INSECTICIDE ALTERNATIVES, MECHANISMS AND CHALLENGES FOR STORED PRODUCT PEST MANAGEMENT

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0231615
• Project No.: KS492
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2012
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2017

Project Director
Phillips, TH, W.

Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506

Performing Department
Entomology

Non Technical Summary
This is a multiple principal investigator (PI) project that involves three professors from the departments of Entomology and Grain Science and Industry. There are a total of five main projects to be conducted and all under the general topic area of protecting durable stored food products, those not requiring refrigeration, from insects, molds and other depredations that result in damage and value loss. The five studies vary from being basic science and preliminary in nature to being field trials to confirm work done in the laboratory. Funding from outside KSU is already available for most of the projects, while results from some objectives proposed here will serve as justification and preliminary data for writing new grant proposals during the time period of this project. The five projects are as follows. Conduct field and laboratory studies on alternatives to fumigant toxic gases for controlling pests of dried meats and other foods. Develop detection methods and survey the incidence of fumigant resistance in stored grain insect pests and investigate resistance management strategies. Investigate the efficacy and utility of a new gas, chlorine dioxide, as an alternative to fumigation with methyl bromide, which is scheduled to be banned. Do basic research on the way the insecticide Spinosad, which comes from a bacterium, can kill the grain beetle called the lesser grain borer, a serious insect pest of stored grains. Evaluate legal insecticides for controlling major insect pests of stored corn in Kansas.

Animal Health Component

0%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
216	3110	1130	50%
712	1599	1060	20%
211	2499	1060	20%
503	3110	1130	10%

Knowledge Area
211 - Insects, Mites, and Other Arthropods Affecting Plants; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins; 503 - Quality Maintenance in Storing and Marketing Food Products;

Subject Of Investigation
1599 - Grain crops, general/other; 3110 - Insects; 2499 - Plant research, general;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems); 1130 - Entomology and acarology;

Keywords

insecticide

spinosad

stored food

pest management

flour mills

valued added food

Goals / Objectives
We will conduct field and laboratory studies on fumigant alternatives for controlling arthropod pests of dried meats and other durable food products. Methyl bromide alternatives will be given to producers of southern dry cured hams for pest disinfestations. We expect to provide one or more effective alternative controls that will allow them to store and market a pest-free, high-quality product. This project will develop detection methods and will survey the incidence of phosphine resistance in populations of stored grain insect pests. The grain storage industry will then have knowledge about the actual or potential effectiveness of phosphine against their insect pests based on resistance, and will have a list of options from our work to help in alternative control procedures. We will investigate the efficacy and utility of the gas chlorine dioxide as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of flour mills and other value-added food structures. We expect chlorine dioxide may become a new alternative to methyl bromide for fumigation of flour mills, one that was not available before. The project will study the pharmacokinetics and binding affinity of the bacterial insecticide Spinosad in Rhyzopertha dominica, the lesser grain borer, a serious insect pest of stored cereal grains. By understanding the mode of action of Spinosad in the lesser grain borer we should be able to deliver techniques that enhance the toxicity of Spinosad for an insect pest species that currently is more tolerant to this natural product insecticide. We will evaluate various residual insecticides for control of major insect pests of stored corn in Kansas. This will provide the corn industry with useful tools to control pests that they have lacked up until now. Each of the five projects is described independently and with enough detail that each can be reviewed separately. Adequate detail is provided for the scientifically literate reader to understand the problem, evaluate the scientific approaches, and appreciate the potential products and impacts of the work. The audience for this projects includes, but is not limited to, other scientists, agricultural producers, participants in the dried meat and cheese industries, the grain storage industry, flour millers and other food processors, pesticide companies and government regulatory agencies

