DIET, EXERCISE AND LIFESTYLE ON HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN WYOMING RESIDENTS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1005214
• Project No.: WYO-548-15
• Project Start Date: Dec 1, 2014
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2019

Project Director
Larson-Meyer, EN.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING
1000 E UNIVERSITY AVE DEPARTMENT 3434
LARAMIE,WY 82071-2000

Performing Department
Family And Consumer Sciences

Non Technical Summary
Consuming a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds helps prevent chronic disease. The same diet that is known to decrease chronic disease risk in the general population also optimizes performance in athletes. There is still much to be learned, however, concerning how certain nutrients such as vitamin D impact health and physical performance, how and which specific nutrients/foods influence health and performance, and whether appetite regulating hormones influence caloric intake and food selection thereby impacting health, obesity risk and physical performance. This proposal will focus on evaluating how specific dietary factors including overall diet, vitamin D status, and appetite regulating hormones influence health and performance. Because factors which define a healthy diet are evolving and not completely established, it will also focus on providing learning opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students in conduction and application of clinical research. The proposed studies will recruit human volunteers to participate in clinical observational or intervention trials designed to address these specific questions. Volunteers will include, but not be limited to, collegiate athletes, recreational athletes, dancers, pregnant and non-pregnant women of child-bearing age, and members of the local community. Undergraduate and graduate students will be kept abreast of new information in the proposed areas in the classroom and provided the opportunity to be involved in proposed project as appropriate. The overall goal of this project is to contribute to the knowledge base of how dietary factors influence health, disease risk and physical performance in humans with a particular emphasis on physically active populations in Wyoming. Our results are expected to help individuals and families make informed science-based decisions about their health and well-being.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

75%

Developmental

25%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
724	7220	1010	100%

Knowledge Area
724 - Healthy Lifestyle;

Subject Of Investigation
7220 - Sensory evaluation/analysis methods (human senses);

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

diet

vitamin d

human research

performance

health

Goals / Objectives
Objectives:Although much is known about the importance of diet in health, disease prevention and physical health, there is still much that is not. There is currently a gap in knowledge concerning how certain nutrients such as vitamin D impact health and physical performance, how various food/nutrients influence health and performance outcomes, and whether appetite regulating hormones drive caloric intake and food selection and thereby impact obesity risk, health and physical performance. The overall goal of this project is to contribute to the current knowledge on how dietary factors influence health, disease risk and physical performance in humans with an emphasis on physically active populations in Wyoming. The specific objectives of this project are: Determine the link between vitamin D status and risk of injury and illness, and the factors which impact vitamin D status.Determine relations between various food/nutrient intake in human health and performanceDetermine the role of appetite regulating hormones in energy intake/food selection and its relation to obesity and exercise-associated appetite changes.Increase undergraduate and graduate student understanding of and exposure to clinical research.

