REMOTE SENSING FOR HAZARD AND RISK RATING OF BARK BEETLES

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: MCINTIRE-STENNIS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1004705
• Project No.: TEXY147
• Project Start Date: Jan 13, 2015
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2019

Project Director
Kulhavy, DA.

Recipient Organization
STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY
BOX 6109
NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962

Performing Department
College of Forestry & Agriculture

Non Technical Summary
The current issue examined is the incorporation of new methods of examining the hazard and risk to forests for bark beetles. Pictometry has the benefit of 9 (Neighborhood) or 23 (Community) cm resolution imagery to assess height, width, slope, elevation and location from multiple oblique angles to measure individual trees or the forest. Data from Pictometry can be exported to ArcGIS databases for further GIS analysis. Measurements of disturbances over time in endangered red-cockaded woodpecker clusters can assess the impact of natural processes on the long term impact of change in the forest in these clusters and recruitment stands. Previous examinations of impact of hurricanes, drought, bark beetles and lightning point to the need to effectively manage this critical resource. Weights of Evidence (WofE) can quantify hazard and risk to bark beetles while current deployment of the Landsat 8 satellite as part of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission can be used to refine the WofE variables of covertype, patch size and age of forest stands to provide increased precision and accuracy of landscape ecological measurements. The use of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) points to the viability of smaller drones for use in forest measurements. The real time streaming of data to an iPhone, iPad2 or Androids points to decreased time in making management decisions. These data can be exported to ArcGIS10.2 for further analysis increasing the viability of the data. The combination of measurements from Pictometry, field measurements of disturbances, analysis of Landsat 8 data and the use of MAVs for real time data collection will enhance the use of hazard and risk management systems for bark beetles. The rapid movement of bark beetles over the landscape means multiple methods of detection and movement need to be incorporated into forest management plans. As forests change over time and land ownership changes, research needs to be directed at rapid detection using current technology. Landsat 8 was launched and became active in 2013; Pictometry is expanding in natural resource measurements and is available in multiple years in the proposed study areas; and MAVs are decreasing in size and increasing in both camera resolution and ease of capture and transfer of data. The proposed project will evaluate these techniques for further refinement of hazard and risk rating systems for bark beetles over industrial, federal and urban landscapes.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

0%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
211	0611	1070	33%
212	0699	1070	33%
216	0613	1070	34%

Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems;

Subject Of Investigation
0611 - Conifer forests of the South; 0699 - Trees, forests, and forest products, general; 0613 - Mixed conifer-broadleaf forests;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;

Keywords

hazard rating

pictometry

lidar

micro aerial vehicle

bark beetle

red-cockaded woodpecker

Goals / Objectives
The major goals of the proposed project on remote sensing for hazard rating for forest insects and diseases are to utilize current technology to both develop and validate hazard rating for impact of forest insects on pine forests in East Texas in industrial, federal and urban areas. The major achievement will be to validate and update current hazard rating systems using available imagery and technology. Objective 1 is to use Pictometry to quantify hazard and risk for forest insects. The resolution of Pictometry combined with online measurements will refine the existing hazard and risk models for forest insects. Objective 2 will continue to monitor disturbances in red-cockaded woodpecker clusters, an endangered species, to quantify hazard and change over time in the clusters. Weights of Evidence will be refined based on southern pine beetle hazard rating to refine forest covertype, forest age and forest patch size to evaluate potential hazard in the red-cockaded clusters and recruitment areas. Landsat 8 will be compared to Landsat 5 and Landsat ETM digital imagery to further refine the hazard and risk assessment. Where available, Pictometry will be compared to these data for change over time. Objective 3 will test the use of drone micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) (Parrott AR.Drone quadricopter, AR.Drone Bebop quadricopter with Skycontroller and Oculus Rift via HDMI) for imaging of the forest landscape. To assess hazard and risk, the drones will be flown through mature forest stands to identify flight corridors for southern pine beetle. Stands of lobolly pine will be examined on the USDA Forest Service, Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest, Angelina National Forest, that has Pictometry imagery to evaluate for southern pine beetle hazard. The measurement of the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) will be measured combining the methods of Pictometry, MAVs, Landsat 8 and LiDAR to evaluate change in hazard over time. Goals are attainable in the time frame of the project with a combination of graduate, undergraduate and professional research. ArcGIS 10.2 databases will be constructed and maintained for the project in the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, GIS Laboratory.