Project Methods
Dry cured hams will be fumigated in shipping containers at concentrations between up to 3000 ppm phosphine for 48 and 72 hrs to evaluate their effectiveness at controlling ham mites and ham beetles since these concentrations have shown promise in laboratory and testing in shipping containers. Bioassays will confirm that the concentration used under controlled conditions will work under commercial conditions. Sensory testing and chemical analysis will be conducted with treated hams to verify that the ham and cheese products have acceptable sensory quality and have residual concentrations of phosphine that are below the legal limit of 0.01 ppm. A mite trap will be developed with a food bait placed in the middle of a circular shelter covered with a durable round cover. The cover has a clearance of about 2 mm. above the ground when the trap is deployed. Mites in the vicinity of the trap orient to it, enter the shelter under the cover and associate with the food bait where they become arrested with feeding, mating and oviposition. With respect to Integrated Pest Management, a general HACCP-based IPM plan will be developed for dry cured ham, and individual IPM-based HACCP plans will be developed for individual products in the four plants. The presence of phosphine resistance in all populations of key grain beetle species will be determined using established methods. Groups of beetles will be exposed to discriminating doses of of phosphine. Any insect surviving will be considered as resistant. Methods for studying the response of insect and mite species to sulfuryl fluoride (SF) are well established. PH3-resistant insects from each species will be subjected to a high and low dose exposures to SF within the published label ranges for this compound. Such information will be used toward a field trial of SF as an alternative to phosphine to curb resistance. Chlorine dioxide gas, ClO2, is generated in water by tablets provided by the company. The gas release container is connected to the exposure chamber. The same set up will be used for exposing various life stages of the red flour beetle. Beetles will be reared on a diet of wheat flour with 5 percent (by wt) brewer's yeast. Each 0.94-L glass Mason jar with 200 g of the insect diet will be seeded with 100 beetle adults. The Hal Ross flour mill, affiliated with the Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, is a pilot scale mill that will be used for ClO2 field treatments. Bioassay boxes will be placed in the mill and then brought to the laboratory and incubated at 28 degrees C and 65percent RH. The number of live and dead adults will be determined 24 h after collecting all bioassay boxes. Dose-response tests with R. dominica adults will be generated with unlabeled spinosad to determine the range of concentrations required for radiolabeled spinosad experiments. We will then use radio-labeled spinosad to determine rates of cuticular penetration, detoxification and excretion. Laboratory bioassays will be conducted to determine relative efficacy of various insecticides labeled for empty bin residual sprays against important insect pests of corn when exposed to treated surfaces.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:The client audiences impacted include, but were not limited to, grain producers, millers of animal feed and bread flour, all food manufactures with grain-based and value-added food products, bakeries, country ham producers, producers of other aged meats and cheeses, pet food manufacturers and retailers, and many more. The challenges to stored-product pest management outlines in our project proposal have to do with the efficacy of available pesticides, the need to alter practices so that new pesticides can be adopted effectively, and also for post-harvest managers to learn and adopt methods of pest management that may be quite different than what they had used in the past. Thus we anticipate impacts to include: adopting new pest control options; changing something in their manufacturing; packaging or retail operations to improve pest control when new practices are adopted; fumigators will stop using phosphine gas due to highly resistant pest insects and switch to a different fumigant chemical, or a different practice, to control the pests infesting their stored grains. Aged meat and cheese companies will be required to stop using the fumigant methyl bromide during the course of this study, so our research should have substantial impact on these clients. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?See "Other Products", above. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Yes, information has been shared with all relevant communities of interest. These include: Other university and government scientists with interests in stored-product entomology. Food industry members with interest in protecting their products from post-harvest pests. Pesticide registrants with interest in developing new fumigants or alternatives to chemical fumigation for post-harvest pests. The pest control industry who relies on our expertise to provide information that can improve their service to agriculture and the food industries. Pesticide safety agencies at state and regional levels who utilize our training services for pesticide applicator training and certification programs. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This NIFA/Hatch project had five major goals that were successfully addressed during the five-year period. The key accomplishments are listed below. 1. Research on fumigant alternatives for stored product insects. Research Grants: Plant Biosecurity- Cooperative Research Center-Australia. Ecology of Sitophilus and Crytolestes Species. $174,420, 1/1/13-12/31/15. USDA NIFA Methyl Bromide Transitions Program, "Developing IPM with Methyl Bromide Alternatives for Protecting Southern Dry-Cured Hams," for $479,946.00, 9/1/13 to 8/31/16 2015-2016 USDA APHIS Cooperative Research Agreement. Development of new treatment options for khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. $90,420 for 9/7/15 to 9/6/16. Freeman, C., Schilling, M.W. (CO-PI, $115,300), Black, C., Kundu, S., Christ, C.A., Phillips, T.W., Adam, B. 2017-2019. Integration of food grade coatings into ham nets as a means to control ham mite infestations. Methyl bromide transitions - USDA. $498,387. Key Publications: Abbar, S., B. Amoah, M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of selected food-safe compounds to prevent infestation of the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae), on southern dry cured hams. Pest Man. Sci. 72: 1604-1612. Amoah, B., , M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Monitoring Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) with traps in dry-cured ham aging rooms. Env. Entomol. 45:1029-139. Hasan, M. M., M. J. Aikins, W. Schilling, and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of controlled atmosphere treatments to manage arthropod pests of dry-cured hams. Insects. 7, 44; doi:10.3390/insects7030044. Zhao, Z., S. Abbar , T.W. Phillips, J.B. Williams, B.S. Smith, M.W. Schilling. 2016. Developing food-grade coatings for dry-cured hams to protect against ham mite infestation. Meat Sci. 113:73-79 2. Research on phosphine resistance in populations of stored grain insect pests Grants: PB-CRC Australia. "Strength and Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Resistance to Phosphine and Contact Insecticides in Key Stored Grain Pests". $185,640, 1/1/13-06/30/15. Publications and Presentations: Afful, E., and B. Elliott, M. K. Nayak and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Phosphine resistance in North America field populations of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). J. Econ. Entomol. published online, doi: 10.1093/jee/tox284 Cato, A. J., B. Elliott, M. K. Nayak and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Geographic variation in phosphine resistance among North American populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 110: 1359-1365. Chen Z, Schlipalius D, Opit G, Subramanyam B, Phillips TW. 2015. Diagnostic Molecular Markers for Phosphine Resistance in U.S. Populations of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121343. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121343 Nayak, M. K., G. J. Daglish and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Managing resistance to chemical treatments on stored product pests. Stewart Postharvest Reviews. 1:2 Opit, G.P., E. Thoms, T. W. Phillips, and M. E. Payton. 2016. Effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation for the control of phosphine-resistant grain insects infesting stored wheat. J. Econ. Ent. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov395 Saglam, O., P. A. Edde and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Resistance of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Fumigation with Phosphine. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 2489-2495. 3. Efficacy and utility of chlorine dioxide as a methyl bromide alternative. Grants: Subramanyam, Bh. 2014. Evaluating chlorine dioxide and ozone as alternatives for controlling phosphine-resistant insects in on-farm and commercial bulk storages, $160,300. PB-CRC Australia (April 1, 2014-March 31, 2018). Publications Beibei, L., E. Xinyi, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas for managing stored-product insects. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 15-18, 2015, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Poster). Channaiah, L. H., C. Wright, Bh. Subramanyam, and D. E. Maier. 2012. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas against eggs, larvae, and adults of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum. 9th Intl. Conf. on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, October 15 - 19, 2012, Antalya, Turkey. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide gas. Milling Journal, Volume 21, First Quarter, pp. 49-51. Subramanyam, Bh., K. Ambrose, D. E. Maier, and Y-L. Ren. 2014. 3038: Evaluating chlorine dioxide and ozone for controlling phosphine-resistant insects in on-farm and commercial bulk storages. Science Exchange, PB-CRC, May 5-7, 2014, Brisbane, Australia. Subramanyam, Bh., and E. Xinyi. 2015. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against five stored-product insect species. Integrated Protection of Stored Products, IOBC-WPRS Bulletin Vol. 111: 159-168 4. Study toxicity of Spinosad for the lesser grain borer, a serious pest of stored grains. Publications: Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of field strains of three stored-grain insect species to spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin on hard red winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Spinosad: A novel biopesticide for stored grain protection. 4th Biopesticide International Conference (BIOCICON), November 28-30, 2013, St. Xavier's College, Palayankottai, Tirunelvelli, Tamil Nadu, India. Subramanyam, Bh., D. R. Boina, B. Sehgal, and F. Lazzari. 2014. Efficacy of partial treatment of wheat with spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) adults. J. Stored Prod. Res. 59: 197-203 5. Evaluate various other residual insecticides for control of major stored product insects in the USA. Publications: Ghimire, M. S. W. Myers, F. H. Arthur and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Susceptibility of Trogoderma granarium Everts and Trogoderma inclusum LeConte (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) to residual contact insecticides. J. Stored Prod. Res. 72: 75-82 Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Influence of temperature and artificially-created barriers on the efficacy of synergized pyrethrin aerosol. J. Stored Prod. Res. 60: 36-42.. Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2014. Susceptibility of different life stages of Tribolium confusum to pyrethrin aerosol: effects of flour food source on insecticidal efficacy. J. Pest Sci. 87: 295-300. Liu, S., F. H. Arthur, D. VanGundy and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Combination of methoprene and controlled aeration to manage insects in stored wheat. Insects. 7, 25; doi:10.3390/insects7020025 Sehgal, B. and Bh. Subramanyam. 2014. Efficacy of a new deltamethrin formulation on concrete and wheat against adults of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species. J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 2229-2238. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of field strains of three stored-grain insect species to spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin on hard red winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2014. Variation in susceptibility of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species to B- cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces. Pest Manag. Sci. 70: 576-587. Subramanyam, Bh., D. R. Boina, and F. H. Arthur. 2014. Dispersion, efficacy, and persistence of dichlorvos aerosol against two flour beetle life stages in a mill. J. Stored Prod. Res. 59: 96-100.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Campos, M. and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Laboratory Evaluation of attract-and-kill formulations against the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (H�bner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 52: 12-20. Arthur F. H., L. Starkus, C. M. Smith, and T. W. Phillips. 2013 Methodology for determining susceptibility of rough rice to Rhyzopertha dominica (L.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). J. Pest Sci. Published online: 13 Feb. 2013. 86: 499-505. Hulasare, R., M. E. Payton, G. J. Hallman, and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Potential for hypobaric storage as a phytosanitary treatment: mortality of Rhagoletis pomonella in apples and effects on fruit quality. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1173-1178. Jian, F., Bh. Subramanyam, D. S. Jayas, and N. D. G. White. 2013. Models to predict mortality of Tribolium castaneum first instars and adults exposed to elevated temperatures during structural heat treatments. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 2247-2258. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species to B-cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces. Pest Manag. Sci. (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.3580. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of field strains of three stored-grain insect species to spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin on hard red winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1911-1999. Elmouttie, D., A. Kiermeier, P. W. Flinn, Bh. Subramanyam, D. W. Hagstrum and G. Hamilton. 2013. Sampling stored product insect pests: a comparison of statistical sampling models to maximise pest detection. Pest Manag. Sci. 69: 1073-1079. Buckman, K., Campbell, J. F., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) associated with rice mills: Fumigation efficacy and population rebound. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 499-512. Carvalho, M. O., A. Faro, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Insect population distribution and density estimates in a large rice mill in Portugal-A pilot study. J. Stored Prod. Res. 52: 48-56.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Subramanyam, Bh., D. R. Boina, B. Sehgal, and F. Lazzari. 2014. Efficacy of partial treatment of wheat with spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) adults. J. Stored Prod. Res. 59: 197-203. Sehgal, B. and Bh. Subramanyam. 2014. Efficacy of a new deltamethrin formulation on concrete and wheat against adults of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species. J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 2229-2238. Subramanyam, Bh., D. R. Boina, and F. H. Arthur. 2014. Dispersion, efficacy, and persistence of dichlorvos aerosol against two flour beetle life stages in a mill. J. Stored Prod. Res. 59: 96-100. Tilley, D. R., Bh. Subramanyam, M. E. Casada, and F. H. Arthur. 2014. Stored-grain insect population commingling densities in wheat and corn from pilot-scale bucket elevator boots. J. Stored Prod. Res. 59: 1-8. Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2014. Susceptibility of different life stages of Tribolium confusum to pyrethrin aerosol: effects of flour food source on insecticidal efficacy. J. Pest Sci. 87: 295-300. Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2014. Evaluation of synergized pyrethrin aerosol for control of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidade). J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 462-468. Campos, M. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Attract-and-kill and other pheromone-based methods to suppress populations of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (H�bner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 473-480. Diaz-Montano, J., J.F. Campbell, T. W. Phillips and J. E. Throne. 2014. Evaluation of potential attractants for Liposcelis bostrichophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 867-874. Ghimire, M. N. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Oviposition and reproductive performance of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on six different pyralid host species. Ann Entomol. Soc. Am. 107: 809-817. Mahroof, R. M. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Mating disruption of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in stored product habitats using the synthetic pheromone serricornin. J. Appl. Ent. 138: 378-386. Phillips, T. W., M. J. Aikins, E. Thoms and J. J. DeMark. 2014. Fumigation of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): effective application rates for sulfuryl fluoride. J. Econ. Entomol. 107: 1582-1589.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Athanassiou, C., M. M. Hasan, T. W. Phillips, M. J. Aikins and J. E. Throne. 2015. Efficacy of Methyl Bromide for Control of Different Life Stages of Stored-Product Psocids. J. Econ. Entomol. 108(3): 14221428. Chen Z, Schlipalius D, Opit G, Subramanyam B, Phillips TW. 2015. Diagnostic Molecular Markers for Phosphine Resistance in U.S. Populations of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121343. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121343 Diaz-Montano, J., J. F. Campbell, T. W. Philips and J. E. Throne. 2015. Evaluation of potential attractants for six stored-product Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae, Trogiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 108(3): 13981407. Hernandez Nopsa, J., G. J. Daglish, D. W. Hagstrum, J. F. Leslie, T. W. Phillips, C. Scoglio, S. Thomas-Sharma, G. H. Walter and K. Garrett. 2015. Ecological networks in stored grain: identifying key nodes for emerging pests and mycotoxins in postharvest networks. BioScience. 65: 985-1102 Mills, R., T. Phillips and D. Hagstrum. 2015. 100 Years of Stored-Product Entomology at Kansas State University. Am. Ent. 61:27-38 Nayak, M. K., G. J. Daglish and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Managing resistance to chemical treatments on stored product pests. Stewart Postharvest Reviews. 1:2 Oppert B., R. N. C. Guedes, M. J. Aikins, L. Perkin, Z. Chen, T. W. Phillips, K. Y. Zhu, G. P. Opit, K. Hoon, Y. Sun, G. Meredith, K. Bramlett, N. S. Hernandez, B. Sanderson, M. W. Taylor, D. Dhingra, B. Blakey, M. Lorenzen, F. Adedipe and F. Arthur. 2015. Genes related to mitochondrial functions are differentially expressed in phosphine resistant and -susceptible Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 16:968 Saglam, O., P. A. Edde and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Resistance of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Fumigation with Phosphine J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 2489-2495. Zhao, Y., Abbar, S., Phillips, T.W. & Schilling, M.W. 2015. Phosphine fumigation and residues in dry-cured ham in commercial applications, Meat Science. 107:57-63 Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Influence of temperature and artificially-created barriers on the efficacy of synergized pyrethrin aerosol. J. Stored Prod. Res. 60: 36-42. Bian, Q., R. P. Kingsly Ambrose, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Effect of chaff on bulk flow properties of wheat. J. Stored Prod. Res. 64: 21-26. Bian, Q., R. P. Kingsly Ambrose, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Effects of insect-infested kernels on bulk flow properties of wheat. J. Stored Prod. Res. 63: 51-56. Chen, Z., D. Schlipalius, G. Opit, Bh. Subramanyam, and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Diagnostic molecular markers for phosphine resistance in U.S. populations of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. Plos One 10: e0121343. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121343. Tilley, D. R., M. E. Casada, M. R. Langemeier, Bh. Subramanyam, and F. H. Arthur. 2015. Economic analysis of commingling effects of insect activity in the elevator boot area. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 2800-2807.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Frederick, J. L., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2016. Influence of temperature and application rate on efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulation against Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Stored Products Research 69: 86-90. Adedeji, A. A., E. Suhr, Bh. Subramanyam, and S. Alavi. 2016. Drying characteristics of bean analog-a sorghum based extruded product. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. DOI:10.1111/jfpp.12856. Abbar, S., B. Amoah, M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of selected food-safe compounds to prevent infestation of the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae), on southern dry cured hams. Pest Man. Sci. 72: 16041612. Abbar,S., M. W. Schilling, R. J. Whitworth and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of selected pesticides against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank): in?uence of application rate, application surface, and residual activity. J. Pest Sci. DOI 10.1007/s10340-016-0766-3 Abbar, S., M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Timemortality relationships to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) exposed to high and low temperatures. J. Econ. Entomol. 109: 2215-2220. Amoah, B., , M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Monitoring Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) with traps in dry-cured ham aging rooms. Env. Entomol. 45:1029-139. Cordeiro, E. M. G., J. F. Campbell and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Movement and orientation decision modeling of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in the grain mass. Environ. Ent. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvv232. Erban, T., P. B. Klimov, J. Smrz, T. W. Phillips, M. Nesvorna, J. Kopecky and J. Hubert. 2016. Populations of stored product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae differ in their bacterial communities. Frontiers in Microbiology. Volume 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01046 Hasan, M. M., M. J. Aikins, W. Schilling, and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of controlled atmosphere treatments to manage arthropod pests of dry-cured hams. Insects. 7, 44; doi:10.3390/insects7030044. Liu, S., F. H. Arthur, D. VanGundy and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Combination of methoprene and controlled aeration to manage insects in stored wheat. Insects. 7, 25; doi:10.3390/insects7020025 Opit, G.P., E. Thoms, T. W. Phillips, and M. E. Payton. 2016. Effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation for the control of phosphine-resistant grain insects infesting stored wheat. J. Econ. Ent. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov395 Y. Zhao, S. Abbar, B. Amoah, T.W. Phillips, M.W. Schilling. 2016. Controlling pests in dry-cured ham: A review. Meat Sci. 111: 183191. Zhao, Z., S. Abbar , T.W. Phillips, J.B. Williams, B.S. Smith, M.W. Schilling. 2016. Developing food-grade coatings for dry-cured hams to protect against ham mite infestation. Meat Sci. 113:7379
