RANGELAND SUSTAINABILITY: SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCY

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1002185
• Project Start Date: Dec 4, 2013
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2018
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING
1000 E UNIVERSITY AVE DEPARTMENT 3434
LARAMIE,WY 82071-2000

Performing Department
Ecosystem Science and Management

Non Technical Summary
Rangelands comprise about 74% of Wyoming's land base with forest land comprising another 16% (USDA 1989). About 48% of Wyoming is managed by the federal government. These lands are generally too rough, rocky, steep, or dry for most forms of intensive agriculture and, from a human standpoint, have traditionally been used for domestic livestock grazing. Energy development in the form of mines and wells, and more recently wind energy, has occurred on rangelands with the resulting need to restore and reclaim those sites. In recent years more emphasis is being placed on other ecosystem services such as recreation, wildlife and fish habitat, aesthetics, open space, and water quality and quantity. While this list is not exhaustive, the pressures put on the land to satisfy society's wants and needs are growing and provide the context for this research. At the same time, all of these uses of rangelands are being affected by the presence and potential spread of invasive plant species and external factors such as climate change. Understanding the landscape level and cumulative impacts of different human impacts is becoming increasingly important as landowners and managers deal with all of these interrelated issues. Information on the tradeoffs among traditional and newer uses is required for ranchers and government agency employees to make informed decisions.The goal of this proposal is to examine strategies for enhancing social-ecological resilience on rangelands with public-private linkages, and in the context of working landscapes. This goal will be approached at multiple scales (local to regional to national impacts) and through examination of multiple ecosystem stressors (e.g., climate change, wildfires, energy development, rangeland fragmentation, and public policies) on socially and economically important rangeland outputs (e.g., food security, ecosystem goods and services, and rangeland structure and function). The tradeoffs between costs and benefits of how society chooses to address rangeland stressors can be examined within the contexts of decision-making under uncertainty, the impacts of risk and risk management, and general management strategies.One of the key national and regional priorities being addressed by this project is the sustainability of our nation's rangelands. What happens on and to these lands affect priorities such as food security. In addition, stressors to rangeland ecosystems such as climate change, wildfires, and population growth can have a profound effect on ecological functioning, how society chooses to use ecosystems, and the economic well-being of society. Making rational decisions about how rangeland resources are being managed will continue to be critical at the local, regional, and national levels.Economic modeling of the impacts from alternative management practices will be the primary method used. Three basic approaches will be to use ranch-level models, conceptual frameworks to integrate social, economic and ecological information, and landscape level models that seek to display the human footprint of management activities.

Animal Health Component

100%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

100%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
121	0799	3010	100%

Knowledge Area
121 - Management of Range Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0799 - Rangelands and grasslands, general;

Field Of Science
3010 - Economics;

Keywords

rangeland

ranching

economics

landscape

sustainability

resiliency

Goals / Objectives
1. To determine the economic feasibility of cattle management practices.2. To determine the economic and ecological relationships and tradeoffs of alternative rangeland policies at the landscape and ecosystem level.3. To determine the economic and ecological consequences, tradeoffs, and linkages of management practices and policies used to rehabilitate or maintain rangeland ecosystems on private and public lands.4. To investigate the ecological, social, and economic values of ecosystem services from rangeland ecosystem restoration and investigate social-ecological linkages of rural communities and economies to rangelands.

