Progress 05/29/15 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences were dry bean breeding companies, public dry bean breeders, the Wyoming Bean Commission, agronomists dealing with dry bean, and fellow scientists. Changes/Problems:We had major hail storms in Lingle WY during 2016, 2018, and 2019. These storms compromised the genetic evaluations that were being conducted at those sites. Throughout the project, we have had relatively good success in obtaining seed from state institutions and private companies in order to conduct our tests. Our ability to propagate experimental progeny did not utilize a winter nursery but instead advanced progeny on a small scale in the greenhouse during the winter months. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Multiple students were trained under the PI's supervision. One undergrad student worked with the PI during the summer of 2019 on a dry bean genotype-by-soil fertility project and has decided to pursue an MS in plant breeding. Another undergraduate worked with the PI during the summer of 2019 and measured canopy temperature and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) of dry bean. A third undergraduate worked with the PI to investigate the effect of a soil amendment on sugar beet yield. A graduate student worked with the PI on a project comparing dry bean cultivars under different row spacings, irrigation rates, and seeding rates. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?At a summer 2019 field day, the PI presented the work of a dry bean genotype by soil fertility study and also presented the effects of the soil amendment on sugar beet growth and yield. Multiple short papers were submitted to the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Field Days Bulletin. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Some relatively high-yielding dry bean lines were developed from a cross made back in 2015. We have identified several dry bean varieties that have tolerance to drought (manuscript in preparation). We also discovered that very few dry bean varieties respond to N fertilizer, or they respond only modestly. Most producers in the US fertilize their dry bean crop with N despite it being a legume that fixes N2. In some cases, but not all, the response is related to initial soil N concentration (as expected). In 2019, we started conducting a series of experiments to identify what other factors might be involved in dry bean's lack of response to fertilizer N. The 2019 Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN) test that was conducted in Lingle, WY included our program's progeny so that those lines could be compared against North America's best performing lines. In that Lingle test, six of our best lines were compared to 38 other lines within the CDBN. We measured flowering date, maturity date, upright status (basically, a visual rating of how well the canopy stood up), plant height, and iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). The flowering and maturity dates for our experimental lines fell in-between that of the two parents used in the original cross (Long's Peak x UI-537). Although the IDC and maturity ratings (we seek relatively early maturity in Wyoming) of our experimental progeny lines was favorable, our lines tended to lodged excessively and none of them had a better stature than the best parent, Long's Peak (but all of our progeny had better stature than UI-537. The yield values for those samples are not going to be processed until December 2019 after the deadline for this report. In Powell 2019, four cultivars and six other progeny from the Long's Peak x UI-537 cross were tested under soil conditions where soil N and soil P were withheld (soil test called for about 50 units of N and 50 units of P). There was little visible difference in the soil fertility treatments; thus, entry results were averaged across N-P treatments. As was shown in Lingle, the results in Powell showed that our six progeny lines exhibited favorable maturity dates but unfavorable stature (except all had better stature than UI-537). Also in the Powell 2019 test, we collected NDVI and canopy temperature throughout the growing season. Differences were found among entries for these ecophysiological traits. Yields for this Powell test, like Lingle, will not be available until December 2019. In addition to the research above, F3 lines from multiple crosses (other than the lines in the 2019 replicated tests) were advanced by increasing seed at Powell (WY). Seed quality appeared good to very good for early- and mid-maturing lines although an early frost compromised seed quality of the late-maturing lines. For our F2 lines, we made over 100 single-plant selections from various progeny from other crosses. Seed from these selections will be grown plant to row in 2020. We also performed a seed increase on several cultivars that possess the popping trait. In the case of popping bean CO49957, it was grown in the yield trial at Lingle 2019 to compare its yield per acre to commercial cultivars. Results are pending but it is clear that its yield capability is below commercial cultivars grown in Wyoming. We have also developed several F3 populations by crossing beans with the popping trait with PIs adapted to our Wyoming region. In the reports from previous years, we presented findings where we screened cultivars for tolerance to drought. Several lines were identified (Poncho, Desert Song, Powderhorn, CO91216-15, and CO-46348. Likewise, lines that appear tolerant to low soil N were identified. These included one cultivar from NDSU (ND-307), two from Colorado State (Centennial and Croissant), and La Paz (ADM). Those results are not repeated here.