Progress 01/15/15 to 01/14/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Scientific community, students, veterinarians, dairy owners, dairy personnel, dairy technical support, food science industry, extension Changes/Problems:We did not complete the inducer experiment in calves when it failed to work in chickens. We've worked out the mechanism of action (using other funding), but it likely only works well in a high osmotic stress environment and while it may work in the lower GI tract it first needs to get there without being adsorbed on the way. The latter is an unlikely outcome. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Some of this activiity is described in Goal 4 related to accomplishments. We provided multiple programs to veterinarians, farm workers, and students. One undergraduate student participated in the project for two years and used the experience to write her honors thesis as capstone to her undergraduate education. Her project was nominated to be considered "satisfactory with distinction" which is the highest honor awarded to students in the honors program at WSU. Several students in the Barile laboratory participated in seminars related to Oligosaccharide detection: QQQ LC/MS User Workshop, Agilent Technologies, 24th May, 2017 South San Francisco, CA; Proteomics Short Course, UC Davis Genome Centre, 7th -11th August, 2017 Davis, CA; Grad Pathways courses workshop-Made to Stick: Keys to Effectively Delivering Scientific Presentations and Posters held at UC Davis, California, USA on January 23, 2017; Introduction to Python. Data Initiative Biology Summer Institute, University of California, Davis, July 10-14th, 2017. A veterinary student worked on the project Summer 2017 and was awarded a BI fellowship which included stipend funding for the summer and participation in a research symposium at NIH prior to the school year. She will present the results from her project at a One Health conference summer 2018. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?As discussed previously, our main outreach efforts focused on traditional routes including web-based, targeted meetings with veterinarians, scientific presentations and publications, and continuing education programs. Because many of these projects have involved intensive sampling on farms, we have incorporated "real-time" outreach/extension targeting farm owners, managers, calf care personnel, and veterinarians. This outreach includes formulating reports that rapidly deploy data and stimulate discussion. This has resulted in "real-time"adjustments in farm policy and discussions on how to make changes. We are currently developing methodology to conduct real-time impact assessment. To support this effort we are improving our capacity to take these assessments and adjust our outreach programs. Examples of this modality include using optical Brix refractometer to monitor and maintain consistency of total solid concentrations in milk replacers. A webinar targeting dairy veterinarians on how to use calf care audit tools was conducted late 2016. Both the feed forward/feedback and Ecology trials have generated on-going reports delivered back to participating farms and their veterinarians. These reports are delivered in-person to the farm management and personnel and their veterinarians. We also conducted several "worker only" lunch-time meetings reviewing the basics of treatment strategies for calf care. These programs were presented in Spanish by a veterinary collaborator. These programs were well received and most importantly workers uniformly commented that while they had similar programs in the past, this was the first one that made sense as the other programs were delivered in English and subsequently translated which garbled the message. These meetings serve both an evaluation of the value of the reports and a template for overall project outreach. Finally, one member of WSU extension (McConnel) attended the annual business meeting of the Washington Dairy Federation (November 2017) and discussed project findings and sponsored an information booth to dispense results from the project. In addition, the results have been presented at numerous scientific meetings and there are several peer-review publications published, in review and in preparation. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Goal 1.Trial 1: Framework for decisions. Motivation surveys and critical decision making interviews were conducted and reported in the 2015 annual report. This information was used in subsequent work that evaluated and compared treatment decisions with risk observations by an independent veterinarian.A total of 460 calves were enrolled in the study and accounted for 12,101 observation days. Abnormal clinical signs were observed on all farms with the most common abnormal clinical observation being diarrhea with an incidence risk of 0.85 and noted across 10% of the observation days. This was consistent across all farms. The most important finding was the mismatch between clinical signs and treatment decisions. Calves without signs of clinical disease were just as likely to receive an antibiotic as their first treatment as calves with clinical signs. On-farm personnel treated a high proportion of calves with antibiotics as their primary therapy. Two opportunities to address these findings are to help workers better understand the significance of an observed diarrhea event and to develop more effective approaches to support on-farm decision making. Trial 2: feedback and feedforward. The goal of this trial was to identify parturition-related risk factors for calf health events and develop a system to provide this risk information to calf care workers to inform treatment decisions. Two large commercial dairy farms and 2400 calves were enrolled for this trial. Foreach calf, calving events, colostrum hygiene and quality (pH, osmolality, and total solids), and passive transfer of immunity (serum total protein) were recorded. Farm managers were provided reports of these assessments on a weekly or biweeklybasis. Calves were evaluated for weight gain (birth to weaning), daily pre-feeding, feeding, and post-feeding behaviors,morbidity (diarrhea and pneumonia), on farm decisions for treatment, and mortality. This part of the trial was completed in September 2016 and analysis showed that the signal for feedback to workers was weak except