Project Methods
1. Current ranch budget information will be combined with existing biological, ecological, and economic information. Forage balance (amount produced in a season versus amount demanded by the livestock herd) information will be developed at the same time. Added costs (investment and production changes) for alternative management practices will be estimated and applied to a whole ranch budget. Estimates will be made of the value of resource improvement necessary to cover the added costs. Ranch budgets and collected physical and biological data will be used to estimate the economic impact of alternative management scenarios on representative ranches. Costs and benefits of adaptive management practices will be evaluated on subject ranches within the adaptive management planning area using physical and biological estimates. Specific projects to be analyzed will be determined through interaction with the physical and biological scientists involved based on past research guiding future directions. Ranch level impacts will be evaluated using developed ranch models including forage balance and ranch budgets and may include some risk analysis based on precipitation and/or price risk. The analysis will use multiperiod linear programming models developed in GAMS/MINOS to evaluate optimal management strategies over an extended period.A variety of analytical methods will be used depending on the specific issue being analyzed. A "with and without", "before and after", "present versus projected", or some combination of those basic types will be used. In the "with and without" analysis the model is run with the project and then run again without the project, holding everything else constant. The resulting difference gives the total economic and biophysical impact on the operation. The "before and after" analysis looks at how the operation changes as the project is implemented. The "present versus projected" examines how we expect the operation to change compared to how it is operated currently. While similar, each of these approaches provides a different perspective to the analysis and will be appropriate in different cases.2. Collection of primary data from affected rangeland users and use of secondary data will form the basis for evaluating the economic impacts of alternative management practices and policies. The focus will be to identify economic consequences and tradeoffs on a landscape or ecosystem level. Tools used to collect primary data will be case specific and may include mail surveys, personal interviews, or other applicable procedures. Reporting of survey and interview data will ensure anonymity of the respondents. Secondary data will be used when available. Information may be presented through the use of the "human footprint" model and displayed through GIS technologies. If surveys are used to collect data, appropriate Institutional Review Board approval will be sought.3. Economic analysis of the management scenarios will seek to identify factors and constraints affecting private and public decisions. Methods used to evaluate a scenario will be case specific and will include tools such as budgeting, mathematical programming, and econometric techniques. Funding availability and limitations will dictate the actual procedures used.4. Focus on rangeland social-ecological resilience and estimation of value for rangeland ecosystem services based on indicators identified by the Sustainable Rangelands Roundtable. Information will be analyzed through the Integrated Social, Economic, and Ecologic Conceptual (ISEEC) Framework.

Progress 12/04/13 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems:Project Director retired and is no longer at the University of Wyoming. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? n/a

Publications

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Ranchers, federal and state land management agency employees, and other researchers have been reached through in person meetings and webinars. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Two webinars were developed and delivered to NRCS employees, ranchers, and others. Additional presentations were made to the Wyoming Stock Growers Association. In addition, the projects have been written up in various lay and industry publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We intend to finish both the survey project and publish results. The graduate student is currently finishing her thesis. The greater sage-grouse project will be completed by May 30 and numerous publications and presentations are expected to occur during the next reporting period.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Began a project on the economic impacts of NRCS conservation practices for livestock management to enhance greater sage-grouse habitat. Developing 36 cow-calf enterprise budgets and 36 economic impact models to assess whether the practices increase ranch profitability. 2. Nothing to report. 3. The ranch models described above will be used to address management of rangelands on both private land only and private and public land ranches. The survey of ranchers and NRCS conservation practices looks at how the practices and policies of implementation affect ranchers on private lands. 4. The Sustainable Rangelands Roundtable (SRR) continues to evaluate the social, economic, and ecological linkages on rangelands and the communities that are dependent upon them. Much of the research conducted on this project has been derived from SRR activities.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: McCollum, D. W., J. A. Tanaka, J. A. Morgan, J. E. Mitchell, W. E. Fox, K. A. Maczko, L. Hidinger, C. S. Duke, and U. P. Kreuter. 2017. Climate change effects on rangelands and rangeland management: affirming the need for monitoring. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 3(3):e01264, 1-13. DOI:10.1002/ehs2.1264