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Keith, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. Potential of Seed Production of Photoperiod-Sensitive and Photoperiod-Insensitive Popping Bean Lines of Phaseolus vulgaris under Greenhouse Conditions during the Winter Months. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Norton, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. Sustainable Production Practices for Edible Dry Beans. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Keith, J. and J. Heitholt. 2019. The Effect of Two Nitrogen Sources (and Rates) on Seed Yield of Six Greenhouse-Grown Common Bean Genotypes that Express the Popping Trait. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Heitholt, J., A. Pierson, C. Eberle, V. Sharma. 2019. Performance of Segregating Progeny from a Pinto-by-Pink Dry Bean Cross in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bulletin.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Heitholt, J., C. Eberle, V. Sharma. 2019. Performance of Segregating Progeny from a Pinto-by-Pink Dry Bean Cross in SE Wyoming after Several Hail Storms. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Sharma, V., E. Oleson, J. Heitholt. 2019. Effects of seeding-rates and row-spacing on dry bean yield under full and deficit irrigation. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Heitholt, J., T. Suhr, V. Sharma. 2019. Water Use Efficiency for Pinto Bean Cultivars Grown in the Greenhouse under Deficit and Full Irrigation during Winter and Summer Months. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin.
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Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences were dry bean (and other crop) producers in the Intermountain West, the agricultural industry, and agronomists/breeders across the Northern Great Plains, Intermountain West, and Pacific Northwest. Changes/Problems:We have not had any major changes. One minor change was that the project leader moved to northwest Wyoming into the heart of our state's dry bean acreage (he was originally in southeast Wyoming). The other challenge was hail storms that hit Lingle during 2018. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We worked with four undergraduate students in Lingle, three undergraduate students in Laramie, and one in Powell. Students from Northwest College (Powell), Eastern Wyoming College (Torrington), and University of Wyoming are invited to apply for part-time work with our lab during the school year and full-time temporary training opportunities in the summer. For the project leader, he is on the receiving end of multiple professional development sessions throughout the year. These relate to measurement techniques, safety, etc. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results are mainly distributed through presentations at field days and regional conferences. The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Field Days Bulletin houses most of our publications in an easy-to-access online format. The coordinators of the three performance nurseries (DBDN, MRPN, CDBN listed earlier) distribute the results of those trials with the exception of our local CDBN which we distribute to our dry bean producers in January or February of each year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In 2019, we will finish up our data analyses for the drought-by-genotype work and prepare a publication. We will also continue to make crosses and advance progeny for yield testing in northwest Wyoming and possibly southeast Wyoming. We will repeat the seeding rate study. This will be the final year for this project and we will prepare a final report later in 2018 and submit a new, but related, project to continue our breeding program.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