Project Methods
The project will implement three objectives to quantify remote sensing of bark beetle hazard and risk rating. Quantification for Objective 1, Evaluation of Pictometry, will include analysis of variance for differences in tree, stand and forest variables measured against existing southern pine beetle hazard rating systems of tree height measurements, land covertype for patches and basal area, and change over time. Pictometry is available in multiple locations for multiple years at either a 9 cm (Neighborhood) or 23 cm (Community) resolution with oblique measurements at 40 degrees from four cardinal directions and a nadir view. Measurements of tree heights with Pictometry indicate no difference compared to a measuring pole. The measurement of elevations indicate accuracy within the specifications of Pictometry and are accurate in ground measurements to establish the base of a pine. Slope can be measured with accuracy compared to a total station for both slope and distance. To measure for base of pines within stands, we will work with Pictometry International Corporation, Rochester, NY, to estimate heights of pines on slopes and in closed canopy stands based on both landform (slope), height, and density of the stands measured on Pictometry. To estimate stand and forest hazard, comparisons will be made with Weights of Evidence for southern pine beetle hazard based on patch size, tree height and covertype of pine, pine-hardwood mix or hardwood. Access to Pictometry includes multiyear images over forested areas of east Texas. As existing hazard rating for the southern pine beetle are based on height of pine, basal area of pine and landform in east Texas, the evaluation of Pictometry will increase the accuracy of this methods and provide a remote sensing tool to measure hazard to pine stands for the southern pine beetle. Data analyzed include analysis of variance comparing method of evaluation (Pictometry) with hazard rating systems based on ground-derived data and aerial measurements based on Landsat imagery. Objective 2 for change in hazard to bark beetles in the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker clusters on loblolly and shortleaf pine stands on the Angelina Ranger District, Angelina National Forest, will incorporate dispersion indexes, Fragstats, and diversity functions to quantify change in the clusters due to disturbances. Disturbances have been measured and plotted and updated with changing geographic information systems (GPS) over a 28 year period (1986-2014), and will continue to 2019, with disturbances caused by bark beetles (southern pine beetle, Ips, and black turpentine beetles) wind, lightning, drought, Hurricane Rita, 2005, and Hurricane Ike, 2008. Hazard to the southern pine beetle has decreased due to loss of basal area from disturbances, but hazard to Ips continues due to drought, wind damage, lightning and hurricanes. Clusters in the Bannister Wildlife Management Area will be paired with recruitment stands to evaluate change over time with red-cockaded woodpeckers present and red-cockaded woodpeckers not present. Dispersion indexes indicate an aggregation of disturbances in clusters and normal or random distribution of disturbances in non-clusters. As disturbances expand, dispersion indexes and Fragstats metrics and dispersion indexes (e. g. Lloyd's Index of Dispersion) will be used to quantify change over time. Variables measured include nearest-neighbor metrics; diversity metrics; and, contagion and interspersion metrics. ArcGIS 10.2 databases will be constructed and analyzed for change over time using these metrics. Analysis will include paired comparisons for clusters and recruitment stands based on total disturbance area, and area by disturbance type over time. A time-series analysis of variance will be used to analyze data. Remote sensing analysis of changes in red-cockaded woodpecker clusters over time, scale and resolution include comparison of 2013 Landsat 8, Pictometry and digital orthophotos to evaluate the detection of change over time. Recent available coverage Objective 3 for use of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) for hazard and risk rating will be compared to Pictometry and 3-dimensional analysis in ArcScene and ArcGlobe to quantify change over time. The MAVs will be used to quantify variables for hazard rating and to examine mature pine stands for flight areas for southern pine beetle. Efforts in delivering results and methods include classroom and laboratory instruction in forest insects and disease; landscape ecology; forest management plans; geographic information systems (GIS) ecosystem measurements; and urban forest management. Databases will be constructed in both ArcGIS 10.2 and Pictometry and compared in classes and laboratories to evaluate these methods. Workshops include forest insect work conferences, GIS work conferences, and landscape ecology conferences. Curriculum development will include methods of instruction based on the data collected in hazard and risk rating. Outreach will include presentations at forestry, GIS and landscape ecology meetings and seminars. Evaluation will include data collected, measurable change over time and publication of results. Evaluation studies include building a database in ArcGIS 10.2 and Pictometry; collection of both field and GIS data to validate hazard rating models; demonstration of the use of MAVs for measurement of hazard and risk; and quantification of change over time with hazard rating models. Milestones will include publications of results in both peer reviewed and technical papers; and completion of graduate students and training of undergraduate students in the projects. Other milestones include workshops presentations and seminars developed from the data.

