regardless of the presence or absence of A. flavus, due to 100% mortality of insects. A. flavus effects on insects were evident only in non-Bt hybrid and insect infestation only enhanced aflatoxin contamination in the absence of Bt protection. In 2020, we conducted a study on how interactions between toxigenic fungi in stored grain have an impact on colonization and mycotoxin production by different species. Results are still pending from these experiments.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cappelle, K.M., Munkvold, G.P., and Wolt, J.D. 2019. Meta-effect of insect resistant maize on fumonisin B1 in grain estimated by variance-weighted and replication-weighted analyses. World Mycotoxin J. 12:141-151.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Munkvold, G.P., Weieneth, L., Proctor, R., Busman, M., Blandino, M., Susca, A., Logrieco, A., and Moretti, A. 2018. Pathogenicity of fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains of Aspergillus species in section Nigri to maize ears and seedlings. Plant Dis. 102: 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0103-RE
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leslie, J.F., Lattanzio, V., Audenaert, K., Battilani, P., Cary, J., Chulze, S.N., De Saeger, S., Gerardino, A., Karlovsky, P., Liao, Y., Maragos, C.M., Meca, G., Medina, A., Moretti, A., Munkvold, G., Mul�, G., Njobeh, P., Pecorelli, I., Perrone, G., Pietri, A., Palazzini, J.M., Proctor, R.H., Rahayu, E.S., Ram�rez, M.L., Samson, R., Stroka, J., Sulyok, M., Sumarah, M., Waalwijk, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., and Logrieco, A.F. 2018. MycoKey round table discussions of future directions in research on chemical detection methods, genetics and biodiversity of mycotoxins. Toxins Vol. 10: doi:10.3390/toxins10030109
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Meng, Y., Hao, J., Mayfield, D., Luo, L., Munkvold, G.P., and Li, J. 2017. Roles of genotype-determined mycotoxins in Fusarium graminearum causing maize seedling blight. Plant Dis. 101:1103-1112.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lanza, F.E., Mayfield, D.A., and Munkvold, G.P. 2016. First report of Fusarium temperatum causing maize seedling blight and seed rot in North America. Plant Dis. 100:1019.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Nishimwe, K., Mandap, J.A., and Munkvold, G.P. 2020. Advances in understanding fungal contamination in cereals. Ch. 2 in Advances in postharvest management of cereals and grains. D. Maier, Ed. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Logrieco, A.F., Battilani, P., Camardo Leggieri, M., Haesaert, G., Jiang, Y., Lanubile, A., Mahuku, G., Mesterhazy, A., Ortega-Beltran, A., Pasti, M.A., Smeu, I., Torres, A., Xu, J., and Munkvold, G. 2020. Perspectives on global mycotoxin issues and management from the MycoKey Maize Working Group. Plant Dis. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1322-FE
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Munkvold, G.P. 2017. Fusarium species and their associated mycotoxins. Ch 4 (pp. 51-106) In: Mycotoxigenic Fungi; Methods and Protocols. Methods Molecular Biology, Vol. 1542. Antonio Moretti and Antonia Susca (Eds). Springer.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Munkvold, G.P., Arias, S.L., Taschl, I., and Gruber-Dorninger, C. 2019. Mycotoxins in Corn  Occurrence, Impacts, and Management. Ch. 9 in Corn Chemistry and Technology, 3rd Edition. Serna-Saldivar, S., Ed. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Agricultural professionals, mycotoxin researchers, general public Changes/Problems:Dr. Wilson Rumbeiha, who was working on Objective 1, left ISU in 2019. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A MS student worked on this project as her thesis research. Two post-docs received training on this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A poster was presented at the Plant Health 2019 conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will repeat some of the experiments on insect-Aspergillus interactions in 2020.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall impact statement: Research done in 2019 demonstrated the potential to reduce mycotoxin risk in stored maize by using hybrids with existing biotechnology traits. Stored grain insects were unable to feed on transgenic insect-resistant hybrids, therefore avoiding the elevated aflatoxin levels that often occur following insect damage. Objective 1: Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Dr. Wilson Rumbeiha, who was working in this area, left ISU in 2019. There is nothing to report for this objective. Objective 2: Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. Research described under Obj. 3 has demonstrated the value of transgenic insect resistance for reducing aflatoxin risk in stored maize grain. Mycotoxin reduction in Bt maize has been well-studied in the field but not in storage. This study demonstrated that Bt protection was effective against stored-grain insects Indianmeal moth and maize weevil and that the use of Bt hybrids can mitigate the risk of A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination related to stored-grain insects. Objective 3. Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi. ?In 2019, efforts focused on the interactions between Aspergillus flavus and stored grain insect pests. Fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination are chronic problems that can compromise grain quality and safety in stored maize. Aflatoxins, associated with Aspergillus flavus infection, are the most economically important mycotoxins. Insect damage is a major factor that predisposes grain to infection by mycotoxigenic fungi. Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) are lepidopteran and coleopteran stored-grain insects, respectively, that can cause considerable damage in stored maize. The effect of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil infestations on A. flavus colonization and vice versa in non-Bt and Bt maize hybrids with lepidopteran and coleopteran events were evaluated in this study. After 28 days of storage at 32°C and 80-85% relative humidity, the presence of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil did not enhance A. flavus colonization in non-Bt or Bt hybrids. No Indianmeal moths or maize weevils survived in grain of Bt hybrids with lepidopteran or coleopteran resistance genes, respectively. Aflatoxin levels in the 106 A. flavus inoculated non-Bt grain increased significantly in the presence of Indianmeal moth or maize weevil (p ≤ 0.01), but aflatoxins in the Bt hybrids were unaffected by insect infestation. A. flavus caused increased mortality, reduced survivorship, and lower growth indices of both insects, hence, limiting their feeding activity in the inoculated grain compared to the uninoculated. As a result, damage (p ≤ 0.0001) and grain weight loss (p ≤ 0.01) were significantly higher in the uninoculated non-Bt hybrid. In the transgenic hybrids, no damage and grain weight loss were observed regardless of the presence or absence of A. flavus, due to 100% mortality of insects. A. flavus effects on insects were evident only in non-Bt hybrid and insect infestation only enhanced aflatoxin contamination in the absence of Bt protection. A poster was presented with some of these results at the Plant Health 2019 conference.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cappelle, K.M., Munkvold, G.P., and Wolt, J.D. 2019. Meta-effect of insect resistant maize on fumonisin B1 in grain estimated by variance-weighted and replication-weighted analyses. World Mycotoxin J. 12:141-151
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Munkvold, G.P., Arias, S.L., Taschl, I., and Gruber-Dorninger, C. 2019. Mycotoxins in Corn  Occurrence, Impacts, and Management. Pp. in Corn Chemistry and Technology, 3rd Edition. Eds. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Agricultural professionals, mycotoxin researchers, general public Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student and two Postdoctoral Research Associates worked on the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A book chapter was published, and a poster presentation was made at the Int. Congress of Plant Pathology. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue experiments with storage insect interactions with Aspergillus flavus and the impact of insect management on aflatoxin development in storage.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Knowledge was increased that will contribute to risk assessments of mycotoxins in animal health, and contribute to developing strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and forages. Objective 1... Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Development and validation of an HPLC-fluorescence assay for aflatoxins in urine was accomplished in 2018. Objective 2... Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. We developed data on the effects of insect management in reducing fumonisin contamination in the field and also reducing aflatoxin contamination in stored grain. Objective 3... Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Studies on interactions between insects and mycotoxigenic fungi further illustrated the important role that insects play in enhancing mycotoxin contamination both in the field and in storage. We reported on occurrence of emerging mycotoxins such as fusaproliferinas a result of infection by Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum, as well as the interactions between these fungi and insect pests.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Leslie, J.F., Lattanzio, V., Audenaert, K., Battilani, P., Cary, J., Chulze, S.N., De Saeger, S., Gerardino, A., Karlovsky, P., Liao, Y., Maragos, C.M., Meca, G., Medina, A., Moretti, A., Munkvold, G., Mul�, G., Njobeh, P., Pecorelli, I., Perrone, G., Pietri, A., Palazzini, J.M., Proctor, R.H., Rahayu, E.S., Ram�rez, M.L., Samson, R., Stroka, J., Sulyok, M., Sumarah, M., Waalwijk, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., and Logrieco, A.F. 2018. MycoKey round table discussions of future directions in research on chemical detection methods, genetics and biodiversity of mycotoxins. Toxins Vol. 10: doi:10.3390/toxins10030109