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Afful, E., and B. Elliott, M. K. Nayak and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Phosphine resistance in North America field populations of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). J. Econ. Entomol. published online, doi: 10.1093/jee/tox284 Amoah, B., M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Physical factors influencing capture of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) with food-baited traps. J. Ins. Behavior. 30: 544562 Amoah, B., D, Hagstrum, B. Subramanyam, J.F. Campbell, M. W. Schilling, T. W. Phillips. 2017. Sampling methods to detect and estimate populations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) infesting dry-cured hams. J. Stored Prod. Res. 73: 98-108 Campbell, Y. Y. Zhao; X. Zhang; S. Abbar; T. Phillips; W. Schilling. 2017. Mite control and sensory evaluations of dry-cured hams with food-grade coatings. Meat and Muscle Biol. 1:100108 (2017)doi:10.22175/mmb2017.06.0031 Cato, A. J., B. Elliott, M. K. Nayak and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Geographic variation in phosphine resistance among North American populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 110: 1359-1365. Ghimire, M. S. W. Myers, F. H. Arthur and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Susceptibility of Trogoderma granarium Everts and Trogoderma inclusum LeConte (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) to residual contact insecticides. J. Stored Prod. Res. 72: 75-82 Hagstrum, D. W. and T. W. Phillips. 2017. Evolution of Stored-Product Entomology: Protecting the World Food Supply. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 62: 379-397. Zhang, X., Y. L. Campbell, T. W. Phillips, S. Abbar, J.Goddard, M. W. Schilling. 2017. Application of food-grade ingredients to nets for dry cured hams to control mite infestation. Meat and Muscle Biology. Meat and Muscle Biology 1:5360. doi:10.22175/mmb2017.02.0014 Subramanyam, Bh., E. Xinyi, S. Savoldelli, and B. Sehgal. 2017. Efficacy of ozone against Rhyzopertha dominica adults in wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 70: 53-59. Adedeji, A. A., E. Suhr, Bh. Subramanyam, and S. Alavi. 2017. Drying characteristics of bean analog-a sorghum based extruded product. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. DOI:10.1111/jfpp.12856.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The client audiences that will be impacted include, but are not limited to, grain producers, millers of animal feed and bread flour, all food manufactures with grain-based and value-added food products, bakeries, aged meat and artisan cheese producers, pet food manufacturers and retailers, and many more. The challenges to stored-product pest management outlines in our project proposal have to do with the efficacy of available pesticides, the need to alter practices so that new pesticides can be adopted effectively, and also for post-harvest managers to learn and adopt methods of pest management that may be quite different than what they had used in the past. Thus we anticipate impacts to include: adopting new pest control options; changing something in their manufacturing; packaging or retail operations to improve pest control when new practices are adopted; fumigators will stop using phosphine gas due to highly resistant pest insects and switch to a different fumigant chemical, or a different practice, to control the pests infesting their stored grains. Aged meat and cheese companies will be required to stop using the fumigant methyl bromide during the course of this study, so our research should have substantial impact on these clients. Changes/Problems:Dr. Dirk Maier has relocated from Kansas State University to Iowa State University, andis no longer a co-PO on this project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Phillips, T. 2016. "Challenges facing fumigation of stored products and research for solutions." Invited speaker at symposium titled: Stored Product Entomology: Challenges that Transcend Borders. ICE-2016-International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. Sept. 27, 2016. Dogan, H., and B. Subramanyam. 2017. Analysis of extraneous matter. Chapter 34. In: Nielsen, S. (Ed.), Food Analysis, Food Science Text Series, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45776-5_34. Springer International Publishing, New York, pp.16. Subramanyam, Bh. 2016. Sanitary design of buildings and equipment for food safety. Association of Food Scientists and Technologists India: Hyderabad Chapter, November 17, 2016, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. Xinyi, E., B. Li, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2016. Efficacy of ozone gas against laboratory and field strains of four stored-product insect species. 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, November 6-11, New Delhi, India. Subramanyam, Bh. 2016. Food plant sanitation and management of pests. Extrusion Processing: Technology and Commercialization Short Course, August 9-12, 2016, IGP Conference Center, Manhattan, Kansas. Subramanyam, Bh. 2016. Insecticides for management of stored-grain insects and phosphine resistance. Pesticide Recertification Program, March 31, 2016, Central States Enterprises, Salina, Kansas. Subramanyam, Bh. 2016. Mitigation of postharvest losses in Ethiopia: Progress-to-date. Feed the Future Innovation Labs Quarterly Meeting, June 16, 2016, The Capital Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Xinyi, E., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2016. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against laboratory and field strains of five stored-product insect species, pp. 167-172. In: Navarro S., D. S. Jayas, and K. Alagusundaram (Eds.) Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, CAF Permanent Committee Secretariat, Winnipeg, Canada. Li, B., E. Xinyi, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2016. Control of immature stages of the red flour beetle, (Tribolium castaneum) with chlorine dioxide, pp. 48. In: Navarro S., D. S. Jayas, and K. Alagusundaram (Eds.) Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, CAF Permanent Committee Secretariat, Winnipeg, Canada. Abbar, S., O. Saglam, M. W. Schilling and T.W. Phillips. 2016. Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with heat to control the ham mite. Submitted paper at the Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions, Orlando, FL. Afful, E. and T. Phillips. 2016. Phosphine resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in North America: Incidence, severity, and work towards a rapid assay for detection. Submitted presentation at ICE-2016-International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. Arthur, F., S. Myers, M. Ghimire, and T. Phillips. 2016. Susceptibility of Khapra Beetle to Contact Insecticides and IGRs. Submitted paper at the Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions, Orlando, FL. Campbell, J., J. Diaz-Montano, T. Phillips and J. Throne. 2016. Sampling, trapping, and attractants for stored-product psocid pests. Submitted presentation at ICE-2016-International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. Chen, Z., H. Jiang, D. Schlipalius, Y. Park, R. Narciso-Guedes, B. Oppert, G. Opit and T. Phillips. 2016. A new point mutation in the gene coding for strong phosphine resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Submitted presentation at ICE-2016-International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research will continue with: Resistance to the fumigant phosphine in stored product insects. Alternatives to phosphine and/or methyl bromide for controlling pests of stroed products.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Controlled atmospheres for mitigating pests of dry-cured hams. Ham beetles were more tolerant than ham mites to CO2 at 75.08% and low pressure of 25mm Hg, or 0.7% O2. Our CA trials also showed that the egg stages of both species were usually more tolerant than other stages tested to any of the CAs tested. The 03 trials were the most promising among the three CA treatments studied for controlling both the insect pests. The results indicate that O3 has potential to control ham beetles and ham mites particularly at ≈155 ppm in just a 24h exposure at 27°C. CA treatment of arthropod pests of dry-cured hams show promise as alternatives to fumigation with methyl bromide in some cases. Monitoring ham mites with traps. By using food-baited traps fabricated from disposable Petri dishes and a dog food-based bait, mite activity over time and space was monitored in five dry-cured ham aging rooms from three commercial processing facilities that differed in their fumigation frequencies. Weekly sampling of the mite was conducted from June 2012 to September 2013. There were significant differences in the average weekly trap captures in all facilities, especially before and after fumigation, with the majority of mites in traps prior to fumigation. Mite numbers had a pattern of sharp decline after fumigation, followed by a steady increase until the next fumigation. Average trap captures varied due to trap location over the study period at all study sites, indicating that traps could be used to identify specific locations within an aging room where mite infestation of hams was more likely to occur. Using hot and cold temperatures to control ham mites. This study evaluated the efficacy of high and low temperatures on mortality of ham mite in the laboratory. Ten eggs and a mixture of forty adults/nymphs were separately exposed to different high and low temperatures, ranging from +35 to 45°C and from -20 to +5°C, for several periods of time. Mortality was assessed after a recovery period for each life stage. T. putrescentiae eggs were found to be more tolerant to both high and low temperatures than were the mobile stages. Results showed that high temperatures from 40- 45°C killed all mites within four to one days, respectively, while -10°C or lower killed all mites in less than one day. Probit analyses of mortality data as a function of exposure predicted times for achieving desired levels of mite mortality. This study suggests that extreme temperature treatment can play an important role in integrated pest management programs for dry cured ham as an alternative methyl bromide or other chemical treatments. Pesticides for controlling ham mites. DMore than ten registered residual pesticides were assessed for toxicity with glass vials treated with different concentrations. Twenty mites were transferred to each vial for 24 h of exposure on contact. Persistence of three of these residual pesticides was evaluated over a two-month period by applying the recommended label rates to different surfaces. Results indicated that the commercial products of deltamethrin plus chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorphenapyr, and malathion showed promising results for contact toxicity against mites, and chlorphenapyr was highly effective at very low concentrations. Chlorphenapyr was the only pesticide applied to metal, concrete, and wood that was effective at controlling ham mites for 8 weeks. These pesticides are currently registered for use in similar contexts, so they could be considered as new potential control measures for ham mites in ham plants.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Abbar, S., M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Timemortality relationships to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) exposed to high and low temperatures. J. Econ. Entomol. 109: 2215-2220. Amoah, B., , M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Monitoring Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) with traps in dry-cured ham aging rooms. Env. Entomol. 45:1029-139. Frederick, J. L., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2016. Influence of temperature and application rate on efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulation against Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Stored Products Research 69: 86-90. Hasan, M. M., M. J. Aikins, W. Schilling, and T. W. Phillips. 2016. Efficacy of controlled atmosphere treatments to manage arthropod pests of dry-cured hams. Insects. 7, 44; doi:10.3390/insects7030044. Scheff, D. S., Bh. Subramanyam, and F. H. Arthur. 2016. Effect of methoprene treated polymer packaging on fecundity, egg hatchability, and egg-to-adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile. Journal of Stored Products Research 69: 227-234. Subramanyam, Bh., E. Xinyi, S. Savoldelli, and B. Sehgal. 2017. Efficacy of ozone against Rhyzopertha dominica adults in wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 70: 53-59.