for colostrum quality. Goal 2. A field trial comparing OS supplementation of milk for preweaned calves was completed. Calves on three farms were enrolled into the study over a 12 month period. Calves were enrolled at each farm and randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups: mannanoligosaccharide MOS (14 days), galactooligosaccharide GOS (14 days), MOS (7 days), GOS (7 days), Lactose (14 days), and unsupplemented. All calves received one or two feedings of colostrum. Calves were weighed at enrollment and weaning. All calves were evaluated twice daily for 21 days for appetite and attitude. Several outcomes were assessed but the initial analysis focused on average daily gain (ADG). The primary monitored health outcome was appetite. Calves were scored at each feeding for finishing the milk meal. There was a strong negative impact on ADG from not completing milk meals during the follow up period but much of this loss was mitigated in those calves receiving the GOS and Lactose supplements. Evaluation of the remaining outcomes of OS on disease, growth of Bifidobacteria and resistance are pending. Goal 3.Trial 1: Identify sources & dissemination pathways of phenotypic AMR. Twelve farms were enrolled. Each farm was sampled 3-4 times. E. coli AMR phenotype data are analyzed and data strongly indicate most of the commensal E. coli are pan-susceptible; there are farm differences in resistance profiles and antibiotic use; and most resistance, especially multidrug resistant profiles, occur in pre-weaned calves. Patterns are strongly related to farm use of antibiotics and there is no evidence of between transfer of resistance and no evidence for between management groups on a farm. These farm differences suggest that we can evaluate farm-specific management practices to develop models for antibiotic use and management to align with less resistant bacterial populations on farm--a key mitigation opportunity. Trial 2. Adult cows and preweaned calves on 12 farms were sampled and little to no quinolone resistance among E. coli from adult cows was found, whereas resistance to quinolones was relatively common among E. coli from preweaned calves. Calves are therefore unlikely to represent a significant reservoir for quinolone-resistant E. coli in lactating dairy cows. To provide deeper insights into QREC in commensal dairy cattle E. coli we used a whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach to 1) determine and compare quinolone resistance mechanisms in E. coli from enrofloxacin-treated and enrofloxacin-untreated calves; to 2) determine and compare the genetic structure of quinolone-resistant E. coli (MLST, SNPS in core genome) and investigate whether certain clones are dominant or associated with certain quinolone resistance mechanisms; 3) determine whether resistance mechanisms in quinolone-resistant E. coli that produce extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are chromosomal, plasmid mediated or both; and 4) identify other antimicrobial resistance genes and establish their associations with quinolone resistance and other phenotypes. The analysis of these data is pending. Goal 4.We have applied a variety of modalities for disseminating the findings from these studies. Our initial findings suggested that calf care workers did not routinely use SMS or social media for information about their jobs but preferred face-to-face information transfer. Our main outreach efforts have therefore focused on traditional routes including web-based, targeted meetings with veterinarians, scientific presentations and publications, and continuing education programs. Because many of these projects have involved intensive sampling on farms, we have incorporated "real-time" outreach/extension targeting farm owners, managers, calf care personnel, and veterinarians. This outreach includes formulating reports that rapidly deploy data and stimulate discussion. This has resulted in "real-time"adjustments in farm policy and discussions on how to make changes. We are currently developing methodology to incorporate real-time impact assessments into our extension model. To support this effort we are improving our capacity to take these assessments and adjust our outreach programs. Examples of this modality include using optical Brix refractometer to monitor and maintain consistency of total solid concentrations in milk replacers. A webinar targeting dairy veterinarians on how to use calf care audit tools was conducted late 2016. Both the feed forward/feedback and Ecology trials have generated on-going reports delivered back to participating farms and their veterinarians. These reports are delivered in-person to the farm management and personnel and their veterinarians. We also conducted several "worker only" lunch-time meetings reviewing the basics of treatment strategies for calf care. These programs were presented in Spanish by a veterinary collaborator. These programs were well received and most importantly workers uniformly commented that while they had similar programs in the past, this was the first one that made sense as the other programs were delivered in English and subsequently translated and resulted in a garbled message. These meetings serve both an evaluation of the value of the reports and a template for overall project outreach. Finally, one member of WSU extension (McConnel) attended the annual business meeting of the Washington Dairy Federation (November 2017) and discussed project findings and sponsored an information booth to dispense results from the project.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Shankar, S.S., Barile, D., Investigating the composition of milk replacers used to decrease disease incidence and antibiotics use in calves, Collaborative Research Group Meeting, May 31st, 2017, University of California, Davis, CA.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Afema JA, Ahmed S, Besser T, Jones L, Sischo WM, Davis M. Molecular epidemiology of dairy cattle-associated Escherichia coli carrying bla CTX-M genes in Washington State. Applied Env Micro XX doi: 10.1128/AEM doi: 10.1128/AEM.02430-17.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Mandel C, Adams-Progar A, Sischo WM, Moore DA. Short Communication: Predictors of time to dairy calf bucket training. J Dairy Sci 100(5):9769-74. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-13208.