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached were federal agency managers, ranchers, students, and the interested public. Presentations were made to those groups in various venues. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through peer reviewed publications. Presentations on survey results on the social and economic characteristics of public land ranchers were made at federal agency and stockgrower meetings. Presentations on ecosystem services were made at stockgrowers and at a Wyoming Task Force on Outdoor Recreation meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Studies that began in 2016 on greater sage-grouse conservation practice impacts on western ranches and the reasons why ranchers participate in NRCS conservation practices will continue.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal 1: A study examining the economic impacts of seasonal precipitation variation on Wyoming ranches was completed. A study that will evaluate the reasons ranchers participate in USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service conservation practices was inititiated. Goal 2: A study to develop and analyze ranch models to evaluate the tradeoffs to western ranches from implementing changes in management to address greater sage-grouse management was begun. This study will cover the 9 Major Land Resource Areas where greater sage-grouse habitat exists. Goal 3: The greater sage-grouse ranch model study identified in Goal 2 will also be used to analyze the economic and ecological consequences, tradeoffs, and linkages of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Services conservation practices and management policies being implemented westwide on private land and private-public land ranches in each of the 9 Major Land Resource Areas where greater sage-grouse habitat exists. Goal 4: The results from the workshop on usable science for rangeland sustainability was published. A study was conducted that surveyed ranchers in 4 regions of the west on what ecosystem services they produced and how they were managed.