Project Methods
Objective 1. This work will assess vitamin D status in healthy individuals living in Wyoming including collegiate athletes, dancers, and pregnant and non-pregnant women of child bearing age. Volunteers will have blood drawn, have their height and weight measured, and complete a short questionnaire which assesses vitamin D intake and biological and lifestyle factors which impact vitamin D status including age, sex, race, skin pigmentation, estimated time spent outdoors, sunscreen use, clothing worn, use of tanning beds, etc.). Data will be collected at several points during the year which correspond with previously determined optimal (May - Oct) and nadir status (Dec-Feb). Body composition and bone density will also be evaluated via dual energy absorptiometry (Halliday, 2011 ; Larson-Meyer, 2010 )Blood samples will be appropriately processed and frozen until analysis for 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone concentration. Depending on the population studied, additional whole blood, serum or plasma may be obtained and analyzed for related factors including vitamin D receptor polymorphism, markers of inflammation, or bone turnover. For studies in UW athletes, sun exposure including time of day of outdoor practices will also be documented and selected information contained within the athletes medical chart, including injury status and progression and medications and supplement use during the academic year will be collected by a certified athletic trainer investigator. For acute sun exposure or supplementation studies, exposure will be directly monitored and blood samples collected at appropriate time points. Broad gene expression in white blood cells or other issues may also be collected before and after supplementation or exposure and analyzed using microarrays (Hossein-Nezhad, 2013b) Objective 2. Volunteers will be college or traditional or non-traditional athletes from the local community. The approach will include randomly assigned experiments and/or observational studies. For experimental studies, participating athletic volunteers will be assigned to follow one or more dietary treatments for several days to several months and be compared to a control intervention in the same athletes or a separate group of athletes with similar characteristics. Examples of possible approaches are outlined in our previous work and may include three (Larson-Meyer, 2008; Larson-Meyer, 2002b) to seven days (Larson, 1994) or longer as appropriate of low-fat vs. higher fat diets, short-term supplementation with a nutrient, phytochemical or herbal supplement (Larson-Meyer, 2000) versus placebo, or short-term incorporation of a specific food or eating pattern (Ferreira, 2011; Murphy M., 2012) to evaluate health and/or performance outcomes. Observational studies would involve collection of dietary intake and anthropometric data for comparison with blood or serum markers of nutrient status or health as well as other anthropometric or other health outcomes and performance markers. Currently we are evaluating risk of metabolic syndrome in UW football linemen in relation to dietary intake patterns. Additional projects under this objective will be approved by the University of Wyoming Institutional Review Board for Human Research before initiation. Objective 3: Participants will complete one to four test days (i.e., baseline, exercise condition, rest) that will be randomly assigned and scheduled either ~2 to 7 days or one menstrual cycle apart. Depending on the population (e.g., postpartum mothers or athlete) and question addressed, test days may include a baseline meal test or resting control and exercise session(s) of various modes and intensities as previously described. A controlled diet (~25% fat, 15% protein, 60% carbohydrate) will be provided to participants for one to three days prior to testing to help ensure similar energy status and nutrient consumption prior to testing (Larson-Meyer, 2008; Larson-Meyer, 2002b; Larson-Meyer, 2012; Larson-Meyer, 2010 ). On the morning of the test day(s), participants will report to the Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory either after an overnight fast (postpartum studies) or 90-minutes after consuming a standard breakfast (exercise studies). For the meal test and control experiment, an intravenous indwelling (IV) catheter will be inserted into an arm or hand vein by a study nurse and connected to a normal saline solution that is slowly infused (~30 cc/hour) to keep the catheter patent. Participants will consume a standardized meal (meal test) or rest quietly (control test) and blood will be drawn from the IV catheter immediately before and every 15 to 30 min after the meal or rest for a specified amount of time (i.e., typically two hours). For the exercise studies, a pre-exercise blood sample will be drawn via venipuncture and the participant will complete an exercise bout at a previously determined pace /effort (determined from a titration exercise performed prior to the test day (Larson-Meyer, 2012). Following exercise, the IV catheter will be immediately inserted and blood drawn at specified times as described above. Maximal oxygen uptake will be measured using a metabolic cart (Parvo Medics, Sandy Utah) during rest and exercise tests to determine the energy expenditure(Larson-Meyer, 2010 ). When milk samples are desired (lactating mothers), a sample of fore and hind milk will be collected according to previously established procedures (Schueler J. L., 2013) and analyzed for appetite hormones from skimmed milk. Hunger and satiety will be assessed at baseline and at various time points during the meal tests in accordance with the blood draws using standard visual analogue scales. Ad libitum food intake will be assessed following the last blood draw as previously described (Larson-Meyer, 2012; Larson-Meyer, 2010 ). Briefly, participants will be offered a variety of foods and beverages in a free choice meal and allowed to eat as much as desired within 20 minutes (Thompson, 1988). Participants will be told that the meal is provided to allow baseline ratings for hunger and satiety on a full stomach. The amount of food and water consumed will be quantified after the participant has left the room.Blood and milk samples will be analyzed for total ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (ghrelinacyl), PYY, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, lactate, and hematocrit using procedures established for our laboratory. Briefly, blood samples for total ghrelin, ghrelinacyl, PYY3-36 and GLP-1 will be analyzed in duplicate using commercially-available kits specific for humans (Millipore, St. Charles, MO). Other hormones and metabolites which may become of interest (apart from those listed above) may be measured and analyzed according to standardized procedure.Objective 4 : Undergraduate and graduate students in Dr. Larson-Meyer's courses will be exposed to current research in areas related to this proposal through both formal course instruction and through opportunities in the Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory. Specifically, Dr. Larson-Meyer will update course material based on current research published in scientific journals and meeting proceedings. Course content will include the research process and discussions on controversial research findings (hot topics). To facilitate this, Dr. Larson-Meyer will attend at least one annual meeting a year (for example, the American College of Sports Medicine, or the Wyoming Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics) to keep current on research, teaching and practice topics and network with practitioners, researchers and teachers in the area. Dr. Larson-Meyer and Dr. Alexander will also provide opportunities for dietetics, exercise science, nursing or pre-professional medical degrees students and graduate students to work in their laboratories to gain hands on experience through independent study, honors and summer projects, or thesis work. Interested and qualified students will work on projects outlined in Objectives 1-3.

