Progress 09/05/03 to 08/15/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) To evaluate and compare the EAB adult feeding activity on known hosts (ash), related potential hosts, and other possible hosts the beetle would find in the U.S. To evaluate and EAB oviposition and larval development on known hosts, and potential hosts. Approach (from AD-416) Several lab and field studies will be started to evaluate and compare EAB adult feeding activity on several known and potential hosts. These studies will range from laboratory bioassays to field tests conducted under natural conditions. A series of tests on adult feeding will involve a set of choice tests using leaf discs cut from ash and one of the other potential host plants. The amount of feeding on each leaf disc will be assessed with a leaf area meter. We will repeat the above studies using cut branches in water or small potted seedlings. Total leaf area will be measured using a leaf area meter before and after feeding to estimate comsumption per tree species. In another set of studies, we will cage EAB beetles with wood and foliage from known and potential host species to assess adult host preference, oviposition and early larval development under controlled conditions in the laboratory. A no-choice bioassay will be conducted by placing a male-female pair of beetles in a one gallon glass jar or small cage that contains a freshly cut section of wood (with bark attached) and shoots from a potential host. Two-choice bioassays will be conducted in larger screen cages using logs (e.g. 60- 100 cm long, 10 to 20 cm diameter) with known and potential host species. We will evaluate EAB adult landing rates and oviposition on freshly cut bolts from several hosts (ash) and potential hosts (elm, hackberry, hickory, and walnut). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This is a congressionally mandated project. The objective of this project was to study the host range and host preference of the emerald ash borer. This research was conducted in Michigan in areas with high populations of emerald ash borer. The North American species green ash, white ash, black ash and blue ash were evaluated as hosts for emerald ash borer. In addition, several non-ash species distantly related to ash were evaluated as hosts (black walnut, privet, and Japanese tree lilac). Only the ash species were shown to be good hosts for emerald ash borer. No development was completed on the non-ash species. Green ash appears to be the best host for emerald ash borer. The emerald ash borer preferred to attack all tested ash species compared to black walnut. Blue ash appeared to be the least preferred of the ash species. In feeding studies with adult emerald ash borer on ash leaves, blue ash was again least preferred compared with green, black and white ash. In it�s native range, the emerald ash borer has been reported to attack tree species other than ash. However, emerald ash borer was not successful on the non-ash species tested in North America. Among the ash species tested, green ash appeared to be most effected by emerald ash borer attacks. Higher levels of canopy dieback occurred on green ash compared with white ash. A significant positive relationship between the number of emerging adult emerald ash borer and dieback of green and white ash trees was identified. Monitoring of this project was done by e-mail, phone conversations, written reports, and meetings.
Impacts
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Publications
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) To evaluate and compare the EAB adult feeding activity on known hosts (ash), related potential hosts, and other possible hosts the beetle would find in the U.S. To evaluate and EAB oviposition and larval development on known hosts, and potential hosts. Approach (from AD-416) Several lab and field studies will be started to evaluate and compare EAB adult feeding activity on several known and potential hosts. These studies will range from laboratory bioassays to field tests conducted under natural conditions. A series of tests on adult feeding will involve a set of choice tests using leaf discs cut from ash and one of the other potential host plants. The amount of feeding on each leaf disc will be assessed with a leaf area meter. We will repeat the above studies using cut branches in water or small potted seedlings. Total leaf area will be measured using a leaf area meter before and after feeding to estimate comsumption per tree species. In another set of studies, we will cage EAB beetles with wood and foliage from known and potential host species to assess adult host preference, oviposition and early larval development under controlled conditions in the laboratory. A no-choice bioassay will be conducted by placing a male-female pair of beetles in a one gallon glass jar or small cage that contains a freshly cut section of wood (with bark attached) and shoots from a potential host. Two-choice bioassays will be conducted in larger screen cages using logs (e.g. 60- 100 cm long, 10 to 20 cm diameter) with known and potential host species. We will evaluate EAB adult landing rates and oviposition on freshly cut bolts from several hosts (ash) and potential hosts (elm, hackberry, hickory, and walnut). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This report documents research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between ARS and Michigan State University. Additional details of the research can be found in the report for the parent project 3607- 22000-010-00D Management of Invasive Scarabs, Root Weevils, and Other Beetles of Quarantine Significance in Horticultural, Turf, and Nursery Crops. In 2007, no-choice bioassays that focus on EAB oviposition and early instar development on Asian host species listed in the literature were started. Three Asian and one European ash species were included in the bioassays along with an Asian walnut and an elm species. An ash plantation was established where we plan to assess the effects of tree vigor and ash species on EAB behavior, feeding, survival and development rate. The site, roughly 0.8 acres in size, was prepared late in fall 2006. We contacted several nurseries across the country to obtain the ash trees we needed. Trees were ordered from six different nurseries; all but one nursery gave us a discount on either the stock price or the shipping. In April 2007, we planted 450 ash trees at MSU�s Tree Research Center. The planting is divided into three areas or plantations. Plantation 1 (225 trees) consists of bare root stock (roughly 1 inch in diameter) of North American green, white, black, and blue ash and Manchurian ash, an Asian species, planted in a block design. Plantation 2 (80 trees) is comprised of larger B&B green and white ash trees (roughly 2 inches diam). Plantation 3 consists of small whips of the four North American ash species plus Fraxinus chinensis, another Asian ash species. Monitoring of this project was done by e-mail, phone conversations, written reports, and meetings. Technology Transfer Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 6 Number of Newspaper Articles,Presentations for NonScience Audiences: 3
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This Project falls within the general overview of Crop Production, Product Value and Safety, and more specifically into NP 304 Crop Protection and Quarantine. The project specifically deals with management of invasive scarabs and root weevils, and other insects of quarantine importance to the nursery and horticultural industries. The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first discovered in the United States near Detroit, MI in June 2002. It appears that it had been in the area of the Detroit Airport for at least five years before the problem was diagnosed. Since its discovery, infestations have been found in a wide area around Detroit, and satellite populations of the EAB have been noted in Ohio, Indiana, and Maryland. At the end of the 2004 season, over 5.5 million ash trees in the core
infestation in southeastern Michigan were dead or dying. EAB larvae feed in the phloem and outer sapwood, producing galleries that eventually girdle and kill branches and entire trees. This borer is particularly serious since it can kill both stressed and apparently healthy trees. EAB have attacked and killed apparently vigorous trees in woodlots and urban trees under regular irrigation and fertilization regimes. The beetle is a native of the Far East and has been reported from China, Mongolia, Russia, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. In its native habitat, the EAB attacks not only Asian ash species, but also species of elm, walnut and wingnut. If the EAB were able to attack alternate hosts in the United States, it would have a major impact on survey work and the overall success of the eradication effort planned for southeastern Michigan. Because of the serious nature of this invasive species, a Specific Cooperative Agreement was funded by the Nursery and Floral Initiative, and
instituted through the Application Technology Research Unit at Wooster. The SCA with Michigan State University was first funded in 2003, and new funds were added in 2004, 2005, and 2006. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) The first objective was to evaluate alternative host species in the laboratory to see if they were acceptable to ovipositting adults, and if they were suitable for larval development. Alternative hosts were also to be evaluated in the field by exposing logs (10 cm diam, 60 cm long) in the canopy of heavily infested ash trees. Another field test was to be conducted for adult landing rates on three species of ash, alternate hosts, and black drain pipe as a control. New milestones for 2006 follow up on the discoveries of 2004 and 2005, and verify what was found. The second objective was to evaluate the preference of EAB among four species of ash. In 2005, the preference of adults for feeding on the various ash
species would be determined. Also in 2005, the preference of adults for laying eggs on four North American species of ash was evaluated. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. This accomplishment aligns with Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies under Research Component A (Insects and Mites). Emerald ash borer is an invasive insect attacking ash trees in forests and landscapes. This pest is causing millions of dollars in lost revenue to the ornamental nursery industry. The extent of this insects host range is unknown. Emerald ash borer appears to attack only ash, however, there are many species of trees relate to ash that are potential targets as well. This research was designed to determine which native North American trees are susceptible to attack by emerald ash borer. This research was conducted by Michigan State University through a specific cooperative agreement with the USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Unit. A host range for