Publications

• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lind, B.N. 2015. Social and Economic Characteristics of Public Land Ranchers Nationally and in Wyoming, M.S. Thesis, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Laramie, Wyoming.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Briske, D.D., B.T. Bestelmeyer, J.R. Brown, M.W. Brunson, T.L. Thurow, and J.A. Tanaka. 2016. Assessment of USDA-NRCS rangeland conservation programs: recommendation for an evidence-based conservation platform. Ecological Applications 27:94-104. doi:10.1002/eap.1414.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hamilton, T.W., J.P. Ritten, C.T. Bastian, J.D. Derner, and J.A. Tanaka. 2016. Economic impacts of increasing seasonal precipitation variation on southeast Wyoming cow-calf enterprises. Rangeland Ecology and Management 69:465-473.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Maczko, K.A., L.A. Hidinger, J.A. Tanaka, C.R. Ellis. 2016. A workshop on future directions of usable science for rangeland sustainability. Rangelands 38:53-63.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Tanaka, J.A., K.A. Maczko, L. Hidinger, and C. Ellis. 2016. Usable science for sustainable rangelands: conclusions. Rangelands 38:90-95.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Ranchers who graze cattle and sheep on public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the USDA Forest Service and personnel from those agencies responsible for grazing management and policy. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We have developed workshops on usable science for rangeland sustainability at The Noble Foundation, the Society for Range Management annual meeting, and the Ecological Society of America annual meeting. We have presented orally and with posters at a variety of professional meetings throughout the year. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated through peer reviewed publications, extension bulletins, posters at professional meetings, oral presentations, and through websites (http://sustainablerangelands.org, http://globalrangelands.org/rangelandswest). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue working on the projects described above including, but not limited to, the human footprint of wind energy development, ecosystem services provided by public land ranchers, participation in USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service grazing practices, economic impacts of greater sage-grouse management, and species conservation and the Endangered Species Act.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. We determined the economic impact on representative ranches from greater sage-grouse management options. These options included late cattle turnout, early cattle removal, both late and early options, and grazing reductions of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% during the grazing seasons. 2. Progress was made on the Human Footprint model of a 1000 tower wind farm. Data have been collected on various ecological and economic parameters for this landscape model. Relationships are being evaluated. 3. Research proposals are just being funded under this objective. Nothing more to report in the current fiscal year. 4. The following projects were done in this fiscal year: A. Assess Social and Economic Elements of Public Rangelands. Initiated an ecosystem service enhancement to the national, survey-based socio-economic assessment of public lands ranchers. Integration of socio-economic and ecological information through the Oregon Multi-Agency Pilot Project (MAPP) report to explore integration of socio-economic information with ecological data. Developed a white paper describing the potential use of data collected through a national socio-economic survey, and the benefits of conducting such a survey repeatedly, on a periodic basis (5-10 years). . B. Increase awareness and use of indicators for monitoring, assessment, research, and reporting on economic, social, and ecological elements of rangeland sustainability. Continued working with the National Climate Assessment (NCA) staff through the US Global Change Reporting Project (USGCRP) as they evolve an indicator-based system for the 2017 National Climate Assessment and plan for inclusion of social and economic elements. Continued collaborating with NCA staff as a representative to the grassland/shrubland/rangeland technical group contributing to the next report. A specific focus will be integration and inclusion of a discussion on the social and economic aspects of climate change in rangeland systems. Explored potential for SRR's input and contributions to Dept. of Agriculture Climate Hubs as they continue to develop. Conducted a series of rangeland soil health site visits during June 2015. Participated in the assessment of the efficacy of the All-Conditions Inventory (ACI) Data for Rangeland Assessment. Fostered inter-agency collaboration on vegetation monitoring and assessment to build upon progress made through the Oregon Multi-Agency Pilot Project (MAPP). Continued SRR focus on improving the quality and availability of data used to assess the Nation's rangelands. Approached indicator application to address social, economic and ecological elements of rangeland sustainability in the context of usable science and research to better align land managers questions with research projects and funding. Explored the idea that indicators can serve as a communication tool to aid in alignment of stakeholder/land manager level applied questions with researcher/scientist project/proposal development and, ideally, with research/science funders priorities. Convened a workshop on usable science for rangeland sustainability. While this workshop was held in June 2014 at the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation in Ardmore, OK, workshop proceedings have been edited and are being published, as are related peer-reviewed journal articles, and posters. A follow up workshop was held as an Ignite session at the 2015 meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Developed an inter-agency partnership to support the usable science for rangeland sustainability workshop and build upon its outcomes. Efforts in this area are ongoing. Multiple partners from various agencies, universities, and organizations collaborated to convene a mini-workshop at the Society for Range Management February 2015 meeting to solicit further input on outcomes from the June workshop. Partners also participated in an Ignite session at the 2015 Ecological Society of America annual meeting, as noted above. A poster presentation on workshop outcomes was shared at the Soil and Water Conservation Society Annual meeting, in Greensboro, NC during July 2015. Continued progress on an issues-based approach to a National Report on Sustainable Rangelands. Elements developed previously include approaches