Progress 12/01/14 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Dietitians, physicians, exercise physiologists, other health care professionals, students, athletes, active individualsand the general population. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?See above. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Incorporated in accomplishments section above. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Over the 5-years of this project, we have accomplished the following: Objective 1. We have published five manuscripts related to evaluation of the link between vitamin D status and risk of injury and illness and the factors that influence vitamin D status, and currently have one in submission. Overall, this work looked at the aforementioned questions in collegiate athletes, biofortification of the vitamin D content in meat due to sunlight exposure in agriculture animals (pigs), and sensible sun-exposure guidelines in younger and older men and women. The work also led to development (and attempted validation) of a vitamin D-specific food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire. Information for this research was shared through: a) a webinar given as part of the International Olympic Committee Diploma in Sports Nutrition; b) presentations at national meetings of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, The American Diabetes Association Postgraduate Course, and the Professionals in Sports and Exercise Nutrition special event meeting at the American College of Sports Medicine; and c) presentations to graduate students at various universities. Objective 2. We have conducted research on the areas of iodine status and the benefits of yoga. I have also shared much of our work and been involved in the state of the current evidence related to nutrition and athletic performance & health through participation on three international consensus panels: The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Nutrition Consensus Panel (in process), the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) Consensus on Nutrition For Athletes (May 2018-current), and the International Olympic Committee Expert Conference on Dietary Supplements and the Elite Athlete ( May 3 - 5th, 2017; work still in progress). From this work, two papers were recently published related to iodine status, one on the benefits of yoga and four related to the consensus panels overall summaries. One is in progress. Information on this work was shared through a) presentations at the Alaska Native Diabetes Conference; b) the annual meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine; c) and the annual symposium of the Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Additionally, collective work on evaluation of the potential benefits and precautions of following a plant-based diet specifically for athletes and active individuals have been incorporated into my new book on plant-based diets for athletes and shared through invited presentations to dietitians and other audiences. Objective 3. Research under the umbrella of objective 3 has taken a backseat to research under the umbrella of objectives 1 and 2. Nonetheless, information from my lab's previous research in this area was presented to practitioners and researchers a) at the annual symposium of the Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; and b) as an invited lecture at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center Seminar. Objective 4. Nine graduate and one undergraduate students have formally been involved and exposed to clinical research through research that includes undergraduate INBRE projects, and graduate research projects and thesis projects. Numerous others have been exposed through coursework at UW and our presentations at national and local meetings.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Montana State University, Exercise and Nutrition Science Seminar. Invited Speaker, Health Implications of Vitamin D Deficiency in Athletes and Ways to Prevent: One Laboratories Journey. Bozeman, MT March 29, 2019
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: 34th Annual Alaska Native Diabetes Conference. Salt, Soil & Body Weight: Emerging Reasons We Should Evaluate Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in Our Patients with Diabetes. Anchorage, AL, October 10th, 2018.
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gatorade XP. Sports Nutrition Strategies for Vegan and Vegetarian Athletes: Understanding the Benefits & Challenges. Sarasota, FL, Oct 18th, 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wyoming Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (WAND) Annual Conference. Blood, Sweat and Chills: What the Low Sodium Guidelines Neglected to Consider, Laramie, WY, April 24th, 2015.
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center Seminar. Invited Speaker, Human Milk, Exercise and Honey: Exploring the Obesoprotective Effect of Gut Peptides. Birmingham, AL, March 17th, 2015
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Jenna Chalcraft Pattern of Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis in a Moderate Altitude, Mid Latitude Community Dwelling Older Adult Population; Masters in Food Science & Human Nutrition, June 2019
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Demetre Gostas, Assessment of Iodine Status in a Healthy Population. Masters in Food Science & Human Nutrition, May 2019
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Corey Douglas, Is it Possible to Validate a Vitamin D-Specific Food Frequency Questionnaire? Masters in Food Science & Human Nutrition, July, 2018.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Linda Cardinal, Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D at high Latitude Mountainous Region; Masters in Food Science & Human Nutrition, April 2017
• Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2020 Citation: Sarah Rich, project title pending, INBRE Science Student, Fall 2019  Current

