Progress 05/01/15 to 03/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Shellfish growers in the PNW, and federaland state resource/ regulatory agencies. Changes/Problems:We were unable to continue field research on the use of imidacloprid for control of burrowing shrimp. Washington State Department of Ecology revoked the NPDES permit allowing for this use in Willapa Bay. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? PI attended numerous professional conferences and presented research findings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentations of the burrowing shrimp and invasive eelgrass research were made at numerous public meetings, public hearings, grower conferences, field days and scientific/professional meetings from 2015 to 2018. Numerous refereed and nonrefereed publications were produced. Dissemination: Numerous public meetings and hearings with state agencies regarding burrowing shrimp control with imidacloprid and invasive eelgrass control were held. Informational packages containing data on burrowing shrimp control and its nontarget impacts were sent to EPA and WSDOE for evaluation. Other outreach activities included more than 25 separate presentations on this project during the annual grower workshops and PCSGA meetings. Local, regional and national newspapers and magazine articles were written about this project, and National Public Radio conducted several interviews on the project. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project studied the ecological impacts of Z. japonica removal on nekton, avian and infaunal communities by utilizing randomized treated and untreated paired plots. Sites where Z. japonica was removed had marked enhancement of foraging by green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), listed by the Endangered Species Act (ESA), compared to untreated sites. Changes in mesopredator populations with Z. japonica management were minor and highly variable, with most variation accounted for by sampling time or site differences, not vegetation management. Z. japonica management had no consistent effect on shorebird foraging but dabbling duck foraging populations were usually reduced on treated sites compared to untreated sites. There were no major treatment differences in macrofauna populations, except for the invasive Japanese polydorid tube worm, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata; which was three to seven times greater in the plots with Z. japonica than bare sediment. Our findings suggest that disturbances resulting from aquacultural management of Z. japonica in Willapa Bay would be within the scale of natural variation and would be likely to have minimal positive or negative ecological consequences. This project also analyzed our previous data on the response of estuarine benthic invertebrates to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid following large-scale field applications in Willapa Bay, Washington using Principal Response Curve Analysis. A total of 60 analyses were conducted to examine the response of 6 taxonomic assemblages (polychaetes, non-juvenile polychaetes only, mollusks, non-juvenile mollusks only, and crustaceans, and all invertebrates combined). The response was significant (p < 0.05) in 51 of the analyses, but interpretation was often confounded by significant differences between treated and control assemblages before treatment. In general, the response of the treated assemblages relative to the control assemblage usually did not change much over time, indicating a minimal treatment effect on the assemblage as a whole. Only 6 PRCs of 60 showed a significant negative effect from imidacloprid application. Five of the 6 PRCs represented mollusks, which represented < 2% of all organisms sampled among all sites and years. Crustaceans were negatively affected in one of 8 studies. Polychaetes, both with and without juveniles, were never negatively affected. The large majority of PRCs showed no significant effects from imidacloprid application, a neutral treatment effect, or ostensibly a "positive" treatment effect. The overall minimal response was likely due to exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid for limited times, physiological tolerance to imidacloprid for some species, and multiple life history strategies to rebound from natural disturbance and adaptation to a highly variable environment. Finally, our project conducted studies on juvenile ghost shrimp to investigate the duration of their recruitment time period, their growth rate, their natural over-winter mortality rate, and their distribution profile in the sediment by size class. Additional research was also conducted on the effectiveness of clean-up dredging, barging harrowing, and deep raking as management tools for new recruits. We found growth rate consistent between years at 0.02 mm carapace length/day. There were several waves of new recruits between August and late winter. Natural mortality rate of juvenile shrimp was ~ 3% per month. Several mechanical methods to disturb the sediment reduced juvenile shrimp populations, but the reduction was far below what was recruited for population management.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Patten, K., O'Casey, C., and Metzger, C. (2017). Large-Scale Chemical Control of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in Willapa Bay, WA: Towards Eradication and Ecological Restoration. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 10(3), 284-292.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Moser, M. L., Patten, K., Corbett, S. C., Feist, B. E., & Lindley, S. T. (2017). Abundance and distribution of sturgeon feeding pits in a Washington estuary. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 100(5), 597-609
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Booth, S., Patten, K., New l. Response of Estuarine Benthic Invertebrates to Large-Scale Field Applications of Imidacloprid , submitted for publication in Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, accepted 12/2017 pending revision.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Patten, K., S. Norelius. Consequences of Zostera japonica management on estuarine fauna in Willapa Bay, Washington. Submitted for publication Journal Experimental Marina Biology.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Patten, K. S. Norelius. Is it feasible to manage the on-site population of newly recruited burrowing shrimp? Proceeding Pacific Shellfish Growers Association 2018 Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Patten, K. 2016. Moving forward with the next generation of shellfish IPM for burrowing shrimp. Proceeding Pacific Shellfish Growers Association 2016 Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Patten, K. 2016. Japanese eelgrass what effect does its control in Willapa Bay have on birds, fish, invertebrates and Zoster marina. Proceeding Pacific Shellfish Growers Association 2016 Conference