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Afema JA, Sischo WM, The effect of antibiotic use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from pre-weaned calves on a large commercial dairy farm in Washington State, 7th Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and Environment, Braunschweig Germany, June.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Blackburn C, Moore D, Afema JA, Kinder D, Sischo WM, Motivations for treatment decisions made by calf care workers on western United States dairies, 7th Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and Environment, Braunschweig Germany, June.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sischo WM, Afema J, Kinder D, Davis M. Diffusion of antimicrobial resistance across management niches on dairy farms, 7th Symposium on Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals and Environment, Braunschweig Germany, June.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Sischo WM, Moore DA, Davis M. Heaton, K, Kurtz, S, Vanegas J, Siler J, Periera R, Warnick L. Dairy on-farm communication: Seeing the structure for Veterinary training. International Conference on Communication in Veterinary Medicine, Ontario Canada, March 22-25.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Sischo WM, Afema J, Kinder D, Davis M. Diffusion of antimicrobial resistance across management niches on dairy farms. American Dairy Science Association, Lexington KY, June 22-25.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sischo WM, Short DM, Geissler M, Bunyatratchata A, Barile D. Comparative composition, diversity, and abundance of oligosaccharides in early lactation milk from commercial dairy and beef cows. J Dairy Sci 100(5):3883-3892. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-12388.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Lottes O, Sischo WM. Assessing Impacts of Antibiotic Therapy in Neonatal Dairy Calves on Gut and Animal Health. One Health International Conference, Saskatoon CA. June
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Sischo WM, Moore DA, Olson A. Dairy calf treatment decisions by farm personnel compared to veterinary observations of clinical signs. One Health International Conference, Saskatoon CA June
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Liu, J, MA Davis, WM Sischo and DR Call. In revision. Evidence for persistent, spatially-explicit reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in food-animal production environments.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Olson A, Sischo WM, Berge ACB, Adams-Progar A, Moore DA. Comparison of dairy calf treatment decisions by farm personnel with veterinary observations. J Dairy Sci
|
Progress 01/15/16 to 01/14/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Dairy Farm Employees (and employees of animal production units), Dairy Producers (owners of animal production units), Dairy Veterinarians (animal production veterinarians), Scientists, Policy and Regulatory governmental agencies (e.g. One Health Coalition Initiative, Washington Department of Health), agriculture support/industry personnel, Veterinary students, undergraduate students, High School students. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two WSU DVM students and an Animal Science student participated in the project this summer. They were involved in fieldwork and laboratory analyses for the feedforward and feedback part of the project. For one of the Veterinary Students, this experience resulted in a peer reviewed publication and poster presentation at a national meeting and at a WSU science symposium. One graduate student (Jinxin Liu) successfully defended his PhD dissertation entitled, "The role of excreted antibiotics in the establishment of persistent on-farm reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria." One peer-reviewed paper is published and a second is in review from this work. Two graduate students from UC Davis attended a series of professional development programs: 1.Grant writing workshop. "Write Winning Grant Proposals". September 25, 2015. University of California, Davis. 2. "Career Assessment Series". January 6 and 25, 2016. University of California, Davis; "Part I: Strong Interest Inventory and Skill Scan", "Part II: MBTI and Values" of which were helpful information to learn when definingcareergoals, 3. "Prepare for the Interview for Teaching Positions in Academia". January 19, 2016. University of California, Davis, 4. "Effective Communication for Career Success: Practice Telling Your Story". February 9, 2016. University of California, Davis. Post-doctoral scientists at WSU regularly participate in an infectious disease seminar and journal club that is multi-disciplinary and is organized by faculty working under this grant. They also have opportunity to participate in Teaching Academy discussions. One post-doctoral scientist attended a half day workshop (November 2016), "Faculty Teaching Forum". High school student, Sarah Strickler, worked with our group on developing a science project titled: "A novel approach to the reduction of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli present in livestock waste through use of plant extracts". As she developed her project our team helped her with materials and techniques and with data interpretation. It was a remarkable project that she developed, initiated, completed and presented. Our role was completely advisory and providing technical support as she worked on her protocols. She went on to achieve regional and state honors in the INTEL sponsored science competition and garnered second place for microbiology in the INTEL International Science and Engineering Fair. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Preliminary results for (objective 1: trials 1 and 2), feedback and feedforward were prepared and discussed in person with owners and/or managers, calf care workers, and veterinarians of the dairy farms. Presentations and peer-reviewed journal articles have been prepared and delivered or published. These deliverables are associated with Objective 1 and 2. Preliminary results for major goal 3 trial 1 (identifying source and dissemination pathways for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance are prepared into simple reports as the project progresses, delivered in person to owners/managers and veterinarians and discussed. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Nearly all objectives are underway and meeting implementation objectives. Specific plans by objective include: Objective 1: An intervention trial for feed forward-feedback beginning in December-January and continue through Year 3. This intervention trial will be the first step in developing outreach to calf care workers and farm advisors as well as test the hypothesis that calf care workers can benefit from additional information about events at parturition to impact antibiotic use decisions. For Year 3, the cognitive and motivation data will be developed into peer review publications and serve as the philosophical platform for outreach. Objective 2: Multisite clinical trials, evaluating efficacy of OS supplementation, began in Year 2 and will continue through Year 3. Briefly, we expect to complete two trials before the end of Year 2 and complete the remaining trials during the first two quarters of Year 3. The basic trial is the comparison of GOS, MOS, and lactose controls to change health outcomes and influence bacterial components in the calf gut. We will also complete a study begun in Year 2 on the comparative OS profile in various liquid feeds given to calves. The variety of liquid feeds available in the marketplace and on-farm is complex and includes feeds marketed as milk replacers (formula) and milk available on farm. This is an important component of the OS supplementation trials as it provides foundational information on the possible importance of OS as supporting calf health. Additional work under this objective include evaluating components of Saccharomyces based products as there is increased interest and use in the field of these products despite limited information on their efficacy. Other questions of interest that may be addressed under this trial include: Why do calves get diarrhea at 6-10 days of age? What does the microbiome look like during this risk period? If there are changes, is it due to metabolic, physiological, gut biochemistry, or fatty acids shifts? Objective 3: The ecological dissemination studies began in Year 2 and will continue in Year 3. Across 12 farms we are sampling animals and environments across the various management units on the dairy farm: preweaned and weaned calves, pregnant heifers, dry cows, hospitalized animals, animals to be sold, lactating animals, dry cows, and post parturition animals. These include soils, feeds and water at each of these sites. Herds are sampled at 2-3 month intervals. E. coli are cultured from these samples and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. This study allows us to test two ideas: the ability of resistant organisms to move across farms and affect all animal groups and the influence of farm management on the resistance patterns and on and off farm dissemination of antibiotic resistance. All of the evidence from the 12 farm study suggests little dissemination of quinolone resistance among animals groups and this resistance is centered in the calf management areas. Among preweaned calves on these 12 farms, approximately 12% of isolates were resistant to quinolones. One of the observations from these data was that among farms with any quinolone resistance, the prevalence of resistance fluctuates over time (Table 1). These fluctuations may be associated with changing patterns of antimicrobial use on these farms. Table 1. Percent of E. coli isolates with resistance to nalidixic acid (Nal-R) and ciprofloxacin (Cip-R) on two farms over time. (Note that Farm 39 samples represented here may not be evenly distributed among calves and adult cows on each date). Farm 39 Farm 60 Sample Date Nal-R Cip-R Total isolate count Nal-R Cip-R Total isolate count 3/21/2016 8.2% 6.4% 330 5/2/2016 5/16/2016 1.5% 0.0% 408 6/27/2016 57.6% 30.3% 33 6/28/2016 8/2/2016 8/15/2016 41.9% 23.3% 43 8/28/2016 56.1% 24.4% 41 9/12/2016 45.6% 8.8% 57 9/19/2016 8.0% 3.4% 412 9/25/2016 47.7% 25.0% 44 10/10/2016 7.5% 3.8% 425 In Year 3, we will test the hypothesis that temporal patterns in ciprofloxacin resistance are associated with temporal patterns in enrofloxacin use in calves. One way to test this is to compare treated calves to non-treated calves. In order to rule out a major role of strain dissemination we will perform MLST on a subset of isolates and to determine the resistance genotype we will determine mutations in gyrA, gyrB (gyrase) and parC and parE (topoisomerase IV) genes and detect any plasmid-meditated FQ resistance genes using PCR. We will also focus on the role that environmental reservoirs of resistance may have on within farm dissemination of resistance. In particular we will determine shedding pattern and environmental load for AMR E. coli after antibiotic treatment. Based on the 12 farm study there are five antibiotics commonly used in calf treatments: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfasoxazole, enrofloxacin, florfenicol with flunixin meglumine, and tulathromycin. In a clinical trial format we will expose healthy calves to these antimicrobials and evaluate E. coli - AMR fecal shedding patterns and environmental loading and persistence of isolates. Objective 4: The ongoing reporting and delivery of research results and progress will serve as a template for worker educational programs that will be implemented as a follow up to the trials on framework for decisions and feedback and feedforward. Initially, outreach education is planned for two farms where the preliminary trials were conducted. This outreach/training hopes to deliver 2 main messages on calf diarrhea: "Grab and administer an electrolyte" as first line treatment when a calf gets diarrhea. This training will include what happens physiologically when calves get diarrhea and why we need to give oral electrolytes. "When is it necessary to administer medications" what is the evidence-based efficacy of antibiotics and supportive medications to treat diarrhea and pneumonia? Based on the motivation and decision work, it is clear that employees are the primary decision point on whether a calf is treated with an antibiotic or not. The intent is to give employees information to support decisions. The curriculum has been developed for these training sessions and have been reviewed by four dairy veterinarians and one dairy producer for content, messaging and likelihood of being used. The information is being prepared in English and will be translated to Spanish and delivered by a Spanish speaking person. In addition, information on recommended all medications being used for diarrhea based on current literature will be delivered to dairy veterinarians with the hope that they will change treatment protocols. We also intend to develop training methodology that can be used by veterinarians to engage easily and efficiently with calf care workers to reinforce disease and treatment decisions. As the project continues we will use the information from the OS trials and the ecology studies to inform the educational approaches and content. A key element from the motivation work is the importance of supporting calf care workers by providing information that supports belief systems for calf health. All educational programs we develop will be designed to address this important element.