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The client audiences that will be impacted include, but are not limited to, grain producers, millers of animal feed and bread flour, all food manufactures with grain-based and value-added food products, bakeries, aged meat and artisan cheese producers, pet food manufacturers and retailers, and many more. The challenges to stored-product pest management outlines in our project proposal have to do with the efficacy of available pesticides, the need to alter practices so that new pesticides can be adopted effectively, and also for post-harvest managers to learn and adopt methods of pest management that may be quite different than what they had used in the past. Thus we anticipate impacts to include: adopting new pest control options; changing something in their manufacturing; packaging or retail operations to improve pest control when new practices are adopted; fumigators will stop using phosphine gas due to highly resistant pest insects and switch to a different fumigant chemical, or a different practice, to control the pests infesting their stored grains. Aged meat and cheese companies will be required to stop using the fumigant methyl bromide during the course of this study, so our research should have substantial impact on these clients. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Nebraska Urban Pest Management Conference. Gave two invited presentations on: "Stored Grain Pests: Insect Treatment & Management Strategies," and "Grain Fumigation with Phosphine: The Good and the Bad" held in Lincoln, NE on Feb. 10, 2015. Food Protection Alliance Webinar. Presented an on-line training module titled "Cigarette and Drugstore Beetles". Participants learned about biology, identification and IPM for these pests. The question and answer period covered specifics of these pests that was acknowledged by many is new and useful information. http://www.fpalliance.com/fpa-advantage/webinars Cargill AgHorizon. Participated in the Stored Product Pest Management and Fumigation Recertification Program for approximately 40 grain-related staff and affiliates. Made two presentation: "Phosphine Resistance in Stored Grain Insects" and "Fumigation Alternatives ....or, Alternatives to Phosphine Fumigation". July 15, Kansas City, MO. Minnesota Grain and Feed Association. Participated in a training and recertification program for this commodity group by giving the following presentation: Stored Grain Insects: Identification and Behavior, Stored Grain Pests: Insect Treatment & Management Strategies and "Phosphine Resistance Issues". Sept. 10, St. Cloud, MN. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Central Life Sciences. Contribute to a white paper on the topic "Protecting Stored Grain" that was a collaboration including university colleagues and industry experts to educate the grain storage and processing Insect Growth Regulators as alternatives to traditional chemical-based pest control for stored grain. http://www.bugfreegrains.com/sites/bugfreegrains.com/files/Central%20Life%20Sciences-Zoecon%20-%20Aug17%20-%20Bug%20Free%20Grains%20FINAL.pdf The Enterprise. Wrote and article for this newsletter, sponsored by Central States Enterprises, titled "Phosphine Resistant Grain Insects", Vol. 1, Issue 2. http://www.centralstatesenterprises.com/includes/docs/newsletter/The_Enterprise_vol1_iss2.pdf What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research and outreach will continue according to the original project description and as detailed in teh reports here.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against laboratory and field strains of five stored-product beetles To test the toxicity of ClO2 in the presence of food, organic hard red winter wheat (10 g) was placed in vials along with 20 adults of each species and strain. Vials were placed on a gridded shelf (150 mm high) to expose the insects to gas. Once treatments were completed, vials were brought back to the laboratory and kept in an environmental chamber maintained at 28°C and 65% RH before making mortality assessments. Mortality was checked daily for up to 5 days to determine any delayed effects of ClO2 poisoning. Efficacy of phosphine in sealed and unsealed bins Asealed bin from Australia and an unsealed bin from the US of 78 and 72 cubic meters capacity, respectively holding 50 MT of corn were treated 32 and 31 g of phosphine tablets to provide 300 ppm to each of the bins. The bioassays (adults of different species that were susceptible and resistant to phosphine) were placed approximately 18 cm below the surface of the grain. In the Australian bin, the phosphine concentration at the bioassay locations reached 100 ppm two hours after the start of the fumigation. In both bins, no living insects were found at the end of 5 days. The tested insects (10 g of corn and 10 unsexed adults of mixed ages) were the maize weevil, red flour beetle, and lesser grain borer. The red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were strains showing weak and strong resistance to phosphine and were collected from farm bins in Kansas and Oklahoma. The bioassays are being held at 28°C and 65% RH for 6 weeks to see adult progeny production. Tests with methoprene impregnated packages (ProvisionGard) The insect growth regulator methoprene, is registered for treatment of empty storage facilities, stored grain, and packaging. Methoprene has been shown to adversely affects the number of eggs laid by female beetles, egg hatchability, and larval development. Methoprene can be impregnated into packaging films to make them resistant to insect attack. The objective of this research was to evaluate normal adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion from eggs laid by adult beetles on the inside and outside surfaces of methoprene-treated packaging material at 27 and 32°C and 60% RH. Results indicate a 100% supression of T. castaneum adult emergence on the outside and inside surfaces of the the woven and PE-PE material. T. castaneum exposed to the methoprene treated surfaces of the woven and PE-PE materials either remained arrested in the larval stage or developed as far as half pupae-half adult intermediates, irrespective of temperature. Effect of temperature on efficacy of diatomaceous earth dust against red flour beetles It is good practice for farmers to clean their grain bins before storing newly harvested grain in order to prevent cross infestation. Unsanitary bins can harbor grain-infesting insects, including the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). The use of elevated temperatures has been shown to kill stored-product insects within four hours when temperatures of 50-60°C (122-140°F) are reached and maintained in empty bins. The efficacy of DE against T. castaneum adults increased with temperature, but there were no overall significant differences in the mortality between doses of 2.5 and 5.0 g/m2. Adult mortality was proportional to exposure time at each temperature. At 2.5 and 5.0 g/m2 of DE and 42°C, 73-77% mortality was observed after 12 h at 42°C, and 100% mortality was observed after 24 h for all arenas with DE, while the control arena at 42°C had 0% mortality after 12 h, and 4% after 24 h. Natural mortality at 44 and 46°C on control arenas was 27 and 48%, respectively after 8 h, confounding the effects of DE. The combination of diatomaceous earth and temperature can be used as an integrated approach for controlling insects in empty bins prior to storing newly harvested grain. Infestation of lesser grain borer first instars on sound and artificially-damaged hard red winter wheat kernels The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), is a devastating pest of stored wheat worldwide. Mated females lay eggs loosely outside of wheat kernels, and larvae hatching from eggs enter wheat kernels to complete immature development. Successful kernel infestation was verified by dissecting kernels 21 days after infestation. About 82-90% of artificially damaged kernels were infested by larvae in contrast with 12% for sound kernels. The germ (90%) was the preferred site of entry for first instar, followed by brush end (88%), and the endosperm (82%). Nonlinear models fit to head capsule widths over time for larvae developing in the germ, endosperm, and brush end were significantly different from one another. Larval development was fastest on the germ, followed by endosperm, and brush end. Similar work is being done on other wheat classes. Antibiotic resistant enterococci in laboratory reared stored-product insects and their diets Stored-product insects and stored products from feed mills and swine farms contain antibiotic and potentially virulent Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Enterococcus hirae. Stored-product insects can serve as potential vectors of these enterococci which possess antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread by horizontal transfer to more serious human pathogens. In the present study, the species and concentration of enterococci from adults and larvae of key stored-product insects and insect diets and their antibiotic resistance profiles were characterized. A total of 298 enterococcal isolates from adults, larvae, and diets were represented by E. faecalis (51.7% of the total), E. faecium (19.1%), E. casseliflavus (18.8%), E. gallinarum (5.7%), and E. hirae (4.7%). Enterococci were phenotypically resistant to quinupristin (51.3% of the total), erythromycin (38.9%), tetracycline (30.1%), enrofloxacin (29.2%), doxycycline (11.5%), and tigecycline (2.7%). All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and vancomycin. Evaluation of structural treatment efficacy from multiple food facility studies The phase out of methyl bromide for the treatment of structures where grain is processed has triggered a need to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative structural treatments such as sulfuryl fluoride and heat. Stored product beetles are the primary targets for structural treatments. Efficacy was measured by comparing beetle captures in pheromone and kairomone-baited traps immediately before and immediately after treatments. Studies were conducted primarily in commercial wheat mills and rice mills, with the preparations prior to treatments and treatments applied by commercial applicators. Findings confirm that structural fumigations and heat treatments greatly reduce pest populations within food facilities, but there was significant variation in the efficacy of individual treatments.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Athanassiou, C., M. M. Hasan, T. W. Phillips, M. J. Aikins and J. E. Throne. 2015. Efficacy of Methyl Bromide for Control of Different Life Stages of Stored-Product Psocids. J. Econ. Entomol. 108(3): 14221428. Chen Z, Schlipalius D, Opit G, Subramanyam B, Phillips TW. 2015. Diagnostic Molecular Markers for Phosphine Resistance in U.S. Populations of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121343. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121343 Diaz-Montano, J., J. F. Campbell, T. W. Philips and J. E. Throne. 2015. Evaluation of potential attractants for six stored-product Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae, Trogiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 108(3): 13981407. Hernandez Nopsa, J., G. J. Daglish, D. W. Hagstrum, J. F. Leslie, T. W. Phillips, C. Scoglio, S. Thomas-Sharma, G. H. Walter and K. Garrett. 2015. Ecological networks in stored grain: identifying key nodes for emerging pests and mycotoxins in postharvest networks. BioScience. 65: 985-1102 Nayak, M. K., G. J. Daglish and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Managing resistance to chemical treatments on stored product pests. Stewart Postharvest Reviews. 1:2 Oppert B., R. N. C. Guedes, M. J. Aikins, L. Perkin, Z. Chen, T. W. Phillips, K. Y. Zhu, G. P. Opit, K. Hoon, Y. Sun, G. Meredith, K. Bramlett, N. S. Hernandez, B. Sanderson, M. W. Taylor, D. Dhingra, B. Blakey, M. Lorenzen, F. Adedipe and F. Arthur. 2015. Genes related to mitochondrial functions are differentially expressed in phosphine resistant and -susceptible Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 16:968 Saglam, O., P. A. Edde and T. W. Phillips. 2015. Resistance of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to Fumigation with Phosphine J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 2489-2495. Zhao, Y., Abbar, S., Phillips, T.W. & Schilling, M.W. 2015. Phosphine fumigation and residues in dry-cured ham in commercial applications, Meat Science. 