Progress 01/13/15 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Professional forestry, Society of American Forester national meeting; Forest Entomologists; urban forestry, state, regional and national conferences; citizen scientists in iNaturalist in natural resource management and urban forestry; use and training with Unmanned Aerial System DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 Pro for hazard rating for forest insects and diseases; Forest Innovations Reviews, U. S. Commission on Forests and Communities Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Opportuniities for training including safe operation of the UAS; undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty, were trained in the use of UAS with20 studentscompleting the license exam for the FAA 107 training. Professional developement included the use of Pix4DCapture software used with DJIGO software to fly 2D and 3D missions for natural resource management. Data collected were uploaded into Drone2Map ESRI software for completion of 2D or 3D maps for natural resource management. Images were transferred to a 3D printer for processing for buildings and forest fungi indicating the use of both the Drone2Map software and Pic4DCapture for use in 3D reconstruction of forestry images. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through publications, conference presentations to both Forestry and Entomology; and demonstrations to youth for the use of UAS in society. Classroom presentations have been given for use of UAS in Natural Resource Management. A GIS journal was developed for the use of remote sensing in natural resource management. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1, Pictometry was used to locate mature hardwood trees for quantifying mistletoe using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) DJI Phantom 4 Pro to compare to ground observations. Goal 2, a publication was completed on analysis of resin production in loblolly and shortleaf pine stands on the Angelina and Davy Crockett National Forests in Texas. Goal 3, the use of UAS was tested for accuracy of landing for the DJI Phantom 4 Pro, the DJI Phantom 4 Advanced; the DJI Phantom 3 Advanced and the DJI Spark. These data are important on the use of these UAS in surveys of forest insects and diseases. The DJI Phantom 3 Advanced was used to test height accuracy with and with out active GPS and with and without landing the UAS betweeen flights. Heights were more accurate by resetting (restarting) the UAS after each height measurement. Areal and linear measurements were compared from the DJI Phantom 4, Pictometry and Google Earth. The data from the UAS missions was stored and archived in a ArcGIS 10.6.1 database in the GIS Laboratory, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture. Data from theUAS DJI Phantom 4 Pro were added to iNaturalist for location of mistletoe with the major finding that two times as many plants were found with the UAS compared to standard ground applications. The use of the DJI Phantom 4 Pro for tree location indicated accuracy for pecan trees in a city park and for mistletoe-infested trees. Data were uploaded to iNaturalist projects titles Drones and Biodiversity; Mistletoes of Nacogdoches and Pecans of Nacogdoches; and Fire Ants of Nacogdoches, to indicate the accuracy of a drone for tree location. This is important in forestry applications for both accuracy and precision of use of UAS for location. Areal and linear measurements comparing the accuracy of the DJI Phantom 4 Pro to Pictometry and Google Earth Pro indicated both Pictometry and Google Earth Pro were more accurate.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Unger, D., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., and Kulhavy, D. 2018. Integrating Drone Technology with GPS Data Collection to Enhance Forestry Students Interactive Hands-On Field Experiences. Higher Education Studies, 8(3):49-62.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Unger, D., Hung, I., Kulhavy, D., Zhang, Y., and Busch-Petersen, K. 2018. Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial System (Drone) Height Measurements. International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research, 5(1): https://dc.uwm.edu/ijger/vol5/iss1/6
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Viegut, R., Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Hung, I., and Humphreys, B. 2018. Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Measure Linear and Areal Features into Undergraduate Forestry Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(4):63-75.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., and Hung, I. 2018. Student Led Desire Path Evaluation Using Pictometry Neighborhood Imagery. Journal of Studies in Education, 8(4):15-27.