After several years of studies comparing different varieties for drought tolerance, we identified several lines that yielded consistently under drought. These included Desert Song, CO-46348, and Poncho (which meant they have a low drought susceptibility index; high DSI is typically undesired). Within our breeding program, entries were not subjected to drought stress in 2018. However, we grew our advanced progeny at Powell (WY) and Lingle (WY) identifying several progeny with yields equal to or better than commercial checks. We are going to look at these lines again in 2019 and discard several other lines that lacked yield or exhibited lodging. Also in 2018, we conducted the Dry Bean Drought Nursery Test (Lingle), the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery test (Powell and Lingle), and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (Lingle). These results were turned over to their respective project coordinators and are being summarized by the respective coordinators. We also grew 28 cultivars at Lingle under water stress and full irrigation and did the same at Powell with 36 lines (not directly related to our plant breeding efforts). At Powell, drought stress reduced yield from 3,158 pounds per acre to 1,994 pounds per acre across all 36 entries. NDVI was reduced from 0.80 to 0l.76. Drought increased canopy temperature from between 2C to 7C. Yield was negatively correlated to canopy temperature across a range of dates during podfill, a relationship we see routinely. This yield vs. canopy temperature relationship was apparent for both irrigation managements. Genotypes that had a low DSI in 2018 included two of the cultivars mentioned earlier (Desert Song and CO-46348) but also included ND-Palomino, CO91216-15, Powderhorn, and Othello. At Lingle, Desert Song, CO91216-15, and Poncho showed little increase in canopy temperature when subjected to drought which appears to confirm their drought tolerance. The canopy temperature of several other cultivars was 2C higher under drought than full irrigation. In a four-factor factorial study, we also grew three cultivars under three irrigation levels, two row spacings, and five seeding rates at both Lingle and Powell. At Powell, 7-inch rows outyielded the 22-inch rows and full irrigation outyield 60% ET irrigation. Seeding rate (50K to 120K per acre) did not affect yield. At Lingle, we experienced hail several times throughout the season and thus, there was a significantly higher yield with the higher seeding rates. None of the other factors affected yield at Lingle. We also grew a greenhouse test in Laramie (WY) with several "popping" bean cultivars. Results of that test will be published in 2019. Our program continues to make crosses and grow out segregating progeny. In 2018, dozens of lines were advanced and it looks like one more year of seed increase and culling offtypes will need to take place in 2019 before more yield and performance trials in 2020.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Heitholt, J, A Alhasan, A Homer, K Madden. 2018. 2017 Dry bean performance evaluation. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p 98-99.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Rai, A, J Heitholt, V Sharma. 2018. Dry Bean Growth Dynamics in Response to Deficit Irrigation Under Surface- and Sprinkler-Irrigation Systems. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p 76-77.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Sharma, V, A Rai, J Heitholt. 2018. Dry Bean Yield Response to Deficit Irrigation Under Surface- and Sprinkler-Irrigation Systems.Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p 78-79.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Norton, J, J Heitholt. 2018. Edible Dry Beans as Part of Improved Crop Rotations in Wyoming. Wyo Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 72-73.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Sharma, V, J Heitholt. 2018. Screening Dry Bean Genotypes for Drought Tolerance in Wyoming. Wyo Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bulletin. p. 74-75.
|
Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience is dry bean growers, seed distributors, and fellow dry bean agronomists and breeders. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A postdoc and graduate student were trained in ecophysiological measurements of dry bean canopies. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We presented the results with the Bean Improvement Cooperative Reports and the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Field Days Bulletin. Additional presentations were made to the Wyoming Bean Commission. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We expect to repeat the genotype-by-irrigation experiment at Powell and Lingle in 2018. Progeny lines now have enough seed for replicated tests in 2018. We will also grow the Dry Bean Drought Nursery entries and the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery entries and Lingle and Powell.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2017, we tested nearly 100 different genotypes of dry bean for tolerance to drought under field conditions. Protocol was to grow the genotypes under full irrigation and under deficit irrigation (imposed after bloom). For the primary test (Test A), three replicates were used in a split plot design at two Wyoming locations, Powell (36 entries) and Lingle (25 entries), using three-row plots at Powell and four-row plots at Lingle. Results from Powell indicated that yield was reduced 25% by deficit irrigation and at Lingle deficit irrigation reduce yield by 34%. In neither study, have we identified a significant genotype-by-irrigation interaction. Nevertheless, entries such as Poncho and Desert Song have yielded consistently well