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Registered dietitians, physicians, nurses, exercise physiologists, fitness professionals, students, food industry employeesand the media. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Dr. Larson-Meyer was able to present at several professional meetings (see aforementioned list of invited conference presentations) on vitamin D and iodine status and on the benefits of vegetarian diets and the importance of vitamin and mineral status in diabetes outcomes. This included sharing her expertise as part of the panel with the IOC. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through agriculture bulletins, scientific publications, attendance at scientific meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue our work looking at sensible sun exposure, validation of our vitamin D diet and lifestyle questionnaire and iodine status of healthy individuals. We also hope to do more sharing of our results via social media.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. We analyzed and submitted data from a graduate student project (L Cardinal) which characterized vitamin D synthesis following a single dose of sun exposure in healthy young men and women. The manuscript was initially rejected by Nutrients but has been revised. We also initiated and completed a second project using this similar protocol in 12 older individuals (>50 years). The results are currently being analyzed. We are continuing to work on a project to cross-validate our Vitamin D intake and lifestyle questionnaire. This project was part of a graduate student thesis project (C. Douglass, defended July 2018). Objective 2. We have continued working on a new project that is evaluating risk of iodine status in Wyoming and its potential influence on subclinical thyroid disorders. We have completed data collection of dietary intake data and 24-hour urinary iodine in over 100 individuals and will begin data analysis in this coming project year. Objectives 1&2. Dr. Larson-Meyer has continued working with an International Olympic Committee Consensus (IOC) Group that is looking at the safety and potential health benefits of dietary supplement use by athletes and active people and with an International Group evaluating the importance of diet in football (soccer). Several papers will be published by the next reporting year. Objective 4. Five graduate students gained experience with various aspects of nutrition related human research.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Larson-Meyer DE, Ingold BC, Fensterseifer S, Austin KJ, Wechler P, Hollis B, Makowski AJ, Alexander BM. Sun exposure in pigs increases the vitamin D nutritional quality of pork. Plos One 2017; 12(11).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Larson-Meyer DE, Woolf K, Burke LM. Assessment of Nutrient Status in Athletes and the Need for Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28(2):139-158.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Rawson, ES, Miles MP, Larson-Meyer DE. Dietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28(2):188-199
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson EC, Walsh NP, Garth I, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, and Shirreffs SM. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 2018 doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027 and Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28(2):104-125.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Cardinal L, Alexander BM, Wechler P, Hollis B, Ingold B, Larson-Meyer DE. Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in a moderate-altitude, high Latitude mountainous region (in review)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Larson-Meyer DE, Schueler J, Kyle E, Austin K, Hart AM, Alexander BM. Appetite-regulating hormones in human breastmilk: a plausible biological factor for obesity risk reduction? (in review)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics FNCE. Culinary Demonstration: The Inclusive Table- Vegan Meals Even Omnivores Will Love, Co-presenter Michele Redmond. Chicago, IL, Oct 22nd (session #129), 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wyoming Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (WAND) Annual Conference. Fueling the Active Vegan and Vegetarian, Laramie, WY, April 14, 2018.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting. Tuitorial Lecture, Butterflies, Chills, and Weight Gain: Are We Forgetting about Iodine and Thyroid Function in Athletes". Minneapolis, MN, May 30th,, 2018
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting. Current Issue, Here Comes the Sun: An Update on Vitamin D and the Health and Performance of Athletes". Co-presenters: Ron Maughan, Peter Peeling, Louise Burke, Romain Meeusen, Eric Rawson. Minneapolis, MN, June 2nd,, 2018.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Health Care Professionals including Registered Dietitians, Nurses, Physicians, Exercise Physiologists and Diabetes Educators Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Dr. Larson-Meyer was able to present at several professional meetings (see aforementioned list of invited conference presentations) on vitamin D and iodine status and on the benefits of vegetarian diets and the importance of vitamin and mineral status in diabetes outcomes. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes, in general through attendance at scientific meetings and via social media but more will be done in coming years. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1. We analyzed and submitted data from a graduate student project (L Cardinal) which characterized vitamin D synthesis following a single dose of sun exposure in healthy young men and women. A paper summarizing the results is in the review process. We are also currently working on a project to cross-validate our Vitamin D intake and lifestyle questionnaire. This project is part of a graduate student (C. Douglass) thesis project. Objective 2. We have continued working on a new project that is evaluating risk of iodine status in Wyoming and its potential influence on subclinical thyroid disorders. Dr. Larson-Meyer has also been working with an International Olympic Committee Consensus Group that is looking at the safety and potential health benefits of dietary supplement use by athletes and active people and with an International Group evaluating the importance of diet in football (soccer). Several papers will be published by the next reporting year. Objective 4. Seven graduate students and two undergraduate students gained experience with various aspects of nutrition-related human research.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Professionals in Sports and Exercise Nutrition (PINES Special Event: Ten questions, Ten Experts: Research that Changed Sports Nutrition Vitamin D and Inflammation. American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting Denver, CO, May 30th, 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Collegiate and Professional Sports Dietitians Association (CPSDA) Annual Conference. Fueling Vegetarian Athletes. Scottsdale, AZ, May 18th, 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: SCANs 33rd Annual Symposium. Butterflies, Chills and Weight Gain: The Emerging & Often Forgotten Role of Diet in the Prevention & Treatment of Thyroid disorders. Charlotte, NC, March 31st, 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: American Diabetes Association 64TH Advanced Postgraduate Course. The Role for Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in diabetes Management Washington DC, February 18, 2017
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics FNCE. Vitamin D: Friend or Foe?, Co-presenter Roberta Anding. Boston, MA, Oct 17th (session 366), 2016
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cardinal L, Alexander BM, Wechler P, Hollis B, Ingold B, Larson-Meyer DE. Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in a moderate-altitude, high Latitude mountainous region (in review)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bermon S, Castell LM, Calder PC, Bishop NC, Blomstrand E, Mooren FC, Kruger K, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC, Senchina DS, Nieman DC, Gleson M, Pyne DB, Kitic CM, Close GL, Larson-Meyer DE, Marcos A, Meydani SN, Wu D, Walsh, NP, Nagatomi R.Consensus Statement Immunonutrition and Exercise. Exercise Immunology Review 2017; 23: 8-50.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Larson-Meyer DE. Vegetarian Athletes. In: Karpinski C and Rosenbloom C, eds. Sports Nutrition: A Practice Manual for Professionals. 6th Edition. Chicago, IL: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2017