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Professional forestry, Society of American Forester national meeting; Forest Entomologists; urban forestry, state, regional and national conferences; citizen scientists in iNaturalist in natural resource management and urban forestry; use and training with Unmanned Aerial System DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 Pro for hazard rating for forest insects and diseases. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Opportuniities for training including safe operation of the UAS; undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty, were trained in the use of UAS with nine completing the license exam for the FAA 107 training. Professional developement included the use of Pix4DCapture software used with DJIGO software to fly 2D and 3D missions for natural resource management. Data collected were uploaded into Drone2Map ESRI software for completion of 2D or 3D maps for natural resource management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through publications, conference presentations to both Forestry and Entomology; and demonstrations toyouth for the use of UAS in society. Classroom presentations have been given for use of UAS in Natural Resource Management. A GIS journal was developed for the use of remote sensing in natural resource management. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Use of UAS DJI imagery is increasing for mapping of giant salvania; accuracy of GPS of the DJI UAS; stream ecology; and accuracy of individual images from the UAS.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1, Pictometry was used to locate mature hardwood trees for quantifying mistletoe using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)DJI Phantom 4 Pro to compare to ground observations. Goal 2, apublication was completed on analysis of resin production in loblolly and shortleaf pine stands on the Angelina and Davy Crockett National Forests in Texas. Goal 3, the use of UAS was tested for accuracy oflanding for the DJI Phantom 4 Pro, the DJI Phantom 4 Advanced; the DJI Phantom 3 Advanced and the DJI Spark. These data are important on the use of these UAS in surveys of forest insects and diseases. The DJI Phantom 3 Advanced was used to test height accuracy with and with out active GPS and with and without landing the UAS betweeen flights. Heights were more accurate by resetting(restarting)the UAS after each height measurement. Areal and linear measurements were compared from the DJI Phantom 4, Pictometry and Google Earth. The data from the UAS missions was stored and archivedin a ArcGIS 10.6.1 database in the GIS Laboratory, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Schalk, C., Viegut, R., Unger, D., Shockley, S., and Hung, I. 2018. Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to Quantify Mistletoe in Urban Environments. Urban Naturalist, (accepted November 28).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., and Hung, I. 2018. Student Led Desire Path Evaluation Using Pictometry Neighborhood Imagery. Journal of Studies in Education, 8(4):15-27.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Unger, D., Hung, I., Kulhavy, D., Zhang, Y., and Busch-Petersen, K. 2018. Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial System (Drone) Height Measurements. International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research, 5(1): https://dc.uwm.edu/ijger/vol5/iss1/6
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Viegut, R., Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Hung, I., and Humphreys, B. 2018. Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Measure Linear and Areal Features into Undergraduate Forestry Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(4):63-75.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Unger, D., Hung, I., Zhang, Y., and Kulhavy, D. 2018. Integrating Drone Technology with GPS Data Collection to Enhance Forestry Students Interactive Hands-On Field Experiences. Higher Education Studies, 8(3):49-62.

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Professional forestry, Society of American Foresters national meeting; Forest Entomologists; urban forestry, state, regional and national conferences; citizen scientists in natural resource management and urban forestry; use of DJI Phantom3 and DJI Phantom 4Pro forhazard rating for forest insects and diseases. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Professional development included training studnets of the use of teh UAS DJI Phantom 4; and to prepare them for the FAA UAS Pilot exam; six students were successful in completion of traiining for the license. Professional development included posters and oral presenations at the national Society of American Foresters conference; the North American Forest Insect Work Conference; and the Southern Forest Insect Work Conference. Students were trained in safe operation of the UAS and collection of both 2D and 3D imagery for use in GIS. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Dissementation of results include referred publications; posters and oral presentations at local, regional and national meetings. Presentations were also given at forestry and entomology workshops. A GIS journal was developed and articles are accepted and published with an editorial board. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Projects are underway to transfer UAS DJI imagery to Virtual Reality with the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture GIS User Group. Both Pictometry and UAS DJI Phantom were used to access change over time in a stream ecosystem. Projects will continue on manuscripts, posters and presentations.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments include under Objective 1) use of Pictometry to complete land cover assessment of a managed park in Jefferson, Texas as part of a city managment plan. The project findinfgs were presented to the City of Jefferson and published in a referred journal. Pictometry was also used to assess forest cover in comparison with a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced UAS in a loblolly pine plantation of varied managemnt actions. For Objective 2) Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 were evaluated for compariton of hardwood and pine cover types in Nacogdoches County. For Objective 3) the UAS DJI Phantom 3 and the Phantom 4 Pro were used to test for height accuracy assessment; and for comparison of height assessment beween Pictometry and the DJI Phantom using Pix4D capture app for a 3D flight. Data were downloaded into ArcGIS 10.5.1 using Drone2Map software to integrated the UAS data into ArcGIS. The DJI UAS imagery was measured as a data cloud using LAS 60 software to compare heights from the UAS to measured heights.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Reynolds, R., Unger, D., Bullard, S., and McBroom, M. 2017. Digital Preservation and Access of Natural Resource Documents. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(12):121-128. Oswald, B., Dugan, S., Balice, R., and Unger, D. 2016. Overstory Tree Mortality in Ponderosa Pine and Spruce-Fir Ecosystems Following a Drought in Northern New Mexico. Forests, 7(225): doi:10.3390/f7100225 Unger, D., Schwab, S., Jacques, R., Zhang, Y., Hung, I., and Kulhavy, D. 2016. Evaluating Interactive Transect Area Assessments Hands-On Instruction for Natural Resource Undergraduate Students. Higher Education Studies, 6(4):90-99.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kulhavy, D., Unger, D., Grisham, R., and Coble, D. 2017. Service Learning for the Port Jefferson History and Nature Center: Senior Capstone Forestry Course. Journal of Community Engagement and Higher Education, 9(2):67-79.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Unger, D., Schwab, S., Jacques, R., Zhang, Y., Hung, I., and Kulhavy, D. 2016. Evaluating Interactive Transect Area Assessments Hands-On Instruction for Natural Resource Undergraduate Students. Higher Education Studies, 6(4):90-99.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Professional forestry, Society of American Foresters national meeting; Forest Entomologists; state, regional and national conferences; citizen scientists in natural resource management and urban forestry; use of DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 fro hazard rating for forest insects and diseases. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training professonals and students in the use of the DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 UAS; complete UAS registation and training for Uas license; continue training on use in both the urban and forest environment. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated to forestry by rerferred publications, posters at national meetings; posting to ScholarWorks as a publication center; and continued publication of a new journal in applied geospatial applications. Presentaions have been given at symposia, urban forest conferences and a continuing forest entomology conference in conjunction with the Texas A& M Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Serivice Forest Health Protection areawide universities. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Prepare publications for journals and revise accepted publications; increase use of the DJI Phantom 3 and DJI Phantom 4 UAS for natural resource measurements using Drone2Map software, ArcScene and LAS software measurements.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments under these goals include pubiications and training on the DJI Phantom 3 UAS for hazard raing of urban forests for pests and for seedling survival in pine plantations; use of Landsat 8 to measure landscape change over time in the Wildland Urban Interface; use of Pictometry to measure landscape features in an urban forest landscape compared with Pictometry, the DJI Phantom 3 UAS and a measuring pole for hands-on fiield insturuction and measurement. Measurement of resin in red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees was completred for publication.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Unger, D. R., Kulhavy, D. L., Busch-Petersen, K. and Hung, I. 2016. Integrating faculty led service learning training to quantify heights from a spatial science perspective. International Journal of Higher Education 5: 104-116. Kulhavy, D. L., Unger, D. R., Endsley, G., Grisham, R., Gannon, M. and Coble, D. 2016. Journal of Community Engagement and Higher Education (accepted).