107:57-63 Kharel, K., F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu, J. F. Campbell, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Influence of temperature and artificially-created physical barriers on the efficacy of synergized pyrethrum aerosol. J. Stored Prod. Res. 60: 36-42. Tilley, D. R., M. E. Casada, M. R. Langemeier, Bh. Subramanyam, and F. H. Arthur. 2015. Economic analysis for commingling effects of insect activity in the elevator boot area. J. Econ. Entomol. DOI: http://idx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov222. Campbell, J. F., K. A. Buckman, P. G. Fields, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Evaluation of structural treatment efficacy against Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using meta-analysis of multiple studies conducted in food facilities. J. Econ. Entomol. 108: 2125-2140. Bian, Q., R. P. Kingsly Ambrose, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Effects of insect infested kernels on bulk flow properties of wheat. J. Stored Prod. Res. 63: 51-56. Bian, Q., R. P. Kinglsy Ambrose, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2015. Effect of chaff on bulk flow properties of wheat. J. Stored Prod. Res. 64: 21-26.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The client audiences that will be impacted include, but are not limited to, grain producers, millers of animal feed and bread flour, all food manufactures with grain-based and value-added food products, bakeries, aged meat and artisan cheese producers, pet food manufacturers and retailers, and many more. The challenges to stored-product pest management outlines in our project proposal have to do with the efficacy of available pesticides, the need to alter practices so that new pesticides can be adopted effectively, and also for post-harvest managers to learn and adopt methods of pest management that may be quite different than what they had used in the past. Thus we anticipate impacts to include: adopting new pest control options; changing something in their manufacturing; packaging or retail operations to improve pest control when new practices are adopted; fumigators will stop using phosphine gas due to highly resistant pest insects and switch to a different fumigant chemical, or a different practice, to control the pests infesting their stored grains. Aged meat and cheese companies will be required to stop using the fumigant methyl bromide during the course of this study, so our research should have substantial impact on these clients. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Work has been distributed through poster and oral presentations at professional scientific confernece along with articles in industry magazines, as follows. Abbar, S., M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Combination of sulfuryl floride with heat to control the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina: Acaridae), a serious pest of country hams. Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR. November 18, 2014 Abbar, S and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Efficacy of Registered Residual Insecticides on Mortality of the Mold Mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shranck).. Submitted poster to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014 Aikins, M.J. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Geographic variation in amounts of the aggregation pheromone 4,8-dimethyldecanal produced by males from North American populations ofred flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Submitted poster to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014. Amoah, B. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Trapping mold mites, Tyrophagus putrescentiae(Schrank) (Acari:Acaridae)for IPM decisions in country ham facilities: Effects of trap placement and trap design. Submitted poster to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014. Cato, A. and T. W. Phillips. 2014. Geographic variation of phosphine resistance in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014. Chen, Z., D. Schlipalius and T. W. Phillips. 2014. PCR markers reveal geographic variation in genes for resistance to phosphine in grain beetles. Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 18, 2014. Cordeiro, E., J. Campbell and T. Phillips. 2014. Factors affecting vertical movement of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), lesser grain borer, in the grain mass Submitted poster to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014. Ghimire, M., S. W. Meyers, F. Arthur and T. Phillips. 2014. Evaluation of residual toxicity of insecticides against the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 18, 2014. Losey, S. and T. W. Phillips. Trapping the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), near and far from grain storage bins. Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 17, 2014. Phillips, T. W., M. J. Aikins, J. J. Demark and E. Thoms. 2014. Fumigation of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): Effective application rates for sulfuryl fluoride. Submitted paper to the Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 18, 2014. Phillips, T. W., S. Abbar and B. Amoah. 2014. Research toward Developing IPM Systems for the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Following the Phase-out of Methyl bromide. Submitted oral paper at the International Working Conference for Stored Product Protection. Chiang Mai, Thailand. Phillips, T. W., M. J. Aikins and Y. Lu. 2014. Factors Affecting Pheromone Production and Release in Males of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Submitted oral paper at the International Working Conference for Stored Product Protection. Chiang Mai, Thailand. Phillips, T. W. 2014. Fumigation of Stored Grain and Milled Products: Challenges and Opportunities. Invited lecture at the 2014 GEAPS (Grain Elevators and Processors Society) Exchange, Omaha, NE, Feb. 23. Phillips, T. W. 2014. Alternatives to managing stored-product pests as challenges to fumigation dominate the horizon. Invited presentation in "Stored Product Entomology: Making Significant Contributions to Clarify and Solve Important Challenges". Member Symposium. Entomological Society of America annual conference, Portland, OR, November 18, 2014. Phillips, T. W., Cato, E. Afful, G. Opit and M. Nayak. 2014. Phosphine Resistance: The North American Challenge. Invited paper at the International Working Conference for Stored Product Protection. Chiang Mai, Thailand. Phillips, T. W. 2014. Stored Grain Integrated Pest Management in the United States of America. Invited seminar to the Stored Grain Institute, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China. Dec. 1. Phillips, T. 2014. Chemical and Non-chemical Controls for Stored-Product Insects. Phosphine Resistance in Stored-Product Insects. Pheromones for Stored-Product Insects: Monitoring and Mating Disruption. Stored Product Pest Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Research and Applications. Invited seminar speaker at Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, NB. Feb. 18 What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Research will continue according to the original project description and as detailed in the reports above.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Below we elaborate major activities completed / experiments conducted; data collected; analyses and results drawn from the data, and key outcomes realize for each of the five goals of the project, each with their accompanying objectives. Goal 1. Conduct field and laboratory studies on fumigant alternatives for controlling arthropod pests of dried meats and other durable food products. Obj. 1. Conduct research on the effectiveness of phosphine fumigation against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mites) and Necrobia rufipes (red-legged ham beetles) under controlled simulated commercial conditions and true commercial applications in ham-curing facilities. After the results of 2013 it was determined that a method for using phosphine fumigation in a commercial ham facility requires further research on the best method and gas formulation nto use so that any deleterious corrosion of wiring, electronics and similar critical metallic infrastructure can be avoided. We have contacted specialists in this field and are developing a protocol to test in upcoming years. Obj. 2. Conduct exploratory research on simple, effective, non-chemical methods to prevent or stop ham mite infestations, as in the following sub-objectives. A) Determine the effect of cold temperature on Tyrophagus putrescentiae, ham mite, and Necrobia rufipes, red-legged ham beetle (RHLB) mortality, and also determine the sensory quality of treated hams. B) Treat hams with food grade oils and propylene glycol to evaluate their effective ness at preventing and/or eliminating ham mite infestations. Sensory quality and market acceptability will also be evaluated for these hams. Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted in which groups of ham mite nymphs and adults, or eggs only, were subjected to extreme temperatures for various time periods and mortality assessed after one day at room temperatures. When held for one day at -5 o C there was mortality of 98%, but holding mites at -10 o C resulted in complete kill in one day. Evaluation of high temperatures found that most mites survived 35 o C for several days, about 65% were killed in two days at 38 o C, all were killed at 40 o C in three days while there was 100% kill in 18 hrs at 42 o C. Thus temperatures of 42 o C or -10 o C could be used for mite infestation, but application at a commercial scale will require more work during 2015, as will as a study of quality effects to hams from extreme temperatures. In order to reduce the cost of the food grade coating by minimizing the concentration of propylene glycol, and to provide a film or gel that would keep propylene glycol on a treated ham for several months, various polysaccharides were used to form uniform and consistent film coatings on the surface of ham cubes. Xanthan gum, agar, propylene glycol alginate, and carrageenan-propylene glycol alginate were tested by using proprietary formulations with water and 50% (w/w) of propylene glycol. Coatings were applied by dipping the ham cubes into the gel solutions. Twenty large (mostly adult female) mites were placed onto each cube of ham, which was then placed into a mite-proof, ventilated glass container and incubated for 2 weeks. All treatments with 50% propylene glycol were effective at controlling mite reproduction in the small ham cube assays. Propylene glycol-based coating gel formulations were then prepared and applied to whole country hams and then hung in a simulated aging room at KSU for exposure to large numbers of free-living mites. A population of mites was established in the aging room and then the densities of mites on hams in each coating treatment were determined six weeks after the start of aging. Hams treated with 40% PG in carrageenan had less than half the number of mites crawling on the surface compared to untreated control hams and hams in other treatment groups. Mite residency and retention on treated hams were assessed by releasing a group of 900 mites on the top of each ham hanging in the aging room and then counting the number of mites on each ham after 6 hrs. Hams coated with 40% PG in carrageenan had an average of only 1.2 mites per ham sampling unit (approximately 24 sq cm) while hams with other coatings had mite densities ranging from 9.8 to 22.8 mites per sample unit and the untreated hams had 27.8 mites per sample unit. Thus food-safe coatings may serve to protect hams from infestation for several months in aging rooms (Zhao et al. 2012). Work in the coming year will assess the protective ability of coatings on hams placed in commercial aging room, and will also pursue novel coating formulation for development of a commercial product (Phillips et al., 2014). Obj. 3. Determine key components for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in ham-processing facilities. We attended the National Country Ham Association meeting in 2014 to determine which components of possible IPM plans could be adopted by their industry.as in the following sub-objectives. Follow-up work will involve surveys of dry cured ham companies to determine their costs of pest control and the impacts that pests will have on product value and overall production costs. Goal 2. Develop detection methods and survey the incidence of