across both fully-irrigated and deficit irrigation practices. For Powell, variation in yield among entries was negatively correlated with mid-season canopy temperature (entries with cooler canopies had higher yield). For Lingle, variation in yield was also negatively correlated with late-season canopy temperature and with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). For Test B, 33 advanced lines from breeding programs (Nebraska, North Dakota, Colorado) were tested in a split-plot design with only two replicates and for Test C, 19 F5 progeny from a Long's Peak x UI 537 cross were tested but with only one replicate per irrigation regime. Results from Tests B and C are not yet available. Field studies testing the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer were also conducted on sites with a relatively low soil N fertility test. As a reminder, despite being a legume, growers often fertilize dry bean crop with up to 100 pounds per acre of N. In Test D, 15 dry bean entries were grown using 0 and 60 pounds per acre of N (applied as urea-N) two weeks after emergence) in a split-plot design with three replicates. Yield results were not significantly affected by either entry or N rate. In Test E, dry bean cultivar 'Centennial' was grown at five N rates (also applied as urea-N two weeks after emergence) in a completely randomized design. Yield response to N was inconsistent although there was a slight trend for a positive response to 60 pounds of N per acre. We also include a treated seed vs untreated seed comparison within this Test E but no differences were found.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Alhasan, A., and J. Heitholt. 2017. Differential response of fifteen pinto bean cultivars to two nitrogen rates. Bean Improv. Coop. Rep. 60:65-66.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Alhasan, A., and J. Heitholt. 2017. Chlorophyll and vegetative traits of eighteen dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes grown with zero fertilizer N and 60 pounds N per acre. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 82-83.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Heitholt, J., and A. Piccorelli. 2017. Yield and stomatal conductance response of experimental dry bean genotypes to drought under greenhouse conditions. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 14-15.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Heitholt, J., V. Sharma, A. Pierson, and A. Piccorelli. 2017. Correlation between genotype differences in yield and canopy temperatures in Wyoming dry bean. Bean Improv. Coop. Rep. 60:193-194.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Heitholt, J., V. Sharma, and A. Pierson. 2017. Yield in 36 dry bean genotypes and its correlations with agronomic traits. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 46-47.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Heitholt, J., and V. Sharma. 2017. Variation in canopy temperature and normalized difference vegetation index for 23 dry bean genotypes grown under well watered and water stress conditions. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 84-85.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sharma, V., and J. Heitholt. 2017. Dynamics of leaf stomatal resistance to photosynthetic photon flux density for different dry bean genotypes. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 50-51.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sharma, V., A. Pierson, and J. Heitholt. 2017. Dynamics of soil moisture and canopy architecture traits for dry bean in Wyoming. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull. pp. 52-53.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Heitholt, J.J., A. Alhasan, T. Suhr. 2017. Yield and associated traits of three sweet corn hybrids grown in Laramie. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Day Bull. p. 12-13.
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Our target audiences are dry bean producers in the Intermountain West, the dry bean seed industry, and breeders across the dry bean belt. Changes/Problems:We experienced a hail storm in Lingle, WY on July 28 that completely destroyed five dry bean tests. Thus, we don't have yield data for that location. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Our program provides training in crop physiology and genotype testing for undergraduate and grad students. In particular, the one Ph.D. student with the project has developed many skills associated with conducting field and greenhouse studies and measuring agronomic traits related to N fertilization. We have an undergraduate student who is also learning how to conduct greenhouse and field experiments. Finally, we have a postdoc that is working with the F4 progeny in order to conduct mid-generation selection. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have published our results in the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Field Days Bulletin and in the Bean Improvement Cooperative reports. Results have been presented to grower groups. We expect to submit a publication to a journal in January 2017. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We expect to screen previously untested dry bean genotypes for tolerance to drought and low soil N. Some of the test lines will be our own breeding material. Crossing of exotic material (i.e., accessions) from the USDA-ARS germplasm collection with adapted lines will continue in order to develop new progeny.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