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Trial 1: Framework for decisions. Motivation surveys and critical decision making interviews were conducted and reported in the 2015 annual report. The goal of the motivation surveys was to understand and describe why (motivation) calf care decisions for health and treatment are made. Based on the literature we developed a survey around the concept of five motivation types, intrinsic, internal, extrinsic, external, and goal internal. We interviewed 107 calf care workers from 28 dairy farms in Washington, California, and Idaho. Four motivation types emerged: External (motivated by recognition from supervisor) and Goal Internal (motivated by doing what is best for the farm). The other two classes were hybrid of two motivation types Intrinsic/Internal (motivated by both an intrinsic belief system and task enjoyment) and Goal Internal/Intrinsic. The most common motivation type was Intrinsic/Internal (41%) followed by Goal Internal/Intrinsic (26%). The critical lesson is that workers inform their decisions by their beliefs and may not respond to being told "how to do their job right". The critical decision survey was completed on five farms and included 15 "calf treaters". Treatment decisions were based on getting ahead of disease symptoms and treatment was viewed as necessary to keep calves alive. These sentiments strongly relate to a belief system that antibiotics are essential to keep calves healthy. Trial 2: feedback and feedforward. The goal of this trial was to identify parturition-related risk factors for calf health events and develop a system to provide this risk information to calf care workers to inform treatment decisions. Two large commercial dairy farms and 2400 calves were enrolled for this trial. For each calf, calving events, colostrum hygiene and quality (pH, osmolality, and total solids), and passive transfer of immunity (serum total protein) were recorded. Farm managers were provided reports of these assessments on a weekly or biweekly basis. Calves were evaluated for weight gain (birth to weaning), daily pre-feeding, feeding, and post-feeding behaviors, morbidity (diarrhea and pneumonia), on farm decisions for treatment, and mortality. This part of the trial was completed in September 2016. Objective 2: Evaluate use of non-antibiotic alternatives in calf rearing to prevent disease, reduce antibiotic use, and lower prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms and traits. Trial 1: OS colostrum supplementation. This trial will be combined with Trial 2. Trial 2: OS supplementation in liquid calf feed. Two trials to evaluate relative OS content in early lactation beef and dairy cows and to assess the OS content of liquid feeds delivered to calves were conducted to guide the OS supplementation trial. The comparative beef and dairy study demonstrated that OS composition of beef and dairy milk were similar, the quantity of OS was generally 2-4 times greater in beef source compared to dairy cow milk. Preliminary assessment of OS content across liquid feeds delivered to dairy calves is shown (Figure 1). There are quantitative differences between colostrum and milk with colostrum being a relatively rich source of OS. Figure 1. Relative abundances of all OS identified in the sample set. Oligosaccharide compositions are denoted as Hex_HexNAc_Fuc_NeuAc_NeuGc. Samples BD BD 72, 73, 74, 75 - bovine colostrum; other samples are milk or milk replacers. Trial 3: inducer selection The project is intended for Year 3. Objective 3: Trial 1: identify sources & dissemination pathways of phenotypic AMR. Twelve farms are enrolled instead of 20 proposed farms. Each of farms have been sampled 2-3 times. E. coli AMR phenotype data are analyzed and preliminary data indicate most of the commensal E. coli are pan-susceptible; there are farm differences in resistance profiles and antibiotic use; and most resistance, especially multidrug resistant profiles, occur in pre-weaned calves. These farm differences suggest that we can evaluate farm-specific management practices to develop models for antibiotic use and management to align with less resistant bacterial populations on farm--a key mitigation opportunity. This will be a key finding that informs our outreach programs. Trial 2: identify sources & dissemination pathways for FQ genotypic AMR. Based on data from Trial 1, there is no evidence that fluoroquinolone (FQ) phenotypes disseminate across a farm. The predominant "source" for these phenotypes is within the preweaned and weaned calf "niche". There is some evidence that FQ prevalence is closely related to on-farm treatment decisions (relative to other AMR patterns that appear to be less dependent on treatment decisions). In addition, approximately half of the sampled farms have no evidence of FQ phenotypic resistance. Trial 3: determine shedding patterns & environmental load for AMR E. coli after antibiotic treatment. The first step in this objective was to develop assays and quantify the amount of AMR E. coli in soil collected from housing areas or "niches" within a dairy farm. This was completed summer 2016. Using selective media to detect ceftiofur and florfenicol resistant E coli, resistance prevalence was niche dependent with more resistance observed in preweaned and hospital niches compared to adult niches. The quantity of these resistant E. coli was low and in the range of 102-103 cfu/gram of soil. This is above the threshold for soil-to-animal transmission. Objective 4: We have applied a