to energy and rangeland ecosystem services. C. Communicate social, economic, and ecological benefits of rangeland sustainability and the goods and services provided by intact rangeland ecosystems to interested stakeholders. Conducted an annual SRR meeting to further communication and further collaboration to fulfill the SRR Strategic Plan. Provide facilities for the meeting, support transportation costs for specified SRR members (non-government), and produce materials for the meeting. Considered emerging government travel restrictions in decision to go forward with a meeting. A report documenting meeting activities, outputs, and outcomes. SRR held a 2014 meeting in Washington DC on October 21 at the offices of the Ecological Society of America. The intent was to minimize travel costs for all participants, as this meeting also aligned with the national workshop on Large Landscape Conservation, held in Washington DC during the same week. A short session was also held at the Society for Range Management annual meeting, February 2015 in Sacramento, CA. Explored connections with emerging sustainability efforts related to rangelands such as the Global Roundtable on Sustainable Beef and the US Collaboration on Sustainable Beef Stewardship. Conducted outreach and promoted the use of SRR economic, social, and ecological criteria and indicators. Developed/cultivated contacts with new partners such as the WorldWildlife Fund and enhanced existing relationships with entities such as the National Grazing Lands Coalition, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, SRM, ESA, SWCS, NCBA, and PLC. Shared SRR initiatives with interested audiences ranging from historically supportive groups to new potential partners such as the Western Rural Development Center, Colorado Cattlemen's Association, and others. The soil health session described above engages numerous new partners for SRR, including the Farm Foundation, the Sand County Foundation, the Noble Foundation, and others. Additionally, a meeting was held in February 2015 to address wild horse issues, convening scientists to define and operationalize the term "thriving natural ecological balance" from the Wild Horse and Burro Act, as it pertains to herd management areas. This meeting brings in new partners from Deseret Land and Livestock, as well as the Wyoming Governor's office and Department of Agriculture. SRR also staffed informational tradeshow exhibit booths at the Society for Range Management annual meeting and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association convention, as well as participating in the National Association of Conservation Districts annual meeting and the national steering committee meeting of the National Grazing Lands Coalition. Materials highlighting ranch sustainability assessment and other SRR projects were shared at these meetings, and plans for future projects were also discussed. SRR participated in the July 2015 meeting of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, to share outcomes of the workshop on usable science for sustainable rangelands. SRR participated at the Ecological Society of America 2015 meeting, with a tradeshow booth and special Ignite session on future directions of usable science for sustainable rangelands. Presentations were given at the September 2015 meetings of the Public Land Council on the socio-economic survey, and at the National Grazing Lands Coalition on current and future SRR projects. A poster presentation was given at the America's Grassland Conference, held in Fort Collins at the end of September 2015.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Rimbey, N.R., J.A. Tanaka, and L.A. Torell. 2015. Economic considerations of livestock grazing on public lands in the United States of America. Animal Frontiers 5:32-35.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Svejcar, T., C. Boyd, K. Davies, M. Madsen, J. Bates, R. Sheley, C. Marlow, D. Bohnert, M. Borman, R. Mata-Gonzalez, J. Buckhouse, T. Stringam, B. Perryman, S. Swanson, K. Tate, M. George, G. Ruyle, B. Roundy, C. Call, K. Jensen, K. Launchbaugh, A. Gearhart, L. Vermiere, J. Tanaka, J. Derner, G. Frasier, and K. Havstad. 2014. Western land managers will need all available tools for adapting to climate change, including grazing: a critique of Beschta et al. Environmental Management 53:1035-1038.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Torell, L.A., N.R. Rimbey, J.A. Tanaka, D.T. Taylor, and J.D. Wulfhorst. 2014. Ranch level economic impact analysis for public lands: a guide to methods, issues, and applications. Journal of Rangeland Applications 1:1-13.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Boyd, C.S., J.L. Beck, and J.A. Tanaka. 2014. Livestock grazing and sage-grouse habitat: impacts and opportunities. Journal of Rangeland Applications 1:58-77.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tanaka, J.A., N.R. Rimbey, and L.A. Torell. 2014. Ranching economics and sage-grouse in the west: policy recommendations for rural development. National Agricultural & Rural Development Policy Center Policy Brief 19. 4 p.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Torell, L.A., N.R. Rimbey, J.A. Tanaka, D.T. Taylor, J.P. Ritten, and T.K. Foulke. 2014. Ranch-level economic impacts of altering grazing policies on federal land to protect the greater sage-grouse. University of Wyoming, New Mexico State University, University of Idaho, and the Western Rural Development Center. University of Wyoming Extension Bulletin B-1258. Available online at http://www.wyomingextension.org/publications/.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kreuter, U.P., W.E. Fox, J.A. Tanaka, K. Maczko. 2015. A integrative conceptual framework for evaluating impacts of developing energy resources on rangelands. 68th Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management, 1-6 February, Sacramento, California
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tanaka, J.A., N.R. Rimbey, and L.A. Torell. 2014. Ranch-level economic impacts of altering grazing policies on federal land to protect the greater sage-grouse. National Workshop on Large Landscape Conservation. Washington, DC. Abstract at https://nwllc.confex.com/nwllc/2014/webprogram/Paper1660.html.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Varelas, L.A., J.A. Tanaka, B. Rashford, and J. Ritten. 2014. Using the human footprint to measure ecological and socio-economic impacts of wind energy development National Workshop on Large Landscape Conservation. Washington, DC. Abstract at https://nwllc.confex.com/nwllc/2014/webprogram/Paper1664.html.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maczko, K.A., L.A. Hidinger, C.R. Ellis, and J.A. Tanaka. 2014. Future directions of usable science for rangeland sustainability. Poster presented at the 99th Annual Meeting, Ecological Society of America, Sacramento, California.