After conducting preliminary experiments in the greenhouse and field during the past two years, we identified dry bean genotypes that exhibited drought tolerance and quantified their tolerance using the drought susceptibility index (DSI). Crosses were made using released cultivars and accessions as parents. One set of 20 F4 progeny are to be tested for mid-generation selection in 2017. Although dry bean is a legume, producers often add soil fertilizer nitrogen. Our lab is among many that are trying to reduce N applications to dry bean without hurting grower profitability. Thus, in addition to screening for drought tolerance we have screened dry bean genotypes for tolerance to low soil nitrogen. Variation among released cultivars was small and we are currently screening accessions from the Phaseolus vulgaris collection. Our specific achievements include: 1. Greenhouse experiment that demonstrated there was little difference on growth and grain yield of dry bean when comparing urea-N, ammonium nitrate-N, and KNO3-N as the source of nitrogen. 2. In the greenhouse and field, comparing soil-applied N rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 pounds N per acre showed a slight benefit on growth of dry bean but less effect on grain yield. 3. In the greenhouse, we identified an experimental pinto bean with good drought tolerance. This confirmed an observation we found in the field in 2015. The experimental line is from a breeding program outside of Wyoming. 4. We identified dry bean genotypes whose canopy temperatures were substantially lower than that of other genotypes. At Powell (WY) in 2016, variation in dry bean yield among genotypes was negatively correlated with morning canopy temperature and with afternoon canopy temperature. We are consistently finding a negative correlation between dry bean seed yield and canopy temperature. The same relationship was observed in Lingle (WY) during 2015. 5. At Lingle (WY) in 2016, we grew 23 dry bean genotypes under drought and well-watered conditions. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) differed among genotypes but was not significantly different between the two water regimes on 8 July.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Alhasan, A., and J. Heitholt. 2016. Effect of soil nitrogen rate on leaf chlorophyll and vegetative growth of dry bean. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull., p. 23-24. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2016-field-days-bulletin.pdf.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Alhasan, A, A. Piccorelli, and J. Heitholt. 2016. Effect of two nitrogen levels on growth traits of nine dry bean cultivars in the field. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull., p. 25-26. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2016-field-days-bulletin.pdf.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Alhasan, A., A. Piccorelli, and J. Heitholt. 2016. Influence of nitrogen fertility level on growth, grain yield, and yield components of different dry bean cultivars. Bean Improv. Coop. Ann. Rep. 59:173-174 (http://bic.css.msu.edu/Reports.cfm).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Panter, K., S.A. Dhekney, A. Erickson, C. Hilgert, and J. Heitholt. 2016. Vegetables and herbs under high and low tunnels. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull., p. 37-38. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2016-field-days-bulletin.pdf.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Heitholt, J., A. Pierson, C. Reynolds, and A. Piccorelli. 2016. Growth and pod traits correlate with grain yield among 50 dry bean cultivars. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull., p. 59-60. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2016-field-days-bulletin.pdf.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Heitholt, J., and B. Baumgartner. 2016. Drought susceptibility index and canopy traits of 49 dry bean genotypes subjected to water stress. Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Field Days Bull., p. 99-100. http://www.uwyo.edu/uwexpstn/_files/docs/2016-field-days-bulletin.pdf.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Heitholt, J., and A. Piccorelli. 2016. Yield component response to water stress among six dry bean genotypes. Bean Improv. Coop. Ann. Rep. 59:235-236 (http://bic.css.msu.edu/Reports.cfm).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sloan, J.J., P. Ampin, Y., T. Boerth, J.J. Heitholt, and Y. Wu. 2016. Improving the physical and chemical properties of a disturbed soil using drying-bed biosolids. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. DOI:10.1080/00103624.1179751.