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Published studies have been shared through twitter and in the media. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1. We will continue our work on evaluating the link between vitamin D status and risk of illness. We specifically plan to finish analysis of our human sunlight exposure study (mentioned above) and complete the analysis to validate our vitamin D intake and lifestyle questionnaire. Objective 2. We are starting a new project that will evaluate risk of iodine status in Wyoming and its potential influence on subclinical thyroid disorders. Objective 3. We hope to design a project to evaluate the benefit of yoga for weight loss/weight loss maintenance and its influence on appetite, appetite regulating hormones and food choice.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: We completed a project evaluating the effect of vitamin D status on risk of injury, illness and skin and upper respiratory infections in college wrestlers. J Barcal completed her thesis on this project and published her results in the Journal Nutrients. L. Cardinal is completing her project which is characterizing vitamin D synthesis following a single dose of sun exposure in healthy young humans. She presented preliminary findings at the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting last spring. She is nearing completion of her thesis work on this project and will submit the results to a scientific journal for publication. Objective 3 : DE Larson-Meyer completed a systematic review of the energy cost of yoga as background information for a project in the works that will evaluate the benefit of yoga for weight loss/weight loss maintenance and its influence on appetite, appetite regulating hormones and food choice.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Barcal J, Thomas JT, Hollis BW, Austin KJ, Alexander BM, Larson-Meyer DE. Vitamin D and weight cycling: Impact on injury, illness, and inflammation in collegiate wrestlers. Nutrients 2016; 8(12),775: 1-15. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/12/775/htm
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cardinal LM, Larson-Meyer DE. Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Bout of Acute Sun Exposure in a Moderate Altitude, High Latitude Mountainous Region. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine, April, 2016/
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Larson-Meyer DE. A systematic review of the energy cost and metabolic intensity of yoga. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48(8):1558-1569.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Barcal, Jacqueline, Vitamin D and Weight Cycling: Impact on Infection Risk, Inflammation, Injury and Illness in Collegiate Wrestlers. Masters in Food Science & Human Nutrition, May 2016

Progress 12/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students and one undergraduate student were exposed to clinical research. The undergraduate student worked less than .1 FTE on the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Preliminary results were presented at the annual Symposium of the Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group as a student poster by J Barcal. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Results will be submitted to the scientific literature for publication. Results may also be distributed to the general population by social and other media.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: Weare nearing completion of a project evaluatingthe effect of vitamin D status on risk of injury, illness and skin and upper respiratory infections in college wrestlers. J Barcal submitted a graduate student grant and was awarded $2500 to assist whith this work. We also initiated a project to characterize vitamin D synthesis following a single dose of sun exposure at altitude in humans. L Cardinal submitted a graduate student grant and was awarded $500 to assist with this work.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Barcal J, Thomas J and Larson-Meyer DE. Increased Body Fat Correlates with Vitamin D Status in Collegiate Wrestlers. SCANs 31st Annual Symposium, Colorado Springs, CO, May 2nd, 2015.