EAB was determined. Walnut and elm were determined to be poor hosts of EAB and green ash the preferred host. White ash and black ash were also viable hosts. 4d Progress report. This report serves to document research conducted under a reimbursable agreement between ARS and Michigan State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 3607-22000-010- 00D Management of Invasive Scarabs, Root Weevils and other Beetles of Quarantine Significance in Horticultural, Turf and Nursery Crops. Results of host range work found that EAB will oviposit on species other than ash such as walnut and elm in no-choice tests, but larval establishment is doubtful. EAB does feed and develop on all three ash species (green, black and white) tested. Privet appeared to be a suitable host for oviposition and first instar development. Green ash appears to be preferred over white ash, and white ash was preferred over blue ash. Additional tests with privet and
other species related to ash were evaluated during 06. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. This research has identified which tree species are susceptible to attack by emerald ash borer. So far, the native North American ash species of green ash, white ash, and black ash appear to be the most susceptible, while other members of the ash family are not. This information will be used by regulatory agencies for determining quarantines, and by plant breeders when developing cultivars of plants for sale. This was the second year of the project. This research will help us determine the potential for EAB to spread to other areas of North America. In addition, it will help us determine the probability of containing this pest within the quarantine areas and the steps needed to manage it. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user
(industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Results of this work were presented at the Emerald Ash Borer Meeting September 26-27 at Pittsburgh, PA. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). McCullough, D. 2005. Emerald ash borer. Presented at the Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America Meeting in Ft Lauderdale, FL, December 2005. Agius, A., D. McCullough, D. Cappaert, T. Poland, and D. Miller. 2005. Host range and preferences of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Michigan. Presented at the Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America Meeting in Ft Lauderdale, FL, December 2005.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first discovered in the United States near Detroit, MI in June 2002. It appears that it had been in the area of the Detroit Airport for at least five years before the problem was diagnosed. Since its discovery, infestations have been found in a wide area around Detroit, and satellite populations of the EAB have been noted in Ohio, Indiana, and Maryland. At the end of the 2004 season, over 5.5 million ash trees in the core infestation in southeastern Michigan were dead or dying. EAB larvae feed in the phloem and outer sapwood, producing galleries that eventually girdle and kill branches and entire trees. This borer is particularly serious since it can kill both stressed and apparently healthy trees. EAB have attacked and killed apparently vigorous trees in woodlots
and urban trees under regular irrigation and fertilization regimes. The beetle is a native of the Far East and has been reported from China, Mongolia, Russia, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. In its native habitat, the EAB attacks not only Asian ash species, but also species of elm, walnut and wingnut. If the EAB were able to attack alternate hosts in the United States, it would have a major impact on survey work and the overall success of the eradication effort planned for southeastern Michigan. Because of the serious nature of this invasive species, a Specific Cooperative Agreement was funded by the Nursery and Floral Initiative, and instituted through the Application Technology Research Unit at Wooster, OH. The SCA with Michigan State University, and Dr. Deborah G. McCullough was first funded in 2003, and new funds were added in 2004. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. The first objective was to evaluate alternate host species in the laboratory to
see if they were acceptable to ovipositting adults, and if they were suitable for larval development. Alternative hosts were also to be evaluated in the field by exposing logs (10 cm diam, 60 cm long) in the canopy of heavily infested ash trees. Another field test was to be conducted for adult landing rates on three species of ash, alternate hosts, and black drain pipe as a control. New milestones for 2005 follow up on the discoveries of 2003 and 2004, and verify what was found. The second objective was to evaluate the preference of EAB among four species of ash. In 2004, the preference of adults for feeding on the various ash species would be determined. Also in 2004, the preference of adults for laying eggs on four North American species of ash was evaluated. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Evaluate alternate host species in the