variety of modalities for disseminating the findings from these studies. The majority are through traditional routes including web-based, targeted meetings with veterinarians, scientific presentations and publications, and continuing education programs. Because many of these projects have involved intensive sampling on farms, we have incorporated "real-time" outreach/extension targeting farm owners, managers, calf care personnel, and veterinarians. This outreach includes formulating reports that rapidly deploy data and stimulate discussion. This has resulted in "real-time" adjustments in farm policy and discussions on how to make changes. We are currently developing methodology to conduct real-time impact assessment. To support this effort we are improving our capacity to take these assessments and adjust our outreach programs. Examples of continuing education programs include: The findings from a study by Floren HK (see publications) on use of digital and optical Brix refractometer was applied in outreach education targeting veterinarians and producers to monitor and maintain consistency of total solid concentrations in milk replacers. During summer 2016, two DVM students participated in a project with Dr. Moore to evaluate critical control points (colostrum hygiene, milk buckets, milk replacer quality, housing, bedding, air quality) on volunteer farms. They used calf care audit tools that provide instantaneous results and discussed their findings with producers during these audits. A webinar targeting dairy veterinarians on how to use calf care audit tools is planned for Dec 14, 2016. Both the feed forward/feedback and Ecology trials have generated on-going reports delivered back to participating farms and their veterinarians. These reports are delivered in-person to the farm management and personnel and their veterinarians. These meetings serve both an evaluation of the value of the reports and a template for overall project outreach. Three members of the project team (Moore, McConnel, and Progar) attended the annual business meeting of the Washington Dairy Federation (November 9, 2016) and discussed project findings and sponsored an information booth to dispense results from the project.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Floren HK, Sischo WM, Crudo C, Moore DA. Use of the Brix refractometer to evaluate milk replacer solutions for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 2016;99(9):7517-7522.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Lee, H.; Cuthbertson, D.; Otter, D.; Barile, D. 2016. Rapid screening of bovine milk oligosaccharides in a whey permeate product and domestic animal milks by accurate mass database and tandem mass spectral library. Ag and Food Chemistry 64(32): 6364-6374.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
de Moura Bell, JMLN, Aquino, LFMC, Liu, Y, Cohen, JL, Lee, H., de Melo Silva, VL, Rodrigues, MI, Barile, D. 2016. Modeling lactose hydrolysis for efficiency and selectivity towards the preservation of sialyloligosaccharides in bovine colostrum whey permeate. J of Dairy Sci, 99(8): 6157-6163.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Lui J, Zhao Z, Subbiah M, Call DR. Soil-borne reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are established following therapeutic treatment of dairy calves. Environ Microbiol. 2016; 18:557-564. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13097
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Short DM, Moore, DA, Sischo WM. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effects of Oligosaccharides on Transfer of Passive Immunity in Neonatal Dairy Calves. J Vet Intern Med. 2016 Jun 8. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13949.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Liu, J, MA Davis, WM Sischo and DR Call. In review. Evidence for persistent, spatially-explicit reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in food-animal production environments. Environmental Microbiology.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sischo WM, DM Short, A Bunyatratchata, M Geissler, and D Barile. In Review. Comparative composition, diversity, and abundance of oligosaccharides in early lactation milk from commercial dairy and beef cows. J Dairy Sci.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Floren HK, Crudo C, Sischo WM, Moore DA. Use of Brix Refractometer for Analysis of Calf Milk Replacers. Proceedings Am Dairy Sci Assoc. Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Moore DA, Olson A, Adams-Progar A, Berge ACB, Sischo WM. Do we really know how dairy calf treaters make decisions on which calf to treat? Proc. Am. Assoc. Bovine Pract. Annual Meeting,
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Floren HK, Sischo WM, Crudo C, Moore DA. Use of the Brix refractometer to evaluate milk replacer solutions for calves. Proceedings, 2016 JAM
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Moore DA Motivations of Calf Care Workers for Sick Calf Identification and Treatment Decisions. Proceedings, 2016 JAM. July 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Sischo WM, Barile D, Short DM. Comparative composition, diversity, and abundance of oligosaccharides in early lactation milk from commercial dairy and beef cows. International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Merida Mexico
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Moore DA. Improving Animal Health Through Preventive Medicine to Reduce Antimicrobial Use, Pacific Northwest Veterinary Conference. Spokane, WA
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Moore DA. Decision-Making Processes that Govern Treatment Decisions on Dairies. Pacific Northwest Veterinary Conference.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sischo WM. Preweaned Dairy Calves and Who is Talking, Who is Deciding, and Why are Those Decisions Made? Spring Conference, Washington State University
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Barile D. Identification and Characterization of Potentially Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in Plant material. IFT16,
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Barile D. A novel method for high-throughput analysis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Call DR. Identifying the most important drivers of antibiotic resistance. Pacific Northwest Veterinary Conference.