phosphine resistance in populations of stored grain insect pests. Obj. 1. Collect samples of stored wheat and corn insects throughout the North Central U.S and conduct diagnostic-dose fumigation testing to determine the presence and extent of phosphine resistance in the region. Research on this objective is still in progress. To date we have made collections of four species of insects from over 25 locations across North America. We have standardized our discriminating dose bioassays for each target species that we can conduct in the KSU Entomology laboratory with very good consistency. Obj. 2. Determine efficacy of alternative fumigants for controlling resistant and susceptible populations identified in objective 1. The logical alternative is the fumigant gas sulfuryl fluoride, SF, which is currently labeled for grain and grain products and readily available from many commercial fumigators. A trial at Oklahoma State University at the Stored-Product Research and Education Center, SPREC,was conducted for which there were replicated steel grain bins at 500 bu each. Bins were artificially infested with phosphine resistant beetles and SF was tested for efficacy against these insects. All life stages of all test insects were successfully controlled. SF gas concentrations were within legal allowable limits. Obj. 3. Evaluate current prescribed IPM program for stored grain in the U.S. and make specific recommendations for fumigation treatments either via conservation of phosphine or a switch use to ProFume. Work on this objective is proceeding, but is to rpeliminary to report at this time. Goal 3. Investigate the efficacy and utility of the gas chlorine dioxide as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of flour mills and other value-added food structures. Work on this objective is preliminary and will bereported in the future. Goal 4. Study the pharmacokinetics and binding affinity of the bacterial insecticide Spinosad in Rhyzopertha dominica, a serious insect pest of stored cereal grains. Work on this objective is preliminary and will be reported in the future. Goal 5. Evaluate residual insecticides for control of major insect pests of stored corn in Kansas. Work on this objective is preliminary and will be reported in the future.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Boac, J., Ambrose, R. P. K., Casada, M., Maghirang, R., and Maier, D. E. (2014). Applications of discrete element method in modeling of grain postharvest operations. Food Engineering Reviews, 6(4), 128-149. Diaz-Montano, J., Campbell, J. F., Phillips, T. W., and Throne, J. E. (2014). Evaluation of potential attractants for Liposcelis bostrichophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 107, 867-874. Ghimire, M. N., and Phillips, T.W. (2014). Oviposition and reproductive performance of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on six different pyralid host species. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 107, 809-817. Kharel, K., Arthur, F., Zhu, K. Y., Campbell, J., and Subramanyam, B. (2014). Susceptibility of different life stages of Tribolium confusum to pyrethrin aerosol: effects of a flour food source on insecticidal efficacy. Journal of Pest Science, DOI: 10.1007/s10340-013-0549-z. Kharel, K., Arthur, F., Zhu, K.Y., Campbell, J., and Subramanyam, Bh. (2014). Evaluation of synergized pyrethrin aerosol for control of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 107(1), 462-468. Mahroof, R. M., and Phillips, T. W. (2014). Mating disruption of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in stored product habitats using the synthetic pheromone serricornin. Journal of Applied Entomology, 138, 378-386. Martinez-Kawas, A., Maier, D. E. (2014). Improvements in quantification of biomass feedstock availability to a biorefinery using a GIS-based method. Transactions of the ASABE, 57(2), 533-542. Sehgal, B., and Subramanyam, B. (2014). Efficacy of a new deltamethrin formulation on concrete and wheat against adults of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species. Journal of Economic Entomology, 107 (999), 1-10. Subramanyam, B., Boina, D. R., and Arthur, F. (2014). Dispersion, efficacy, and persistence of dichlorvos aerosol against two flour beetle life stages in a mill. Journal of Stored Products Research, 59, 96-100. Subramanyam, B., Boina, D. R., Sehgal, B., and Lazzari, F. (2014). Efficacy of partial treatment of wheat with spinosad against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) adults. Journal of Stored Products Research, 1-7. Tilley, D., Subramanyan, B., Casada, M., and Arthur, F. (2014). Stored-grain insect population commingling densities in wheat and corn from pilot-scale bucket elevator boots. Journal of Stored Products Research, 59, 1-8.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The audience reached for this projects durign the reporting year included other scientists, state extension educators, agricultural producers, participants in the dried meat and cheese industries, the grain storage industry, flour millers and other food processors, pesticide companies and government research and regulatory agencies. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Work has been distributed through poster and oral presenatioans at professional scientific confernece along with articles in industry magazines. (see accomplishments). The PIs have participated in Extension training sessionas as well as givein special invited lectures at industry conferences, as enumerated below. Phillips, T. W. 2013. Fumigation and Fumigant Alternatives for Stored Products. McCloud Pest Invasion Training Conference. South Elgin, IL April 23. Phillips, T. 2013. Fumigation, Fumigants and Stewardship: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions. Invited speaker at the AIB International Training Conference, Kansas City, MO. August 6. Phillips, T. 2013. Fumigants for Structures and Commodities: New Research and Applications. Invited speaker at PestWorld, the Annual Conference of the National Pest Management Association. Phoenix, AZ. October 23. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Spinosad: A novel biopesticide for stored grain protection. 4th Biopesticide International Conference (BIOCICON), November 28-30, 2013, St. Xavier’s College, Palayankottai, Tirunelvelli, Tamil Nadu, India. [Keynote address]. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Effectiveness of commercial heat treatments in food-processing facilities, November 12, 2013, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Assessment of spinosad as a grain protectant: A long journey with a happy ending. 15th Panhellenic Entomological Congress, October 22-25, 2013, Kavala, Greece. [Plenary address]. Subramanyam, Bh., and R. Hulasare. 2013. Heat treatment of mills and storage structures. 4th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Southeast Asia District Conference & Expo, October 8-10, 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Research will continue as described in our original plan. During FY-2014 and 2015 we expect to collect more data on Chlorine Dioxide as a fumigant, teh mode of action of Spinosad and also evalaute residual contact insecticides for stored corn.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The expected outcomes and accomplishments of this five year project are expected to be numerous and have impact on a range of various users. This is the first project report of a five-year project, thus the impact form our accomplishments cannot be quantified. The recent outcomes listed did not result directly from this new Hatch project, but they reflect the continuum of products that can be expected from the PIs over the course of the five years. The client audiences that will be impacted include, but are not limited to, grain producers, millers of animal feed and bread flour, all food manufactures with grain-based and value-added food products, bakeries, aged meat and artisan cheese producers, pet food manufacturers and retailers, and many more. The challenges to stored-product pest management outlines in our project proposal have to do with the efficacy of available pesticides, the need to alter practices so that new pesticides can be adopted effectively, and also for post-harvest managers to learn and adopt methods of pest management that may be quite different than what they had used in the past. Thus we anticipate impacts to include: adopting new pest control options; changing something in their manufacturing; packaging or retail operations to improve pest control when new practices are adopted; fumigators will stop using phosphine gas due to highly resistant pest insects and switch to a different fumigant chemical, or a different practice, to control the pests infesting their stored grains. Aged meat and cheese companies will be required to stop using the fumigant methyl bromide during the course of this study, so our research should have substantial impact on these clients. Below we elaborate major activities completed / experiments conducted; data collected; analyses and results drawn from the data, and key outcomes realize for each of the five goals of the project, each with their accompanying objectives. Goal 1. Conduct field and laboratory studies on fumigant alternatives for controlling arthropod pests of dried meats and other durable food products. Obj. 1. Conduct research on the effectiveness of phosphine fumigation against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mites) and Necrobia rufipes (red-legged ham beetles) under controlled simulated commercial conditions and true commercial applications in ham-curing facilities. A large scale commercial fumigation of two ham-aging rooms in a working southern dry cured ham plant was conducted in early 2013. Gas monitoring during the course of the fumigation revealed that target phosphine levels above 700 ppm were achieved. Bioassay jars containing mixed life stages of ham mites had no surviving mites in the two fumigated rooms, while mite survival in the non-fumigated rooms was very high. The quality of the hams that were fumigated in this trial was evaluated and we concluded that there was no effect of the fumigation on market quality. Unfortunately, three weeks after the fumigation the company owner reported that he was experiencing malfunction in his HVAC system. Several light switches, fixtures and their associated junction boxes also experienced malfunctions. These electrical problems were presumably caused by the corrosive damage of phosphine. Although we know that phosphine can be an alternative to methyl bromide for mite control, the commercial application of phosphine in such plants will require special precaution to protect electrical equipment. Obj. 2. Conduct exploratory research on simple, effective, non-chemical methods to prevent or stop ham mite infestations, as in the following sub-objectives. A) Determine the effect of cold temperature on Tyrophagus putrescentiae, ham mite, and Necrobia rufipes, red-legged ham beetle (RHLB) mortality, and also determine the sensory quality of treated hams. B) Treat hams with food grade oils and propylene glycol to evaluate their effective ness at preventing and/or eliminating ham mite infestations. Sensory quality and market acceptability will also be evaluated for these hams Objective 2-A has not been initiated. Objective 2-B is still in progress. Results so far suggest that propylene glycol is an excellent coating to protect hams from mite infestation, but we need to develop the proper application methods. Obj. 3. Determine key components for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in ham-processing facilities targeted at ham mites and RLHBs as the key pests. Assist companies in adapting HACCP-based IPM plans to their specific food plant. Execution of this objective is still being planned. We will attend the National Country Ham Association meeting in 2014 to determine which components of possible IPM plans could be adopted by their industry. Goal 2. Develop detection methods and survey the incidence of phosphine resistance in populations of stored grain insect pests. Obj. 1. Collect samples of stored wheat and corn insects throughout the North Central U.S and conduct diagnostic-dose fumigation testing to determine the presence and extent of phosphine resistance in the region (Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio). Target species will be the