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Patten, K. 2015. Biotic and abiotic comparisons of tideflats in Willapa Bay, WA with and without Zostera japonica. Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation Conference. Abstract.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Patten, K. 2015. Biotic and abiotic comparisons of tideflats in Willapa Bay, WA with and without Zostera japonica. Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation meeting.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow scientists, shellfish growers, local, state and federal agencies. Changes/Problems:Since there were no permits, most of the proposed research was not possible. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?For the industry, we put on training classes. Tours for state and federal agencies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?State and federal agencies and shellfish industry via verbal and written communication. Collaboration with other scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continued monitoring of recruitment populations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. No research due to permit issues. 2. Yes, research confirmed that shrimp infestations are ongoing and increasing explosively. 3. No research due to permit issues. 4. Yes, we assessed the impacts of invasive eelgrass on waterfowl, fish and invertebrates. Those results have been submitted for publication. This program provided research and outreach to help the shellfish industry in Southwest Washington deal with their major pest, burrowing shrimp. We conducted applied research monitoring the population dynamics of newly recruited shrimp and assessed methods to affect those populations. Burrowing shrimp, Neotrypaea californiensis, recruited over a wide time period (August through May). Their carapace growth rates averaged 0.02 mm/day from April through October. There was little evidence of a high mortality rate during the first year after recruitment. Deep and shallow harrowing were assessed as management tools for control of new recruits. Both methods slightly reduced the population density but were far from adequate to be considered useful as management tools. Outreach programs (talks, tours, workshops and field days) were conducted with the shellfish industry and state and federal agencies to convey the results of the program. Results were documented in reports submitted to agencies and as refereed journal articles. We will improve basic knowledge of shellfish pest management in Southwest Washington.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Consequences of Zostera japonica management on estuarine fauna in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA
Kim David Patten, Scott Elim Norelius
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology, in review
Other Products Product Type Data and Research Material Description. Continued to collect data on burrowing shrimp and Japanese eelgrass and their effects on shellfish production.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Response of Estuarine Benthic Invertebrates to Large-Scale Field Applications of Insecticide
Steven R. Booth, Kim Patten, Leslie New
Journal of Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. in review
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:State and federal agencies, other scientists, shellfish growers. Changes/Problems:Since there were no permits, some research was not possible. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?For the industry, we put on training classes. Tours for state and federal agencies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes. State and federal agencies and shellfish industry. Collaboration with other scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continued monitoring of recruitment populations. Additional efficacy work with imidicloprid.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. No research due to permit isssues. 2. Research confirmed that shrimp infestations are ongoing and increasing explosively. 3. No permitting. 4. Looked at impacts of JEG on waterfowl, fish and invertebrates.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Response of Estuarine Benthic Invertebrates to Large Scale Field Applications of Imidicloprid. Booth, S.R., and Patten, K.D. Journal of Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science.
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Growers, state and federal agencies, general public. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Grower seminars, field tours for resource agencies, talks at professional meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Grower seminars, field tours for resource agencies, talks at professional meetings, national news media (TV and newspaper). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Monitor on and offsite nontarget impacts from commercial applications of imidacloprid in Willapa Bay as per monitoring requirements by regulatory agencies. Continue to monitor ecosystem impacts of commercial applications of large-scale Japanese eelgrass control using the herbicide imazamox. Develop integrated pest management recommendations for the shellfish industry for burrowing shrimp control that includes monitoring of juvenile shrimp recruits, research on treatment timings and grower training.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. We assessed the efficacy of mechanical control of juvenile burrowing shrimp. Method of control, timing of recruitment and size of shrimp were included as the variables. No viable method of mechanical control was found. 2. We assessed the effects of Japanese eelgrass on ecological processes in Willapa Bay. Results indicate an array of mixed impacts. 3. We assessed the nontarget impacts of controlling Z. japonica with imazamox. Results indicate minor direct or indirect nontarget impacts. 4. We were able to quadruple production of commercial shellfish on treated affected beds and we were able to show the complex ecology of Japanese eelgrass and its impacts on megafauna and microfauna in Willapa Bay.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Moser, M., K. Patten, B. Feist, S. Lindley. The importance of estuarine habitat to threatened green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology, Marine Biology and Ecology.
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Progress 05/01/15 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Shellfish industry, general public, state and federal resource agencies. Changes/Problems:The NPDEs permit issued to the shellfish industry for the use of imidacloprid for burrowing shrimp control was withdrawn due to public pressure. This was a major setback for the industry and this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Grower seminars, field tours for resource agencies, talks at professional meetings. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Grower seminars, field tours for resource agencies, talks at professional meetings, national news media (TV and newspaper). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Monitor on and offsite nontarget impacts from commercial applications of imidacloprid in Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay as per monitoring requirements by regulatory agencies. Continue to monitor ecosystem impacts of commercial applications of large-scale Japanese eelgrass control using the herbicide imazamox. Develop integrated pest management recommendations for the shellfish industry for burrowing shrimp control that includes monitoring of juvenile shrimp recruits, research on treatment timings and grower training.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We improved the efficacy of imidacloprid for burrowing shrimp control. Variables affecting efficacy at commercial scale were assessed. Research on timings, adjuvants, formulations and application methods was conducted and some potential new research directions noted that could lead towards better efficacy. 2. We assessed the effects of Japanese eelgrass on ecological processes in Willapa Bay. Results indicate an array of mixed impacts. 3. We assessed the nontarget impacts of controlling Z. japonica with imazamox. Results indicate minor direct or indirect nontarget impacts.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Patten. K. 2015. Imazamox control of invasive Japanese eelgrass (Zostera japonica): Efficacy and nontarget impacts. Aquat. Plant Management. 53: 185190,
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Moser, M., K. Patten, S. Corbett, B. Feist, S. Lindley. The importance of estuarine habitat to threatened green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology, Marine Biology and Ecology.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Patten K. 2015. Biotic and abiotic comparisons of tideflats in Willapa Bay, WA with and without Zostera japonica. Coastal & Estuarine Research Federation 2015 conference.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Patten, K. 2015. Imazamox control of invasive Japanese eelgrass: efficacy and nontarget impacts. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. 53:185-190.
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