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Progress 01/15/15 to 01/14/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The development of our project website reached veterinarians, producers, industry members, and others interested in the content provided. From March 2015 through October 2015 our total unique page views throughout the project site was 196. Our Motivation for Decisions on Dairy Farms survey reached 28 dairies across California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. We interacted with 107 dairy workers on those operations, of which 88% (90) had Spanish as their primary language. For initial sampling with the Shedding Pattern Ecology study, seven dairies were visited. In all these efforts we had face-to-face intereactions with 12 veterinarians in four western states (noted above)that collectively interact with farms that managed more than 100,000 dairy cows. We also communicated with owners and managers at 27 dairy farms to discuss results from the motivation studies. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Drs. Crudo, Moore, and Sischo attended, and presented posters, at the ISVEE meeting November 1st through the 6th in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Michael Snyder, a veterinary student who conducted the Phenotypic Diversity pilot study, created and presented his poster "Identifying source and dissemination pathways of antimicrobial resistance on dairies" at the 2015 WSU College of Veterinary Medicine Research Symposium. Dr. Jinxin Lin is a PhD candidate working on soil Ecology of AMR Dr. Christine Crudo is a post Doctoral scholar working on both motivation studies and feed forward and feed back projects. She is involved in both intellectual design of the projects but also in organizing daily work flow. Principle new learning opportunities have been in data organization and analyses as well as human resource and project management. As part of this training she has worked with our administrative offices. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?To date we have provided outreach to veterinarians, producers, industry, and other interested parties by creating and publishing our project website. Results for the initial dairies participating in the Shedding Pattern Ecology preliminary study were sent to the dairies showing where they stand in relation to the average values of all seven dairies. Results for the dairies participating in the Motivation for Decisions on Dairy Farms survey received summary reports of the data we collected. We provided the dominant motivation type for all questions asked in addition to the distribution of motivation types by farm. To protect respondents' privacy, the farm names were changed to a random letter. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We have identified farms and personnel to begin the year 2 projects. The design of the studies and developing appropriate collaborative arrangements is well under way. We also have outreach programs in design focused on calf workers which will be implemented in year 2.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Effective mitigation of antibiotic resistance includes both changing antibiotic use behaviors and managing prevalence of antibiotic resistance traits and residues. To address behavior, we increased our knowledge of decision-making in dairy calf workers and their motivation for treating calves by completing 107 (87% Spanish speaking) Motivation for Decisions on Dairy Farms surveys and 10 Critical Decision Making interviews. The majority of respondents were intrinsically motivated when determining a sick calf. For treatment decisions the goal internal type is dominant, reflecting their use of farm protocols. To understand dissemination patterns of E. coli AMR, a preliminary Shedding Pattern Ecology study and a pilot study for the Phenotype Diversity trial were conducted. Significate variation was found in the distribution of AMR bacteria in the soil with most found in calf housing areas and hospital pens. Our proposed sampling method can be used for the Phenotype Diversity trial, and data indicates that pre-weaned calves has the greater diversity and degree of resistance. Objective 1: Describe and evaluate motivation and reward models for livestock care; specifically for managing animal health and treatment to develop strategies for managing work and providing feedback to workers, managers, and consultants responsible for animal health. Motivation surveys were conducted on 28 dairies (107 surveys), analyzed, and summary reports delivered to participating farms. We collected data on worker motivation, demographic information and communication patterns. In three of four calf health questions, the dominant motivation type was intrinsic (choices based on their beliefs). In four of six treatment questions the dominant motivation was goal internal (choices aligning with farm goals). Since most workers seem to make care decisions based on their feelings and experience, extension and outreach might be more difficult. Critical Decision Making interviews were conducted on 5 dairies (10 interviews) and responses are being analyzed. Data gathered is in the form of a problem timeline and the worker's steps in making a treatment decision. Objective 2: Evaluate use of non-antibiotic alternatives in calf rearing to prevent disease, reduce antibiotic use and lower prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms and traits. To help guide Year 2's work the dairy and beef comparative milk and diversity of oligosaccharides (OS) and fecal Bifidobacteria studies were completed. For the dairy and beef comparative milk study, 10 dairy and beef herds were sampled; five to eight animals on each herd. Milk and blood samples were collected. Milk assessed for total solids and pH and serum for BHBA. The OS structures prevalent in beef and dairy were generally shared but the relative abundance of some components was greater in beef. There may be an opportunity to support dairy calf health by improving the abundance of OS being fed. Within the diversity of OS and fecal Bifidobacteria, 43 herds were sampled. Samples collected were the milk fed to calves, milk from the bulk tank and six fecal samples. A quality assessment was done on the milk and Bifidobacterium counts collected from the calf fecal samples. Calf feed was divided into 3 categories: Replacer Only, Replacer Plus (replacer and milk) and Milk Only. Each category had multiple sub-categories. The Milk Only Category had less variation demonstrating that if calves are fed milk, they are receiving more consistent total solids (9-13%). It could be suggested that calves ingesting milk only have lower levels of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal issues. Also, the Milk Only Category had almost a ten-fold greater average bacteria count (median of 159,301,431 CFU/ml). Inducer mechanism has been in development and will be tested in a chick model before use in cattle. A promising shortcut found may allow the chick test to begin early in Year 2. Objective 3: Determine and model the impact of antibiotic use and excreted residues on the ecology of resistance traits and organisms and test mitigation strategies. A pilot study for the Phenotype Diversity trial was conducted on one farm, data analyzed and presented at the WSU CVM's Student Research Symposium. Fecal samples were taken on eight production niches (9 animals/niche): pre-weaned calves, weaned calves, breeding age heifers, fresh cows, lactating cows, dry cows, lactating sold cows and hospital cows. E. coli isolates were tested to determine their resistance to 15 antibiotics. Resistance phenotypes were generated by concatenating minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Each niche was assessed on phenotypic AMR based on the profile distribution. This was quantified by phenotype richness (number of AMR profiles in each niche). Isolates from pre-weaned calves had the greatest phenotypic diversity (average of 2.2 phenotypes/sample) and degree of resistance (average of 8.1 resistances/isolate). All isolates from adult animals had comparable low levels of both diversity and resistance. This suggests that pre-weaned calf E. coli isolates are phenotypically distinct from the rest of the dairy and may be a source of AMR bacteria. We have determined that this sampling method can be used for our larger trial. A preliminary study on seven farms for the Shedding Pattern Ecology Study was conducted, data analyzed, and results reported to farms. Ten soil samples were collected in the following pens on the dairy: hospital, close-up, pre-wean calf, milking cow, post-weaning heifer. Samples were tested for the presence of ceftiofur-resistant and florfenicol-resistant E. coli. The areas containing the greatest amount of AMR bacteria were those near young animals (calf and heifer pens) and in hospital pens. Average log-transformed counts of ceftiofur-resistant E. coli for calf pen 3.05, 2.13 for heifer pen, and 1.82 for hospital. Average log-transformed counts of florfenicol-resistant E. coli for calf pen 3.12, heifer pen 3.20, and 1.91 for the hospital. The hypothesis, the abundance of AMR E. coli is greater where they are treated and lower in areas where they are not, was reinforced. This is due to the fact that the calf, heifer, and hospital pens are typically where antibiotic treatments occur. Objective 4: Develop and evaluate communication approaches based on different media including social networks (real and virtual) to broadcast project results to varied local and national audiences that include producers, calf care-takers, veterinarians and Extension educators. The project website is live on WSU Veterinary Medicine Extension's site (http://vetextension.wsu.edu/research-projects/amrcap/ ). Site usage parameters were gathered using Google Analytics® to observe the number of people visiting the site and which pages they viewed. Page views from March through October 2015: Home 109, AMR in the News 11, Objectives 25, Outreach 11, Research Abstracts 19, and Team 21. From the Motivation for Decisions on Dairy Farms surveys, we learned how dairy workers learn information, who/where they go to for information and their Internet access. It was discovered that the majority of workers were trained by either a Herdsman (21%, 22/107) or Calf Manager (21%, 22/107). To develop skills they typically rely on either a Herdsman (22%, 24/107) or Calf Manager (19%, 20/107). If they have problems or questions about calf health they seek out primarily a Herdsman (22%, 24/107) or Calf Manager (22%, 23/107). Workers primarily use Face to Face communication (84%, 90/107). Ninety-four percent (101/107) had a device that connects to the Internet; 94% (95) of those had an active connection. Of those 95 that had both a device and connection, 66 (69%) indicated they would participate in a pilot SMP. We should focus some extension not only targeting calf treaters, but also herdsmen and calf managers so they can better train and be a reference for their workers.
Publications
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