laboratory to see if they were acceptable to ovipositting adults, and if they were suitable for larval development. Milestone Fully Met 2. Conduct field test for adult landing rates on three species of ash, alternate hosts, and black drain pipe as a control. Milestone Fully Met 3. Evaluate the preference of EAB among four species of ash. Milestone Fully Met 4. Determine the preference of adudlts for feeding on the various ash species. Milestone Fully Met 5. Determine teh preference of adults for laying eggs on four North American species of ash. Milestone Fully Met 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? A host range for EAB was determined. Walnut and elm were determined to be poor hosts of EAB and green ash the preferred host. White ash and black ash were also viable hosts. 4d Progress report. This report documents research conducted under specific Cooperative agreements between ARS and Michigan State University. Additional details of research are in
the report for the parent research project 3607-22000- 009-00D, Management Of Japanese Beetle And Other Beetles Of Quarantine Significance In Nursery Crops. Results of host range work lead by Dr. D. McCullough found that EAB will oviposit on species other than ash such as walnut and elm in no-choice tests, but larval establishment is doubtful. EAB does feed and develop on all three ash species (green, black and white) tested. Privet appeared to be a suitable host for oviposition and first instar development. Green ash appears to be preferred over white ash, and white ash was preferred over blue ash. Additional tests with privet and other species related to ash were evaluated during 05. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This was the second year of the project. This research will help us determine the potential for EAB to spread to other areas of North America. In addition, it will help us determine the
probability of eradicating this pest and the steps needed. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Results of this work were presented at the Emerald Ash Borer Meeting October 12-13 at Romulus, MI. In addition, a poster was presented at the National Entomological Society of America Meeting in Salt Lake City, UT 14-17 November 2004.
Impacts
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Publications
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first discovered in the United States near Detroit, MI in June 2002. It appears that it had been in the area of the Detroit Airport for at least five years before the problem was diagnosed. Since its discovery, infestations have been found in a wide area around Detroit, and satalite populations of the EAB have been noted in Ohio, Indiana, and Maryland. At the end of the 2003 season, over 5.5 million ash trees in the core infestation in southeastern Michigan were dead or dying. EAB larvae feed in the phloem and outer sapwood, producing galleries that eventually girdle and kill branches and entire trees. This borer is particularly serious since it can kill both stressed and apparently healthy trees. EAB have attacked and killed apparently vigorous trees in woodlots
and urban trees under regular irrigation and fertilization regimes. The beetle is a native of the Far East and has been reported from China, Mongolia, Russia, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. In its native habitat, the EAB attacks not only Asian ash species, but also species of elm, walnut and wingnut. If the EAB were able to attack alternate hosts in the United States, it would have a major impact on survey work and the overall success of the eradication effort planned for southeastern Michigan. Because of the serious nature of this invasive species, a Specific Cooperative Agreement was funded by the Nursery and Floral Initative, and instituted through the Application Technology Research Unit at Wooster. OH. The SCA with Michigan State University, and Dr. Deborah G. McCullough was first funded in 2003, and new funds were added in 2004. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. The first objective was to evaluate alternate host species in the laboratory to
see if they were acceptable to ovipositing adults, and if they were suitable for larval development. Alternate hosts were also to be evaluated in the field by exposing logs (10 cm diam, 60 cm long) in the canopy of heavily infested ash trees. Another field test was to be conducted for adult landing rates on three species of ash, alternate hosts, and black drain pipe as a control. New milestones for 2004 follow up on the discoveries of 2003, and verify what was found. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. The milestones that were scheduled to be met in 2004 include: All of the tests for the original milestones were met in the first year. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, and 2007). What do you expect to
accomplish year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? In FY 2005, we will accomplish the following milestones: Preliminary tests of various ash species and close relatives, Syringa (lilac) and possibly privet, as potential hosts of emerald ash borer will be conducted. In FY 2006: The preference of emerald ash borer for feeding and laying eggs on various ash and related species will be determined. In FY 2007: Emerald ash borer's ability to survive in several native ash species, lilac, and privet will be determined. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report. This report serves to document research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between ARS and Dr. Deborah McCullough, Michigan State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 3607-22000-009-00D Management of Japanese Beetle and other Beetles of Quarantine Significance in Nursery Crops. The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