Progress 12/04/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Natural resource policy makers and rangeland managers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Objective 1 has provided educational opportunities at professional meetings on the economic impacts to ranches for sage-grouse management. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated through peer reviewed publications, Extension bulletins, policy briefs, and presentations at professional meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue to complete the human footprint model, complete the two surveys and analyze the results, and continue to seek funds to refine the ranch economic models and apply them to new scenarios.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Refined representative ranch models to evaluate the economic impacts of sage-grouse land management alternatives. The results of the models were published in an Extension bulletin, policy recommendations published through the Western Rural Development Center, and a presentation made at a national conference. 2. A human footprint model is being developed and applied to a large landscape involving a proposed 1000 tower wind farm. Data have been collected and are being analyzed within the model. 3. A national survey of public land ranchers is being administered to gain a better understanding of their social and economic attributes and how they will respond to public land management agency policies. 4. A survey is being administered in 4 regions of the western U.S. to estimate the quantity of ecosystem services being produced by ranchers and how they adjust management to produce differing amounts of these services.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Torell, L.A., N.R. Rimbey, J.A. Tanaka, D.T. Taylor, J.P. Ritten, and T.K. Foulke. 2014. Ranch-level economic impacts of altering grazing policies on federal land to protect the greater sage-grouse. University of Wyoming, New Mexico State University, University of Idaho, and the Western Rural Development Center. University of Wyoming Extension Bulletin B-1258. Available online at http://www.wyomingextension.org/publications/.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Svejcar, T., C. Boyd, K. Davies, M. Madsen, J. Bates, R. Sheley, C. Marlow, D. Bohnert, M. Borman, R. Mata-Gonzalez, J. Buckhouse, T. Stringam, B. Perryman, S. Swanson, K. Tate, M. George, G. Ruyle, B. Roundy, C. Call, K. Jensen, K. Launchbaugh, A. Gearhart, L. Vermiere, J. Tanaka, J. Derner, G. Frasier, and K. Havstad. 2014. Western land managers will need all available tools for adapting to climate change, including grazing: a critique of Beschta et al. Environmental Management 53:1035-1038.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Torell, L.A., N.R. Rimbey, J.A. Tanaka, D.T. Taylor, and J.D. Wulfhorst. 2014. Ranch level economic impact analysis for public lands: a guide to methods, issues, and applications. Journal of Rangeland Applications 1:1-13.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Boyd, C.S., J.L. Beck, and J.A. Tanaka. 2014. Livestock grazing and sage-grouse habitat: impacts and opportunities. Journal of Rangeland Applications 1:58-77.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tanaka, J.A., N.R. Rimbey, and L.A. Torell. 2014. Ranching economics and sage-grouse in the west: policy recommendations for rural development. National Agricultural & Rural Development Policy Center Policy Brief 19. 4 p.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tanaka, J.A., N.R. Rimbey, and L.A. Torell. 2014. Ranch-level economic impacts of altering grazing policies on federal land to protect the greater sage-grouse. National Workshop on Large Landscape Conservation. Washington, DC. Abstract at https://nwllc.confex.com/nwllc/2014/webprogram/Paper1660.html.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Varelas, L.A., J.A. Tanaka, B. Rashford, and J. Ritten. 2014. Using the human footprint to measure ecological and socio-economic impacts of wind energy development National Workshop on Large Landscape Conservation. Washington, DC. Abstract at https://nwllc.confex.com/nwllc/2014/webprogram/Paper1664.html.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Maczko, K.A., L.A. Hidinger, C.R. Ellis, and J.A. Tanaka. 2014. Future directions of usable science for rangeland sustainability. Poster presented at the 99th Annual Meeting, Ecological Society of America, Sacramento, California.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Varelas, L.A., J.A. Tanaka, and B.S. Rashford. 2014. Using the human footprint to measure ecological and socio-economic impacts of wind energy development. Poster presented at the 66th Annual Meeting, Society for Range Management. Orlando, Florida.