Progress 01/13/15 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Professional forestry, Society of American Foresters national meeting; Forest Entomologists, state, regional and national conferences; citizen scientists in natural resource management; urban forestry, use of Parrot AR.Drone2.0 (UAS) for hazard rating; use of Parrot Bebop drone (UAS) for hazard rating. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training and professional development included use of AR.Drone2.0 and Bebop Drone UAS for both urban forestry and management forest stands. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been desseminated to interested parties by referred publications; posters at national meetings; posting to ScholarWords as a publication center; establishment and publication of a new journal on applied geospatial applications. Presentations have been given at symposia, urban forest conferences, and forest entomology conferences. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Prepare publications that have been accepted wtih revision for publication; complete drone (UAS) registration and training; measure disturbances in red-coackaded woodpecker clusters.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments under these goals were publications on use of AR.Drone2.0 UAS to hazard rate urban forest trees; use of Landsat 8 to measure landscape change over time in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI); use of Pictometry to measure landscape features in an urban forest environment compated to LiDAR and a measuring pole; iintegrating hands-on instruction in use of GPS in education; measurement of resin production in host pines of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: McBroom, M. W., Bullard, S., Kulhavy, D. L., Unger, D. R. (2015). Implementation of Collaborative Learning as a High-Impact Practice in a Natural Resources Management Section of Freshman Seminar. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(4), 64-72. http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/ijhe/article/view/7614/4710 Kulhavy, D. L., Rozelle, K., Ross, W., Unger, D. R., Conner, R. (2015). Resin Production in Natural and Artificial Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Trees. Open Journal of Forestry, 5, 364-374. Kulhavy, D. L., Unger, D. R. (in press). Service-Learning and Participation in a Capstone Spatial Science Course. Journal of Service-Learning in Higher Education. Kulhavy, D. L., Unger, D. R., Williams, H. M., Jamar, D. (2015). Teaching Hands-On Urban Forestry Health Assessment Using the Resistograph and the CTLA Method. Journal of Studies in Education, 5(1), 139-149. Kulhavy, D. L., Unger, D. R., Hung, I.-K., Douglass, D. (2014). Integrating Hands-On Undergraduate Research in an Applied Spatial Science Senior Level Capstone Course. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 52-60. Unger, D. R., Hung, I.-K., Zhang, Y., Kulhavy, D. L. (2014). Evaluating GPS Effectiveness for Natural Resource Professionals: Integrating Undergraduate Students in the Decision-Making Process. Journal of Studies in Education, 4(4), 30-44.