is one of the most destructive invasive species of insects to arrive in the United States in many years. Ash is a predominate species in northern forests and urban settings, and is severely threatened by the establishment and spread of this pest. Results of host range work lead by Dr. D. McCullough found that EAB will oviposite on alternate species such as walnut and elm in no-choice tests, but larval establishment is doubtful. EAB does feed and develop on all three ash species (green, black and white) tested. Privit appeared to be a suitable host for oviposition and first instar development. Additional tests with privit and other species related to ash will be evaluated during 04. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This was the first year of the project. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user
(industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Results of this work were presented at the Emerald Ash Borer Meeting September 30 & October 1 at Port Huron, MI. In addition, a poster was presented at the National Entomological Society of America Meeting in Cincinnati, OH, October 26-29, 2003. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Invited presentations: McCullough, D.G. 2004. Update on emerald ash borer research and development: implications for management. Tri-state workshop for state and federal forestry and regulatory officials. June, Findley, Ohio. McCullough, D.G. 2004. Emerald ash borer: responding to a new, exotic forest pest. Departmental seminar, Dept. of Forestry. April, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan. McCullough, D.G. 2004. Application of research results into the emerald
ash borer eradication program. USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS cooperators meeting. March, Ann Arbor, Michigan. McCullough, D.G. 2003. Emerald ash borer: research results to-date. North Central Forest Pest Workshop. September, Cloquet, Minnesota. McCullough, D.G., D. Cappaert and T. Poland. 2003. Emerald ash borer biology and phenology; observations in 2003. Joint U.S.-Canada Emerald ash borer research meeting. October, Port Huron, Michigan. McCullough, D.G., A. Agius, D. Cappaert, L. Bauer, D. Miller and T. Poland. 2003. Host range: preliminary results of lab and field studies. Joint U.S.-Canada Emerald ash borer research meeting. October, Port Huron, Michigan. Submitted research presentations Agius, A., D.G. McCullough, D.L. Cappaert, T. Poland, D. Miller and L. Bauer. 2004. Host range of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) in North America: preliminary results from laboratory and field tests. Poster display. USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other
Invasive Species. Annapolis, Maryland. Agius, A., D.G. McCullough, D.L. Cappaert, T. Poland, D. Miller and L. Bauer. 2004. The exotic emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): egg and gallery density in ash and potential alternate host species. Midwest Ecology and Evolution Conference. Notre Dame University. South Bend, Indiana. Agius, A., D.G. McCullough, L.S. Bauer, D. Miller, T. Poland and D. Cappaert. 2003. Evaluation of the host range of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Poster display. Entomological Society of America, National meeting. October, Cincinnati, Ohio. Agius won Honorable Mention, Section Cd (Ecology), in Student Competition. Agius, A.., D.G. McCullough, L.S. Bauer, D. Miller, T. Poland and D. Cappaert. 2003. Host range of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): preliminary results. Poster display. North Central Forest Pest Workshop. September, Cloquet, Minnesota. EXTENSION
PRESENTATIONS: 2004: Update on emerald ash borer research for containment and eradication. Michigan Agriculture Commission. July, East Lansing, Michigan. 20 people. 2004: Overview of research. Executive update for directors of 7 state departments and governor's office. June, Lansing, Michigan. 30 people. 2004: Emerald ash borer biology, effects and research. Public Forum at the Midland Center for Arts. March, Midland, Michigan. 200 people. 2004: Research results from studies of emerald ash borer: biology, trapping, control and dispersal. Michigan Dept. of Agriculture, Pesticide and Plant Pest Management Division annual training workshop. February, Roscommon, Michigan. 85 people. 2004: Emerald ash borer: biology, impacts and new research results. Michigan Association of Counties annual meeting. February, Lansing, Michigan. 65 people. 2004: Need for emerald ash borer eradication: a scientist's perspective. Public hearing for State of Michigan. January, Lansing, Michigan. 50 people.
2003: Emerald ash borer: new information about host range and control options. Ingham and Eaton County Extension program for municipal foresters, local decision-makers and arborists. December, Lansing, Michigan. 45 people. 2003: Update on emerald ash borer. Michigan House and Senate staff working with agriculture. MSU Project GREEEN and Michigan Farm Bureau update. October, East Lansing, Michigan. 15 people. 2003: Emerald ash borer: 1 year later - what have we learned? Featured speaker, Michigan Forest and Parks Association Summer Conference. September, Walled Lake, Michigan. 250 people.
Impacts
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Publications
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