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Munkvold, G.P., Weieneth, L., Proctor, R., Busman, M., Blandino, M., Susca, A., Logrieco, A., and Moretti, A. 2018. Pathogenicity of fumonisin-producing and nonproducing strains of Aspergillus species in section Nigri to maize ears and seedlings. Plant Dis. 102: 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0103-RE
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Munkvold, G.P., Arias, S.L., Taschl, I., and Gruber-Dorninger, C. 2018. Mycotoxins in Corn  Occurrence, Impacts, and Management. Pp. in Corn Chemistry and Technology, 3rd Edition. Eds. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mayfield, D.A., Lanza, F.E., Sulyok, M., Krska, R., and Munkvold, G.P. 2018. Mycotoxin analysis of Bt and non-Bt maize from ears inoculated with Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum and infested with lepidopteran insects (Abstr.). Phytopathology 108:S1.233

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:General public, agricultural professionals, researchers on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One graduate student and two post-doctoral students worked on this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A book was published on food toxicology including a chapter on mycotoxins. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue assessment of mycotoxigenic potential of novel strains of fungi or combinations of fungi in the lab and in the field.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Overall impact statement: The most important issues facing grain and livestock producers are preventing mycotoxin contamination of food and feed, and reducing the deleterious effects of mycotoxins on livestock. Recent research on mycotoxins was reviewed and summarized for categories of activity for 2016.This review indicated that the mitigation and mechanisms of action were main research targets for aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol. Fungal biology for fumonisins was a major research target.This project also contributed to development of aflatoxin assays in animal tissues. Our studies have increased understanding of mycotoxigenic fungal biology, which can facilitate diminishing fungal hazards to our food supply. Objective 1... Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Further development and validation of an HPLC-fluorescence assay for aflatoxins in animal tissues was accomplished.A method suitable for simultaneous detection of aflatoxins M1,B1, B2, G1, and G2 in animal liver was validated. Objective 2... Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. Integrated strategies for reduction of mycotoxins were reviewed. Development of mycotoxin resistant crop species was highlighted, especially for aflatoxin in maize. Objective 3... Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Nothing to report

Publications

• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hendrich S (2017) Mycotoxins. In: Food Toxicology: Current and Future Challenges, (Ed. Hendrich, S, Sachan A) Apple Academic Press, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, pp. 179-198.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Mycotoxin and plant pathology researchers, educators, agricultural producers, general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Publication of research article and book chapter. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue to review mycotoxin risk and remediation research literature; evaluate mycotoxin hazards and remediation approaches for livestock.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Scientific literature on human risks and remediation of major mycotoxins was assembled into a book chapter, which will have the impact of facilitating access to knowledge of recent developments in risk assessment and reduction of mycotoxin contamination. Validated methods for analysis of the mycotoxin orellanine will facilitate risk assessment and possible remediation of this mycotoxin. Objective 1... Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. Recent studies on human risk assessment for aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol were reviewed for a book chapter. A mushroom containing the mycotoxin orellanine was discovered, and analytical methods for analysis of this mycotoxin were developed and validated. Objective 2... Establish integrated strategies to manage and reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals and in forages. Remediation strategies for aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol were reviewed for a book chapter. Objective 3... Better Understand the Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Nothing to report

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shao, D., Tang, S., Healy, R. A., Imerman, P. M., Schrunk, D. E., & Rumbeiha, W. K. (2016). A novel orellanine containing mushroom Cortinarius armillatus. Toxicon, 11465-74. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.010
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hendrich S (2017) Mycotoxins. In: Food Toxicology: Current and Future Challenges, (Ed. Hendrich, S, Sachan A) Apple Academic Press, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, in press.