|
Progress 05/29/15 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are dry bean producers in the Intermountain West, dry bean researchers, and seed companies. Changes/Problems:The project's main focus is now primarily dry bean with little emphasis on wheat or barley. In addition to screening dry bean genotypes for tolerance to drought, we are also screening dry bean genotypes for tolerance to low soil N. The main reason for adding this soil N component is that we do not have a strong understanding of which dry bean genotypes might perform well under low soil N. Additionally, our research protocol for studying genotype-by-drought interactions is easily transferred to other genotype-by-management research such as N fertility. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project leader is mentoring a graduate student that is studying dry bean genotype-by-N Level interactions. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are being shared with other researchers, advisory groups, interested producers, and seed companies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In 2016, we plan to re-screen genotypes of dry bean that exhibited drought tolerance in 2015. F2 progeny from selected crosses are being advanced to determine whether we can generatesuperiorsources of drought tolerance. A pair of genotype-by-N fertility studies were completed in the greenhouse late in 2015 and results of those experiments will be reported in early 2016 but are not ready to include in this 2015 document.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Drought-by-genotype studies were conducted in the field at Lingle (sown 19 June 2015) and Powell (sown 2 June 2015) with 50 entries at each location. At Lingle, mid-day canopy temperature readings during reproductive growth were significantly higher for water stressed plots (P=0.09) with stressed plots averaging 29°C and well-watered averaging 25°C. Differences in plant height were not significant between the well-watered and water stressed treatments. Seed yields were extremely variable and although average well-watered yield was 1130 pounds per acre and drought-stressed yield averaged 624 pounds per acre, water effects were not significant (and neither was the genotype-by-water interaction). Genotypes varied significantly in yield with four experimental lines ranking in the top five. Seed size, seed per pod, and pod harvest index all tended to be higher (2-8%) in the well watered plots than drought stressed but the differences were not significant.At Powell, cultivars effects on plant height were significant but drought effects were not. The tallest entry was COSD-35 at 91 cm and the shortest was the early maturing CELRK at 46 cm. A drought-by-genotype study was conducted in the greenhouse at Laramie during the summer months (sown on 19 May 2015). Cultivars used were BillZ, Centennial, Croissant, CO46348, Longs Peak, and UI-537 and there were three plants per three-gallon pot. All seed were inoculated and the source of inoculant was a mixture of rhizobia strains from a commercial company and this mixture included Rhizobium leguminorsarum biovar. phaseoli. Treatments were (1) well-watered and (2) 50% of well-watered (i.e. drought treatment). Well-watered pots were watered each morning (and in the afternoon as well if environmental conditions warranted). The 50% treatment pots were watered in the morning or on alternate days as environmental conditions warranted to ensure that they received approximately half the water of the well-watered treatment. Seed yield was reduced 25% by drought (P=0.08). Averaged across all treatments, seed yield was 16 g per plant for the well-watered and 12 g per plant for the drought treatment. Number of pods per plant (P=0.08), number of seed per plant (P=0.01), and number of seed per pod (P=0.06) were also reduced by drought. Seed size was unaffected by drought. There was no drought-by-genotype interaction on seed yield, pod number, number of seed per plant, or seed size but for seed per pod the interaction was significant (P = 0.06) with UI-537 having 4.8 seeds per pod under well-watered conditions and 3.5 seeds per pod under drought. Other genotypes did not exhibit such a difference between well-watered and drought in seeds per pod. The cultivar with highest yield was UI-537 which was significantly higher than Centennial, CO46348, and Longs Peak. Seed yields of Croissant and BillZ were not significantly lower than UI537. Drought reduced root mass (measured at maturity) by 20% (P=0.01) but drought did not affect root-to-shoot ratio or stalk mass at maturity. Croissant had the highest root:shoot value (0.92) whereas the other five genotypes ranged from 0.47 to 