LGB, the RFB, and the rusty grain beetle, RGB. Grain stored on farms, in country elevators, and at terminal elevators will be sampled in 5 or more locations in each state. Bio-assays recently used by us in the KSU-OSU work will be used again. Research on this objective is still in progress. To date we have made collections of insects from 22 locations across North America. We have standardized our discriminating dose bioassays for each target species that we can conduct in the KSU Entomology laboratory with very good consistency. Obj. 2. Determine efficacy of alternative fumigants for controlling resistant and susceptible populations identified in objective 1. The logical alternative is the fumigant gas sulfuryl fluoride, SF, which is currently labeled for grain and grain products and readily available from many commercial fumigators. Plans are now being made for a field trial at Oklahoma State University at the Stored-Product Research and Education Center, SPREC, where there are replicated steel grain bins at 500 bu each. Bins will be artificially infested with phosphine resistant beetles and SF will e tested for efficacy against these insects. Obj. 3. Evaluate current prescribed IPM program for stored grain in the U.S. and make specific recommendations for fumigation treatments either via conservation of phosphine or a switch use to ProFume. Work on this objective will need to wait for completion of others elaborated above. Goal 3. Investigate the efficacy and utility of the gas chlorine dioxide as a methyl bromide alternative for fumigation of flour mills and other value-added food structures. Work on this objective is preliminary and will bereported in the future. Goal 4. Study the pharmacokinetics and binding affinity of the bacterial insecticide Spinosad in Rhyzopertha dominica, a serious insect pest of stored cereal grains. Work on this objective is preliminary and will bereported in the future. Goal 5. Evaluate residual insecticides for control of major insect pests of stored corn in Kansas. Work on this objective is preliminary and will bereported in the future.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Arthur F. H., L. Starkus, C. M. Smith, and T. W. Phillips. 2013 Methodology for determining susceptibility of rough rice to Rhyzopertha dominica (L.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). J. Pest Sci. Published online: 13 Feb. 2013. 86: 499-505. Buckman, K., Campbell, J. F., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) associated with rice mills: Fumigation efficacy and population rebound. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 499-512. Campos, M. and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Laboratory Evaluation of attract-and-kill formulations against the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (H�bner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 52: 12-20. Carvalho, M. O., A. Faro, and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Insect population distribution and density estimates in a large rice mill in Portugal-A pilot study. J. Stored Prod. Res. 52: 48-56. Elmouttie, D., A. Kiermeier, P. W. Flinn, Bh. Subramanyam, D. W. Hagstrum and G. Hamilton. 2013. Sampling stored product insect pests: a comparison of statistical sampling models to maximise pest detection. Pest Manag. Sci. 69: 1073-1079. Hulasare, R., M. E. Payton, G. J. Hallman, and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Potential for hypobaric storage as a phytosanitary treatment: mortality of Rhagoletis pomonella in apples and effects on fruit quality. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1173-1178. Jian, F., Bh. Subramanyam, D. S. Jayas, and N. D. G. White. 2013. Models to predict mortality of Tribolium castaneum first instars and adults exposed to elevated temperatures during structural heat treatments. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 2247-2258. Mahroof, R. M. and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Mating Disruption for of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in stored product habitats using the synthetic pheromone serricornin. Published on-line doi.111/jen.12097 Opit, G., T. W. Phillips, M. J. Aikins, and M. M. Hasan. 2012. Phosphine resistance in major post-harvest insects from stored wheat in Oklahoma U.S.A.. J. Econ. Entomol. 105: 1107-1114. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of laboratory and field strains of three stored-grain insect species to B-cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces. Pest Manag. Sci. (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.3580. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, F. H. Arthur, and B. S. Gill. 2013. Variation in susceptibility of field strains of three stored-grain insect species to spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin on hard red winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 106: 1911-1999.
• Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hagstrum, D. W., T. Klejdysz, Bh. Subramanyam, and J. Nawrot. 2013. Atlas of Stored-Product Insects and Mites. American Association of Cereal Chemists International, St. Paul, MN, pp. 589.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Heaps, J., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Using high temperatures (heat treatments) for stored product insect management. International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) IPM Manual. Online at: http://www.iaom.info/publication/ipm-manual. Developed by IAOM Food Protection Committee. Galle, R., Bh. Subramanyam, and T. Burvee. 2013. Physical controls-sifters and impact machines. International Association of Operative Millers IPM Manual. Online at: http://www.iaom.info/publication/ipm-manual. Developed by IAOM Food Protection Committee.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Abbar, S., Y. Zhao, M. W. Schilling and T. W. Phillips. 2013. The toxicity of selected pesticides against ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) under in vitro assays. Submitted ten-minute oral paper, Annual Conference of the Entomological Society of America, 11 November 2013. Austin, TX. Aikins, M.J., O. Saglam and T. Phillips. 2013. Toxicity of the gas methyl isothiocyanate, MITC, as a fumigant for stored product arthropods. Poster presentation. Annual Conference of the Entomological Society of America, 11 November 2013. Austin, TX. Amoah, B., M. W. Schilling, T.W. Phillips. 2013. Trapping the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, with a food bait: toward a monitoring tool for IPM. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emission Reduction, San Diego, CA, November 4-6. Abstract no. 37. Little, B.S., J.M. Moore, T.W. Phillips, M.D. Toews, and F.F. Turpin. 2013. Management of cigarette beetle populations within tobacco receiving station by using mating disruption techniques. Annual Meeting of the Georgia Association of County Agricultural Agents. November 4-6. Lake Lanier Island, GA. Losey, S. and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Dispersal and flight of the stored grain pests Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Sitophilus oryzae in non-storage landscapes. Poster presentation. Annual Conference of the Entomological Society of America, 11 November 2013. Austin, TX. Phillips, T. W. and M. W. Schilling. 2013. Fumigation alternatives for the ham mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae: challenges and prospects. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emission Reduction, San Diego, CA, November 4-6. Abstract no. 38. Saglam, O., M.J. Aikins, M.N. Ghimire and T. W. Phillips. 2013. Methyl isothiocyanate, MITC, as a new fumigant for stored grain insects. Poster presentation. Annual Conference of the Entomological Society of America, 12 November 2013. Austin, TX. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Science impacting a connected world: Solving a red flour beetle nuisance in a city neighborhood. Member symposium, Stored-product entomology: Impacts on a connected world. 61st Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, November 10-13, 2013, Austin, TX. Ghimire, M. N., Bh. Subramanyam, and P. W. Flinn. 2013. Effects of direct residual exposure of aerosols on adult emergence of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). [Poster] Subramanyam, Bh., D. W. Hagstrum, and B. Sehgal. 2013. Sampling adults of stored-product beetles: detection and mean trap catch efficiency of cracked corn and food mixture baits. 9th Conference of IOBC-WPRS (OILB-SROP) Working Group on Integrated Protection of Stored Products, July 1-4, 2013, Centre de Conference des Universites de Bordeaux, Talence, France. Sehgal, B., Bh. Subramanyam, D. R. Boina, and F. Lazzari. 2013. Efficacy of partial treatment of wheat with spinosad against adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). 68th Annual North Central Branch Entomological Society of America Meeting, June 16-19, 2013, Rapid City, SD. Andrada, M. G., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Infestation behavior of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), first instars on hard red winter wheat kernels: Preliminary observations. 68th Annual North Central Branch Entomological Society of America Meeting, June 16-19, 2013, Rapid City, SD.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Phillips, T., D. Hagstrum and G. Cuperus. 2013. Protect Stored Grain to Maximize Quality. Feed and Grain Magazine. June/July. Phillips, T. 2013. Fumigation, Fumigants and Stewardship: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions. Invited speaker at the AIB International training conference, Kansas City, MO. August 6. Phillips, T. 2013. Fumigants for Structures and Commodities: New Research and Applications. Invited speaker at PestWorld, the Annual Conference of the National Pest Management Association. Phoenix, AZ. October 23. Phillips, T. 2013. Phosphine Resistance in U.S. Stored-Product Insects: Current Research. Invited talk in special session on Status of Phosphine. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emission Reduction, sponsored by the MBAO, in San Diego, CA, November 4-6. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Effectiveness of commercial heat treatments in food-processing facilities, November 12, 2013, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Assessment of spinosad as a grain protectant: A long journey with a happy ending. 15th Panhellenic Entomological Congress, October 22-25, 2013, Kavala, Greece. [Plenary address]. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Heat treatment: Principles and experiences. Workshop on Stored-Product Pest Management. 15th Panhellenic Entomological Congress, October 22-25, 2013, Kavala, Greece. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Principles of grain condition and insects. 4th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Southeast Asia District Conference & Expo, October 8-10, 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Sanitation in grain storage. 4th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Southeast Asia District Conference & Expo, October 8-10, 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Sanitation issues in flour mills. 4th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Southeast Asia District Conference & Expo, October 8-10, 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Principles of phosphine fumigation. 4th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Southeast Asia District Conference & Expo, October 8-10, 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Infrared radiation for disinfestation of stored wheat and effects on wheat quality, September 5, 2013, National Institute of Plant Health Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Delivery and storage of grains. One-day workshop on Stored Product Protection, June 26, 2013, Titania Hotel, Omonia, Athens, Greece; June 28, 2013, Mediterranean Hotel, Thessaloniki, Greece. Subramanyam, Bh. 2013. Phosphine fumigation weak points. One-day workshop on Stored Product Protection, June 26, 2013, Titania Hotel, Omonia, Athens, Greece; June 28, 2013, Mediterranean Hotel, Thessaloniki, Greece. Heaps, J., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2013. Heat treatments: Some new information. 17th Annual International Association of Operative Millers (IAOM) Conference & Expo, April 29 - May 3, 2013, Niagara Fall, Canada.