0.62. Chlorophyll concentration of the third uppermost fully expanded leaf, as measured by SPAD meter, showed that drought-stressed leaves were lower than the control (39 vs. 45) during mid-podfill (62 DAP, days after planting) but not when measured at two earlier developmental stages (28 and 36 DAP). CO46348 consistently had the highest leaf chlorophyll concentration and Longs Peak had the lowest. Pod harvest index [PHI, seed weight/(seed+pod) weight] was significantly higher in UI-537 (0.78), CO46348 (0.77), and BillZ (0.77) than Longs Peak (0.72), Croissant (0.72), and Centennial (0.72). The drought and drought-by-genotype effects on PHI were not significant. Drought susceptibility index (based on yield of drought and well-watered pots and not analyzed statistically) was lowest for Croissant (0.54) and CO46348 (0.61), higher for BillZ, Centennial, and UI537 (all 1.11) and highest for Longs Peak (1.68). A nitrogen rate study with the cultivar Maverick was conducted using rates of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 pounds of N per acre applied as NH4NO3 (during early seedling growth) in the field at Laramie. Due to the short growing season in Laramie, the intent of this and other Laramie field studies did not include grain yield although some mature pods developed prior to terminating the experiment. Pre-season soil conditions were: 10 ppm N, 16 ppm P, and 324 ppm K with a pH of 7.8. Seed was sown on 29 June 2015 in 20-inch rows and all seed were inoculated with the aforementioned rhizobia (see greenhouse study above). Plots were sprinkler irrigated with approximately 1.5 inches per week. Early-season (45 and 58 DAP) chlorophyll (SPAD) readings of the third uppermost fully-expanded leaf were not different among N levels but by mid-season (69 and 75 DAP), the two high N levels average 46 SPAD units vs. 40 for the two lowest N levels. At late-season, chlorophyll for the four highest N levels were higher than the two lowest N levels (45 vs. 37 at 79 DAP and 39 vs. 27 at 98 DAP). By 16 Sept (79 DAP), aboveground biomass per unit area was greater in the four highest N levels as compared to the two lowest N levels. By 11 October (104 DAP), leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground biomass per unit area tended to be positively associated with N level but the regression was not significant. On 2 October (95 DAP), plant height of the top four N levels was greater than the two lowest levels (42 cm vs. 30 cm). Ground cover (rated visually) at 95 DAP was also significantly higher in the high N treatments with the 100 pound N treatment attaining 80% cover and the 0 N treatment attaining only 47%. As the season came to a close due to cold weather, the crop did not mature normally and grain could not be separated from the pods. Thus, pods with intact seed were harvested, oven-dried, and weighed to obtain reproductive biomass. Effect of N rate on reproductive biomass was significant with the 60 and 100 pound N treatments averaging 54% more pod/seed mass than the 0 and 20 pound N treatments. Although this is just one field experiment, the data support the idea that this cultivar in this environment can benefit from early-season applications of 60 pounds of N per acre or more. An N-by-genotype study was conducted in the field at Laramie with nine cultivars. Two N levels were 0 and 60 lbs per acre applied at sowing in the form of NH4NO3. Genotypes included BillZ, CO46348, Croissant, Longs Peak, ND307, Rio Rojo, Stampede, Talon, and UI-537. Preseason soil nutrient levels were 7 ppm N, 3 ppm P, and 324 ppm K and pH was 7.9. Fertilizer P (triple superphosphate) was added to all plots to correct the deficiency. Plots were sown on 18 July 2015 in 20-inch rows. Chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) of the third uppermost fully expanded leaf was different among genotypes at all four sampling dates and different among N levels on the final three sampling dates. As was demonstrated in the previous studies, CO46348 exhibited higher SPAD readings for all four sampling dates. Stampede ranked lowest on the first three sampling dates. On the first sampling date, SPAD readings averaged 40 across all plots but favored the 60 lb N treatment on sampling date two (41 vs 38), sampling date three (38 vs 32), and sampling date four (41 vs 31). Total aboveground biomass at season's end was greater in the 60 pound N treatment than the 0 pound N treatment but reproductive biomass was similar between N levels. There were no notable genotype-by-N level interactions found in this study. We are currently in the process of repeating this study in the greenhouse with slightly fewer genotypes.
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